Occupation, Business and Technology 7

organism by looking at the colour, consistency, or odour of the feces. A
definitive identification requires a sample for microbiological analysis.
Diarrhea is a complex, multi-factorial disease involving the animal, the
environment, nutrition, and infectious agents.

Treatment
• Feed neblon, pargocare, etc. medicine
• Feed salfa medicine tablet
• Vaccination against parasites
• Maintenance of cleanliness

Scabies
Sheep scab is a very contagious disease, caused by mites feeding on the

surface layers of the sheep’s skin. Severe itching occurs, wool or hair falls
out in patches, and the skin becomes reddened, crusted with scabs and
sore. The preferred method of treatment is dipping with insecticides.

Foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD, hoof-and-mouth disease)

Foot-and-mouth disease is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of
cattle and swine. It also affects sheep and goats and other cloven hoofed
animals. The disease is characterized by fever and blister-like lesions
followed by erosions on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats,
and between the hooves.

Goiter
Goiter is an enlargement or swelling of the thyroid gland. Affected lambs

have a swollen throat. They are often born with little or no wool. They
are weak and often die of starvation. Treatment is usually unrewarding.
But if the condition is not adverse, the lamb may survive.

Pneumonia
Symptoms
• Fast breathing in the beginning

• Difficulty in breathing later

• Coughing, fever, running nose

• No appetite and sound through throat

• No care leads to death
Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 201

Treatment
• Provide animal Anvil injection
• Sanitation and warm shelter
• Feed the Caflone powder
• Antibiotic injection

Activity and Exercise

1. Discuss the rearing of goat, sheep and Chyangra in the class.
2. Do people rear goat, sheep and Chyangra in your locality? How and

where do they rear these animals? Discuss.
3. What are the common diseases in sheep and goats?
4. Write the symptoms of pneumonia.
5. Write a short note on PPR.
6. What are the common symptoms of the sick goats and sheep? Discus and

write.
Project Work
Prepare a file showing and describing different diseases in sheep and goats.

202 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

2

Cow and Buffalo Rearing

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of rearing and caring of cow and buffalo.
• to identify different diseases in and cow and buffalo their preventive and curative

Pre-reading Activity
How do you get milk at your home? Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

migratory : connected with or having the habit of regular migration
forage : to search for food or rummage
reside : to live in a particular place
breeding : the producing of animal or plants
drooping : move downward, depressed, fall
pulse : the regular beat of blood
mucus : a thick liquid in the part of body such as nasal mucus
limping : to walk slowly or difficulty

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 203

A. Introduction
Cows and buffaloes are reared by most farmers in Nepal. Their raising/

rearing systems vary greatly across the agro-eco zones. In southern
Terai belt, inner Terai and mid-hill river valleys, buffaloes and cows
are mainly kept under stall feeding and grazing. Stall feeding is more
permanent for the higher yielding animals. In the Himalayan foot-hills,
grazing of buffalo and cows in the village, pasture, forests and recently
harvested crop fields is more frequently seen. There is a tendency to keep
the milking cattle within the fence of the cowshed. In the high hills and
mountains, they are even reared under migratory system. The animals
are taken up to the high altitude of alpine pasture, sometimes beyond
3500 m also, crossing the tree line in the southern face of the Himalayas.
In the environments in which buffaloes and cows are reared, there is
diversity of environment depending upon their physio-graphic locations.
Buffaloes and cows in Nepal are well known for their ability to survive
on low quality forage or fodder as they utilize crop residues-straws of
rice, millet, wheat and legumes across all agro-eco zones, but they also
feed on green forage. It is usually a milking buffalo and cow which is
offered with high quality green fodder and some supplemental grains on
a regular basis. In Terai, inner-Terai and the lower hills, they are usually
given a permanent housing either separate from or attached to the house
of the owner farmers. As the altitude increases towards north, the buffalo
and cow housing tends to be increasingly temporary and poorly built.
For getting good benefits from cows and buffaloes, the following things
should be done:

204 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

B. Preparation of balanced diet for cows and buffaloes from the
locally available materials

S.N. Required materials to mix in the fodder of Quantity to be
cows and buffaloes mixed

1 Maize, wheat, barley, millet 30-35%

2 Mustard, sesame seed, peanut 25-35%

3 Pulse, gram, lentil, etc. 10-20%

4 By-products of crops like rice bran, wheat 10-20%
bran, chaffs, lapse, husk, straw

5 Salt and minerals 2-3%

C. Balanced Diet and Pasture for Cows and Buffaloes

Cows and buffaloes should be cared for properly. They should be
provided balanced diet containing protein, mineral, vitamins, and
proper diet. They should be provided appropriate quantity of food so
that they can grow well. Healthy animals give enough milk and meat.
Proper pasture land should be managed for their good health. Animals
like grazing and they eat green grass and leaves.

D. Management of Breeding

There are different varieties of cows and buffaloes. Most of the Nepali
farmers have traditional species of cows and buffaloes. They don’t give
enough milk and they are small in size. But now a days, there are developed
kinds of cows and buffaloes which are bred through different cross
breeding and research. The animals should be healthy, highly productive
of milk and meat; they should have high capacity of reproduction, strong
immune power and good physic.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 205

F. Breeding of Animals
There are two types of breeding. They are out-breeding and in-breeding.

Types of
Breeding

In-breeding Out-breeding

Close-breeding Line-breeding It is neither
is with blood is not related to close nor line
blood relation
relation breeding

F. Diseases in Animals
The buffaloes and cows are attacked by different diseases. If they are not

properly cared, the buffaloes may suffer. A sick buffalo can’t give much
milk and it is not healthy also. If the buffalo dies of disease, the farmer
has to bear a great loss. So, the buffaloes should be cared properly.

G. Some common symptoms of the sick animals are given below.
• Feeling laziness and no appetite
• Dry mouth and yellowish urine
• Difficulty in breathing and high pulse
• Watery eyes, drooping ears, and dry face
• Swollen face, diarrhea, mucus and blood in dung

Bhyagute Rog (Hemorrhagic Septicemia-HS)

Symptoms
of the HS

Sudden Difficulty in Swollen Production Frothing at Loss of
high fever breathing neck of sound the mouth appetite
up to 1070 while and feeling
breathing weakness

206 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Treatment of the Bhaygute Rog
The infected animal should be cared in time. It should be kept separate

from the group. It should be treated immediately. It can be cured with
medicines such as Sulpha Drug Group Diarian, Mecadin, Oripri, and
Terramycin or Tetracycline. For the prevention of the Bhyagute Rog 3.5
ml of HS Vaccine should be hypodermally given against HS in the month
of Baishakh.

Black Quarter [BQ]
Black quarter is called Charchara or Langada. It is also a fatal disease

in animals. It can take animal’s life if not cured in time. The following
symptoms can be seen when the disease attacks.

• High fever from 1040 -1060 C

• Fleshy part of the body

• Swollen thigh

• Swelling of other parts
• The swollen part produces sound if pressed

• The animal becomes lame

Treatment of Black Quarter
• The animal's doctor should be called immediately.

• The infected animal should be given injection at an interval of 6
hours.

Foot and Mouth Disease (Khoret)
When the disease attacks, the animal gets high fever. The infected animal

gets continuous salivation limping. The animal gets blisters and wounds
on and around the mouth and hooves. The animal looks very weak and
falls and dies suddenly.

Rabies: Rabies is a fatal disease in animal as well as in human beings.
This disease occurs when the infected dogs, jackals, cats, mongoose bite
the animals. The infected animal should be vaccinated immediately to
save.

Mastitis (Thunelo): When the animal is infected, its udder swells.
Sometimes the animal gets fever. The animal feels uneasy. It does not
yield enough milk. Blood and mucus can be seen in milk.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 207

Treatment: The animal should be given antibiotics through udder. The
udder should be cleaned properly before milking.

Abortion
During 5-9 months of pregnancy of animals, abortion occurs and navel

string can be stuck in the stomach. It can create problems. The animals
should be kept separate.

Activity and Exercise

1. What types of animals are reared in your locality or village? Discuss with
your friends.

2. What are the common diseases in cows and buffaloes? Discuss with your
friends.

3. What are the symptoms of the diseases in buffaloes and cows? Discuss
and write.

4. Write the methods of the preparation of food for cows and buffaloes.

Project Work
• Prepare a file on the study of cow and buffalo caring, disease, food,

treatment.
• Visit the farmers nearby your school in group and ask them about the

food, care and diseases of the cows and buffaloes. Write its report.

208 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

3

Poultry Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to describe the methods of poultry farming, caring, preparing diet, diseases and

treatment.

Pre-reading Activity
How do the farmers of your locality produce chickens and ducks?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

poultry : to keep poultry farming or meat from chickens, ducks,
pigeons, and geese

commercially : for the purpose of business

fowl : bird that is kept for its meat and eggs, for example a
chicken

pox : a virus

retarded : less developed mentally than is normal for a particular
age

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 209

A. Introduction
Poultry is a part of farming. It is done to produce meat and eggs from

chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons and turkeys. Chickens and ducks are
reared at home for meat and eggs. These are also kept commercially
in the farm where a large number of chickens and eggs are produced.
Poultry farming has become an industry in the world. It has a good
market in Nepal. A large number of people are getting employment in
poultry farming. The following things should be known about poultry
farming:

B. Care of the Farm
• The farm must be neat and clean.
• The farm must be far from human settlement.
• There should not be any unhygienic things in the farm.
• They should be given proper food, water, nutrients in time.
• The farm must be well protected from excess heat, cold, wind, and

strom.
• The chickens and ducks must be medically checked from time to

time .
• The chickens are highly infectious. So, there must be high alert

about different diseases and infection.
• The sick chickens and ducks could be immediately separated from

farm.
• The stool, feathers, and other wastes of chickens and ducks must be

managed properly.
• The workers must take precaution while caring them.

C. Arrangement of Balanced Diet for Chickens
For better and healthy production

of chickens and ducks, they should
be given healthy and balanced food.
The food must contain protein,
carbohydrate, minerals, and water.

210 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Starter food or No 1 food: This food No 2 food: This food is given
is given to the young ones of the to the growing chickens. In this
chickens from hatching to 8 weeks. food there is 17-20% protein.

In this food there is 20-25% protein.

Classification of food
given to the chickens

and ducks

Food for eggs: This is called layer Broiler food: First food is given up
ration or No 3 ration. It is given for to 5 weeks. The second grade food
eggs. In this food there is 15-20% is given after 6 weeks.
protein. It is given to chickens from
20-80 weeks.

D. Preparation of balanced food for chickens from local materials

Farmers can prepare food for chickens from the locally available materials.
It is cheap as well as healthy.

S.N. Food items Quantity %

1 Rice husk 15

2 Maize portion 30

3. Wheat husk 10

4. Peanut cake 15

5 Gram portion 10

6 Barley portion 7

7. Dry fish 6

8. Khudo[molasses 5

9. Bone portion 1

10. Salt 0.5

E. Improvement in Reproduction of Chickens
Poultry is a good source of income at low investment. Farmers as well

as other interested people can get benefit from the poultry. Nowadays,
there is research and study about poultry farming. Scientists are trying

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 211

to produce advanced species of chickens. Advanced chickens are called
hybrid. They are bred in the hatchery in foreign countries. In the artificially
improved environment, the eggs and chickens can be produced at large
quantity.

F. Identification of Diseases and Their Treatment
Chickens and ducks are highly sensitive birds. They are attacked by

different diseases. Sometimes, whole farm of poultry is destroyed by the
fatal diseases in ducks and chickens. So, poultry farming is sometimes
very risky. We should know about the different types of diseases in
poultry. Chickens and ducks are attacked by different types of virus and
bacteria. Viral diseases are ranikhet, marecs, be-for, typifie. From bacteria
cholera, respiratory diseases, occidimossis, etc are caused.

G. Some common symptoms of sick chickens
Chickens don’t eat food. They feel lazy, yellowish diarrhea, green stool,

fever, etc are the common symptoms of sick chickens.

H. Common treatment of the diseases
• to maintain the cleanliness of the farm

• to separate the sick chickens from the group

• to keep different age-group chickens separately

• not to keep unnecessary chickens in a place

• safe and proper management of stool and feathers of the sick
chickens and ducks

• no hatching from the sick chickens and ducks

• to make the incubator bacteria free through fumigation

• to keep fodder utensils always clean and not to mix with other
essentials

• to consult the veterinarian from time to time

I. Fowl Pox
Symptoms: The chicken pox or fowl pox (Sorehead) is caused by a virus

of the family Poxvirida and the genus Avipoxvirus. This is a worldwide
disease that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact as well as
through biting insects. It commonly affects poultry, such as chickens
and turkeys. But also quail, canaries, pigeons, and many other species

212 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

of birds have come down with this disease. This disease is seen in two
forms-dry form and wet form.

Disease Progression: Fowl pox tends to spread slowly and a flock may be
affected for several months. The course of the disease in the individual bird
takes three to five weeks.

Affected young birds are retarded in growth.

• They decrease egg production.

• They feel difficulty in eating and breathing.

• It has two types: cutaneous pox (dry form) or diphtheria pox (wet
form).

Treatment, Control & Prevention: There is no treatment for this condition.
In many cases, the disease may get over by itself. It is important to control
any mosquito infection. The sick bird should be kept separate. The virus
is highly resistant in dried scabs. Disease control is accomplished best by
preventative vaccination since ordinary management.

J. New Castle
The infected chickens start to pass yellow and green excreta. The chickens

start coughing, gasping, rattling and trembling. After some time, the
infected chickens fall dead.

Prevention: This is a highly infectious disease. So the infected fowl
should be kept separate from the healthy fowls. F1 Vaccine, electrolyte
and antibiotic should be given to the infected ones.

K. Gumboro [Infectious Bursal Disease]
The infected chickens start to be depressed, the weight falls, white and

yellow watery droppings pass. The production of eggs also decreases.
More than 90% infected chicks fall to death. To protect from this disease,
water with electrolyte and lemoso 175 antibiotics should be given to the
diseased chickens. They should be kept separate.

L. Coccidiosis
This is a fatal disease in chickens. The infected chicken starts to vomit

blood out. Its weight also falls all of a sudden. It starts to give fewer eggs.
It gasps. The infected chicken should be kept separate. To control this
disease and to save the infected chicken, Super Cox, Codicils, Sulmate
and Cotrinol should be fed to the infected chicken.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 213

M. Ranikhet
Symptoms
• eyes become red and suppurate
• the chickens twist the neck
• sudden decrease in egg production
• stool looks like the mix of white, red, and green
• rough sound while coughing
Treatment
• Use the EK strain vaccination
• Proper cleanliness and keeping the sick chickens separate

Activity and Exercise

1. What is poultry farming? Discuss with your friend in the class.
2. How do we manage a poultry farm? Discuss.
3. Write the methods of prevention of different diseases in chickens.
4. What are the common symptoms of disease in chickens?

Project Work
• Prepare a file describing the method of managing poultry farm.
• Visit a poultry farm and prepare report about the different diseases in

chickens and their preventive methods.

214 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

4

Pig Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce pig farming and their caring methods.
• to describe methods of preparing diet for pigs and different diseases of pigs and

their treatment methods.

Pre-reading Activity
What particular things do you know about pigs? Share in class.

Terms & Terminologies

pigs : an animal with pink, black or brown skin, short legs, a
broad nose and a short tail which curls round itself; pigs
rapidly are kept on farms for their meat (called pork) or live in
piglet the wild
symptom
sensation : fast, swiftly
flu
: a young pig

: indication, sign

: feelings, sense, impression

: an infectious disease like a very bad cold, that causes
fever, pains and weakness

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 215

A. Introduction
The population of Nepal is increasing rapidly. This is why there is

urbanization in Nepal. People use meat in their food. From village to city,
the demand of meat is high. Chickens, goats, buffaloes, fish, pigs, chyangra,
sheep, etc. are the main sources of meat in Nepal. Nowadays, pig farming
is growing fast. People are getting lots of benefits from pig farming. Here
we will discuss pig farming, taking care of the pigs, preparation of food for
pigs, prevention and treatment of different diseases of pigs, etc. If properly
reared and cared for, the pigs will give lots of benefits.

B. Care and Housing of the Pigs
• The house should be neat, clean and airy.
• The house must be warm and clean.
• There must be regular cleanliness of the pigs’ sty.
• The house should not be damp and wet.
• There must be good drainage system to pass the excreta and other

wastes of pigs.
• There must be enough water and food for the pigs.
• Maintenance of sanitation must be given high priority.

C. Food for Pigs
For healthy and big pigs, the food must be nutritious. The food must contain

carbohydrates, fat, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. The pigs can be fed
with wheat, kitchen waste, rice, barley, green grass, bone meal and required
amount of minerals.

D. Preparation of Balanced Diet for Pigs
For getting good profit from pig farming, they must be provided balanced

diet. Pigs eat all kinds of vegetables like radish, carrot, dubo, leaves of
sugar cane, grass, wastages, maze, rice, barley, millet, etc.

216 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Pigs should be fed 15 to 20 % protein in their food. The pigs should be left
for grazing which helps them to grow naturally.

The required quantity of food for pigs is shown below according to their
weight:

S.N. Types of pigs Weight of Required food
pigs in kg
1 Piglets 20-40 1-2
2 Growing piglets 40-50 3-4
3 Male pig 50-100 3-5
4 Sterile 100 4-6
5 Mother pig with piglets 100 4-6
6 Reproductive male and female 100 3-5

E. Breeding of Pigs
Pigs are reared for meat. They get heavy weight and provide lots of meat

within a short period of time. For pig farming, healthy and advanced
species of pigs should be reared. Now a days, there is research on pigs
and their development. There are different types of modern and advanced
species of pigs.

F. Various Diseases of the Pigs
The pigs become victims of various diseases. They are fond of living in

dirty places and making dirt. If there is lack of sanitation, the pigs catch
many diseases and can’t grow properly.

G. Common Symptoms Found in Sick Pigs
• Sick pigs feel lazy and restless.
• They show abnormal behaviour.
• They don’t eat properly.
• They get fever.
• They get sores in the hoofs and mouth.
• They get watery mouth.

H. Some Diseases in Pigs
i. Swine Fever/Hog Cholera: When this disease catches the pigs, they

get high fever up to 1060 C. The infected pigs don’t eat properly.
They try to drink much water. The face becomes pale. Blood occurs
in faecal matter.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 217

The nose starts bleeding. Blue spots are seen in the body. The infected
pigs get diarrhoea and feel sensation of vomiting. They get their
rear legs paralyzed. The sick animal dies of pneumonia at last. To
prevent this disease, the piglets should be given vaccination once.
The sows should be vaccinated every year. The dead pig should be
buried immediately.

ii. Luto (Mange): It is a very common disease in pigs. It occurs due to
lack of proper care and sanitation. When Luto catches the pigs, it
affects the whole body. The whole body itches. Specially, it affects
ears, neck and inner area of the legs. To control this disease, there
must be proper sanitation and the infected animal should be given
Imomac 1ml per-40 kg weight thorough injection. Golden lotion,
Himix, Aktomin 5 ml should be mixed in 5 liters of water and it
should be applied to the body of pigs. It gives relief to the pigs and
cures the disease.

iii. Bhyagute Rog: Its symptoms are: The pig gets swelling neck, feels
difficulty in breathing and eating. It gets high fever up to 1060 C. If
the infected animal is not cured in time, it falls dead.

iv. Care and Treatment: The infected animal should be kept separate.
It should be given Tetracycline, Sulfadimyd in injection regularly
for 4-5 days. To prevent this disease, HS vaccine should be given to
all the pigs in the beginning of every season.

v. Khoret Rog: Its symptoms are: The infected animal gets sore on the
mouth and tongue. The hoofs get wounds in the middle and the animal
starts to limp. Saliva comes out from the mouth. For the treatment of
this disease, the legs of the pigs should be cleaned with fitikiri or fiel.
The vaccine against khoret should be given in the skin.

vi. Treatment and Prevention: To prevent this disease, vaccine should
be given within four months. The infected animal’s hoofs should be
cleaned with the edible soda. Himex ointment should be applied to
the infected part.

vii. Anthrax: This is a fatal disease. The animal gets high fever up to
1080 C. It is a communicable disease to human beings so it must be
prevented in time. The animal dies within 8-10 days. To prevent it,
vaccine should be given from time to time.

viii. Swine Flu: This disease occurs due to lack of sanitation and change
in the season. The infected animal gets difficulty in breathing.
There is no treatment of this disease. Proper sanitation should be
maintained to prevent this disease.

218 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

ix. Brucellosis: It is also one of the harmful diseases. It creates problems
during pregnancy of the pigs. It causes abortion. The result is that
there is no reproduction of piglets in time. This disease is infectious
to human beings also. So, proper care, precaution and sanitation
must be maintained to prevent this disease.

x. Parasites: Pigs are easily attacked by different types of parasites like
roundworms, hookworms, flies, and lice. These parasites disturb
the pigs externally and internally. These parasites grow due to lack
of sanitation and unhealthy food items. To prevent these parasites,
the pigs should be given BIMRAZENE at a rate of 1 ml/5 kg body
weight every month. It should be given after the two months of
birth. Moreover, to prevent this disease Albendozole, Fewendozole,
etc. should be given at a rate of per 5-10 kg body weight. Proper care
and sanitation should be maintained to prevent pigs from different
parasites.

I. Management of Pig Products
Farmers can get benefit by rearing pigs at their home as well as

commercially in the pig farm. They can earn money by selling piglets.
They can earn money by selling meat in the market or they can get benefit
by selling pigs for meat in the market. They can make different varieties
of pig’s meat and sell in the market. They can pack it in jars or they can
make its sukuti (dry) meat and keep it for a long time to use and sell in
the market.

Activity and Exercise

1. Why do people rear pigs? Discuss in the class.

2. What things should be considered while caring for pigs? Discuss in the class
and write.

3. What are the common symptoms of sick pigs?

4. How do you prepare a balanced diet for pigs? Describe in brief.

5. What are the common diseases in pigs? Describe them.

Project Work

Visit a pig farm and prepare a file on rearing and caring methods of pigs,
disease and treatment.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 219

Lesson

5

Fish Farming

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the different species of fish.
• to introduce the methods of managing food and pasture for fish.
• to state the different diseases of fish and preventive and curative methods.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of fish are found in the rivers, ponds in your locality?
Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

fish : a creature that lives in water, breathes through gills, and
uses fins and a tail for swimming

rivulet : a very small river; a small stream of water or other liquid

carbohydrate : a substance such as sugar or starch that consists of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; carbohydrates in food
provide the body with energy and heat

seafood : fish and sea creatures that can be eaten, especially
shellfish

itching : burning, impatient

220 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
Nepal is rich in rivers, ponds, water falls, rivulets, where different types

of fish are found. Moreover, Nepal is rich in different climates, too.
There is hot water in the Terai belt and cold in the hills and mountains.
So, there are different kinds of fish in different climates. There are 185
types of fish species in Nepal. Out of them, 3 local species and 4
improved species of fish are reared for commercial purpose. Fish is
known as a sea food which is considered hygienic, healthy and tasty.
Some of the local species of fish are described below:

B. Kinds of Fish

i. Buhari: Its body is elongated. (long
and thin, often in a way that is not
normal). It is found in the Terai region.
It is reared in the warm water of pond
and river. It is carnivorous. It eats its
own fingerling.

It has a large head, long moustache and ashlike colour.

ii. Rahu: This fish is found in the
warm water of rivers, lakes, and
ponds in the Terai. Its food is
lichens and insects. Its body is
covered with large scales. It has
long and cylindrical body with a white abdomen. Its middle part of
scale is red. A mature fish gets 1.5 kg weight within two-three years.
People like to eat it. It is tasty and healthy also.

iii. Naini: Naini fish is found in the
warm water of rivers, ponds and
lakes in the Terai region. This fish
has a long body. Its upper part is
brown and lower part is white. It
is reared naturally and artificially.
Its weight is 1.5 kg within two to
three years.

C. Improved Breeds of Fish
In different parts of the country, there is growth in fish farming. Fish

Research Centre Godawari has developed different varieties of fish.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 221

Improved breeds of fish have been imported from foreign countries also
and being cultivated in different parts of the country. Some improved
breeds of fish are- carp, grass carp, common carp, etc.

D. Management of Food and Pasture of Fish

Fish are found naturally in the flowing river and they manage their food
themselves. Such types of naturally developed fish are very tasty and
hygienic too. But fish are grown cultivated in the artificial ponds also.

These fish need man-made foods to grow. In fish ponds, there should be
artificial as well as natural food. There are different kinds of fish which
like artificial as well as natural food. Common carp and grass carp like
artificial food. Silver carp bighead carp, manure, etc. like natural food
more rahu, naini, and common carp like both artificial and natural food.

Food should be prepared according to the kinds of fish. If the fish are
provided with proper nutrients, they grow fast and give benefits. All
kinds of fish need appropriate area for grazing. They should be provided
adequate area for swimming and feeding. They should be given both
artificial and natural food in the ratio of 45:55. To maintain natural
food in their habitat, 2000-2500 kg compost, 225 kg nitrogen and 545 kg
phosphors must be supplied per hectare area of fish every year. It helps
to provide the fish with natural food.

E. Preparation of Food for Fish from the Local Materials

Food for fish can be prepared from the local materials such as maze, barley,
rice, wheat, peanut, mustard, dry fish, bhatmas, cotton, worms, etc. For
proper growth and development of fish, they need food containing protein,
carbohydrate, fat, oil, minerals, vitamins, etc. in appropriate quantity. We
can prepare food for fish mixing all these materials in an appropriate ratio/
proportion. Look at the following table of food for 100 fish .

S. N. Materials to prepare food Required quantity

1 Dust of rice 38%

2 Wheat flour 38%

3 Soybean flour 12%

4 Dust of dry fish 12%

222 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

F. Balanced Diet for Fish
The fish should be provided balanced diet for their proper growth. The

food must contain protein, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, etc. We can
make balnced diet for fish from our own field or buy from market. The
food must contain 30-35% protein for the fries of carp and for adult fish
the shape of protein should be 25-30%. Fish need all these materials for
their proper development.

G. Method of Feeding Fish
The fish should be cared for properly giving food 4-5 times a day.

Generally, the breeding fish should be fed 3-4% feed of their body weight.

Growing fish need to feed 3-5% feed of their weight. Appropriate quantity
and quality of feed helps the fish to grow fast and healthy. The artificial
feed should be in powder form. The kneading and powder feed should
be made pellet. Such types of food should contain enough protein and
should be given twice a day.

H. Disease of Fish
i. Seto Kople Rog: The following symptoms are seen in fish : Skin color

changes into green, body gets slimmer, white spots throughout the body,
white sores on some parts of the body.

ii. Treatment: For the treatment of this disease, fish should be dipped
in 3-4% salty water for 3-4 minutes. Mala Kaitgreen 0.1 ppm should
be used for the treatment of this disease.

iii. Emus Disease: Scales start to fall and white spots are seen on the
body. After some time, wounds occur on the body. If not treated
timely, the fish die.

iv. Argulosis-in: In this disease, the parasites suck the blood of the
fish. Wounds and blisters are seen on the body due to lack of blood.

v. Lernia: When the parasite attacks the fish, its hooking organ gets
wounds because the parasite pierces (makes hole) it. The small fish
die after moving around when they get parasite on their head. So,
the parasite must be killed to protect the fish.

vi. Trichodinasis: The fish get problem in their skin, gills, and fins
when this parasite attacks them. The fries can die if they are unable
to resist these parasites.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 223

vii. Gyrodactylosis: When this disease attacks the fish, they feel
unbearable sensation. Their body gets itching. The fish start to jump
and rub their body on the wall. They get wounds. Generally, the
fries get affected by this disease and they can die. For the treatment
of this disease, 0.25 ppm Dipterex should be used.

I. Management of Fish Products
Fish is known as sea food. It can be reared where there are water sources.

Different products are made from fish. Farmers can get benefit by
producing meat.

Meat products can be preserved by the following methods.
• The harvested fish can be kept in the cold-store or refrigerator.
• They can be preserved by keeping in salt.
• They can be packed in a box.
• Fish can be kept for a long time by drying in the fire, sun or solar

heater.

Activity and Exercise

1. Discuss the importance of fish farming.
2. What are the possibilities of fish farming in Nepal? Discuss and write.
3. How can you prepare a balanced diet for fish? Discuss and write.
4. What are the species of fish which are being reared in Nepal? Describe

them.
5. What are the main diseases of fish? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit a place where fish are found or reared and observe them. Prepare a
report on your observation.

224 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Rearing of Sheep, Goats and Chyangra (Mountain Goats)
m Rearing of goats, sheep and mountain goats are like cash farming.
m Proper knowledge of rearing of these animals can provide lots of

benefit.
m These animals are reared for milk, meat and wool.
m They must be provided with appropriate diet for their good health.
m The farmers should consult JT of animals about their diseases.
m They should be provided additional diet except grazing.
Lesson-2 Cow and Buffalo Rearing
m Rearing of cow and buffalo is a very important part of Nepalese

farmers.
m Nepali farmers follow traditional methods of animal husbandry.
m Most of the farmers are unknown to modern methods of rearing of

cow and buffalo.
m They rear the local species which don’t give enough milk.
m Bhyagute Rog, Black Quarter, Khort, Thunelo, Diarrhea, Abortion,

Rabies, etc are the major diseases and problems of these animals.
m Less eating, dry mouth, yellowish urine, difficulty in breathing,

watery eyes, bent ears, dry face, fever, swelling, diarrhea, mucus
and blood in dung etc are some of the common symptoms of sick
animals.
m Proper care, timely treatment, better knowledge can save from
different diseases and problems.
Lesson-3 Poultry Farming
m Poultry is a process of keeping chickens, ducks, pigeons, etc for
their eggs and meat.
m The mass production of poultry farming is a good source of income.
m A person must have a good knowledge before starting a poultry
farming.
m Chickens are very sensitive and different bacteria and virus can
affect them easily.
m Proper sanitation must be maintained.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 225

m The chickens should be provided with balanced diet for better
growth.

m Inspection of different diseases and their timely treatment is a must.
m Fowl pox, new castle, gumboro, coccidiosis, ranikhet, bird flu, etc

are some of the fatal diseases of chickens.
Lesson-4 Pig Farming
m Pig farming is a highly income and profit giving profession.
m From small investment, a high income is possible from pig farming.
m Pig shed must be neat, clean, warm, with goof drainage, facility of

water.
m Sanitation and proper diet should be maintained for better

production.
m The symptoms of a sick pig are restless, abnormal behavior, lack of

eating, fever, sores in the hoof and mouth, watery mouth etc.
m Swine fever/hog cholera, luto (mange), bhyagute rog, khoret,

anthrax, swin flu, etc are the diseases of pigs.
m The sick pigs should be kept in isolation and timely treatment must

be done.
Lesson-5 Fish Farming
m Fish is a great source of our food.
m People from the very beginning have been fond of seafood.
m Fish items are very healthy and hygienic for our health.
m Buhari, naini, rahu common carp, silver carp, big head carp, etc are

some of the popular fish.
m The fish are obtained from rivers, ponds, seas, etc where they get

their food naturally.
m For better production of fish they need specially prepared diet,

clean and cold water, etc.
m Some of the diseases of fish are seto kople rog, argulosis in, lernia,

trichodinasis, gyrodactylosis, etc.
m The harvested fish products should be kept properly.
m Fish items can be kept in the deep freeze, by drying, or packing in

the box.

226 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Unit

12

Handicraft

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 20

1. Different Things from Paper 228
2. Origami and Kirigami 234
3. Making Different Things from Bamboo  237
4. Simple Carving on Woods and Stone 240

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 227

Lesson

1

Different Things from Paper

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to prepare a simple kite of paper, a paper bag, greeting cards, etc.

Pre-reading Activity

What kinds of things can you make from paper? Prepare some of
them and display in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

paper : the thin material that you write and draw on and that is
also used for wrapping and packing things
handicraft
: activities that are made by using skill with our hands
octagon and artistic ability to make things
puppet
fabric : a flat shape with eight straight sides and eight angles

: dummy, doll

: clothe, material

228 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Making a Simple Paper Kite
Follow the following steps.
1. Take a piece of paper and make sure it is square. It can be of any

colour you want. If you want, you can have a design on one side.
2. Find two sticks of bamboo and hot glue or glue it to your paper as

shown below
3. Find a toilet paper roll that is finished and some strings.
4. Attach the string to the toilet paper roll and roll the string onto it

and attach the other end of the string to the end of the stick.
5. Fly your kite; it is ready to go up.

B. Paper Bag
1. Cut a piece of paper to 9.5 x 15 inches. Colored or patterned craft

paper is ideal for this project, but wrapping paper or newspaper
will do if you have something more delicate in mind.
2. Place the paper in front of you on a flat surface. Make sure to place it
in “landscape” orientation – i.e. long sides up and down, short sides
to the left and right.
3. Fold the bottom edge of the paper upto 2 inches (5 cm) and sharply
crease the fold. When you’re done, unfold. Note for later that this will
become the bottom of the bag.
4. Fold the sides of the bag into place. Be sure to maintain the landscape
orientation as you work.
5. Locate the centre points of the top and bottom edges. To do this,
either measure with a ruler or simply lift the paper, maintain the
orientation, bring the short sides together as though you were
folding the whole thing in half, and pinch the top and bottom of the
would-be fold to mark the centre of each long side. Lightly mark
these spots with a pencil.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 229

6. Mark the paper again a half inch (13 mm) to both the left and right
of each centre point. When you’re done, you should have six marks
total: three centre within one long edge of your paper and three
centred within the other.

7. Bring the right edge of the paper to the left-most pencil line and
fold. Once the fold is properly creased, unfold. Repeat the inverse
on the opposite side.

8. Flip the paper, re-fold the left and right sides downward toward the
centre, and glue them where they overlap. Be sure to fold along the
same lines as before (but note that the folds will be inverted). Let
the glue dry completely before moving on to the next step

9. Flip the bag over so that it sits glued-side-down. Make sure to orient
it so that one of the open ends points toward you.

10. Fold the side-creases inward to create a slight accordion effect.

• With your ruler, measure inwards about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm)
from the left-hand side of the bag, lightly mark this with your
pencil.

• Push the left side-crease of the bag inwards toward the interior
of the bag. Do this until the left-hand mark you made in the
previous step sits on the outer edge of where the paper is
bending.

• Press-fold the paper downwards so that the pencil mark lines
up with the new folded edge. Try to keep the top and bottom
edges symmetrical as you press the paper down.

• Repeat on the right-hand side. When you’re done, the body of
the bag should fold inwards on either side just like a grocery-
shopping bag.

11. Fold and glue the bottom of the bag into place. To determine which
end is the bottom, look for the crease lines from Step 3 that mark the
bottom of the bag Keep the bag flattened for now.

• Fold the bag four inches (10 cm) up from the bottom and crease
it along this line.

• Keeping the rest of the bag flattened, pop open up the bottom
of the bag. The inward-flaring creases should pop open,
forming a square edge. Inside, you should see a triangle of
folded bag on either side.

230 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

• Fold the left and right sides of the open, square-shaped bottom
completely down. Use the outermost edge of each interior triangle
as a guide. When you’re done, the bottom area should have 8 sides
like an elongated octagon instead of 4 sides like it had before.

• Fold the bottom strip of the “octagon” upwards towards the centre
of the bottom of the bag.

• Fold the top strip of the “octagon” downwards towards the center
of the bottom of the bag. The bottom should now be neatly folded
shut; glue the edges where they overlap and let it dry.

12. Pop the bag open. Make sure the bottom is completely closed off
and that there are no gaps in the glued edges.

13. Now add the handles.

14. Add decorations of your desire.

Finished

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 231

C. Making a Talking Paper Bag

Instructions
1. Lay paper bag flat with the opening facing towards you and the

flap showing.

2. Use art supplies such as paint, crayons, or pencils to draw facial
features on the flap. For eyes, glue on two goodly eyes or buttons
(or you can draw them on the bag) you can also draw clothing
below the flap or glue fabric scraps or coloured paper on paper bag
flat with the opening facing towards you and the flap showing.

3. Lift the flap up carefully
and draw a tongue.

4. Close the face and draw an
upper lip under the nose
and a lower lip just below
the flap.

5. Add hair by cutting some
lengths of yarn. Glue them
on to the top edge or the
front of the flap, near the
top.

6. To use the puppet, put your hand into the bag and place your fingers
in the flap. Move your fingers up and down to make it “talk.”

D. Making Greeting Cards

Things you need
Glue, Scissors or paper cutter, Paper or blank cards, Envelopes, Small

decorations to put on the card, Pen or pencil, Markers, Colour pencils

• Buy some materials at the store to start off with when making cards.
Recycling things around the house such as buttons, ribbon, old
belts, etc. also look great when properly attached to cards.

• Sit down at a comfortable desk or an area that is clean yet comfortable
to begin making greeting cards. Music can be played if desired, but
it should not be too loud that it distracts from making of the card.

• Take out a blank card, or fold a piece of paper in half.

• Use the store-bought and/or recycled decorations to make the card
stand out.

232 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

• Put your signature on the back of the card just made so that the
person it is being given to know who made it.

• Place the card in an envelope that fits the size of the card. Depending
on where the card is going, place a stamp in the upper right hand
corner and continue punctuating the envelop properly.

Activity and Exercise

1. Write the instructions for making a simple paper kite.
2. Write the methods of making a greeting card.

Project Work
• Prepare a simple kite at home and show it to your class.
• Prepare a greeting card and show it to your class.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 233

Lesson

2

Origami and Kirigami

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make some origami and Kirigami items.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of things can you make by folding paper and cutting
paper? Show to your class.

Terms & Terminologies

Origami : the Japanese art of folding paper into attractive shapes
Kirigami : the Japanese art of making different things by cutting

kiri paper in different shapes
gami : kiri means to cut in Japanese language
ori : gami means paper in Japanese language
: ori means to fold in Japanese language

234 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

Kirigami and Origami are both Japanese paper art. Kirigami involves
both folding and cutting paper into various shapes. KIRU means “cut”
in Japanese and “GAMI” means paper. Origami only involves folding
paper into various shapes. “ORI” means fold in Japanese language. In
Kirigami, the paper is folded to create a base. Then small cuts are made
in the base. The bases are then opened up and flattened out to form
the shape of a figure. Many Kirigamis appear to be snowflakes and are
used for various ornaments and decorations.

Cutting the paper is not allowed in origami. In origami, the shape or
form is created by folding the paper in various ways. Both Kirigami and
origami are skills that many Japanese people take pride and honour in
completing. Some people even sell their Origami and Kirigami things in
the markets for an income. Both forms are very beautiful.

B. Making an Origami Airplane

1. Make the Initial Folds

Start by folding a square piece of origami paper in half with the white
side facing up. Crease well, and then unfold. Turn and fold in half
from the other direction. Crease well, and then unfold. Fold the top of
your paper in to the middle crease. When you’re finished, your paper
airplane should look like the photo on the next page.

2. Fold the Corners Down

Fold the left corner down to meet the edge of the coloured side of
your paper. Fold the right corner in the same manner.

3. Make the Nose of Your Simple Paper Airplane
Fold the left and right corners of your origami paper in so your
project resembles the photo. The pointed end will be the nose of
your Origami airplane.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 235

The extra folds you made in the previous step help give the nose the
additional weight it needs to make your simple paper airplane fly
properly.

4. Fold Your Paper along the Middle Crease

Fold your paper in half along the middle crease. Fold the right
corner up as shown in the picture. The corner should be about ½
inch from the edge of the paper. Unfold the paper, flip it over and
fold it from the other direction along the same crease.

5. Make Your Airplane’s Tail

Open your paper and collapse the fold you made in the previous
step. If you’re having trouble getting the fold to collapse, go over
the creases once more to make sure they’re as sharp as possible.
This creates the tail of your paper airplane.

6. Make the Wings of Your Origami Airplane

Fold the top layer of the paper down to make the first wing of your
paper airplane. At the nose, the wing should be slightly above the
middle layer of the paper. At the back, it should be slightly above
the bottom of the tail you made in the last step. Repeat the process
on the other side to make the second wing of your origami airplane.

7. Fly Your Simple Paper Airplane

Hold your plane at the widest part of the
base and gently send it flying across the
room! If you’re having trouble getting
your plane to fly, examine it carefully to
make sure it is symmetrical. If one side
is even slightly larger than the other,
your plane won’t fly straight.

Activity and Exercise

1. Discuss about the Origami and Kirigami art of paper in the class and
write.

Project Work
• Prepare a paper airplane and show it to your class.
• Make some items of paper that you know and show them to the class.

236 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

3

Making Different Things from Bamboo 

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different things from bamboo

Pre-reading Activity

What kinds of things do you use in your daily life that are made from
bamboo?

Terms & Terminologies

bamboo : a tall tropical plant that is a member of the grass family
and has hard hollow stems that are used for making
furniture, poles, etc.

strip : to remove a layer from something, especially so that it is
completely exposed

approximately : used to show that something is almost, but not
completely, accurate or correct

plank : piece of wood, flat timber

knot : tie, bond

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 237

A. Introduction

Bamboos are very useful things. We can make different items from
bamboo. It has multiple use. We can make baskets, mandro, cap, dalo,
nanglo, doko, rack, etc. We can make things for daily use as well as
for decoration. These things add beauty to our home. So many people
are getting very good income by making different types of things from
bamboo. It has become a good bamboo business.

B. Making a Bamboo Basket
i. Required materials: bamboo, knife, scissors, tapestry, needle,

resting tools

ii. Methods of making a bamboo basket
1. Cut a three foot piece of bamboo into four planks by using a

large knife to cut vertically down the bamboo.
2. Cut each plank in half using a knife.

3. Cut the plank halves into long strips by using a knife to cut
them into layers. Start cutting the strips from the back side of
the bamboo first.

4. Use scissors to cut the ends of the bamboo strips so that they
are all equal in length. Peel apart each bamboo strip so that
you have multiple miniature strips of the bamboo.

5. Cut a five foot long piece of string and thread it into a tapestry
needle. Grab a small bundle of two to three pieces of bamboo
and coil the loose end of your string around the end of the
bamboo bundle for approximately an inch.

6. Bend your wrapped section of bamboo into the shape of a U
and bind both sides of the “U” together by wrapping it with
the string six times. This will create a small loop.

238 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

7. Wrap the string around the loose bamboo pieces and run it
through the small loop. Continue wrapping the string around
the bamboo and through the small loop with the tapestry
needle until you make a complete circle. This should take
anywhere from 10 to 20 stitches.

8. Add another bundle of bamboo to your basket by adding
underneath the loose bamboo from your ring and wrap the
string around the combined bundle six times.

9. Start coiling the new section by wrapping the string around
the bamboo and through the coil of the previous row, using
the tapestry needle. Continue adding bamboo in this manner
until you are satisfied with the size of your basket.

10. Finish off the basket by simply wrapping string around all the
way around the top coil of the basket. Cut the string and tie a
knot at the end. Tuck the knot into the coiled string.

Activity and Exercise

1. What are the uses of bamboo? Make a list.
2. What things can be made from bamboo to decorate a house?
3. Make a list of the things which are made of bamboo at your home.

Project Work
Prepare a bamboo basket and show it to your class.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 239

Lesson

4

Simple Carving on Woods and Stone

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make simple carvings on woods and stone.

Pre-reading Activity
What is carving on wood and stone? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

carving : an object or a pattern made by cutting away material
from wood or stone, the art of making objects in this
mosque way
encompass
lay out : a building in which Muslims worship
approach
constant : to include a large number or range of things

: outline

: move toward

: steady or regular

240 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

Wood and stone carving are very traditional arts. In the past, people used
to apply this art in the temple, mosque, house, door, window, etc.

In the present time also, this art has a great importance. People use
different types of carvings on their doors, windows, ceiling, temple,
church, mosques, etc. The process of making different beautiful pictures
and designs on the stone and wood is called carving wood.

Wood carving and stone carving are very good professions by means of
which we can earn a lot of money. So, education about the importance of
wood carving and stone carving has become the need of the time. People
are getting lots of income from stone and wood carving.

B. Process of Wood and Stone Carving

i. Selection of things

The first thing that should be done is selection of wood or stone on
which carving is going to be done. The stone should not be very
hard and the wood should not be very soft or damageable. Sal,
sallo, sisau, etc. are good for carving.

ii. Selection of instruments
There are different types of instruments used for wood and stone

carving.

Wood carving is a broad term encompassing any form of working
on wood with a tool into some sort of aesthetic object. One would
rarely refer to a non-aesthetic form of woodworking as such, but
some types of carving may be functional, as with artisanal chairs,
instruments, or paneling. Humans have been carving wood for
thousands of years, and examples of this form of art can be seen in
almost every society on the planet.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 241

C. Carving Grape Leaf

Instructions

1. Start out by cutting out
your grape leaf pattern with
scissors. Lay it out on the
wood plank.

Trim it if you need to get it to the centre, or cut it into pieces and
2.
3. arrange it according to your own taste. When it’s situated on the

4. plank trace around it. Add interior detail by hand such as the veins
in the grape leaf.
5.
Pick up your bench knife. It’s the one that looks like a slender utility
knife used in crafting, but is more heavy and has a slender, sharp
point and a smooth handle. Resting your palm on the wood, score
along the pencil line, cutting a slight groove all the way around
the pattern. Go over it several times until you have created a cut
approximately 1/8 of an inch deep.

Pick up the 1/4-inch straight chisel next. Begin at a point
approximately 1/4 of an inch from the pencil line, and using the
point of the chisel rock it back and forth at about a 30-degree angle,
letting the cutting edge peel back the grain, pushing it perpendicular
toward the cut you made with the bench knife. When you get to the
scored line, the chip should pop out. Continue along the line in this
fashion working the wood away from the score line. Change to the
1/2-inch straight chisel when you get the feel of the woodcuts.

Switch to the v-gouge and continue removing wood away from
the design by rocking the tool in your hands, deepening the cut,
gently nudging the tool, rocking it as you push it along the lines
of the carving at a slight angle, shaving off small curls of wood.
Also, use the v-gouge to cut the veins in the leaf using the same
rocking motion allowing the tool to cut gently. If the v-gouge chips
or splinters the wood, spin the pattern around and go to the other
direction.

Pick up the bent spoon cutter next. Use it to remove small round
pockets of wood by digging it straight down, then prying back on
the handle, scoop out the wood as it cuts. Change back and forth
between all the tools as needed, removing wood until the grape leaf

carving has the relief that you desire.

242 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Look at some pictures of wood carvings.

D. Stone Carving

Safety measures for stone carving
• Wear safety glasses to protect from eyes.
• Use a quality dust mask while carving or sawing not to breath in

dust.
• Use anti-vibration gloves to protect hands from the constant

vibration of pneumatic tools.
• Use plugs to protect against the noise produced by pneumatic tools and

diamond saws
• Keep a well equipped first-aid box.

Planning
There are two basic approaches to carving. The first is to find a stone

with a distinctive shape or colour pattern that suggests sculptural forms.
This approach frees the carver to follow the natural forms within the
material. The second approach is to begin by working out an idea for the
sculpture in drawings or by modeling a Marquette in clay or other easily
worked material.

Lay Out
Before you begin carving, look at the stone to determine the direction of

the bed, or grain (similar to wood). Stone tends to break more easily when
split along these bed lines, like opening the pages of a book. And, like trying
to tear a phone book, it is more difficult to break (or tear), and breaks less
predictably when the direction is perpendicular to the bed lines. Once
you have determined the direction of the bed, check to see if there are any
hair-line cracks in the stone that could open up and break off later during
carving. Now begin drawing your design on all sides of the stone. Make
sure to project the same height and width of each form on to the other sides
of the stone.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 243

A 4 1/2” diamond blade on a grinder can speed up the removal of stone.
Make a series of parallel cuts about 1” apart. Then break them off with
the point chisel.

Hammer’s rapid fire action, when used with bushing chisels (4 point, 9
point, and cup chisel), make it a very effective tool for shaping the harder
stones like granite. Pneumatic hammers come in different size from the
large 1 1/4” hammer for roughing out, to the 1/2”, or smaller, for fine
detail work.

Finishing
On the softer stones, rasps and riffles are used for the final smoothing

and shaping of the carving. The coarse teeth of a cabinet maker’s rasp
or round rasp, when used in long sweeping strokes, produces graceful
flowing forms. On harder stones, a flat chisel is used to remove the ridges
left by the tooth chisel. The 9 point bushing chisel can be used on granite
to smooth the surface. A diamond cup wheel on a mini grinder will
remove the rough surface left by the bushing tools. Final smoothing is
done with wet/dry silicon carbide sand paper.

Polishing
Polishing brings out the beautiful colour and pattern of a stone. With the

softer stones, continue hand sanding with the wet/dry sand paper under
running water.

Activity and Exercise

1. What are the safety measures to be taken while working with wood
carving and stone carving? Discuss in the class and write.

2. What are the benefits of wood and stone carving? Discuss and write.
244 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Project Work
• What types of wood carving and stone carving are being done in your

locality? Prepare a file describing it.
• Visit the places where there are wood and stone carving. Prepare a file

about the instruments they use and the things they make.

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Different Things from Paper
m We can make different things from paper.
m Kites, decorative things, napkins, paper bags etc can be made from

paper.
m While working with paper, the instruments should be kept properly

and the work should be done carefully.

Lesson-2 Origami and Kirigami
m Both origami and Kirigami are Japanese paper craft.
m We can make different beautiful things by folding paper or cutting

in different shapes.

Lesson-3 Making Different Things from Bamboo
m Bamboo can be used for multipurpose.
m Different decorative things, baskets, mat, chair, rack, bed, flower

vase, hat, pole, bar, etc. are made from bamboo.

Lesson-4 Simple Carving on Wood and Stone
m Carving on stone and wood is as traditional as human history.
m It is a good source of employment and income.
m It is an artistic work so it has high demand in the market.
m Different beautiful things are made through wood and stone

carving.
m While working on stone carving and wood carving, precaution

should be taken to prevent any harm.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 245

Unit

13

Claywork

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 20

1. Different Shapes from Clay 247

2. Construction of Different Fruits, Vegetables, Animals and Home Use

Utensils from Clay 250

246 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

1

Different Shapes from Clay

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different shapes from clay.

Pre-reading Activity
What kinds of utensils and things of clay are found at your home?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

statue : figure, sculpture, monument
porous
: having many small holes that allow water or air to pass
trim through slowly

spherical : to make something neater, smaller, better, etc., by cutting
conical parts from it
cylindrical
elongated : round

: shaped like a cone

: shaped like a cylinder

: extended, drawn out, stretched out

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 247

A. Introduction
Clay work is a very traditional art of making different pots and objects. It

is also practised today. Different types of artistic and decorative objects are
made from clay. Pots, statues, idols, cups, plates, play things, decorative
objects, etc. are made from clay all over the world.

B. Selection of Clay
• The clay must be taken out from the depth of 2-3ft.
• There should not be hard materials like pebbles, stone, wood, pieces

of bricks, glass, rod, plastic, etc.
• These things should be filtered or taken out from the soil.
• The clay must be soft, porous and smooth.
• It must be beaten well.
• The clay must be kneaded well.
• The well beaten and kneaded clay becomes soft, non-sticky, shiny

and smooth.
• The clay can be made porous by adding required quantity of husk

and sand.(porous-having many small holes that allow water or air
to pass through slowly)

C. Things to be Considered While Making Clay Objects
• Wear an apron to protect the body from being dirty.
• Keep the tools and instruments in appropriate place.
• Keep the tools away from the small children.
• Use the tools carefully so that no injury can occur.
• Keep the essential first-aid medicine near the work place.
• After the work, the tools should be cleaned and kept properly in

their own place.
• Don’t haste while working with clay.
• Keep soap, water, towel to wash your face, hands, and legs.
• Nails should be trimmed properly before working with clay.

• Clean your hands, legs, and mouth after the work and wipe properly
with a towel.

248 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

D. Preparation of Simple Clay Objects and Different Shapes
• Bring the frames of different shapes and put the clay in them.
• Take out the objects from the shapes and keep them in the shade.
• Leave them to dry well and you will find different shapes.
• The following shapes can be made without any frame.
- triangular and rectangular shape
- spherical and flat shape
- conical and cylindrical shapes
- round and elongated shape
These shapes can be sold in the market and can be used as educational

materials.

Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by clay work? Discuss in the class.
2. What is the importance of clay work? Discuss and write.
3. How do we select clay for clay work? Write in detail.
4. What things should be cared for while making clay objects?

Project Work
• Prepare different shapes of clay and demonstrate in the class.
• Make some fruits of clay and show them to your class.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 249

Lesson

2

Construction of Different Fruits,
Vegetables, Animals and Home Use

Utensils from Clay

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make different types of vegetables, animals and utensils from clay.

Pre-reading Activity
Have you ever visited a supermarket or any shop where things of
clay are kept? Share your experiences in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

vegetable : a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food potatoes,
beans and onions are all vegetables

utensil : a tool that is used in the house

appliance : domestic device

animal : creature, mammal, beast, living thing

construction : creation, manufacture, production

250 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7