Occupation, Business and Technology 7

Lesson-10 Teaching Related Professions
 Teaching is a very important job to make people literate and

educated.
 Teachers, lecturers, professors are some of the persons involved in

teaching.
 The persons who are involved in school level teaching are called

teachers.
 There are pre-primary teachers, primary teachers, secondary

teachers and higher secondary level teachers.
 There are two types of education: formal and informal.
Lesson-11 Public Service Related Professions
 The government provides different services to the people through

government servants.
 Government servants are those persons who do different works for

the people by taking salary from the government.
 There are different posts of public services in different sectors.
 To keep birth and death records, to provide pension, to provide

reference letter, to provide recommendation letter, to mediate
between government and people, etc are some of the works
relateded to public service.
 Kharidar and Nayab Subba, VDC Secretary, Section Officer,
Officers, Secretary etc. are some of the people who are related to
public service.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 51

Unit

2

Employment, Training
and Education

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 20

1. Introduction to Regional and National Employments and Their 53
Importance 57
62
2. Types of General and Vocational Training 66
3. Technical Education and Vocational Training
4. Technical Education and Institutions of Vocational Training

52 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

1

Introduction to Regional and National
Employments and Their Importance

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define regional and national employment.
• to state the features and importance of these employments.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of jobs and works are done by the people in your locality?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

regional : local, provincial

national : nationwide, countrywide

entertainment : amusement

feature : characteristic or trait

money : capital

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 53

A. Introduction to Employment

People do different types of works to earn money and to fulfill their
needs. Some people work in the field and animal husbandry; some people
work in constructions; some people work in the government and private
offices; some people run factory and industry; some people work in the
field of entertainment- media, information, some people work in schools,
colleges, hospitals, and research centers, etc. In this way, people make
themselves busy and earn money and run life. All these are sources of
employment. When people get jobs or do something to earn money and
to run their life, it is called employment. But when people are qualified
and interested to do something but don’t get any opportunity of job, this
condition is called unemployment. When people are employed, they
can fulfill their needs and necessities and pass a happy life but when
people have nothing to do and are jobless and workless, they are called
unemployed and face difficulties to live.

B. Introduction to Training

Training is a process to get education, knowledge, skills about some
work to do it successfully. Training provides people different skills in
different areas of employment . When people get training and become
able to do and to conduct any work or profession, they get employment.
So, training helps to get employment or to run professions.

C. Education

Education is a process of getting knowledge and skill from different
sources. Education provides people different types of knowledge,
information, skills, and methods. Education gives knowledge and
knowledge enables people to understand and do things properly and
successfully.

D. Types of Employments on the Basis of Area
There are three types of employments on the basis of area. They are regional,

national and international. A short description of each is given below:

Regional Level Employment: Regional
employment means those employments
which are found and done in a particular
area or region.

For example, tea is grown in Ilam. Apples
are grown in Jumla, Humla, and Mustang.
Cardamom is grown in the eastern zones

54 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

of Nepal in Mechi and Koshi. Coffee is grown in Gulmi, Argakhachi,
and Palpa. Climbing and trekking is done in the mountain regions.
This is why the Sherpas are internationally famous as trekking and climbing
guides.

National Level Employment: There are some employments which
are found in the national level. They can be run in every part of the
country and each and every one can get these employments. National
level employments include security forces such as army and police and
teaching, industry and factory, development of hydro-electricity and
tourism development.

National employments can be found all over the country.

Each and every one can complete for these jobs.

Some features National employments help in all-round development of
and importance a country.

of national National employments help to develop people's living
employments standard.

National employments develop a feeling of national unity.

The areas of national employments are very broad.

National employments help in equal development of
various parts of a country.

Some examples of national employments are: civil service,
education, health, industry, peace and security, tourism,
hydro -power, forestry, mines, construction, etc.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 55

Regional

employments

Regional are found only They are
employments in a particular limited to
a particular
are easy to region and area only.
area.

get and to run.

Regional

employments Features They are not
help to develop and Importance found in other
regional skill and
specialization. of Regional places.

Employments Regional

They help employments

to develop are specific to

local culture. Regional a particular
employments They provide place.
help to develop employments
local area's
economy. to the local
people.

Activity and Exercise

1. What are employments? How does a professional education help to
create employment opportunities?

2. Write any four points of difference between national and regional
employments.

3. What are called national level employments and what is their importance?
4. How does training help to get employment?
5. Write the features and importance of regional employments.

Project Work
• Prepare a file showing the features and importance of national and

regional employments.
• Make a list of the employments of different levels which exist in your

locality.

56 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

2

Types of General and Vocational
Training

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce various types of general and professional trainings.

Pre-reading Activity
What things make a person good at his/her job? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

pursue : follow, go after, to do something or try to achieve
manpower something over a period of time
subject
specific : the number of workers needed or available to do a
particular job

: an area of knowledge studied in a school, college such
as mathematics, science.

: exact, detailed, precise

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 57

A. Introduction

People pursue different types of professions. They are busy in those
professions. Different types of professions need different types of
manpower. Manpower should be skilled and educated. Skilled manpower
is produced by education and training. Educated and skilled manpower
can do and run any profession successfully. They can achieve desired
goals. So, training is very important to produce skilled manpower.

B. Education and Training for Employment

It is clear that an educated and skilled person can do any work related to
his education more effectively and successfully than an uneducated and
unskilled person. A person who is highly educated and skilled can get
job anywhere in the world. Education makes a person knowledgeable
of different subjects, broad in thinking, matured in manner and
communication. Education and training make a person able to get a
profession, to do or to run it. Atrained person knows methods, techniques,
skills, etc. about a particular work and can do it successfully. So, education
and training are very essential to get employment in modern time.

C. Introduction to General Education

There are two categories of education. They are general education
and specific or specialized education. When a person is born, he starts
to get general education. When he goes to school, he starts to get this
general education in different subjects like language, science, history,
moral science, maths, etc. These subjects give a student different types
of knowledge. Mathematics gives him knowledge about general
mathematical problems, social studies about the society, moral education
how to behave with others, language teaches them communication
skills and science about different types of matter, scientific things and
their cause and effect. In this way, general education provides a person
different types of knowledge.

D. Specific Education or Professional Education
After getting general education, a person can get specific or professional

education. Specific education is related to a particular subject or field. It
helps to get a job.

Study of medical field, engineering field, etc. is the example of specific
education. So, specific education is related to acquiring special knowledge
and skill on a particular topic or subject. Professional education teaches

58 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

a person the importance of professional education and methods and
techniques to run the profession.

E. Training

After getting general education, a person needs training on a particular
subject to do that work. Training makes a person trained. A trained
person knows how to do the things. Training makes a person positive
about a particular profession; it gives specific knowledge about the
subject matter. Training can be classified on the basis of different aspects
like objectives of training, area of training, duration of training, etc. Look
at the diagram of the types of training on the basis of objectives:

F. Types of Training on the Basis of Objectives

General Training Training with Skills for
Livelihood

Types of Training on Training for Skills Training with Skills for
the Basis of Objectives Employment

Training for Running Training with Skills for
Professions Self-Employment

G. General Training:

General training gives general knowledge about some professions. With
the help of general training, a person gets general information about
different professions. For example; a general training about poultry gives
ideas of how a poultry can be run. It helps a person to estimate cost and
to make plans about the profession.

H. Skills Oriented Training:

It refers to a training which is
provided to give some skills
about particular profession.
Such a training imparts skills
on a person to run a profession.
It helps to take up any job or
profession. They are given
below.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 59

i. Training for Livelihood:

People need employment to run their livelihood. People should
have some skills to do something to run their livelihood.
Some examples of training for livelihood are: preparing pickle,
general stitching and knitting, preparing papad, making candle at
home, etc. Such types of professions can be chosen by the people to
run their livelihood.

ii. Training for Employment:

Industries, factories, different offices, construction project, different
arts and architecture, etc. are the sources of employments. People
get employments in the fields if they are skilled and trained. So,
some training is related to get employments.

The training which is given with job skills to get employment is
called employment oriented training. Trained and skilled manpower
fulfills needs and demands of these industries and they make the
life better.

iii. Trainings for Self-Employment:

As we have seen, some trainings are livelihood oriented, some
trainings are for employments and some trainings are for self-
employment. There is some training which are given to make a
person self-employed. After getting such trainings, a person can
get knowledge and skills about some professions which can be run
after training.

Example; fish farming training, poultry farming training,
wood carving, stone carving, mushroom production, vegetable
production, paper craft, handicrafts, etc.

iv. Training to Run Professions

There are some trainings which are given to enable a person
to run professions by themselves. In such trainings, people are
given training about the process of collection of raw materials,
registration of organization, industries, factories, maintaining
records of income and expenditure, market management, dealing
with customers, methods of goods production and their supply, etc.
Such type of training enables a person to run business and promote
entrepreneurship.

60 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Activity and Exercise

1. What is the difference between general and specific education? Discuss
in the class.

2. Define relation between education and training in your own words.
3. Describe the importance of general training.
4. Describe the types of training on the basis of objectives.

Project Work

What types of trainings are conducted by the government and other
organizations in your locality and what is their importance? Show them in
the following format on a chart paper.

S.N. Name of Training Objectives of Importance of
Training Training

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 61

Lesson

3

Technical Education and Vocational
Training

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define technical education and professional training.
• to state the importance of technical education and vocational training.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of technical works are being done in your locality?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

technical : connected with the practical use of machinery, methods,
etc. in science and industry

technique : a particular way of doing something, especially one in
which you have to learn special skills or the skill with
which somebody is able to do something practical

industry : the production of goods from raw materials, especially
in factories

architecture : the art and study of designing buildings

professionally : efficiently, resourcefully, well

62 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction to Technical Education

The word technical is derived from technique. The meaning of technique
is defined as a particular way of doing something, especially one in which
a person has to learn special skills or the skills with which somebody is
able to do something practical. The word technical can be defined as the
technique to use machines and methods in science, industry, job, sports,
art and architecture.

This is the modern age where everything is done with the help of modern
technologies and machines. Nowadays, jobs from washing clothes to
flying jet plane are done by using technology. So, it has become a need
and necessity of the time to get knowledge of technical education. Without
technical education, there is no chance to get a good employment in any
filed because in every field, there is the use of modern technology. From
farming to industry, there is use of computer and modern technology.
The work which was fully done by hands is being done by using modern
machine and technology.

B. Objectives of Technical Education

To produce technical manpower To make people able
to fulfill the needs and demands to use and to make
modern machinery and
of the different offices and
industries. technology.

Objectives
of Technical

Education

To replace traditionally done To make people able to get
professions into modern employment by their technical
skills and to modernize every
professions by using modern
technology. sector of professions.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 63

C. Importance of Technical Education

Technical education makes one familiar with the modern technology.

Importance It provides technical knowledge and skills to the people.
of Technical It makes people able to use and to run modern machines and
Education technologies.

It changes traditionally run professions into modern professions.

It provides job opportunities to the people in different sectors of
employment.

Development of any country depends on technical education and
its maximum use.

D. Professional Training and Its Importance

There are different types of professions in the society which are run by
different people, organizations and government. All types of work of
the professions are done by people. These people must be professional
with professional skills and knowledge. Vocational training makes
people skilled to run different types of professions. The importance of
professional training is shown below:

64 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

It provides 90%

practical and 10%

theoretical knowledge

about professions. It produces skilled and

It provides job trained manpower
opportunities
to the people. for national and

Professionally international
trained persons can
run any profession Importance professions.

effectively and of Vocational
successfully.
Training A country can be

developed only by the

skilled and trained

It produces manpower manpower by running

for the development of different modern

industry, construction, professions.

different public services,

business, farming,

medicine, engineering,

etc.

Activity and Exercise

1. What is technical education? Discuss in the class giving examples.
2. Write in brief about technical education and its importance.
3. Describe the significance of professional vocational training for the

development of a country.
4. Define professional vocational training and state its importance.

Project Work
• Highlight the importance of technical education and professional

training on a chart paper.
• Introduce the types of professional training which are being run in

your locality with their skills and importance.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 65

Lesson

4

Technical Education and Institutions of
Vocational Training

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the main technical institutions of Nepal.

Pre-reading Activity
What do you mean by technical education? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

institution : a large important organization that has a particular
purpose, for example, a university or bank or
institute

council : a group of people chosen to give advice, make
rules, do research, provide money, etc.

vocational : connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you
need to have in order to do a particular job

CTEVT : Council of Technical Education and Vocational
Training

acknowledgement : an act of accepting that something exists or is true,
or that something is there or an act or a statement
expressing thanks to somebody; something that is
given to somebody as thanks

affiliation : one group or organization’s official connection
with another

66 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
As the society develops, new techniques and technologies, professions,

new types of education and skills are developed to fulfill the needs of
the society. The development of general education along with technical
education is the need of the time. This is why in 2037 BS a technical school
was established in Nepal. Over time other institutions, schools and
colleges are opening. In 2037, School of Technical Education alone was
in existence but now in the country, there are a number of institutions to
provide technical education.

B. Technical Institutes
Basic information about the main technical and vocational institutions of

Nepal, is given below:

Technical Education and Professional Training Council

Main Department of Cottage and Small Industry
Technical Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee
Institutions Skill Development Training Centre
for Technical Mechanical Training Centre
Education Professional Education and Training Development Project

and
Vocational
Training in

Nepal

Training Centres under CTEVT

C. Council of Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)

CTEVT is an autonomous institution of Nepal to provide technical
education and vocational training.
It provides affiliation and
acknowledgement to other institutions
for technical and vocational education
and training. Its head office is at
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. CTEVT runs
different types of technical education
and vocational training all over the
country.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 67

Programmes of CTEVT
1. It is mainly running the following programs:

Affiliated technical schools for TSLC, Annex programme

certificate and diploma programme to run to expand technical

short term training,technical education education and professional

for livelihood, job opportunity and self training of TSLC level

employment Schools and

Institutes under

CTEVT

Affiliated institutions, schools,and Vocational training centres
colleges to run technical education provide different training on
different professions all over the
and Vocational training
country

2. Department of Cottage and Small Industry: It runs different types
of trainings at local level in 27 districts of Nepal.

3. Skill Development Training Centre: It runs three types of training.
They are short term training, basic training and specific training
on different subjects to enable people to get employment at local,
regional, national and international level.

4. Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee: It runs
short-term training in 48 districts of Nepal to fulfill local demands
of the people.

5. Mechanical Training Centre: It is located at Patan Dhoka in Lalitpur.

It runs under Road Department. It conducts different types of
mechanical trainings.

6. Vocational Education and Training Development Project: It
provides different types of trainings for employment under the
Ministry of Education.

7. Trainings run by Non-government Organizations

8. Trainings run by Private Institutions

9. Technical Programmes run by Universities: Universities run and
provide different types of technical programmes like medical,
engineering, surgery, pharmacy, dental, etc. They provide different
types of degrees of different level like doctor, engineer, nurse, lab
assistant, health assistant, etc.

68 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Activity and Exercise

1. What is CTEVT and what does it do?
2. Write a short note on technical education in Nepal.
3. Make a list of the institutions which are working under the CTEVT.
4. What types of technical and professional vocational trainings are being

conducted in your locality? Discuss in the class.
Project Work
Show different technical training institutions of Nepal with their objectives
on a chart paper.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 69

Points to Remember

Lesson -1 Introduction to Regional and National Employment and

Their Importance
 There are different types of employments.
 Some employments which are available at local level are called

regional employment.
 Some employments are available countrywide which are called

national employments.
 Collection of tea leaves is found in the tea zone. Illam is an example

of regional employment while teaching and security force are
national level employments.
 Regional employments provide opportunities for jobs to local people.
 National employments provide opportunities of job to all of the
people of the country.

Lesson-2 Types of General and Professional Trainings
 There are two types of trainings general and professional.
 General training provides all-purpose information about different

professions which help to choose them but professional training
gives very specific knowledge and skill to run a profession.
 There are general trainings; skills oriented training, training
for livelihood, training for employment, and training for self-
employment.

Lesson-3 Technical Education and Professional Training
 Modern education generally refers to technical education.
 It is technical education that has made countries able to go ahead in

the path of development and progress.
 Technical education makes one familiar with modern technologies.
 Professional training makes one able to run a profession successfully.
 Professional training develops efficiency and skills in a person to

run a profession.

Lesson-4 Technical Education and Institutions of Vocational Training
 Concept of Technical Education and Vocational Training Council
 Department of Cottage and Small Industry
 Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee
 Skill Development Training Centre
 Mechanical Training Centre
 Professional Education and Training Development Project
 Training Centres under CTEVT

70 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Unit

3

Employment Related
Information

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 5

1. Technical Education and Institutions of Professional Training 72

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 71

Lesson

1

Technical Education and Institutions of
Professional Training

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the sources of information of employment related to regional and national

employent.

Pre-reading Activity
How do people get different information? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

information : ideas, thoughts, facts or details about something and
circulate somebody
commission
: flow, move, travel
lodge
vacancy : an official group of people who have been given
ministry responsibility to control something or to find out about
something usually for the government

: a small house in the country where people stay when
they want to take part in some types of outdoor sport

: job, post, opportunity

: a government department that has a particular area of
responsibility

72 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

Information is the main source of getting different opportunities. With the
help of information, people get national and international employments.
Modern age is the age of information technology. Everything depends
on information. Those people who have good source of information can
lived better life than the people who don’t have access to information.

There are different types of professions, employments, businesses, works
in the society. These all need skilled, educated and trained manpower. For
getting such types of manpower, we use information technology. Government
and private organizations circulate different types of notices, information
bulletins about jobs, professions and employment through different types of
media. People get information by using these sources of information.

B. Sources of Information for Employment

i. Public Service Commission

The government fulfills its vacancies
through Public Service Commission. The
Public Service Commission publishes
advertisement for the vacant posts in the
government offices. It selects the eligible
candidates to fulfill the vacant posts. Its
head office is at Anamnagar, Kathmandu.
It gives different types of vacancy
announcements in newspapers, radio, TV
and pastes on the notice board.

ii. Public institutions owned by the government

iii. Private employers

There are different types of private
organizations and sources of employment.
Hotels, restaurants, lodges, industries, tourism
service providers, schools and colleges,
institutions, housings, business houses, etc.
also need different types of manpower. They
give information through newspaper, radio,
TV, notice board, internet, etc.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 73

iv. Employment information in the educational institutions:

Teachers’ Service Commission gives the information to the public to
fill up different vacant posts in government schools. It gives vacancy
notice on its notice board and in different media.

v. Media house:

There are different media houses like TV, radio, newspaper, FM,
etc. They need different manpower to run these institutions. They
give vacancy announcement in different electronic as well as other
media.

vi. Ministry of Labor and Transport:

This ministry manages all types of national and international labour
market. There are different foreign employment offices which are
regulated by this ministry. It has its own department to look after
all types of management related to labour and its market. It gives
information about the national and international employment.

vii. Information System of Labor Market:

People need different types of information about employment,
training, professional education. With the help of information only,
people can get different opportunities. To provide information
about employment, labour, training, skill, education there is a unit
under CTEVT. It builds a link relationship between employment
and training.

viii. Other sources:

Except the sources listed above, there are other sources of employment
like personal contact, visit to the sources of employment, different
means of communication, etc.

74 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

C. Means of Getting Information About Employments

There are different means of getting information from the sources of
employment. Modern age is the age of information technology. So, those
people who have access to information can get success in their life. Look at
the following diagram of the means of information about employments.

Website Newspaper Radio

Personal Means of Getting Private
Contact Information about Institutions for
Employment
Notice Board Employments
of Offices Public Notice
Board

Internet Office of the
Employment

FM Telephone TV

and Mobile

Activity and Exercise

1. What is the importance of information for employment? Discuss.
2. What are the sources of getting information for employment in the

government offices?
3. With the help of an advertisement given in a newspaper, prepare an

advertisement for vacant post of professional education teacher to
publish in a newspaper.

Project Work
Collect different vacancy announcements from the newspapers and paste
them on a chart paper.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 75

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Sources of Regional and National Information Employment
 Due to the development of information technology, people are

informed about the opportunities of employment.
 The following are the sources of information for employment:
 Public Service Commission
 Public institutions owned by the government
 Private employers
 Information of employment in the educational institutions
 Mass media
 Ministry of Labour and Transport
 Information System of Labour Market
 Personal contact, different means of communication, etc.
 The following means are useful to get information:
 TV, Radio, Internet, Newspaper, Magazine, Personal Contact,

Pamphlet, Notice-board, Office of the Employment, etc.

76 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Unit

4

General Professional
Skills

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 5

1. Introduction to General Professional Skills and Their Importance 78

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 77

Lesson

1

Introduction to General Professional
Skills and Their Importance

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the characteristics and uses of general professional skills.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of skills and characteristics make a person successful in
his or her profession? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

general : including the most important aspects of something; not
energetic exact or detailed or overall or all –purpose
tolerance
: active and full of life
positive
creative : the willingness to accept or tolerate somebody or
leadership something, especially opinions or behaviour that you
may not agree with, or people who are not like you

: optimistic and constructive

: involving the use of skill and the imagination to
produce something new or a work of art

: the ability to be a leader or the qualities a good leader
should have

78 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
There are different types of occupations, professions, trades of people in

the society. All these are run and done by different types of manpower.
Manpower should be educated, skilled and trained. Then only, any
profession can be a success. For this, there must be some professional
qualities in a person. Some essential characteristics of a general
professional skill are given below:

B. Characteristics of General Professional Skill
Those who have general professional skills have following characteristics:

• They possess required education
for the profession.

• They have basic professional
skills to run the profession.

• They have professional training
to run the profession.

• They have technical knowledge,
skill and training about the profession.

• They are positive and creative in profession.

• They have good entrepreneurship skill.

• They have innovative skill in profession to make it new.

• They have good leadership skill in one's profession.

• They are energetic and devoted to profession.

• They have ability to develop individual relationship.

• They are able to share and to work in a group.

• They have the ability to take professional decision.

• They have the ability to identify the problem of the profession.

• They have the ability to analyze the problems of the profession.

• They have the ability to solve the problems of the profession.

• They have the ability to make plans and programmes about the
profession.

• They have professional discipline, good manner, tolerance and
productivity.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 79

C. Types of General Professional Skill
Skill of Right, Appropriate and Systematic Thinking
It is said that thinking makes a man rich or poor, successful or failure.

Those people who are always positive and energetic get success in
their professions. To run any profession, there must be positive, right,
appropriate and systematic thinking which leads the profession towards
success. Those who have the ability to do systematic thinking and work
with plan and programme can get the desired result. Clear and appropriate
thinking makes a person proceed with plan and new programme about
profession.

Creative Skill
To make a profession successful, there must be creative skill in a person.

If a person demonstrates creative skill in his job, business, industry, office,
he will get success. So, creative skill plays a vital role to a profession.
Leadership Skill
There are two types of persons. They are followers and leaders. Followers
are those persons who follow rules and regulations obediently. They
can do what is asked to do. They can’t lead others. But, other types of
people are leaders. They lead other people in their own vision, plan, and
programme. To be a successful businessman and professional, one must
have leadership quality to lead the group, to guide others, to instruct
them, to make and implement plan and policy.

80 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Activity and Exercise

1. Define general professional skills?
2. Discuss and write the characteristics of a general professional skill.
3. What are the types of general professional skills?
4. Make a list of the skills of a good leader.

Project Work
Collect some pictures of persons who are famous in different field for their
leadership skill. Highlight what they are famous for.

Points to Remember

Introduction to General Professional Skills and Their Importance
 General professional skills help a person to make a right selection

of profession and to run it successfully.
 The person must have creative and leadership skill to run a

profession productively.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 81

Unit

5

Types of Professions

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 5

1. Small, Medium and Large Professions 83
2. Fundamental Elements of Professions 86
3. Professions of the Local Level 88
4. Selection of Profession, Its Management and Performance 90

82 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

1

Small, Medium and Large Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce small, medium and large professions.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of occupations are done by the people of your region?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

demand : the desire or need of customers for goods or services
which they want to buy or use
symbol
: a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more
modern general quality or situation
commercial
: of the present time or recent times

: connected with the buying and selling of goods and
services

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 83

A. Introduction

People pursue different types of professions for their livelihood or to
earn profit. Whatever work they do, they do for livelihood and profit or
service. Some people are busy in farming, some are busy in business and
trades, some opt for jobs in different private and government offices, some
people are busy in construction and some people work in the media and
entertainment sector, etc. All the people do something. They get income
and run their life and do more progress in their profession. Some work
can be done by few people and some work need more people. Anyway,
all types of works are being done by the people to fulfill needs, demands,
interests and services of individual or society.

B. Types of Professions

There are three types of professions on the basis of investment, nature of
work, production and number of working people. They are as follows:

i. Cottage or Small Professions

Small professions refer to those
professions which are mostly
done by the family members
or by very few people. Small
professions are taken up not to
earn profit but they are mostly
done for livelihood. They
are farming for livelihood,
vegetables farming, and selling fruits, welding, repairing of tubes of
the vehicles, tea-shop, running a small restaurant, etc.

ii. Medium Level Professions

Medium types of professions
are those which are larger than
the small professions. These
professions need more money,
more manpower, etc. to run.
At least four or five persons
are required to run them. Some
examples of these professions
are furniture industry, workshop
to repair vehicles, making grills. Some medium professions can be
run by joint family also.

84 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

iii. Large Professions

Large professions need a large
amount of investment and
manpower. A large quantity of
goods and services is produced.
Some examples of large
professions are big industries
and factories, cement factory,
commercial farming, publication
house, media house, carpet
factory, mechanical factory, etc. Large scale industries and factories
are run by modern technology. Large industries and service centres,
businesses are the symbols of modern development and progress.

All types of professions give people employment and income to
run their life.

Activity and Exercise

1. What are the benefits of large scale profession?
2. Describe the significance of cottage industry for employment.
3. Show the difference between large scale profession and small scale

profession.

Project Work
Make a list of the professions which are practised in your locality and classify
them into small, medium and large profession.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 85

Lesson

2

Fundamental Elements of Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the fundamental elements of a profession

Pre-reading Activity

Suppose you want to run an industry. What things will you need?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

fundamental : basic, serious and very important; affecting the most
central and important parts of something or somebody

capital : a large amount of money that is invested or is used to
start a business or a profession

market : a particular area, country or section of the population
that might buy or sell goods or services

infrastructure : the basic systems and services that are necessary for a
country or an organization to run smoothly, for example:
buildings, transport and water and power supplies

raw material : a basic material that is used to make a product

run : to operate or function; to make something do or conduct

86 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

All types of professions are pursued to generate income. People run their
life with the help of income. If there is no income, people can’t run their
life. Some people run professions while some people work as labourers.
It is easy to work as a worker in one’s profession but it is not so easy to run
any profession and to provide employment to the people to earn profit.
Those who want to run professions must think over the following points
which are the fundamental elements to run any profession. In absence of
one thing another thing is not possible.

For example; if there is enough raw material but there is no skilled
manpower, then it is difficult to run the profession. If there is no electricity
and road ,it is also difficult to run profession .

B. Fundamental Elements to Run Professions

Capital or money to buy raw materials, to pay salary, and to
manage other things

Fundamental Market to buy raw materials and other things and to sell goods
Elements and services produced in the profession
to Run
Infrastructures like appropriate place, building, transport,
Professions water, electricity, roads, means of communication, etc.

Raw materials: with the help of these things we make and
produce goods and services to sell in the market.

Skilled manpower to work and to run the profession effectively
and successfully

Activity and Exercise

1. What are the fundamental elements of a profession? Discuss in the class.
2. What is the role of infrastructure in professions?
3. How does market play a significant role to develop profession?
4. ‘We cannot run any profession without capital.' Do you agree with this

statement? Give you opinion.
5. 'A skilled man never becomes jobless.’ Justify this statement.

Project Work

Show the fundamental elements of a profession in a pie-chart on a chart paper.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 87

Lesson

3

Professions of the Local Level

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define local professions.
• to state things for running a profession of local level.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of occupations are conducted by the people of your area?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

local : belonging to or connected with the particular place or
area that you are talking about or with the place where
religious you live
regional
social : connected with religion or with a particular religion
values
: of or relating to a region or area

: connected with society and the way it is organized

: beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is
important in life or society

88 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

People run professions at different
levels. Some are at local level, some
at regional level, some are national
and some are of international level.
All types of professions are run either
for livelihood or to earn profit. The
professions which are run at local level
are to fulfill the demands and needs of
the local people. They are run using the
locally available raw materials and techniques and technology. They are
consumed by the local people. So, these professions have local importance.
Local professions have their cultural, religious, regional, economic, social
values and importance. So, local professions are done and run to fulfill the
needs, interests, and demands of the local people. The following things
should be considered while conducting local professions.

B. Things to be Considered while Conducting Local Profession

Study the local market to buy raw materials and
to sell goods and services

Things to be Required instruments for running profession
considered should be collected.

while The professions should be registered in the
conducting Cottage Development Office of the district.
local profession
Skilled manpower who are able to run local
professions should be managed.

Study the customers, market place, price, and
competition of the market.

Activity and Exercise

1. What are called local professions and what is their importance?
2. What are the things that should be considered while running local professions?

Project Work
Make a list of the local professions of your locality and note their importance.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 89

Lesson

4

Selection of Profession, Its
Management and Performance

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the process of selecting a profession and its management.

Pre-reading Activity

Suppose you want to run a boarding school. What things will you
consider for it? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

selection : the process of choosing somebody or something from
a group of people or things, usually according to a
system

management : the act of running and controlling a business or similar
organization or the act or skill of dealing with people or
situations in a successful way

performance : how well or badly you do something how well or badly
something works or the act or process of performing a
task, an action, etc

consider : to think about something carefully, especially in order
to make a decision

issue : an important topic that people are discussing or arguing
about

policy : a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a
business,

90 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
People need some works or professions for their livelihood. Without

work, they are called unemployed which creates so many problems in
a person’s life and society. So, each and everyone should be employed
either by running some professions or by working somewhere. They
must generate income for their livelihood. To run any profession is not as
easy as it is thought because so many things should be considered while
selecting, managing and running a profession. The professions must be
selected wisely and carefully before launching them.

B. Things to be Considered
The following things should be considered while selecting a profession:

• Only the appropriate profession, time, place and demand should be
selected.

• Only professions holding high interest should be selected in which
a person can do better.

• Only the highly demanded profession should be selected.

• There must be a study of other available professions before selecting
any profession.

• Demand of the customers and their purchasing power must be
considered.

• Availability of raw materials should be confirmed before starting
any profession.

• Physical infrastructures like road, transport, communication,
electricity, etc. should be considered.

• There should be deep study of the social, cultural, religious, regional
issues which affect the profession.

C. Management of the Profession
After selecting a profession, it is necessary to manage and run it properly.

Only selection of a profession does not yield anything. It must be managed
properly. The following things should be considered while managing a
profession:

• Management of appropriate place where it is being carried out

• The profession should be registered legally

• Proper management of investment, its income and expenditure
Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 91

• Proper management of the day to day record of goods, services,
salary, income and expenditure

• Proper management of raw materials, instruments and machines
• Proper management of manpower to get maximum benefit
• Proper management of transportation of goods and products
• Proper management of market policy, customers' demands, needs

and interests
• Loving, caring and impressive behaviour and dealing with different

customers
• Careful management of the package, service, transport and delivery
• There must be good professional skill to run a profession

Activity and Exercise

1. What things should be considered while selecting a profession?
2. What should be done to manage a profession properly?
3. What types of skills are essential to run a profession? Discuss in the class.

Project Work
• Prepare a file showing the things which should be considered while

selecting any profession.
• Discuss the things which should be considered while managing any

profession.
• Visit a furniture industry or any other factory and prepare a report

describing the things which are managed to run it.

92 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Small, Medium and Large Professions
 There are small medium andd large professions.
 Investment, nature of work, production and number of working

people make a profession of different level.
Lesson - 2 Fundamental Elements of Professions
 Capital, raw materials, market, skilled manpower and

infrastructures are the fundamental of elements of profession.
Lessin - 3 Professions of the Local Level
 Those professions which are run at local level by the local people by

using local man power and raw materials to fulfill the local needs
and demands is called a local profession.
Lesson - 4 Selection of Profession, Its Management and Performance
 Proper selection of a profession depends on interest, its place, time
and its nature.
 We must manage proper place, raw materials, accounts,
transportation, demand, need, etc.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 93

Unit

6

Business and Market
Management

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 5

1. Selection of Business, Its Management and Performance 95
2. Search of Business and Partnership Skill 98
3. Modernization in Business Skill 101
4. Search of Agro-based Business and Partnership Skill 104
5. Process of Price Determination of Goods and Services 107

94 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

1

Selection of Business, Its Management
and Performance

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to demonstrate the interrelationship between business and profession.

Pre-reading Activity

Find the different meanings of business and profession from your
dictionary before you start reading this lesson and discuss in the
class.

Terms & Terminologies

business : buying and selling
interrelationship : the way in which two or more things or people are

varieties connected and affect each other
part : diversities, differences
purpose : element
objective

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 95

A. Introduction

There is a deep
interrelationship between a
business and a profession.
Business is also a kind of
profession. Business is a
part of profession. But, all
types of professions are not
businesses. As we know,
business is a process of
buying and selling goods
and services from the
market for profit while profession is a kind of work which is done or run
to fulfill the needs of livelihood or to earn profit. In business, people buy
goods at low cost and sell them at high cost and earn profit. Look at the
interrelationship between profession and business:

B. Interrelationship between Business and Profession

Business is part of a profession.

A profession can be practised through business also.

As the profession develops, the business also develops.

As the business develops, profession also develops.

Interrelationship Good business depends upon good profession.
between Business Varieties of professions develop varieties of businesses.

and Profession

The main purpose of business is to earn profit by buying
goods at low cost and selling at high cost.

But, the purpose of profession is not only profit earning
but also livelihood and service.

Both business and profession are closely interrelated.

96 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Activity and Exercise

1. Discuss the interrelationship between business and profession in the
class.

2. What differences do you find between business and profession?
3. Define business in your own words and explain its importance.
4. Show the interrelationship between business and profession on a chart

paper.

Project Work

Make a list of the business related profession of your locality as shown in the
following table:

S.N. Name of Produced things Market Benefit to

profession the people

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 97

Lesson

2

Search of Business and Partnership
Skill

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the search of business and partnership skill in business.

Pre-reading Activity

Suppose, you have made a very important thing for the society but
people don’t know about your product. What means will you apply
to make your product familiar to all? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

search : an attempt to find somebody, something or place
especially by looking carefully for them

partnership : a relationship between two people, organizations, etc.;
the state of having this relationship or a business owned
by two or more people who share the profits

understanding : the ability to understand why people behave in a
particular way and the willingness to forgive them
when they do something wrong

trust : the belief that somebody/something is good, sincere,
honest, etc. and will not try to harm or trick you

98 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Search of Business

When goods and
services are produced
to sell and to earn
profit, they need a
market. A market is a
place where goods and
services are sold and
purchased for profit and
consumption. There are
so many challenges and
difficulties to sell the
goods to the customers
because same types of
products and goods
are also sold by many other people. So, it creates competition among the
traders. In such conditions, the businessman applies different techniques
and policies to attract customers towards him. The businessman gives
advertisement on the radio, TV, website, internet, newspaper, etc. A
businessman keeps many agents for advertisement. In this way, a new
market is also found. The process of finding a new place or market to sell
goods and services is called search of business. In other words, production
of things which are demanded by the customers and attempt to find the
market to sell them is called search of business.

B. Partnership Skill

Sometimes a single person can’t run a business. There might be so many
reasons behind this. The person might not have enough money for
investment, lack of ideas, lack of manpower, lack of technology, lack of
place, etc. In such a situation, several persons can run the business jointly.
They can share their own skills, money, technologies, etc. This is called
partnership business. There are so many industries, factories, publication
houses, institutions, etc. which are being run in partnership. Partnership
is a skill. So many times people try to run business in partnership but
can’t get success due to lack of desired skills. So, to run a partnership
business, the partners must have some partnership skills which are given
below:

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 99

C. Partnership Skills in Business

Partnership Skills in Business

The partners must have mutual understanding, trust and
respect for each other.
They must divide their duties and responsibilities very
clearly and they must be responsible to that.

They must keep their accounts like income, salary and
expenditure transparent.

They must try to fulfill common goal of their business
jointly.

They must respect each other's opinions, ideas and they
must be ready to correct their mistakes.
They must organize meeting to share their difficulties and
problems. They should try to find out solution jointly.

Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by the search of business? Discuss in the class.
2. What is partnership in business? Discuss and write.
3. What are partnership skills in business? Explain.
4. 'Partnership business can’t be successful without mutual understanding.'

Justify this statement.

Project Work
Visit persons who have run a business jointly in your locality and ask them
how they are running their profession. What have they done to run the
profession? Prepare a report.

100 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7