Baikhari Nepali 7

kZ| gx¿

-s_ of] lgj]bg s;n] slxn] n]v]sf] xf] <

-v_ of] lgj]bg s'g ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 <

-u_ k|flKt a:g]tsf] 3/df @)&$÷)#÷)^ ut] s] 5 <

-3_ efg' dfWolds ljBfno sxfF 5 <

&= tn lgjb] gsf] 9fFrf lbOPsf] 5 . Wofgkj" s{ x/] . ca JolStut lr7Lsf] 9frF f /

lgjb] gsf] 9frF flar kfOg] tLg cf6] f ;dfgtf / tLg cf6] f leGgtfx¿ n]v M

!= ldlt

@= ;Daf]wg != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;+:yf @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
7]ufgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ljifo #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= k'gM ;Daf]wg $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= d"n s'/f %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= lgj]bssf] x:tfIf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
7]ufgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= la/fdL ePsfn] ljBfnodf cfpg g;ss] f] sf/0f hgfO{ kw| fgfWofksnfO{ n]lvg]

lgjb] g tof/ kf/ .

(= tnsf] ;r" gf k9 . cfºgf] ljBfnoåf/f cfof]hgf ul/g] g[To k|ltofl] utf;DaGwL

To:t} Pp6f ;"rgf tof/ kf/ M

;r" gf † ;r" gf † ;"rgf †††
efgh' oGtL @)&$ sf] cj;/df o; ljBfnoåf/f cfof]lht cGt/ ljBfno
:t/Lo sljtf jfrg k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL xg' rfxg] ljBfyL{n] cfkmn" ]
jfrg ug{] sljtf;lxt @)&$ c;f/ @^ ut]leq o; ljBfnodf ;Dks{
ug{x' g' ;"lrt ul/G5 .

cfof]hs
kz'kltldq df=lj=
rfalxn, sf7df8f}F

51 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M

x/kn k9]/ k|fKt u/]sf] :yfg

Gof;|f] sNof0f rfxg], lxQlrQ ldNg]

z'elrGts 7luPsf]Ù kl5 kl/Psf]

z}lIfs of]Uotf t'ngf ul/g]

t'ngLo x/]s ;doÙ x/]s kn

lxt}ifL cfˆgf] cfTdLo gx'Fbf xg' ] lvGgtf

jl~rt ze' xf];\ eGg] rfxg]

@= Pp6} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v M

JofVof – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfb'doL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lg/Gt/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ df}sf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k7fpg] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfpg] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kf; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]l;; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

dfg – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= gftf;DaGw nv] M

-s_ aa' fsf efO Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ aa' fsf bfh ' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ cfdfsL lbbL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ cfdfsL alxgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ aa' fsf aa' f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ cfdfsL cfdf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ >Ldfg\sf bfh' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ >LdtLsL lbbL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf hf]8L zAbx¿ pRrf/0f u/ / cy{ ae' m M

;fyL – ;f7L 3/ – 3f/ k|bfg – k|wfg ;Fu – ;ª\3

;fy – ;ft ldq – leq kq – kfq kg' M – k"0f{

labf – ljwf tf]k – 6f]k v/ – 3/ yfs – wfs

j}v/L sIff & 52

%= tnsf zAbhf8] Lsf] cy;{ Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

;fyL Ps cª\s 3/ df}/L a:g] 7fpF

;f7L ;fgf] kf7f] 3f/ u[x

kf6L ldq ldq lbg] sfd

kf7L lnkmf leq dV' oÙ y/ ljz]if

sfd sfo{ k|bfg ;fyL

vfd wd{zfnf k|wfg aflx/sf] pN6f]

^= tnsf zAbdf leGg j0f{ ss] ] 5g,\ n]v M

gfp – p sf/ – s 7f8] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
9f8] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gfd – d vf/ – v

kmn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf6 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
en – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ emf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sft – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

7f]s – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfd – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5/' f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
yf]s – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8fd – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ e/' f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= vfnL 7fpdF f l7s zAb 5fg/] nv] M
-s_ d]/f] 3/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒsf] 5fgf] 5 . -3/, v/_
-v_ d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ l6gn] 5fPsf] 5 . -3/, v/_
-u_ d;Fu ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ?k}ofF 5 . -;f7L, ;fyL_
-3_ d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ d]/f] 3/df cfof] . -;f7L, ;fyL_
-ª_ k|d'v cltlyn] k/' :sf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u/] . -k|bfg, k|wfg_
-r_ d]/f bfh' klqsfsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Dkfbs x'gx' G' 5 . -k|bfg, k|wfg_

53 j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f

!= jfSodf sfd ug{]nfO{ stf{ elgG5 . sfdsf] c;/ a]xf]g{n] fO{ sd{ elgG5 . tnsf
jfSodf cfPsf stf{ / sd{ lrg]/ n]v M

-s_ efOn] dnfO{ af]nfof] . efOn] – stf{, dnfO{ – sd{

-v_ ltdL uLt ufpF5f} . ltdL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uLt – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ af]nfof] . ;fyLn] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dnfO{ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ l;sf/L r/f df5{ . l;sf/L – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ r/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ltdLn] dnfO{ lrg]gf} . ltdLn] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dnfO{ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= jfSodf cfPsf n], nfO,{ af6, åf/f, nflu, lglDt, bl] v, sf,] sf, sL, /f,] /f, /L,
gf], gf, gL, df cflb ljelSt x'g\ . tnsf jfSodf cfPsf ljelSt lrg/] n]v M

-s_ ltdLn] dnfO{ lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ?vaf6 e'O{Fdf kft em¥of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ltdL k"hfsf nflu km"n l6k . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ltdLx¿ d]/f lglDt gk9 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ;fyLn] x'nfsaf6 lr7L k7fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= vfnL 7fpdF f pkoS' t ljelSt /fv M

-s_ aa' fÒÒÒ dÒÒÒ af]nfpg'eof] .

-v_ wf/fÒÒÒ kfgL cfof] .

-u_ ltdLÒÒÒ ¤ofnÒÒÒ dÒÒÒ b]Vof} .

-3_ d]ÒÒ emf]nfÒÒ lstfa / sfkL 5g\ .

-ª_ ltdLÒÒ d]ÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s] Nofof} <

$= kf7af6 ljelSt k|ofu] ePsf b; cf6] f zAb gbfx] f¥] ofO{ nv] .

%= kf7af6 bO' { cf6] f stf{ sf/s / bO' { cf6] f sd{ sf/s ko| fu] ePsf jfSo vfh] ]/
n]v .

j}v/L sIff & 54

;dx" df efiff

!= ltd|f b; hgf ;fyLsf] gfd nv] . pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg{] v]n, dg kg{] v]nf8L, dg
kg]{ rnlrq / dg kg]{ snfsf/sf] gfd ;fw] /] n]v M

qm=;= ;fyLsf] dg kg{] dg kg{] dg kg{] dg kg{]
gfd v]n v]nf8L rnlrq snfsf/

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

(=

!)

55 j}v/L sIff &

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= ltdf| ] 3/kl/jf/df ljjfx, jt| aGw, k"hf, hGdlbg jf s'g} cGo cj;/sf] lgdGq0ff
cfPsf] xf]nf . o:tf lgdGq0ff kqdWo] ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] sg' } Pp6f lgdGq0ff kqsf]
gd'gf tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf agfpm M

@= cfºgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿sf] af/]df atfpbF } 6f9f a:g] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]v .
lr7L nl] v;s]kl5 vfdaGbL u/L lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpm .

j}v/L sIff & 56

kf7– % j}v/L sIff &

cfpm x] jiff{

57

k"j{k7g

õ kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿ s]s] xg' \ < s'g} 5 cf6] f ;f| ]tx¿ n]v M
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hflg/fVgk' g]{ sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿

jiff { – kfgL kg{] sfdÙ em/LÙ j[li6
kf]N6f ] – s]xL kf]sf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] bf}/fÙ k6s' f cflbsf] km]/f]
kmf]P/ – kms' fP/Ù vf]n]/
kf| /De – ;?' jftÙ yfngL
gLndwf/f – lgnf] wf/f
3g 36f – afSnf] afbnÙ afbnsf] tfFtL
s8\lsP/ – 7n' f] cfjfh;Fu
;l[ i6 – agfpg] sfdÙ l;h{gf
jh | – w]/} s8f j:tÙ' OGb|sf] dV' o xltof/
r6l\ sP – ahfl/PÙ k5fl/P
l;hg{ f – gofF agfPsf] /rgf
r~rn – rn' an' ]Ù rnfodfgÙ rln/xg]
ze' | – ;]tf]Ù rlDsnf]Ù pHofnf]
rfFbgL – rGb|dfsf] Hof]ltÙ rGb|dfsf] ls/0f

j}v/L sIff & 58

;g' fO / af]nfO

!=  % ;'g / hf8] f ldnfpm M

-s_ agf/; ld> b]zdf cjl:yt

-v_ ;fª\3fO{ o'k|m]6; / 6fOlu|; gbLsf] lardf /x]sf]

-u_ sfo/f] y]D; gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf]

-3_ nG8g uª\uf gbLsf] lsgf/df

-ª_ aubfb ofª\T;] gbLsf] lsgf/df

@= pQ/ eg M

-s_ kfgLn] s] sfd u5{ <

-v_ s:tf] 7fpFdf a;f]af; afSnf] x'G5 <

-u_ x\jfª\xf] gbLsf] lsgf/df sg' ;x/ 5 <

-3_ gfOn gbLsf] sf];]nL eg]/ sg' 7fpFnfO{ lrlgG5 <

-ª_ gbLn] s]s] lbG5 <

#= gk] fndf s'gsg' ;x/x¿ s'gs'g gbLsf] lsgf/df 5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

$= …kfgL lhGbufgLÚ zLifs{ df sIffdf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u/ .

59 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

cfpm x] jiff{

– dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]

cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/
xl/of jg, rx/' , v]t 5fofn] 5f]P/ .

k|f/De u/ gLndwf/f jgsf] sg' fdf
3fd / kfgL a;f{Ob]pm 3/sf] 5fgfdf
xb[ o ;f/f 8a' fOb]pm l/dlemd ufgfdf
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .

j}v/L sIff & /g / jg 3]/]/ 3g 36fdf s8\lsP
rkfO{ 9'ªu\ f kxf8L uªu\ fx¿df u8l\ sP
klx/f] xfnL k'/fgf] ;[li6 jh|df r8\lsP
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .

60

;'g]/ ltd|f] hLjgbfoL dw/' uhg{ j}v/L sIff &
kl[ yjL AoF'emg" \ xl/of] xf]cf];\ gjLg l;h{g
gbL / gfnf af]s]/ lxF8"g\ r~rn hLjg
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .

lbgdf ltdL OGb]|gL 8fs afF;df 3f/Lsf]
k'¥ofObp] m lkof/fnfO{ ;Demgf Kof/Lsf]
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/
xl/of jg, rp/, v]t 5fofn] 5f]P/ .

hLjgbfg ub{5\of} ltdL x[bo 5f]P/
zflGtsf] z'e| b]zdf hfG5\of} rfFbgL 5f]P/
d ltdLnfO{ ;DemG5' ;wF} ¤ofndf /f]P/
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .

61

k9fO ÷ n]vfO

!= tnsf zAbx¿ k9 M
jiff{ k|f/De a;f{Ob]pm x[bo kf]N6f] 9ª' \uf ;[li6 jh|
uh{g k[lyjL AoF'em"g\ l;h{g r~rn ze' | hfG5\of} ¤ofn

@= dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ jfrg u/ .
#= 56' ]sf zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M

hLjgbfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltdL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5f]P/
zflGtsf] ÒÒÒÒ b]zdf hfG5\of} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ
d ltdLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;w}F ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /f]P/
cfpm x] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf];]nL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ afbn ÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
$= tnsf] h:t} ;l' gg] c¿ kfFrkfFr cf6] f zAb nv] M
kmf]P/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sg' fdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s8\lsP ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
uh{g ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3f/Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= PsbO' { zAbdf pQ/ nv] M
-s_ sljn] gLndwf/f sxfF k|f/De ug{ eg]sf 5g\ <
-v_ sljn] x[bo s]df 8'afpg eg]sf 5g\ <
-u_ jiff{sf] dw/' uh{g ;g' ]/ s] AoF'lemo"g\ <
-3_ gbLgfnfn] s:tf] hLjg af]s]/ lxF8g" \ <
-ª_ jiff{ sxfF hflG5g\ <
-r_ gjLg l;h{gf s:tf] xf]cf];\ <
-5_ jiff{n] x[bo 5f]P/ s] ub{l5g\ <

j}v/L sIff & 62

^= sljtfaf6 lgnf] cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿ /fdf| cIf/df ;f/ / z'4;uF k9 M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
;'g]/ ltd|f] hLjgbfoL dw/' uh{g
k[lyjL Ao'Fem" g\ xl/of] xf]cf];\ gjLg l;h{g
gbL / gfnf af]s]/ lxF8g" \ r~rn hLjg

*= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ cfºg} jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
k|f/De M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gLndwf/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;[li6 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ze' | M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
AoF'em" g\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

(= dflysf] sljtfdf sljn] jiff{sf af/]df eGg vf]h]sf s'/fnfO{ ;o zAbhltdf
j0fg{ u/ .

!)= tnsf] kf7 k9 / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
lxdfn / kxf8sf sf]vaf6 lgTo lg/Gt/ gbLx¿ ultdfg\ 5g\ . o:tf gbLdf
k|jflxt hn/flzdf kxf8 / t/fO{nfO{ l;l~rt ug{] zlSt 5 . cGwsf/ x6fpg]
/ b]znfO{ pGgltsf] lbzfdf lqmofzLn u/fpg ;Sg] ljB'tLo pmhf{ 5 . oxfF
u08sL, sf];L / s0ff{nL dfq} xf]Og, km]jf, /f/f, ;]kmf]S;G' 8f] / ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf
cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf] ltlnrf]h:tf ;of}F tfn tn}of / s0' 8x¿ klg 5g\ . ;of}F
af/df;] gbLgfnf / ;of}F vf]nfvx/] 5g\ . ltgdf cjl:yt / k|jflxt hnsf
k|To]s yf]kfdf hLjgsf] k|ltljDa 5, df]tLsf] rxs 5 / l;h{gfsf] ;f/ 5 .
To;}n] t g]kfn ;+;f/d} hn;|f]tsf] b[li6n] ;DkGg d'n's dflgG5 .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ lxdfn / kxf8af6 aUg] gbLx¿df s:tf] zlSt 5 <
-v_ g]kfndf s] s:tf hn;|f]tx¿ 5g\ <

63 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . tL cy;{ Fu ldNg] zAb ki[ 7 %* af6 5fg/] vfnL 7fpFdf nv] M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sx] L kfs] f] kfg{ ko| fu] ul/g] bf/} f k6s' f cflbsf] km/] f]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgnf] wf/f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ afSnf] afbnÙ afbnsf] tftF L

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7n' f] cfjfh lgsfn/]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ w/] } s8f j:tÙ' OGbs| f] dV' o xltof/

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hLjg lbg]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ gofF /rgf

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ rGbd| fsf] Hofl] t

@= p:t} cy{ glbg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

jiff { em/L jl[ i6 afbn

pkrf/ pkxf/ ;fu} ft sf;] n] L

kmfP] / /fP] / kms' fP/ vfn] /]

kf| /De ;?' jft cGTo yfngL

r8l\ sP ahfl/P k5fl/P k5fl8

gjLg k/' fgf] gfn} f] gofF

r~rn rn' an' ] rt] gf rnfodfg

#= s'g Ctn' fO{ a'emfpF5g,\ n]v M

rt} – jz} fv Ö j;Gt c;fh] – sflQs Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

h7] – c;f/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dªl\ ;/ – k;' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;fpg – ebf } Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ df3 – kmfug' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

uL| id, jiff,{ z/b,\ xd] Gt, lzlz/

$= sljtfsf b'O{ Znfs] df cGTodf p:t} ;l' gg] zAbhf8] L ;Fu;Fu} nv] M

kmfP] / – 5fP] / sg' fdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s8l\ sP – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

uhg{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3f/Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fP] / ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 64

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf wft'nfO{ pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} OR5fy{df abn M

lx8F \ – lx8F g" \ k9 \ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

nv] \ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfp – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;g' \ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ vf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

e6] \ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} OR5fyd{ f abn M

-s_ efOx¿ k9\5g\ . efOx¿ k9g" \ .

-v_ pgLx¿ v]N5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ pgLx¿ vfG5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ltgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ e]6\5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ pgLx¿ syf ;G' 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= kf7af6 bO' { cf6] f OR5fy{ a'emfpg] lj|mof vfh] ]/ nv] M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= kf7af6 lgDg zAb vf]h/] gbfx] f¥] ofO{ nv] M

-s_ …zÚ k|of]u ePsf tLg cf]6f zAb Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf bO' { cf]6f zAb Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ …;Ú k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ …jÚ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ …aÚ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= …aÚ / …jÚ ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M

jl' 4, al/kl/, lab]z, slatf, elaio, cj, dxŒj

65 j}v/L sIff &

^= …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M

efzf, a;f{, cf}zwL, zdo, zw}F, b]if, ;i+ ff/, lj;fn, O{:j/, ;Ab
&= tnsf zAbnfO{ ldNg] u/L tflnsfdf e/ M

lgaGw :jfb ljho ljb]z ljjfb afhf
ljBfyL{ :jfledfg k/]jf h'jf la/fnf] a};fvL

…aÚ n]v]/ …aÚ g} af]lng] …jÚ n]v]/ …jÚ g} af]lng] …jÚ n]v]/ …aÚ af]lng]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M

;x/ ljifo efiff k|Zg efif0f zflGt
sz' n z}nL cf}ifwL ;fw' r:df c;n

…zÚ k|of]u ePsf …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf …;Ú k|of]u ePsf

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

(= tnsf wftn' fO{ pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} u/L abn M

k9\ k9]5' k9]5f}F k9]5;\ k9]5f} k9]5 k9]5g\

vf ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

hf ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

v]n\ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

!)= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} tnsf jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

-s_ pm 3/ hfG5 . pm 3/ uP5 .

-v_ ltdLn] vfhf vfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ pgLx¿ 3/ cfpF5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ s]6f] t n8\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ xfdL ;kmn eof}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 66

;dx" df efiff

!= jiff{ Pp6f Ct' xf] . o:t} j;Gt, uL| id, jiff{, z/b,\ x]dGt / lzlz/ u/L 5 cf]6f
Ctx' ¿ 5g\ . ca sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{ 5 ;dx" df ljeflht xfc] f] clg x/s] ;dx" n]
PsPs cf6] f Ct'sf af/]df lgDg s/' fx¿ ;d6] L 5nkmn u/ . -;d"x / Ct'sf]
lgwf{/0f lzIfsn] ug'x{ 'g5] ._ To;kl5 ;a}n] cfºgf] ;dx" df k/]sf Cts' f af/]df
tnsf] vfsf e/ M

-s_ Cts' f] gfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ dlxgf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ o; Ct'df kg{] rf8kj{x¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfjfkfgL÷df};d M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ /fd|f kIfx¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ g/fd|f kIfx¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;dx" ag . ca x/s] ;d"xn] tnsf vfnL 7fpFdf gk] fnsf gbL÷vf]nfsf]
gfd n]v . ;ft ldg6] df sg' ;dx" n] ;aeGbf w/] } n]Vg ;Sof] <

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

67 j}v/L sIff &

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= …kfgLÚ zLif{sdf 5 x/kmsf] Pp6f uLt jf sljtf nv] . ltdLn] n]vs] f] uLt jf
sljtf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltdLnfO{ sg' Ct' dg k5{ < ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] Cts' f af/d] f krf;;f7L zAbdf
j0f{g u/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 68

kf7– ^

s]xL l:jl8; afnsx¿

69 j}v/L sIff &

k"j{k7g

õ s] ltdLnfO{ tnsf b]zsf /fhwfgLsf] gfd yfxf 5 < 5 eg] nv] M

bz] /fhwfgL

8]gdfs{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

blIf0f clk|msf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

c:6«]lnof ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kfls:tfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hfkfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

rLg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hflg/fVg'kg{] sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿

c;fWo} – clt w]/}
dfs} f – cj;/
x[bo – dg
dl' :sn – sl7g
:jLs[lt – dGh'/L
bf]ef; ] – bO' { efiff hfg]/ b'a}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf ae' mfpg] dfG5]
;'ud – ;lhnf]
/f]8o\ fO F – ;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] ug{] emu8f
k|ltjfb – ljjfbÙ lrQ ga'em\g] s'/fsf] lj/f]w
;fVv } – cfˆg}Ù glhssf]
:jtGqtf – sg' } s/' fsf] afwf, /f]sfj6, gePsf] cj:yf
b]bLKodfg – rlDsnf]
;f}Do – zfGt

j}v/L sIff & 70

;g' fO / afn] fO

!=  ^ ;'g]/ l7sal] 7s 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ l:j8]gsf] l;dfgf gj{] / lu|gNofG8;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .

-v_ l:j8]g g]kfneGbf 7n' f] b]z xf] .

-u_ l:j8]gsf] hg;ª\Vof g]kfneGbf yf]/} 5 .

-3_ l:j8]gsf] /fhwfgL u|6]gju{ xf] .

-ª_ l:j8]gnfO{ PSsfO; cf]6f sfpG6Ldf afFl8Psf] 5 .

@=  ^ ;g' /] hf]8f ldnfpm M

-s_ @! l:j8]gsf] :yfg -wgL dWo]_

-v_ $%)@(% l:j8]gsf] hg;ª\Vof

-u_ & l:j8]gsf sfpG6L ;ª\Vof

-3_ @() l:j8]gsf] If]qkmn -lsnf]ld6/df_

-ª_ (^%*#)! l:j8]gsf gu/kflnsfx¿

#= g]kfn s;/L l:j8g] h:t} ljsl;t /fi6« aGg ;S5 < cfºgf ljrf/x¿ sIffdf
;g' fpm .

71 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

s]xL l:jl8; afnsx¿

– d~hn'

dnfO{ afnsx¿ c;fWo} dg k5{g\ . afnsx¿ s;nfO{ dg kb{}gg\ xf]nf / <

d l:j8]g hfFbf d}n] ToxfFsf xhf/f}F afnsx¿;Fu e]6\g] df}sf kfPF . tL d]/f x[bonfO{
au}Frf agfP/ 9sdSs km'n]/ a;]sf 5g\ . ToxfF e]6]sf ;a} afnsx¿nfO{ d emnemnL
;lDem/xG5' .

tL s:tf 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] s'/f ;G' gx' 'G5 < d Pp6f :sn' df uPsf] lyPF, uLt
;'gfpg . ToxfF d}n] sIff rf/, sIff 5 / sIff gf}sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;g' fpgk' Yof{] .
sIff rf/sf ljBfyL{x¿n] dl' :sn–dl' :snn] cª\u|]hL ae' m\y] . ltgLx¿n] g]kfnL uLt
s:tf] dfGnfg\ < d 8/fO/x]sf] lyPF .

d}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] sIff rf/s} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ uLt ;g' fPF . tL ;f/} xflb{s / ljgd|

j}v/L sIff & 72

lyP . uLt ;l' g;s]kl5 /dfpFb}
ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ 3]/] . Pp6L ;fgL
/x/ nfUbL s]6Ln] p;sf] cg'xf/
h:t} ;G' b/ :ofp dnfO{ lbO{ .
;a}n] cg'/f]w u/] – æxfdL ;Fu}
nGr vfg] n <Æ

d}n] x'G5 eg]/ :jLs[lt
hgfPF . pgLx¿ xg' ;Dd v';L
eP . -l:j8]gdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
nGr :s'nd} VjfOFbf] /x]5 ._

d dfemdf lyPF, afnsx¿ jl/kl/ .
bf]ef;]sf] sfd ;'udtfk"j{s xf];\
eg]/ d}n] To;} :sn' sL lzlIfsf
d]/L l:jl8; ;fyLnfO{ cfkm"
glhs} a:g cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyPF .

vfgf cfof] . ;a}n] dnfO{ x]/]/ vfgf vfpFm x} eGg] kf/fn] vfgf vfg yfn] . lzlIfsf
/ d klg vfgf vfg yfNof}F . vfgf :jflbnf] lyof] . vfgfeGbf v;' L emg\ sd :jflbnf]
lyPg .

Psb'O{ ufF; vfPkl5 d}n] b]v]F–5]j}sL ;fgL s]6L emu8f ul//x]sL lyO{ / d]/L ;fyL
p;nfO{ kmsfO/x]sL lyOg\ . -l:j8]gsf] :sn' df s]6fs]6LnfO{ sl' 6Fb}g, xsfl/Fb}g klg .
pgLx¿n] sn u/] eg] dfof u/]/, kmsfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg] ul/G5 ._

Tof] s]6L lgs} sn ul//x]sL lyO{ / lzlIfsf Psgf;n] p;nfO{ ;DemfO/x]sL lyOg\ .
d}n] dgdg} eg]F – ædflQPsfx¿ ÛÆ

g]kfndf eP s7fnfdf ;dft]/, cln k/ nu]/, ufnfdf r8\ofdr8\ofd tLg rf/
r8\sg 7f]s]/ tx nufpFlyg\ lzlIfsfn] . s;n] ;xg] To;sf] /f]8\ofOF <

æs] elG5g\ <Æ 5Ss k/]/ d}n] ;f]w]F . dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] – xg' ]–vfg] b]zsL, xg' ]–vfg]
kl/jf/sL, xg' ]–vfg] aflnsf xf]nL Tof] / of] vfgf ?r]g xf]nf p;nfO{ .

pm /f]O/x]sL lyOg . pm af]ln/x]sL lyO{ . pm k|ltjfb ul//x]sL lyO{ . lzlIfsf p;nfO{

73 j}v/L sIff &

;DemfO/x]sL lyOg\ . olt dfofn' / dg 5g' ] kf/fn] dfgf}F lzlIfsf / Tof] ;fVv} cfdf
/ 5f]/L xg' \ .

æpm vfgf vfGgF eG5] .Æ lzlIfsfn] bM' vL eP/ d]/f] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbOg\ .

dnfO{ cfkm\gf] zª\sf sl/asl/a ldn]h:tf] nfUof] .

ælsg <Æ d}n] To;} ;f]lwlbPF .

æpm s'v/' fsf] df;' vfGgF eG5] .Æ lzlIfsfn] ljgd| eP/ elgg\ – æpm eG5] – sv' '/fnfO{
klg afFRg] :jtGqtf rflxG5, p;nfO{ lsg df/]sf] <Æ

d}n] To; s]6Lsf] cgx' f/df x]g{ ;lsgF . Tof] s]6L km'Sb} kmS' b} ;+;f/eGbf 7'nL eO{,
b]bLKodfg / ;f}Do clg d l7s To;}sf] cufl8 ;fF3l' /Fb} ;fF3l' /Fb} olt ;fgf] ePF, dfgf}+
d]/f] sg' } cl:tTj g} 5}g o; b'lgofFdf .

d s]xL af]Ng ;lsgF . cSsgaSs ePF . To; s]6Ln] sv' '/fsf] df;' vfFb} vfOg . c¿
g} vfgf vfO{ .

d sxfFsxfF 6f]nfO/x]sf] /x]5' . xftdf cl3sf] :ofp To;} /x]5 d]/f] . d}n] vfPs}
/x]g5' .

æP, Tof] :ofp vfpm . lsgeg] clxn] Psl5gkl5 ltdLnfO{ :ofp lbg] s]6L ltdL;Fu
cfP/ ;f]W5], …s:tf] nfUof] d]/f] :ofp <Ú eg]/ . …d}n] vfPs} 5}gÚ eGof} eg] p;n]
b'Mv dfG5] .Æ

d}n] xtf/–xtf/ :ofp vfPF . :ofp ;fFRr} ld7f] lyof] . Tof] :g]xsf] /;n] nk|mSs leh]/
To;df ePsf] :jfbeGbf cem :jflbnf] ePsf] lyof] . geGb} Psl5gkl5 dnfO{ :ofp
lbg] rflxF km'RrL s]6L d]/f] 5]pdf cfO{ . d]/f] xftdf ;dft]/ :g]xn] ;f]wL – æs:tf]
lyof] :ofp <Æ

æld7f] . Æ d}n] p;sf] skfn ;'d;D' ofpFb} eg] . pm v';L / nfhn] /ftL eO{ .

æd]/L xh'/cfdfn] dnfO{ lbg'ePsf] .Æ

l:j8]g 5F'bf dfq xf]Og af]Nbf klg slt Gofof] Û

j}v/L sIff & 74

k9fO / n]vfO

!= dflysf] kf7 dgdg} k9 .
@= tnsf] s/' f ;'g]/ nv] M

d~hn' g]kfnL ;flxTosf rlr{t k|ltef x'g\ . pgsf sljtf, uLt / ;:+ d/0f
Hofb} ld7f xG' 5g\ . pgL ;/n z}nLdf /rgfx¿ n]V5g\ . k|:tt' …s]xL l:jl8;
afnsx¿Ú pgsf] l:j8]g ofqfsf] a]nfsf] ;:+ d/0f xf] . o;df pgn] l:j8]gsf
afnsx¿sf af/]df /f]rs lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .
#= l7s / al] 7s 56' o\ fpm M
-s_ n]vsn] l:j8]gdf sIff rf/, 5 / gf}sf ljBfyL{nfO{ uLt ;g' fpg'kYof{] .
-v_ :sn' df ;a} afnaflnsf ;lhn} cª\u|]hL a‰' y] .
-u_ n]vsn] ;aeGbf klxn] sIff rf/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ uLt ;g' fP .
-3_ n]vsnfO{ Ps hgf afnsn] :ofp lbof] .
-ª_ n]vsn] vfPsf] :ofp ljBfyL{nfO{ p;sL xh/' cfdfn] lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
$= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] s] xf] < atfpm .
-s_ xfdL;Fu} nGr vfg] n .
-v_ dflQPsfx¿ Û
-u_ pm eG5], s'v/' fnfO{ klg afFRg] :jtGqtf rflxG5 .
-3_ s:tf] lyof] :ofp <
-ª_ pm vfgf vfGgF eG5] .
%= dv' n} ] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ n]vsn] sg' sg' sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ uLt ;g' fpg'kYof{] <
-v_ bf]ef;] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ vfgfeGbf :jflbnf] s] lyof] <
-3_ Pp6L s]6L lsg sn ul//x]sL lyO{ <
-ª_ n]vsnfO{ l:j8]g s:tf] nfUof] <
^= tnsf s/' fx¿ k9 M
o; kf7sf n]vs d~hn' x'g\ . pgsf] hGd @))# ;fndf ef]hk'/sf] uf]ug] eGg]
7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . pgn] g]kfnLdf Pd\=P= ;Ddsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ / g]kfnL
efiffdf sljtf, uLt / ;:+ d/0fx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ . p;n] …;fOFnL df]/LnfO{Ú -uLt–
;ª\u|x_, …5]s8' f]NdfÚ -pkGof;_, …ufos ofqLÚ -sljtf – ;ª\u|x_, …;Demgfsf
kfOnfx¿Ú -;:+ d/0f_, …kxf8h:tf] af6f]h:tf] dÚ -;+:d/0f_ cflb n]v]sf 5g\ .

75 j}v/L sIff &

&= dflysf dn" kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf lrGx nfus] f PsPs cf6] f jfSo nv] M

< M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
. M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
æ Æ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= tnsf jfSox¿ z4' kf/L sfkLdf ;f/ M

-s_ d dfemdf lyP afnsx¿ al/kl/ bf]efz]sf] sfd ifu' dtfkj" {s xf];\ eg]/
d}n] To;} :s'nls lzl5sf d]l/ lZjl8; ;fyLnfO cfkm' glhs} j:g
cg/' f]w u/]sf] lyP

-v_ p vfgf vfGg eG5] l;lIfsfn] b'MvL eP/ d]/f] k|Zgsf pQ/ lbO{g\
(= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ l:j8]gsf afnsx¿ n]vssf dgdf s;/L a;]sf 5g\ <
-v_ ;fgL s]6L lsg emu8f ul//x]sL lyO{ <
-u_ n]vsnfO{ cfˆgf] s:tf] zª\sf sl/asl/a ldn]h:tf] nfUof] <
-3_ n]vsnfO{ lsg cfkm" Hofb} ;fgf] ePh:tf] nfUof] <
-ª_ n]vsnfO{ l:j8]g s:tf] nfUof] <
!)= tnsf zAbx¿ /fvL PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M

9sdSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
emnemnL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
r8\ofdr8\ofd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
nk|mSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!!= hLjgdf y'k}| 36gfx¿ 36\5g\ . ltdf| ] hLjgdf klg yk' |} 36gfx¿ 36]sf xf]nfg\ .
To:tf 36gfx¿dWo] sg' } Pp6f 36gfnfO{ ;d]6L …Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 36gfÚ zLifs{ df
;Q/Lc;L zAb n]v .

j}v/L sIff & 76

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M

:jLs[lt bO' { efiff hfg]/ ba' }nfO{ cfcfˆgf] efiff a'emfpg]

bf]ef;] lrQ gae' m]sf] s/' fsf] lj/f]w

/f]8\ofOF s'g} s'/fsf] afwf /f]sfj6 gePsf] cj:yf

k|ltjfb dGh'/L

:jtGqtf ;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] ug{] emu8f

@= Pp6} cy{ cfpg] zAb ;Fu} nv] M

c;fWo}, df}sf, x[bo, dl' :sn, :jLs[lt, ;u' d, k|ltjfb, b]bLKodfg, ;f}Do,

dg, sl7g, cj;/, w]/}, rlDsnf], ljjfb, ;lhnf], dGh/' L, zfGt

#= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} tnsf zAbn] lbg] b'O{bO' { cy{ nv] M

sn – emu8f ;fFrf] – ;To

kfgL tfGg] d]l;g rfaL -tfNrf vfN] g] j:t'_

t/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

tfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kq – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

bw' sf] 5fnL, ;o+ f]hs, glhs, a]x'nf], em]n, df5f dfg{] kf;f], kft, tx,
dfnf, k/fho, kf]v/L,;ª\uLtsf] wg'

$= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf df6] f zAbn] lbg] cy{ vfnL 7fpdF f n]v M

-s_ ;fgL gfgLn] sn u/L . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sndf kfgL cfPg . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ltdL dfbnsf] tfndf gfr . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf]v/fdf km]jftfn 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ 3/dfly j/sf] ?v 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j/ / aw"sf] hf]8L ldn]sf] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ltdL ;frF f] af]n . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
d}n] cfh 3/sf] ;fFrf] x/fPF .

77 j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f

!= sf/s / ljelSt k9 M

ljelSt ljelSt lrGx sf/s cy{ jfSo

k|ydf n]÷af6 stf{ ug]{jfnf efOn] uLt ufof] .
alxgL v]N5] .
låtLo nfO{ sd{ c;/ Zofdn] eft vfof] .
a]xf]g]{ df]xgn] dlxdfnfO{ af]nfof] .
t[tLo n]÷af6÷åf/f s/0f d}n] Od]naf6 va/ k7fPF .
;fwg ;Gtdfgn] k]lG;nn] lrq
÷dfWod agfof] .
efOn] ZofdnfO{ snd lbof] .
rty' L{ nfO{÷nflu÷ ;Dk|bfg k|fks jf ltdLn] d]/f nflu s]
lglDt pb\b]Zo Nofof} <
?vaf6 kft em¥of] .
k~rdL b]lv÷af6 ckfbfg 5'6\l6g] pm kf]v/fb]lv cfof] .
laGb' d]/f] efO, cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/L,
d]/L alxgL, /fdsL alxgL
ifi7L sf], sf, sL, ;DaGw
/f], /f, /L, emf]nfdf lstfa 5 .
gf], gf, gL

;KtdL df clws/0f cfwf/

sf/sn] lj|mofkb;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5g\ t/ ifi7L ljelSt nfu]sf zAbn] lqmof;Fu
;DaGw ;f]em} /fVb}gg\ .
@= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf df]6f cIf/n] sg' sf/snfO{ lrgfpF5g\, nv] M

-s_ dn} ] efOnfO{ af]nfPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ efO ?vaf6 n8\of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ dnfO{ ltdLn] lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ d ltdLnfO{ lrG5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ltdL vfhf vfpm . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf ljelSt nufO{ PsPs cf6] f jfSo agfpm M

n], nfO{, df, b]lv, af6, sf], /f], gf]

j}v/L sIff & 78

;dx" df efiff

!= rf/kfFr hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/s] ;d"xn] b; cf6] f bz] / To; bz] sf] /fhwfgL,
ToxfFsf] d'bf| sf] gfd n]v . sg' ;dx" n] zAbeGbf klxn] nl] v;Sof] <

qm=;=+ b]z /fhwfgL d'b|f

@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f l7s ;r" gf nv] M

-s_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7n' f] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf 7'nf] dxfb]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf nfdf] gbL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ ;;+ f/sf] ;aeGbf wgL b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

79 j}v/L sIff &

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/ofh] gf

!= tnsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df Eofl6sg l;6Lsf af/]df 5f]6f cgR' 5b] n]v M

b]z M Eofl6sg l;6L
dxfb]z M o/' f]k
If]qkmn M $$ x]S6/
hg;ª\Vof M *$@
;/sf/L efiff M O6flnog
d'b|f M o'/f]
wd{ M Sofyf]lns
k];f M ko{6g, l;Ssf tyf l6s6sf] laqmL
;;+ f/s} ;aeGbf ;fgf] b]z

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= …P kmf]/Ú ;fOhsf] kfgfsf] cfwf efudf gk] fnsf] emG8f agfpm / csf]{ cfwf efudf
emG8fsf] af/]df Pp6f 5f6] f] uLt jf sljtf n]v . ltdLn] nv] ]sf] uLt jf sljtf
sIffdf ;'gfpm .

j}v/L sIff & 80

kf7– & j}v/L sIff &

cfkF rfVg vf]Hbf

81

k"jk{ 7g

õ lgDgfg;' f/ :jfb ePsf tLgtLg cf6] f vfg]s/' fsf gfd -kmnkm"n÷t/sf/L_ nv] M
™ u'lnof] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ cldnf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ 6/f{] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ lk/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ lttf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hflg/fVg'kg]{ sx] L zAbfy{x¿

uD5f – 3fF6Ldf a]l/g], kl;gf k'5\bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf] nfdf]

sk8f

bx – kf]v/LÙ tnfp
O;f/f – ;ª\s]t
em6f/f] – sf7sf] 5f]6f]5f]6f] 6'qmfÙ 5f]6f]5f]6f] bfp/f]

sGh'; – nf]eLÙ s[k0f
lhbb\ L – l9kL
at] f8] – ;f/} l56f]Ù zL3|

laTof; – cfkt\
xf];xjf; p8\g ' – ;f/} 8/ nfUg'
9f8 ;l] sg' – g/fd|f];Fu lk6fO vfg'

6fn] fpg yfNg' – Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'
l/sfkL – ;fgf] Kn]6Ù sd ulx/f] ePsf] ;fgf] yfn
p6\k6o\ fª\ ug'{ – abdf;L ug{'

j}v/L sIff & 82

;'gfO / af]nfO

!=  & ;g' / s;n] egs] f] xf,] kQf nufpm M

-s_ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ klxn] v?' Ss lxF8 g Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cab]lv o:tf] p6\k6\ofª sfd ug{] 5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@=  & ;g' / tnsf ;+jfbx¿nfO{ !, @, #=== sf qmddf /fv M

- _ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] <

- _ rGbg Û nf pm t eflu;s]5 .

- _ k|eft, cfFk vfg] xf] <

- _ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls <

- _ oL ?v t lbuDa/ sfsfsf x'g\ .

- _ cfFk < vfg] lg . b]pm g .

- _ klxn] v'?Ss lxF8 g .

- _ clg vf]O{ t rGbg <

- _ b]Vb}gf} oqf] cfFksf] af]6 < n6/Dd kmln/x]sf] .

- _ s:tf] 8/5]?jf † k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . nf} d t em6f/f] xfGg yfN5' . ltdL

em/]sf a6'n x} t .

- _ lsÒlsg Û xh/' sf] 3/ hfg] < ghfFbf xG' g <

- _ nf}, ltdL To;} eG5f} eg] d a6'N5' lg t Û

- _ sfsf Û d}n] xf]Og . rGbgn] emf/]sf] .

- _ To} t Û lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh;' 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . pgn] lbg]

xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] d em6f/f] xfG5' . em/]sf cfFkx¿ ltdL a6'n .

- _ n lxF8 . d]/f] 3/ .

#= ltdLn] rfx]sf s'g} tLg s'/f k"/f x'g] eP ltdL ss] ] rfxGYof} < atfpm .

$= ltdLnfO{ ;aeGbf dg kg]{ gfos÷gflosf sf] xg' \ < lsg <

83 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

cfkF rfVg vfH] bf
– zfZjt k/fhn' L

c;f/ dlxgf, zlgaf/sf] lbg lyof] .
t/fO{df udL{ ;f/} a9]sf] lyof] . rGbg laxfg}
k|eftsf] 3/df kU' of] .

æk|eft Û lxF8\ vf]nfdf gx' fpg hfcf}F .Æ
rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFugaf6} af]nfof] . k|eft
kl;gfn] lgy|S' s} eP/ sf]7fdf al;/x]sf]
lyof] . p;n] ‰ofnaf6 x]b{} rGbgnfO{
eGof], ænf}nf} d cfPF, a? Ps}l5g a:b} u/\
x}, d uD5f lnP/ cfpF5' .Æ

b'a}n] vf]nfdf uP/ g'xfP, bxdf 8a' N' sL df/] clg lgs} a]/ kfgL v]n]/ pgLx¿ p7] .
ba' } hgf s/' f ub{} cfO/x]sf lyP . rGbgsf] cfFvf af6f5]psf] ?vdf kmn]sf cfFkdf
k'u] . af]6el/ n6/Dd cfFk kmn]sf lyP . s]xL cfFk t af]6}df kfls;s]sf lyP .

rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] af]6lt/ O;f/f ub{} eGof] – æx]/\ k|eft ÛÆ

æb]v]F, b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' <Æ k|eftn] cfˆg} tfndf eGof] .

æs] ug{' lg ca a6'n\ g em6\6L . b'O{rf/ cf]6f eml/xfN5g\ ls < o;f] em6f/f] df/f}F g .Æ
rGbgn] cfˆgf] egfO /fVof] .

æs] s/' f u/]sf] rGbg t}Fn], yfxf 5 tFnfO{ < of] cfFksf] af]6 lbuDa/ sfsfsf] au}Frfsf]
xf] . s]xL u/L lbuDa/ sfsfsf] km]nf kl/of] eg] ePg a]OHht < a? d t vfGgF
cfFk;fFk .Æ k|eftn] hfg]sf] s/' f atfof] .

æTof] t dnfO{ klg yfxf 5 t/ x]/\ g, lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh'; 5g\, a? cfFk
s'lxP/ hfG5, s;}nfO{ afF8\g] xf]Ogg\ . km]l/ t}Fn] of] ?vdf kmn]sf cfFk rfv]sf] 5;\ <Æ
rGbgn] hf]8 u¥of] .

k|eftn] dgdg} ;f]Rof] – æa? dfu]/ vfP xg' ] xf] . o;/L ;f]Wb} g;f]wL csf{sf] au}Frfsf]
cfFk emfg{' xfd|f] xf]Og === km]l/ rGbg c;fWo} lhb\bL u5{, s] ug{] xf]nf .Æ

cfkmg" lhs} bO' { cf]6f sfFrf cfFk kmQ' em/]kl5 k|eft em;ª\u eof] . rGbgn] em6f/f]
xflg;s]sf] /x]5 .

j}v/L sIff & 84

rGbgn] lgs} a]/ k|of; u¥of] t/
kfs]sf cfFk emfg{} ;s]g, a? af/rf}w
cf]6f sfFrf cfFk em/] . k|eftnfO{ emg\
8/ nfUof] . p;n] ;f]Rof], ækfs]sf
cfFk em/]sf eP Psb'O{ cf]6f vfP/
3/ nflu;lsGYof] . s]xL u/L oL sfFrf
cfFk emf/]sf] lbuDa/ sfsfn] yfxf kfP
eg] laTof;} k5{ .Æ

p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfsf] l/;fPsf]
cgx' f/ ;Dem\of] æu'Rrfh:tf 7'nf7n' f cfFvf, 3f]lK6Psf] hF'uf . lbuDa/ sfsf o;} t
8/nfUbf 5g\, l/;fP eg] t emg\ === <Æ

k|eft lgx'l/P/ em/]sf cfFklt/ x]g{ yfNof] . k|eftn] cfFk l6lk;s]/ o;f] dG' 6f] p7fP/
s] x]/]sf] lyof], p;sf] xf];xjf; g} p8\of] .

p;n] cfˆgf] cufl8 sDd/df xft nufP/ lbuDa/ sfsf plePsf] b]Vof] . k|eft
y/y/L sfFKg kf] yfNof] . p;n] o;f] cfFvf 3'dfP/ x]¥of], rGbg a]tf]8;Fu efUb} lyof] .

k|eftnfO{ nfUof] – æcfh d]/f] 9f8 ;]lsg] eof] .Æ

k|eftn] s] ug{], s] gug{] e]p kfpg} ;s]g . pm efUg klg ;s]g, lsgeg] lbuDa/ sfsf
pmeGbf Ps kfOnf cufl8 lyP .

lbuDa/ s]xL af]n]gg\ . pgn] k|eftsf] kfv'/f ;dft]/ cfkm";Fu} lnP/ uP . k|eftnfO{
nfUof] – ælbuDa/ sfsfn] p;nfO{ k|x/Ln] rf]/sf] s7fnf] ;dft]/ lxF8]em}F u/L nu]sf
5g\ . af6fdf s;}n] b]v] eg] d]/f] s] ult xf]nf <Æ

k|eftn] km]l/ ;D‰of] – æcfˆgf] ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL k9fpg] x]dGt ;/sf] 3/ klg
lbuDa/ sfsfsf] 3/5]j}df 5 . st} x]dGt ;/n] b]Vge' of] eg] < === a? Ps emfk8
nufP/ 5fl8lbPsf] eP Ps} l5g b'VYof], ;a}sf cufl8 a]OHht t xg' ] lyPg .Æ

lbuDa/n] k|eftnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ k¥' ofP . af6fel/ Ps zAb af]n]gg\ . 3/df ku' ]kl5
a}7s sf]7fdf /fv]/ cfkm" leq uP . k|eftnfO{ km]l/ nfUof] – æx]dGt ;/nfO{ 8fSg kf]
uPsf xg' \ ls <Æ

æs]xL u/]/ pgn] rfn kfP eg] ef]ln ljBfnodf kSs} ;hfo kfOG5 . Tof] klg a]Grdf
pleP/ a:g'kg{] . cem} sv' /' f agfP/ rp/df /flvlbP eg] t c¿ sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿n]
klg b]V5g\, clg s] rflxof] < Æ

k|eft Pstdf;n] 6f]nfpg yfNof] .

85 j}v/L sIff &

æs] ;f]r]sf] k|eft <Æ

lbuDa/ sfsf Pp6f ;fgf] kf]sf] / l/sfkLdf sf6]sf cfFksf rfgf af]s]/ cfOku' ] .
k|eft em;ª\u eof] . pm af]Ng} ;s]g . p;sf] z/L/ kl;gfn] ntkt eof] .

æltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf] 5 lg, x}g k|eft <Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftsf]
cgx' f/ x]b{} eg] .

k|eft nfh / 8/n] ubf{ af]Ng} ;s]g, p;sf cf]7 sfFKg yfn] .

lbuDa/n] k|eftsf] cgx' f/ k9\b} eg]– æe}uf] k|eft g8/fpm, h] x'g] eOxfNof], ===
ltdLx¿n] cfFk vfgsf nflu unt af6f] /f]Hof} .Æ

lbuDa/n] uDeL/ x'Fb} eg]– æltdLx¿n] cfFk emfg{ em6f/f] xfGof}, cflv/ sfFrf cfFk
em/] . kfs]sf cfFk vfg kfPgf} . a? klxNo} dnfO{ eg]sf eP cfFk v]/ hfFb}gy] . d
ltdLx¿nfO{ ot} 8fs]/ k]6el/ cfFk v'jfP/ k7fpFy]F .Æ

ænf}, oL cfFk vfpm .Æ

k|eft lhNn k¥of] . p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfnfO{ dgdg} wGojfb lbof] . ?vsf cfFk emfg{
cfkmn" ] eGbf rGbgn] hf]8 u/]sf] s/' f klg atfof] . p;n] rGbgsf] tkm{af6 klg dfkmL
dfUof] .

ænf} /fv, of] cfFk 3/df uP/ ;a}nfO{ afF8\g" .Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn] kf]sfsf] cfFk k|eftsf]
xftdf ydfOlbP .

k|eft cfFksf] kf]sf] af]s]/ 3/lt/ cfpFb}
lyof] . OGb| ;fxs' f] kvf{ndf n's]/ a;]sf]
rGbg k|eftnfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} glhs} cfof] .

æslQsf] r6' fO vfO;\ t <Æ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{
;f]Wof] .

ær'6fO vfOgF, cfFk rflxF k|z:t} vfPF . tF klg
vfG5;\ eg] lbG5' . of] kf]sfdf cfFk 5, ToxL
af]6sf kf]s]sf cfFk .Æ

rGbg lhNn k¥of] . p;n] k|eftaf6 ;a} s/' f]
yfxf kfof] . rGbgnfO{ sfFrf] cfFk emf/]sfdf
k5'tf] eof] .

p;n] dgdg} c7f]6 u¥of] – æcab]lv
p6\k6\ofª ug{]5}g .Æ

j}v/L sIff & 86

k9fO / n]vfO

!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ;xL pRrf/0f u/ / /fd|f cIf/n] sfkLdf ;f/ M

lgy|'Ss} n6/Dd au}Frf cfFk;fFk laTof;} xf];xjf; sfFKg ;D‰of]

cª\u|]hL 8fSg lbuDa/ em;ª\u uDeL/ wGojfb b]Vg]lalQs} p6\k6\ofª

@= dflysf] syf ;:j/ jfrg u/ .

#= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < atfpm M

-s_ b]v]F, cfFk b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ o;f] em6f/f] df/f}F g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ a? dfu]/ vfP x'g] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf] 5 lg, x}g k|eft < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ sltsf] r6' fO vfO;\ t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= kf7df gk/]sf] ;Gbe{ lrg / s6\6L u/ M

-s_ k|eft / rGbg ;fyL;fyL lyP .

-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGof] .

-u_ r/fx¿ e'?? p8] .

-3_ lbuDa/ sfsf cfPkl5 rGbg efUof] .

-ª_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] ;fgf] kf]sf] lbP .

-r_ rGbg / kf/; :s'naf6 kms{Fb} lyP .

%= Ps zAbdf pQ/ eg M

-s_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ sxfF hfpmF eGof] <

-v_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ s] l6Kg eGof] <

-u_ cfFksf af]6 s;sf] lyof] <

-3_ x]dGt ;/n] s'g ljifo k9fpg'xG' 5 <

-ª_ rGbgn] s] gug{] c7f]6 u¥of] <

^= tnsf kf:] 6/x¿ k9 / km/s a'em M

87 j}v/L sIff &

&= lgDgfg;' f/sf lrGx nfus] f PsPs cf]6f jfSo nv] M
Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
æ Æ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
< M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= kf7af6 tnsf lgkft nfu]sf PsPs cf6] f jfSo sfkLdf ;f/ M
x}, t, lg, ls, g, g}, nf}
(= Ps jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

-s_ rGbg / k|eftn] vf]nfdf uP/ s] u/] <
-v_ rGbgsf cg';f/ lbuDa/ sfsf s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ k|eftsf] lsg xf];xjf; p8\of] <
-3_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] 3/leqaf6 s] NofP <
-ª_ k|eft lsg lhNn k¥of] <
!)= krf;;f7L zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ rGbg / k|eftsf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGg] s'/f ubf{ k|eftn] s]s] ;f]Rof] <
-u_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] ;dft]kl5 k|eftn] s]s] ;Dem\of] <
-3_ syfsf] cGTo s;/L eof] <
-ª_ o; syfaf6 s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <
!!= tnsf zAbx¿ /fvL PsPs cf6] f jfSo agfpm M
-s_ O;f/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ em6f/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ xf];xjf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ l/sfkL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ p6\k6\ofª M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!@= dflysf] syfnfO{ Ps;o krf; zAbhltdf k'gn{v] g u/ .

j}v/L sIff & 88

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf kbfjnL / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M

O;f/f ug{' cfkt\ kg{'

em6f/f] dfg{' kQf] kfpg'Ù yfxf kfpg'

sGh'; xg' ' ;ª\s]t ug{'

laTof; kg{ ' Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'

a]tf]8n] bf}8g' em6f/fn] lxsf{pg'

e]p kfpg' abdf;L ug{'

p6\k6\ofª ug{' nf]eL x'g'

6f]nfpg yfNg' zL3| ultdf bf}8g'

@= tn cy{ lbOPsf] 5, cy;{ uF ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3fF6Ldf afFlwg] jf kl;gf k5' \bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf]
nfDrf] sk8f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kf]v/LÙ tnfp
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b08
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulx/fO sd ePsf] ;fgf] yfn
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;xL gePsf] af6f]Ù a]l7s tl/sf
#= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M

lhNn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kZrfQfk – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lk6fO – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k|z:t} – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8fs]/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ qf; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lhp – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kQf] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ laTof; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

l9kL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]l;; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sGh'; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

bx – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ O;f/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u[x – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf zAbn] lbg] cy{ sg' xf]Og, uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm M

-s_ tfn M kf]v/L 9ª\u dfbn
-v_ ;fn M ?v ljz]if ;fFrf] jif{
-u_ t/ M j/ 5fnL Ps ;o+ f]hs
-3_ ;fFrf] M em6' f] ;To tfNrf
-ª_ j/ M k/ a]xn' f] glhs

89 j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f

!= wftd' f of,] of,} O,{ P == nfu/] ag]sf lqmofn] et" sfn ae' mfp5F g\ . kf7af6 lyof],
k'Uof], af]nfof], eGof,] lyP, ku' ] nfu]sf jfSo vfh] ]/ n]v .

@= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} sfi] 7ssf ;xfotfn] et" sfnsf jfSo agfpm M

-s_ /fdn] ZofdnfO{ ÒÒÒÒ . -af]nfp_ /fdn] ZofdnfO{ af]nfof] .

-v_ pgLx¿n] uLt ÒÒÒÒ . -ufp_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ?vaf6 kftx¿ ÒÒÒÒ . -em/\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ d}n] ltdLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒ . -e]6\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ pgLx¿ 3/lt/ ÒÒÒÒ . -hf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb k|ofu] ePsf jfSo nv] M

efUb} lyof], cfpFb} lyof]

$= wftd' f t÷} b} nfu/] lyof,] lyof,} lyP, lyOh{ :tf ;xfos lqmof ko| fu] ePsf jfSonfO{
ck0" f{ et" sfn elgG5 . sfi] 7ssf ;xfotfn] ck0" f{ et" sfnsf jfSo agfpm M

-s_ pm kf7 ÒÒÒÒ . -k9\_ . pm kf7 k9\b} lyof] .

-v_ pgLx¿ 3/ ÒÒÒÒ . -cfp_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ rf]/x¿ ÒÒÒÒ . -efu\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ k|eft cfFk ÒÒÒÒ . -emf/\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ rGbg ÒÒÒÒ . -ns' \_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= tnsf wftn' fO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L abn M

wft' ;fdfGo et" ck0" f{ e"t k0" f{ et" cEo:t e"t c1ft et"

k9\ k9\of] k9\b} lyof] k9]sf] lyof] k9\Yof] k9]5

vf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

n]v\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;'g\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 90

^= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb k|of]u ePsf jfSo vfh] /] nv] M

kmn]sf lyP, em/]sf] lyof], b'VYof], hfFb}gy], k7fpFy]

&= tnsf lqmof ko| fu] u//] PsPs cf6] f jfSo agfpm

uof], n]Vb} lyof], k9]sf] lyof], cfP5, ;G' Yof]

*= tnsf jfSonfO{ sfi] 7ssf ;xfotfn] k"0f{ et" sfnsf jfSo agfpm M

-s_ pgLx¿ af6fdf ÒÒÒÒ . -ku' \_ pgLx¿ af6fdf ku' s] f lyP .

-v_ efO 3/df ÒÒÒÒ . -a;\ _ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ltdL sxfF ÒÒÒÒ < -hf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ t}Fn] syf ÒÒÒÒ . -k9\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d}n] sljtf ÒÒÒÒ . -n]v\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

(= kf7 x/] L tnsf jfSodf l7s lrGx /fv M

-s_ k|eft lxF8\ vf]nfdf gx' fpg hfcf}F

-v_ x]/\ k|eft b]v]F cfFk b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' k|eftn] cfˆg} tfndf eGof] .

-u_ nf} oL cfFk vfpm

-3_ slQsf] r'6fO vfO;\ t rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ ;f]Wof] .

-ª_ p;n] dgdg} c7f]6 u¥of] cab]lv p6\k6\ofª ug{]5}g .

!)= tnsf jfSodf pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L sf]i7s lrGx /fv M

-s_ d}n] rnlrq l;g]df x]/]sf] lyPF . dn} ] rnlrq -l;g]df_ x]/]sf] lyPF .

-v_ d]/f] k:' ts lstfa x/fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ltdL kfgLdf ?‰of} leHof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ cfh d]/f] w]/} Joo vr{ eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d]/f aa' f cWofks lzIfs x'gx' 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

91 j}v/L sIff &

;dx" df efiff

!= kfFr5 hgfsf] ;dx" ag . ca ;d"xdf klxnf] ;b:on] rf/kfrF jfSodf s'g} syfsf]
;'?jft u/ . To;kl5 To; ;?' jftL syfnfO{ bf];|f] ;b:on] k9L c¿ rf/kfrF jfSo
yk clg klxnf] ;b:on] n]vs] f] c+z k6\ofpm -cfkm"n] nv] ]sf] c+z dfq b]lvg] u/L_
/ t;] f| ] ;b:onfO{ bp] m . t;] f| ] ;b:on] bf;] |f] ;b:on] n]v]sf] cz+ dfq k9L rf/kfFr
jfSo ykL cfkmn" ] n]v]sf] dfq k9g\ ldNg] u/L k6o\ fP/ rf}yf] ;b:onfO{ bp] m . rf}yf]
;b:on] klg t];f| ] ;b:on] nv] s] f] cz+ dfq k9L To;s} f] l;nl;nfdf rf/kfFr jfSo
yk . oxL qmddf clGtd ;b:on] syfsf] cGTo u/ . cGTodf ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn]
cfºgf] ;d"xn] k6o\ fpFb} n]vs] f] syfnfO{ kms' fP/ ;'?b]lv k9 . ltdf| ] ;dx" n] n]v]sf]
k6o\ fOPsf] syf s:tf] eof] < 5nkmn u/ . cfºgf] ;dx" n] nv] ]sf] syf ;Dkfbg
u/L sg' } syf aGg] eP ;Dkfbg u/ .

@= bO' b{ 'O{ hgf ldnL tnsf pk;u{ nfu]sf tLgtLg cf]6f zAb nv] . cfºgf] ;dx" n]
nv] s] f zAbx¿ l7s 5g\ ls 5g} g\ eGg] s/' f ltdLn] ;g' fPkl5 lzIfsn] lgwf{/0f
ug{x' 'g]5 M

k| M k|eft ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ck M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

a] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

; ' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

s' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k|lt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 92

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf abF' fx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f6] f] syf nv] / syfsf] zLif{s klg bp] m M
™ sf}zn6f/ eGg] 7fpFdf c;fWo} rsrs] Pp6f s]6f]
™ s]6f] s;}n] eg]sf] g6]g{'
™ 3/af6 6f9f6f9f;Dd v]Ng hfg'
™ Ps lbg cfdfl;t kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ hfg'
™ kz'kltgfydf ePsf afFb/x¿nfO{ lh:sfpg'
™ afFb/n] p;nfO{ lryf{]g'
™ cfˆg} abdf;Ln] bM' v kfpg'

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= cfkm"n] hfgLghfgL u/s] f] sg' } uNtL / To;n] l;sfPsf] kf7sf af/d] f ;Tt/Lc;L
zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .

93 j}v/L sIff &

kf7– *

b[li6ljxLgx¿sf cfFvfM n'O; a|]n

j}v/L sIff & 94

k"jk{ 7g

:6]kmg xlsG; emds l3ld/] x]n]g s]n/

kfl/hft ;'wf rGb|g n8' lju efg ljyf]dg

õ dflysf JolStdWo] ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf JolStsf af/]df atfpm .

hflg/fVg'kg{] s]xL zAbfyx{ ¿

jftfj/0f – jl/kl/sf] xfjfkfgL cfbz{ jrg – /fd|f] jrgÙ cfbz{n] el/Psf]
ej' f – ?jfh:tf] g/d j:t' jrg
sf7L – dfG5] 3f]8fdf r9\bf a:g] 5fnfsf]
hh{/ – sdhf]/ cj:yf
j:t' cJofjxfl/s – Jofjxfl/s gePsf]Ù sfddf
bl[ i6 – x]/fOÙ x]g{] zlSt
cfGtl/s – leqsf] k|of]u ug{ g;lsg]
/St;|fj – /ut aUg] sfd l;4 x'g' – k|dfl0ft x'gÙ' sfd nfUg] x'g'
k|efljt – k|efj k/]sf] /flqnv] g – /ftsf] ;dodf x'g] n]vfO
ckfª\u – z/L/sf] sg' } cª\u lau|]sf]Ù lnlk;ªs\ t] – lnlkåf/f ul/Psf] ;ª\s]t
Ifo/fu] – Ps lsl;dsf] /f]uÙ 6L= aL=
cª\ueª\u ePsf] OxnLnf – o; nf]ssf] nLnf
czSt – sfd ug{ g;Sg]Ù sdhf]/ ;xb[ oL – bofnÙ' sdnf] dg ePsf]
ckflxh – ckfª\uÙ ljsnfª\u ;jf{Q] d – ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
ql;t – 8/fPsf] cfljisf/ – gofF j:t' agfpg]
PsfGtlko| – PsfGt dg k/fpg]
sfd

95 j}v/L sIff &

;'gfO / afn] fO

!=  * ;g' /] 5'6]sf zAbx¿ e/ M

uf]kfn of]Ghg g]kfnL ;ª\uLt hut\sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ JolStTj xg' \ . pgsf]
hGd cu:6 @^, ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ sf lbg bflh{lnªsf] ldl/s eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] .
pgsf afas' f] gfd al' 4dfg\ of]Ghg / cfdfsf] gfd 5]s' 8f]Ndf xf] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL
;ª\uLtdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ / g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u/]sf of]Ghgn] @)@* ;fnb]lv ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ SofDk; afuahf/df ;ª\uLtsf]
k|fWofkg u/]sf lyP .

@=  * ;g' ]/ uf]kfn of]Ghgn] l;hg{ f u/]sf sg' } rf/ cf]6f uLt / pgL;Fu sfd ug{]
s'g} rf/hgf snfsf/sf gfd n]v M

uLtx¿ snfsf/x¿

!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] snfsf/ jf vn] f8Lsf af/]df sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

j}v/L sIff & 96

k9fO

bl[ i6ljxLgx¿sf cfvF f – n'O; a]n|

j;Gtsf] /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf lgnf] cfsfzsf]
5ftLdf afbnsf 6'qmfx¿ pl8/x]sf lyP .
glhs}sf] Pp6f ?vdf Ps hf]8L r/fx¿ cfˆgf]
u'F8 agfO/x]sf lyP . s]xL ufO{a:t' cln k/sf]
rp/df rl//x]sf lyP . afv|fsf ;fgf kf7fx¿
cfFugdf plk|m/x]sf lyP . au}Frfsf] lardf
ePsf] Pp6f cf?sf] af]6df l;dnsf e'jfh:tf
;'Gb/ kmn" x¿ kml' n/x]sf lyP t/ cfˆgf] 3/sf]
sf};Ldf al;/x]sf ;fgf afns n'O; a|]n eg]
oL ;a} s/' f b]lv/x]sf lyPgg\ lsgeg] pgL
b[li6ljxLg lyP . tLg jif{sf] pd]/;Dd pgL oL
;a} s'/f b]Vg ;Sy] t/ To;} a]nf pgL cfˆgf
a'afsf] 3f]8fsf] sf7L agfpg] sf/vfgfleq k;] .

sf/vfgfleq 5fnf 5]8\g], sf6\g], lrNofpg] cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}hf/x¿ lyP .
r~rn] nO' ;n] 5fnf 5]8\g] Pp6f wfl/nf] cf}hf/ l6k] / 7'nf dfG5]x¿n] u/]h:t}
u/L 5]j}sf] 5fnf 5]8\g] k|of; ug{ yfn] . slnnf] afnssf] xftdf ePsf] Tof] cf}hf/
5fnfaf6 lrlKnof] / pgsf] b]a|] cfFvfdf ufl8of] . xf], ToxL lbgb]lv nO' ;sf] ;G' b/
;;+ f/ x]g{] b[li6df kbf{ nfUg ;?' eof] . Tof] wfl/nf] xltof/ pgsf] b]a|] cfFvfdf dfq
ufl8Psf] eP klg pkoS' t pkrf/ gkfPsfn] cfGtl/s /St;|fj gyfldPsf sf/0f
pgsf] bflxg] cfFvf klg k|efljt xg' yfNof] . of] 36gfsf] 5 dlxgfleq lar/f n'O;sf
b'a} cfFvf Hof]ltljxLg x'g k'u] .

To; a]nf b[li6ljxLg, ckfª\u / czStx¿nfO{ Hofb} bJ' o{jxf/ ul/GYof] . cfˆg}
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ klg pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] Jojxf/ ub{}gy] . To;}n] ckflxhx¿ ;x/sf
uNnLx¿df lt/:sf/ / ckdfgsf] l;sf/ xF'b} afFRg afWo x'Gy] . n'O; cfkm" rflxF
lgs} efUodfgL lyP lsgeg] pgnfO{ lktf l;df]g tyf dftf df]lgsfn] dfq xf]Og ls

97 j}v/L sIff &

k"/} kl/jf/n] c;fWo} dfof uYof{] .
t}klg n'O; cfˆgf] cFWof/f] eljiosf]
sNkgfn] ql;t lyP . To;}n] pgL
PsfGtdf a:y], lg/fz x'Gy] /
cfFvfsf] Hof]ltlagfsf] hLjgsf] sg' }
cy{ g} gxg' ] s/' fn] lrlGtt b]lvGy] .
o;/L Pp6f r~rn] afns PsfGtlk|o
/ pbf; eP/} ;ft jif{sf eO;s]sf
lyP . o:t}df Ps lbg pgsf] Pa
kfNnL gfds kfb/L;Fu e]6 eof] .
ltg} kfb/Ln] pgnfO{ dfG5]n] rfxg]
xf] eg] h] klg ug{ ;S5 eGg] a'emfP .
JolStn] d cGwf] x'F, ckflxh x'F /
d k[YjLsf] ef/ dfq xF' eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg 5f8\gk' 5{, hLjgdf ug{] s'/f w]/} 5g\ eGg] s/' f
klg ;DemfP . kfb/Lsf oL cfbz{ jrgx¿df n'O;n] lhpg] ;xf/f e]6\6fP .

Tolt a]nf l;ª\uf] k|mfG;df b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu Pp6} dfq kf7zfnf lyof] . b;
jif{sf] pd]/df n'O;nfO{ ToxL kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/of] . Tof] kf7zfnfsf] cj:yf hh{/
lyof] . kf7zfnfsf] ejg w]/} k'/fgf] lyof] / leQfx¿ elTs;s]sf lyP .

To; a]nf b[li6ljxLgx¿sf] k7gkf7gsf nflu Hofb} yf]/} ;fdu|Lx¿ x'Gy] . tL ;fdu|Lx¿df
7n' f7n' f cIf/x¿ x'Gy] . b[li6ljxLgx¿n] ltgnfO{ 5fd]/ cIf/ 7Dofpgk' Yof{] . tL
cIf/x¿ olt 7n' f x'Gy] ls Ps 5]pb]lv csf{] 5]p;Dd 5fld;Stf ;'?sf] cIf/ g}
la;{g ;Sg] l:ylt xG' Yof] . To;}n] tL ;fdu|Lx¿ k|efjsf/L gx'g] ePsfn] u'?x¿
ltgsf] pkof]u ug{'eGbf df}lvs lqmofsnfknfO{ g} Hofbf dxŒj lbGy] . oL ;a s/' f
ef]u]kl5 n'O;n] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;xL nIo km]nf kf/] . pgn] b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu
n]vk9 ug{] ;lhnf] tl/sf agfO5f8\g] c7f]6 u/] .

nO' ;n] To; a]nfb]lv g} 5fd]/ k9\g ;lsg] w]/} ;ª\s]tx¿sf] k|of]u u/] . pgn] a'afsf]
sf/vfgfdf uP/ 5fnf sf6] / 5fnfdf vf]k]/ cIf/x¿ tof/ kf/] . sfF6Ln] 7f]s]/
Kjfnx¿ kf/] clg sf7sf 6'qmfx¿ hf]8]/ cIf/ agfpg] sf]l;; u/] . tL ;a} k|of;x¿
cJofjxfl/s l;4 eP . To:t}df rfN;{ afla{o/ gfdsf Ps hgf ;]gfsf xflsd;Fu

j}v/L sIff & 98

pgsf] e]6 eof] . tL xflsdn] g]kf]lnogsf ;]gfdf /x]/ sfd ul/;s]sf lyP . pgn]
;]gfx¿n] cFWof/fdf k|of]u ug{] /flqn]vgaf/] n'O;nfO{ atfP .

rfN;{ afla{o/;Fusf] s'/faf6 n'O;n] cfkmn" ] ;f]r]sf] lnlk;ª\s]t tof/ kfg{] pQd
pkfo km]nf kf/] . pgn] /flqn]vgdf k|of]u x'g] eS' s p7]sf yf]Knfx¿ h:t} ^ cf]6f
yf]Knfx¿sf] ljleGg qmd / /vfOaf6 ^# cf]6f km/skm/s lnlk;ª\s]tx¿ tof/ kf/] .
n'O;sf] of] k|of;nfO{ a|]n lnlksf] ;1+ f lbOof], h'g b[li6ljxLgx¿sf k7gkf7gsf
nflu ;jf{]Qd dfWod aGof] . a|]n lnlksf] k"0f{ cfljisf/ rflxF ;g\ !*#* df eof],
Tolt a]nf nO' ; @% jif{sf lyP .

n'O;n] a|]n lnlk cfljisf/kl5sf] ;Dk0" f{ hLjg cfkm" k9]s} kf7zfnfdf cfkmh" :t}
cGo b[li6ljxLgx¿nfO{ k9fP/ latfP . kf7zfnfsf] kmf]xf]/, lr;f] / hh{/ jftfj/0fsf
sf/0f pgnfO{ Ifo/f]un] ;dfTof] . ToxL /f]un] cfˆgf] lqrfln;f}F hGdlbgeGbf bO' {
lbgcl3 pgsf] OxnLnf ;dfKt eof] . t/ pgsf] d[To' ePsf] !^ jif{kl5;Dd
klg aflxl/ofx¿nfO{ a|]n lnlksf] cfljisf/ af/] yfxf lyPg . o:t}df Ps lbg
b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu pkrf/df vl6Psf cª\u|]hL 8fS6/ cfld{6]hn] o;af/] yfxf
kfP . tL ;x[boL 8fS6/n] To; lnlksf] 7'nf] dxŒj b]v]kl5 t?' Gt nG8gsf] Pp6f
k|sfzg ;:+ yfaf6 a|]n lnlkdf k:' ts 5fk] . To;kl5 dfq afFsL ;+;f/n] n'O; a|]nsf]
dxfgtd\ cfljisf/sf] af/]df yfxf kfof] .

n'O; a|]nsf] lgwg ePsf] !^) jif{eGbf
a9L eO;s]sf] 5 t/ o;lardf
a|]n lnlk ;;+ f/sf ;a}h;f] b]zx¿df
km}ln;s]sf] 5 . cfh ;+;f/sf k|foM
;a}h;f] 7'nf n]vsx¿sf k:' ts o;
lnlkdf 5flkO;s]sf 5g\ . oltv]/
a;{]gL nfveGbf a9L k':ts tyf
klqsfx¿ o; lnlkdf 5flkG5g\ . To;}n]
lzIffsf] pHofnf] gkfO/x]sf ;+;f/e/sf
nfvf}F b[li6ljxLgx¿n] nO' ; a|]nsf] oxL
cfljisf/af6 hLjgsf] Hof]lt kfO/x]sf
5g\ .

99 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO / n]vfO

!= dflysf] kf7 qmd};uF kfn}kfnf] 7n' f] cfjfhdf k9 .

@= tnsf jfSox¿ kf7sf] sg' cg'R5b] af6 lemlsPsf x'g\ < nv] M

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