Baikhari Nepali 7

^= kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf zAbx¿ n]v M
…jÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…aÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…zÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…ifÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…;Ú k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…IfÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…ªÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rGb|laGb' nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
/]km nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
-s_ nO' ; a|]n slt jif{sf pd]/df b[li6ljxLg eP <
-v_ n'O; a|]nsf dftflktfsf] gfd n]v .
-u_ nO' ; a|]nn] s] c7f]6 u/] <
-3_ rfN;{ afla{o/ sf] xg' \ <
-ª_ a|]n lnlk eg]sf] s] xf] <
-r_ n'O; a|]nnfO{ Ifo/f]u nfUg'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-5_ a|]n lnlksf af/]df afFsL ;;+ f/n] slxn] yfxf kfof] <
-h_ oltv]/ a|]n lnlkdf a;{]gL slt lstfa 5flkG5g\ <

*= krf;;f7L zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n'O; a|]nsf] afNosfn s:tf] /x\of] <
-v_ Pa kfNnL gfds kfb/Ln] nO' ; a|]nnfO{ s] s'/f ae' mfP <
-u_ a|]n lnlk s;/L cfljisf/ eof] <
-3_ nO' ; a|]nsf] hLjgLaf6 s]s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <

(= tnsf] ;r" gfsf cfwf/df nO' ; a|n] sf af/]df !%) zAb hlt n]v M
gfd M n'O; a|]n hGd M hgj/L $, !*)( -sf]Ke|]Odf_
dftflktf M df]lgsf / l;df]g /]g] a|]n
cWoog M g];gn OlG:6Ro6' ckm AnfOG8 oy' , k]l/;df
of]ubfg M a|]n lnlksf] cfljisf/
d[To' M hgj/L ^, !*%@ -k]l/;df_

101 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf cy{ ae' mfpg] zAb tflnsfaf6 5fg/] n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfG5] 3f]8fdf r9\bf a:g] 5fnfsf] j:t'
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /ut aUg] sfd
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|efj k/]sf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z/L/sf] s'g} cª\u lalu|Psf]Ù cª\ueª\u ePsf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfd ug{ g;Sg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfzf x/fPsf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfbz{n] el/Psf] jrgÙ /fd|f] jrg
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sdhf]/ cj:yf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Jofjxfl/s gePsf]Ù sfddf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lnlkåf/f ul/Psf] ;ª\s]t
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ o; nf]ssf] nLnf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gofF j:t' agfpg] sfd

cfljisf/, OxnLnf, lnlk;ª\s]t, cJofjxfl/s, hh{/, cfbz{ jrg,
pbf;, czSt, ckfª\u, /St;|fj, sf7L, k|efljt

@= c¿ Pp6f p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb n]v M

-s_ ckflxh ljsnfª\u ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ pbf; lrlGtt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ g]q gog ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ uug cfsfz ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ k'ik ;'dg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ rsrs] 5s' 5s' ] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ k|oTg sf]l;; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpm M

jftfj/0f, pbf;, ;jf]{Qd, df}lvs, nIo

j}v/L sIff & 102

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] kl' nªu\ L ¿k nv] M

ufO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b]jL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kf7L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gflosf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kf]yL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sjloqL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

9f]O{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]lvsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] :qLlnªu\ L ¿k n]v M

;fgf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'Anf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

af7f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

h]7f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf]rf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

df]6f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cUnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tn lbOPsf lqmofkb tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M

eG5 eG5] cfO{ cfof] ;'Tof] ku' L 3'dL n]V5 hfnL
cfP5 b]lv5] ef]sfof] b]Vof] d/]5 nl85] efUnf pleO{ k9\nL

kl' nª\uL lqmofkb :qLlnª\uL lqmofkb

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf jfSonfO{ kl' nª\uL jfSodf kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ ufO{n] 3fF; vfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ cfdf 3/df cfpge' of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ d]/L lbbL k9\gx' 'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ xfd|L efph" k9fpgx' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ 5f]/Lx¿ xNnf u5{g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

103 j}v/L sIff &

%= tnsf jfSonfO{ :qLlnª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ d]/f] 5f]/f] sIff ;ftdf k9\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ;fgf] s]6f] rsrs] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d]/f a'afn] af]nfpg'eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ pm w]/} rsrs] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ;fgf] kf7f] a?' Ss pk|mG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= lnªu\ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ z4' u/ M

-s_ d]/L bfh' dnfO{ dfof ug{x' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ e}F;L vf]n] vfG5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d]/f] 5f]/L ;fgf] 5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ s]6Lx¿ w]/} k9\l5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d]/f] cfdf cfpg'eOg\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= kf7 x]/L z4' u/ M

aFu}rf, cfvf, ;F;f/, ckfu+ , cGWof/f], c5]/, ;+Uof
*= UoF / 1 ldnfO{ nv] M

UofFgL, cfUofF, Uofg, 1fF;, 1fn]g, 1f;
(= rf/rf/ cf]6f zAb nv]

-c_ …1Ú k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-cf_ …uÚ k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-O_ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-O{_ lz/laGb' nfu]sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-p_ …`Ú k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-pm_ …0fÚ k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 104

;dx" df efiff

!= tnsf] tflnsfdf ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ltdf| ] ljrf/df ;aeGbf k|l;4 /fli6o« ÷cGt/f{li6«o
JolStTjsf] gfd nv] . cfkmn" ] n]vs] f gfdx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpm . c¿n] nv] s] f] gfd
klg ;'g . ltdLn] n]vs] f] gfd g} sIffsf c¿ slt hgfn] nv] ]sf /x]5g\ < u0fgf
ugs{ f nflu cªs\ tflnsfdf Ps hgf a/fa/ Pp6f 7f8f] wsf{] - . _ b]pm . To;
JolStTjsf] gfd sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

v]nf8Lsf] gfd cª\s

/fli6«o

cGt/f{li6«o

snfsf/ -rnlrq_ sf] gfd cª\s

/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o

ufos÷uflosfsf] gfd cª\s

/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o

;dfh;]jLsf] gfd cª\s
/fli6«o

cGt/f{li6«o

@= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿ kfrF bl] v ;ft ;dx" df ljeflht xfc] f] . ca kT| o]s ;dx" df
o; jif{sf] ;aeGbf rlrt{ JolSt sf] xfn] f eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L Ps hgfnfO{
…jif{ JolStÚ sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/ . pSt JolStn] s] u/]/ rrf{ sdfP < Tof] klg
Ps hgfn] 6fn] L gt] f eP/ sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

105 j}v/L sIff &

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf ;r" gfsf cfwf/df …dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fÚ zLif{sdf tLg cgR' 5b] sf]
Pp6f hLjgL n]v M

!= gfd M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f

hGd M !(^^ ;fn sflTts @& ut], nIdLkh" fsf lbg

Gjf/gsf] gfd M tLy{dfwj b]jsf]6f

dftflktf M ltndfwj÷cd//fHonIdL b]jL

lzIff M aL=P=, aL=Pn= / cªu\ h]| L ;flxTodf Pd=P= ;Ddsf] cWoog

@= ;flxlTos /rgf M klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf …ul/aÚ -!((!_

™ dg' fdbg, s'l~hgL, DxG] b,' /fhs'df/ ke| fs/ cflb v08sfJo /r]sf

™ nIdL lgaGw ;ª\ux| , bfl8dsf] ?vg]/ lgaGw ;ª\u|x /r]sf

™ zfsG' tn, ;n' fr] gf, k|ldy;h:tf dxfsfJo /r]sf

#= ™ dxfsljsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf

™ @)!^ ebf} @( ut]sf lbg cfo{3f6df lgwg

j}v/L sIff & 106

kf7– ( j}v/L sIff &

k/LIffsf] et"

107

kj" {k7g

õ dflysf dWo] s'g rflxF ;aeGbf 8/nfUbf] 5 < atfpm .

j}v/L sIff & hflg/fVg'kg]{ sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿
d~r – gf6s g[To cflb ug{ agfOPsf] cUnf] 7fpF
;g' ;fg – sf]xL klg gePsf]Ù PsfGt
chªu\ – Hofb} 7'nf]Ù 7'nf] / 8/nfUbf]
cfsl[ t – sg' } j:t' jf JolStsf] :j¿k M cfsf/Ù cg'xf/
;kgf – lgbfPkl5 b]lvg] ljleGg s'/f
;"rgf – sg' } s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
lgofn/] x]g'{ – ljrf/ u/]/ ulx/f] u/L x]g'{

108

;'gfO / afn] fO

!=  ( ;'g/] l7sa]l7s 56' \ofpm M

-s_ o; syfdf xh/' af / g/]Gb| b'O{ hgf kfq 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ g/]Gb|nfO{ a'OFundf r9]/ e"t x]g{] OR5f hfUof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ g/]Gb| la/fnfn] ubf{ t:of{] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ g/]Gb|n] aO' Fundf dxsf] a6\6f e]6\6fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ g/]Gb|n] xh'/cfdfsf] e"t skfsk vfOlbof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@=  ( ;'g]/ l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M

-s_ xh'/cfdfsf] s'g ;dodf ;T' g] afgL lyof] <

c_ ;fFem cf_ lbpF;f]

-v_ xh/' cfdfn] g/]Gb|nfO{ s] eGg'eof] <

c_ aO' Fundf ghfpm .

cf_ aflx/ v]Ng ghfpm .

-u_ g/]Gb|sf] dgleq s] lyof] <

c_ ;fx; cf_ s]/f

-3_ g/]Gb|n] a'OFunsf] s'gfdf s] e]6\of] <

c_ cfFk cf_ s]/f

#= ltdLn] ev{/} b]vs] f] ;kgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

$= e"t;DaGwL w]/} syfx¿ 5g\ . ltdLn] ;g' s] f] s'g} Pp6f e"tsyf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{

;'gfpm .

109 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

k/LIffsf] e"t
– s[i0f zfx …ofqLÚ

-d~rsf] kbf{ vN' 5 . k|1fgsf] sf]7f b]lvG5 . k|1fg ;ft sIffdf k9\5 . sf]7fdf pm
s;' L{df a;]/ kl9/x]sf] x'G5 . k9\bfk9\b} pm lgbfpF5 . sf]7fsf] aQL lgE5 . aflx/
ss' /' el' s/x]sf] cfjfh ;l' gG5 . 38Ln] /ftsf] af/ ah]sf] ;"rgf lbG5 . …l6ª l6ª
l6ªÚ leQ]38Laf6 cfjfh lg:sG5 . k|1fg ce}m klg lgbfO/x]s} xG' 5 . ;g' ;fg sf]7fdf
crfgs ‰ofnsf kbf{x¿ xlNng yfN5g\ . k':tssf] b/fhk5fl8af6 Pp6f chª\usf]
cfs[lt aflx/ lg:sG5 . p;n] k|1fgnfO{ lgofn]/ x]5{ . k|1fgnfO{ 5G' 5 t/ klg k|1fg
AoF'lemFb}g ._

cfsl[ t M -7'nf] :j/df_ k|1fg †
k|1fg †

-cfjfh ;'g]/
k|1fg em;ª\u x'Fb}
AoF'emG5 . pm rf/}lt/
x]5{ t/ s;}nfO{ klg
b]Vb}g ._

k1| fg M -dgdg}_ sf] < sf] xfn] f
dnfO{ afn] fpg] < kSs}
klg d}n] ;kgf bv] s] f]
x'g'k5{ .

cfsl[ t M ltdLnfO{ d}n] af]nfPsf]
x'F k|1fg † otf x/] t .
d oxfF 5' .

-k|1fg cfs[ltnfO{
b]V5 . of] b]v]/ k|1fg
cln 8/fpF5 ._

k1| fg M sf] < sf] xf} ltdL <

cfs[lt M g8/fpm k1| fg .

j}v/L sIff & 110

k|1fg M klxnf eg, sf] xf} ltdL < clg d]/f] sf]7fdf s] ul//xs] f 5f} <
cfs[lt M k1| fg † dnfO{ lrgg] f} <
k1| fg M cx,F d}n] ltdLnfO{ lrlggF .
cfsl[ t M d k/LIffsf] e"t xF' .
k|1fg M k/LIffsf] et" †
cfs[lt M xf] . d k/LIffsf] e"t g} xF' .
-k|1fg ce}m 8/fpF5 ._
k1| fg M clg ltdL oxfF lsg cfPsf] <
k/LIffsf] et" M d ltdLn] afn] fP/ g} cfPsf] x'F k1| fg †
k|1fg M -crDd dfGb}_ d}n] afn] fPF /] † cx,F dn} ] ltdLnfO{ af]nfPs} 5g} . d}n]

lsg afn] fpg' ltdLnfO{ lg < d t efl] nbl] v ;'? x'g] k/LIffsf] tof/L
ub{} lyPF . lstfa / gf6] sfkLx¿ k9\b} lyPF . k9\bfk9\b} lgbfP5' .
-k/LIffsf] e"t xfF:5 ._
k|1fg M lsg xfF;]sf] ltdL <
k/LIffsf] e"t M ltd|f] s'/f ;g' /] dnfO{ xfF; p7\of] . s] ltdL ;fFRr} kl9/xs] f lyof} <
g9f6F L eg t †
k|1fg M -csdlsFb}_ xf,] d kl9/x]sf] lyPF .
k/LIffsf] e"t M ltdL em' 7f] afl] n/x]sf 5f} . ltd|f] dg k9fOdf lyPg . ltdLn] of] jif{
k9fOdf Tolt Wofg lbPgf} . xf] ls xfO] g, eg t <
-k|1fg Psl5g 6\jfNn k/]/ e"tnfO{ x]l//xG5 ._
k1| fg M -dgdg}_ o;n] d/] f] dgsf] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfof] < of] kSs} klg e"t g}
xg' 'k5{ . -k|1fg 8/n] lrRofpg vf]H5_ cfdf † afaf † cfdf † afaf †
-t/ k|1fgsf] dv' af6 cfjfh lg:sFb}g . k/LIffsf] e"t l/;fpF5 ._
k/LIffsf] e"t M r'k nfu † lsg lrRofPsf] < -k|1fg rk' nfU5_ n eg † ltdL ef]ln
x'g] k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/xs] f lyof} ls lyPgf} <
k1| fg M -6fpsf] xNnfpFb}_ xf], 8/ nflu/x]sf] lyof] .
k/LIffsf] e"t M lsg 8/fPsf] t <

111 j}v/L sIff &

k1| fg M lsgeg]=== lsgeg] dn} ] k/LIffsf] /fd|f;] Fu tof/L u/]sf] 5}g . o;kfln
klg d km] n ePF eg] afafn] dnfO{ :s'n gk7fpg] /] †

k/LIffsf] et" M clg /fdf| ]l;t k9g\ k' b{g} t < ltdLx¿sf] c¿ sfd g} xF'bg} , vfg], vN] g]
/ k9g\ a] fx]s . v]Ng] ;do klg afafn] lbge' Ps} 5 xfn] f . ld7fl] d7f]
vfg klg lbg'ePs} 5 xf]nf . ls 5}g <

k|1fg M 5 .

k/LIffsf] et" M clg lsg gk9]sf] t <

k1| fg M dnfO{ k9\g dg nfUb}g .

k/LIffsf] e"t M k9g\ dg nfUbg} /] < ljBfyL{ eP/ To:tf] s'/f ug{ nfh nfUb}g <

k|1fg M ca nfus] f] s/' f eGgnfO{ klg ss] f] nfh lg <

k/LIffsf] e"t M clg k9\g rflxF lsg dg gnfus] f] t <

k|1fg M dnfO{ afaf, ;/ / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] eGg'x'Gg . dnfO{ t k9g\ }
gk/] x'GYof] eGg] nfU5 . ;fRF r} k/LIffsf] et" † Pp6f s'/f eg t, s]
d gk9L 7n' f] dfG5] aGg ;lSbgF / < xfQL, af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\
t/ tL slt 7'nf x'G5g\ t †

k/LIffsf] et" M -xfF:5_ z/L/n] 7N' ff] x'g' / 1fgn] 7'nf] x'g' km/s s'/f xf] . ltdf| afaf
gk9\ge' Psf] eP OlGhlgo/ aGg ;Sg'xG' Yof] < ltdL| cfdf gk9\g'ePsf]
eP lzlIfsf aGg ;Sgx' 'GYof] < ltdf| sfsf gk9g\ 'ePsf] eP n]vs aGg
;Sgx' 'GYof] < n eg t .

k|1fg M ;Sgx' 'Gyg] .

k/LIffsf] et" M xf,] pxfxF ¿n] ;dosf] dxŒj a‰' ge' of] . ldlxgt] u//] k9g\ 'eof] / cfh
7'nf] dfG5] aGge' of] . xf] ls xf]Og <

k|1fg M Tof] t xf] .

k/LIffsf] et" M clg ltdLn] rflxF lsg s/' f gae' m] sf] lg < ltdL jif{el/ k9fOdf
Wofg} lbFbg} f} . ha k/LIff cfpF5, clg 8/fpFb} k9]h:tf] u5f}{ . To;}n]
ltdLx¿nfO{ xfdL e]6g\ cfpg'k5{ . /fd|/L k9\gx] ¿ k/LIffsf] e"tbl] v
8/fpg} kb}{g .

k|1fg M -dgdg}_ P † aNn s/' f a'e]mF . d k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/x]sf] lyPF . To;n} ]
kf] k/LIffsf] e"t cfPsf] /x5] .

j}v/L sIff & 112

k/LIffsf] et" M k|1fg † cabl] v
ltdLn] k9fOdf Wofg
lbg" . To;f] u/]df
ltdLnfO{ ;a}n] dfof
klg ug]5{ g\ . ltdL
s;;} Fu 8/fpg' klg
kb{}g . hfrF df k]mn
klg x'bF }gf} .

-To;} a]nf sf]7fdf
cfdf cfpg'x'G5 .
k|1fg s;};Fu s'/f
ul//x]sf] b]v]/ cfdf
5Ss kg{'x'G5 ._

cfdf M 5f/] f † sf;] uF s/' f
u/]sf] < n x/] † /ftsf]
af/ alh;Sof] .
;T' g'kb{g} < efl] n k|]m;
d'8df kf] hfFr lbg
hfgk' 5{ t .

k1| fg M -;DxflnFb}_ cfdf † d k/LIffsf] e"t;Fu s/' f ul//xs] f] lyPF .

cfdf M -xfF:b}_ wt\ † k/LIffsf] et" klg xG' 5 / st} < Tof] t ltdf| ] dgsf] e"t
xf] . ltdLn] gk9]sfn] ltdf| ] dgdf k/LIffsf] 8/ 5 . To;}n] ltdLn]

lgbf| df k/LIffsf] e"t bv] s] f xf} .

k|1fg M s] ;fRF r} dn} ] k9F] eg] dnfO{ k/LIffsf] et" n] t;fp{ bF }g, xf] cfdf <

cfdf M xf] afa' .

k1| fg M cfdf † To;fe] P d cab]lv dg lbP/ k95\ ' . Wofg lbP/ k9\5' .

-cfdf v';L b]lvgx' G' 5 . Tof] b]v]/ k|1fg klg v;' L xG' 5g\ . k|1fg
cfdf;Fu} cs{} sf]7fdf hfG5g\ . sf]7fsf] aQL lgE5 . kbf{ v:5 ._

113 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO / nv] fO

!= dflysf] Psfª\sL tLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;L Ps hgfn] …cfs[lt jf k/LIffsf] e"tÚ

csfn{ ] …k1| fgÚ / t;] f| n] …cfdfÚ agL k9 .

@= tnsf] ;+jfbnfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df qmd;} uF /fv M

- _ cxF, d}n] ltdLnfO{ lrlggF .

- _ xf], d k/LIffsf] e"t g} xF' .

- _ g8/fpm k|1fg .

- _ k/LIffsf] et" Û

- _ klxnf eg, sf] xf} ltdL / clg d]/f] sf]7fdf s] ul//x]sf 5f} <

- _ d ltdLn] af]nfP/ g} cfPsf] xF' k|1fg Û

- _ k|1fg Û dnfO{ lrg]gf} <

- ! _ sf] < sf] xf} ltdL <

- _ clg ltdL oxfF lsg cfPsf] <

#= s;n] eg]sf] xf] < atfpm M

-s_ /fd|/L k9] k/LIffsf] e"tb]lv 8/fpg} kb{}g .

-v_ /ftsf] af/ alh;Sof] . ;T' gk' b{}g <

-u_ xfQL, af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\ t/ tL slt 7'nf x'G5g\ t Û

-3_ ltdLn] gk9]sfn] ltd|f] dgdf k/LIffsf] 8/ 5 .

-ª_ ltdLx¿sf] c¿ sfd g} x'Fb}g, vfg], v]Ng] / k9\g]afx]s .

$= l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpmM

-s_ k|1fg / k/LIffsf] e"tsf] s'/fsfgL s'g ;dodf xG' 5 <

c_ lbgsf] af/ ah]lt/ cf_ /ftsf] af/ ah]lt/

-v_ k/LIffsf] et" lsg xfF;]sf] /x]5 <

c_ k|1fgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cf_ gf]6sfkLsf] r'6\lsnf k9]/

-u_ k|1fgnfO{ lsg k9\g dg gnfu]sf] /x]5 <

c_ w]/} sfd ug{'kg{] ePsfn]

cf_ afaf, ;/, / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] geg]sfn]

-3_ k/LIffsf] et" lsg cfPsf] /x]5 <

c_ k|1fg k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/x]sfn] cf_ k|1fgn] v]Ng af]nfPsfn]

-ª_ cfdf lsg 5Ss kg{'eof] <

c_ k|1fgsf] sf]7fdf k/LIffsf] et" b]v]/

cf_ k|1fg s;};Fu s/' f ul//x]sf] b]v]/

j}v/L sIff & 114

%= kf7af6 tnsf lrGx nfu]sf PsPs cf6] f k/" f jfSo nv] M

Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

< ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

, ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

- _ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= tnsf] kf7df l7s lrGx ko| f]u u/L /fdf| cIf/n] sfkLdf ;f/ M

dnfO{ afaf ;/ / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] eGg'xG' g dnfO{ t k9\g} gk/] xG' Yof] eGg]

nfU5 ;fFRr} k/LIffsf] e"t Pp6f s'/f eg t s] d gk9L 7'nf] dfG5] aGg ;lSbgF

xfQL af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\ t/ tL slt 7'nf xG' 5g\ t

&= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ;+o'St lnlk k|ofu] u/L k'gnv]{ g u/ M

ljb\ofyL{ M ljBfyL{ dxTTj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

pb\of]u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eSt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kb\d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pTt/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

db\bt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k6\l6 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ab' \w M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zlSt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= pQ/ nv] M

-s_ k/LIffsf] et" s:tf] a]nfdf k|1fgsf] sf]7fdf b]vf k5{ <

-v_ k|1fg lsg 6\jfNn k/]/ k/LIffsf] e"tnfO{ x]l//xG5 <

-u_ k|1fg k/LIff;Fu lsg 8/fO/x]sf] /x]5 <

-3_ s:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k/LIffsf] e"tn] e]6\g cfpg'k5{ <

-ª_ k/LIffsf] e"tn] clGtddf k|1fgnfO{ s] eGof] <

(= rfln;krf; zAbdf pQ/ nv] M

-s_ k/LIffsf] et" ;fFlRrs} et" xf] <

-v_ …k/LIffsf] e"tÚ eGg] kf7n] lbg] ;Gb]z n]v .

!)= …k/LIffsf] tof/LÚ zLifs{ df b'O{ hgf ;fyLlar x'g ;Sg] 5f]6f] s'/fsfgL tof/ kf/ .

115 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . cy;{ Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] nv] M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf6s, g[To, efif0f cflb ug{ agfOPsf] cUnf] 7fpF

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]xL dflg; gePsf]Ù PsfGt

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Hofb} 7n' f] / 8/nfUbf]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s'g} j:t' jf JolStsf] :j¿k

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgbfPkl5 b]lvg] ljleGg s'/f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sg' } s/' fsf] hfgsf/L

@= tnsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb n]v M

crDd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfngL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

:j/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ qf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

PSsfl; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg'QL0f{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hfFr M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

dlxdf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dftf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M

aflx/ 7n' f] 3[0ff xfF:g'

lakgf leq bv' L k|]d

;fgf] em6' f] kf; ;'vL

;fFrf] ;kgf ?g' km]n

$= ldNg] cg]sfyL{ zAb n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;ToÙ rfaL t/
kbf{
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8/nfUbf] hgfj/Ù lat]sf] ;do et"
;fFrf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfOnfUbfÙ ‰ofndf emG' 8\ofOg] sk8f

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'wsf] 5fnLÙ vf]nf tg{] sfd

%= tnsf zAb /fvL jfSo agfpmM

d~r, cfjfh, ;r" gf, ;kgf, ;'g;fg, 8/, crDd

j}v/L sIff & 116

Jofs/0f

!= …xfÚ] ae' mfpg] s/0f / …xfO] gÚ ae' mfpg] cs/0f lqmofkbnfO{ 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } tflnsfdf nv] M

AoF'lemFb}g, x]5{, b]Vb}g, g8/fpm, lrg]gf}, lrlggF, 5}g, eg, lyPg, lbPgf}, xf],
xf]Og, lg:sFb}g, l/;fpF5, lyPgf}, gk7fpg], xf]nf, nfUb}g, eGgx' 'Gg, uP, eG5,
hfGYof]

@= tnsf lqmofnfO{ s/0f lqmofdf abn M

AoF'emFb}g nfUb}g ;lSbgF k9\b}gg\ ;Sgx' G' gYof] lbFb}gf}
kb{}g /x]g5 xF'b}gf} 5}g t;f{pFb}g k9\lbg

#= lgb]{zgfcg;' f/ tnsf lqmofnfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jtg{ u/ M

;?' df …gÚ yk]/ lardf …gÚ yk/] cGTodf …gÚ yk]/

hfnf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uP5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfG5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hfpm – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9\Yof] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uof] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

vfpm – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ vfO5] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfP – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

eGnf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf jfSonfO{ cs/0f jfSodf kl/jtg{ u/ M

-s_ cfh kfgL knf{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ pgLx¿ 3/ ku' ]5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ pgLx¿ 3/d} a:5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ pm ljb]z hfg]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d v]Ng uPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ clg lsg k9]sf] t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ dnfO{ k9\g dg nfU5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-h_ ltdL k9fOdf Wofg lbG5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-em_ hfFrdf km]n klg x'G5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-`_ k|1fg, dnfO{ lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= s/0f lqmof k|ofu] ePsf kfFr cf]6f jfSo kf7af6 vfh] /] n]v .

117 j}v/L sIff &

^= s'g k?' ifnfO{ a'emfpg] ;jg{ fd x'g\ < hf8] f ldnfpm M

d, xfdL bf];|f] k?' if

tF, ltdL, tkfO{F t];|f] k?' if

pm, Tof], pgLx¿, ltdLx¿ klxnf] k'?if

&= lgb]z{ gcg;' f/ jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ d 3/ hfG5' . -t];|f] k?' if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ pm vfhf vfG5 . -bf];|f] k'?if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ pgLx¿ ahf/ uP . -klxnf] k'?if_ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ Tof] dfdf3/ hfG5 . -klxnf] k?' if_ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ xfdL syf k9\5f}F . -bf];|f] k?' if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= k'?ifcg';f/ lqmofkb ldnfO{ z4' u/ M
-s_ ltdL /fd|f] uLt ufpF5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ Tof] klg ot} cfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d ca u[xsfo{ u5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfdL lqms]6 v]N5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ltdL v]Ng hfG5f}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

(= kf7 x]/L tnsf zAb z'4 u/ M
kl/Iff, dGr, ;'rgf, k/\bf, 8/fp5, tLld, et' , ef]nLb]vL, j;{e/L, v'l;, alQ

!)= 56' s] f ljelSt /fvL jfSo kg' n]v{ g u/ M
-s_ pgL s;' L{ÒÒÒ a;]/ kl9/x]sf x'G5g\ .
-v_ sf] xf]nf dÒÒÒ af]nfpg] <
-u_ clg d]ÒÒÒ sf]7fdf s] ul//x]sf 5f} <
-3_ dÒÒÒ ltdLÒÒÒ af]nfPs} 5}g .
-ª_ k9\g]x¿n] k/LIffÒÒÒ et" ÒÒÒ 8/fpg} kb{}g .

!!= kf7af6 ljelSt nfus] f b; cf6] f zAb vfh] ]/ n]v .

!@= kf7af6 lgDgfg;' f/sf zAb nfus] f PsPs cf6] f jfSo ;f/ M
d, dnfO{, ltdLnfO{, ltdL, pm, d]/f], ltd|L, ltd|f, pxfFx¿n], et" b]lv, k/LIffsf]

j}v/L sIff & 118

;dx" df efiff

!= tn Ps hgf aa' f, 5 jif{sf] rsrs] 5f]/f] / gf} jif{hltsL 5f]/Llar s/' fsfgL
ePsf] 5 . ca ltdLx¿ klg tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag/] Ps hgfn] a'af, c¿n] 5f/] f
/ 5f]/L eP/ Tof] s'/fsfgL clego;lxt sIffdf ;'gfpm M

p6k\ 6\ofªsf] kmn
aa' f M ltd|f] 6fpsf]df s] eof] < /ut kf] cfO/x]sf] 5 †
k|l;4 M rf]6 nfUof] afaf Û
a'af M s;/L rf]6 nfUof] t <
k|l;4 M lrKn]6L v]Nbf s] Û
aa' f M lrKn]6L v]Nbf /] Û xf]Og xf]nf . lrKn]6L v]Nbf dfq} t oqf] rf]6
gnfUgk' g{] . kSs} ltdLn] s]xL p6\k6\ofª u¥of} xf]nf .
k|l;4 M xf]Og Û To:tf] s]xL xf]Og afaf Û rf]6 nfluxfNof] .
kl/lw M xf]Og afaf Û efO t emf]nfdfly a;]/ lrKn]6L v]Nb} lyof] .
aa' f M emf]nfdfly a;]/ /] Û
k|l;4 M a;]/ xf]Og plePsf] lyPF .
a'af M emf]nfdfly plePsf] /] Û
kl/lw M xf]Og Û d}n] t emf]nfdfly a;]/ lrKn]6L v]Nb} u/]h:tf] b]v]F .
k|l;4 M vf;df d emf]nfdfly plePs} lyPF t/ ldgLd'8df s] <
aa' f M ldgLd8' < of] eg]sf] s] xf] <
k|l;4 M ldgLd8' eg]sf] lg e]:6leq 3F'8f 3;' f/]/ a:g' Sof Û
a'af M P Û To;f] eP ltdL e]:6leq 3'F8f 3;' f/]/ emf]nfdfly pleP/ lrKn]6L
v]Nb} lyof} xf]Og <
k|l;4 M xf] .
aa' f M l7Ss k¥of] To;f] eP . ltdLnfO{ o:t} p6\k6\ofª t ug{ cfpF5 lg Û
rfVof} xf]Og ca t <
k|l;4 M xf] afaf Û d t emf]nf;Fu lrlKnFb} em5{' xf]nf eg]sf] t lhp emf]nfeGbf
l56f] lrlKnxfNof] . v'6\6f e]:6leq /fv]sfn] pleg} ;lsgF clg
km'6anh:tf] u8' 'lNsFb} k/sf] vDafdf 7f]lsg k'u]F / o:tf] eof] .
aa' f M p6\k6\ofª gu/ eg]sf] dfGg] xf]Ogf} . rfv g p6\k6\ofªsf] kmn Û

119 j}v/L sIff &

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf] lrq x]/L Pp6f 5f6] f] -kfFr 5 cf]6f s/' fsfgL dfq_ ;+jfb tof/ kf/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ltdLn] ev/{ } bv] ]sf] Pp6f cgf7} f] ;kgfsf af/]df ;f7L;Q/L zAbdf j0fg{ u/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 120

kf7– !) j}v/L sIff &

sflGtk/' L gu/L

121

k"j{k7g ™ sljlz/f]dl0f
™ cflbslj
õ tnsf JolSt / pkflwsf] hf8] f ldnfpm M ™ dxfslj
™ cfzs' lj
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ™ ou' slj
™ oj' fslj
l;l4r/0f >]i7 ™ /fi6«slj
df]tL/fd e6\6

n]vgfy kf}8\ofn

zDe'k|;fb 9ª' \u]n
dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]

efge' St cfrfo{

hflg/fVg'kg{] s]xL zAbfyx{ ¿

rknf – r~rn :jefj ePsLÙ af7L
canf – an sd ePsLÙ lgan{ f
ug' s;] /L – kxnF] f] /ªsf] a;] f/h:tf] xg' ] ;t] f] kmn'
;vL – ;fyL
cd/fjtL – bj] tfsf /fhf OGbs| f] /fhwfgLÙ bj] k/' L
`f F – oxfF
b'lgof F – bl' gofÙF ;f/f ;;+ f/
cnsfk/' L – sj' /] sf] /fhwfgL
hgsL – hgtfsfÙ] dfG5s] f]
sflGtk/' L – sflGtk/' Ù sf7df8fF}
gu/L – gu/Ù ;x/
db/f; – ef/tsf] xfnsf] rG] gO{ ;x/
/vjf/L – /v] bv] ug]{

j}v/L sIff & 122

;g' fO / afn] fO

!=  !) ;g' ]/ 5'6s] f zAb e/ M

d]/f] sfnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tfs]/ hfg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

g5f]P klg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x]b{}df slt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfG5 dnfO{ o} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5fofn]

kfb{5 hxfF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k/]nf leHg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

@=  !) ;'g/] l7s pQ/df /h] f nufpm M

-s_ n]sdf x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 <

c_ afbn cf_ nfnLu/' fF;

-v_ a]n'sLkv lxdfn s]n] 5'G5 <

c_ xftn] cf_ lsls{6fn]

-u_ la/fgf] dn' 'sdf s] a:b}g <

c_ dfof cf_ bof

-3_ dgdf 3fd gnfu] s] x'G5 <

c_ ;+;f/} ;f/f cFWof/f] x'G5 . cf_ lbge/ cFWof/f] xG' 5 .

-ª_ sfnL n]snfO{ tfs]/ hfg] afbn s:tf] 5 <

c_ s7f]/ cf_ sf]dn

#=  !) ;'g / sIffdf ;a} hgf ldn]/ ufcf] .

$= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ uLt jf sljtf sIffdf ;'gfpm .

123 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

sflGtk/' L gu/L

–efg'eSt cfrfo{

rknf canfx? Ps\ ;'/df
u'gs];l/sf] kmn' nL lz/df
lxF8Gof ;lv nLsg cf]l/k/L
cd/fjlt sflGtk/' L gu/L ..

olt 5g\ elg uGg' sfFxfF wlg `fF,
v'l; 5g\ ax't} dgdf b'lg`fF
hgsL o;/L ;v' sL ;u/L
cnsfkl' / sflGtk'/L gu/L ..

j}v/L sIff & 124

slxF ef]6– / nG8g – rLg – ;/L
slxF sfn\–el/ ulNn 5 lbNnL–;/L
nvgf}F – k6gf – db/f; – ;/L
cnsfk'l/ sflGtk/' L gu/L ..

t/af/, s6f/, vF'8f, v's'/L
lk;tf]n / aGb's;Dd le/L .
clt z"/ – / – jL/ – e/L gu/L,
5 t s'g\ – ;l/ sflGtk/' L gu/L ..

l/; /fu sk6\ 5n 5}g hfFxfF ,
ta wd{ slt 5 slt 5 ofxfF,
kzs' f klt 5g\ /vjfl/ u/L,
lzjsL k'l/ sflGtk/' L gu/L ..

125 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO / nv] fO

!= dflysf] sljtf lgDgfg;' f/ k9 M

-s_ sIffsf ;a} hgf ldn]/ Ps} ;fy

-v_ 5fqx¿ dfq

-u_ 5fqfx¿ dfq

-3_ b'O{bO' { hgf ldn]/

-ª_ PSn}

@= 56' ]sf zAb e/L sljtf k/" f u/ M

slxF ef]6 / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rLg ;/L,

slxF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulNn 5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k6gf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/L

cnsfk'l/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gu/L .

#= tnsf s'/fx¿ sljtfsf sg' Znfs] df 5g\ < kQf nufpm M

-s_ kz'kltgfyn] /vaf/L u/]sf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ef]6, rLg, nvgph:t} 7fpF ePsf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ lz/df km'n l;p/]/ lxF8]sf ;'Gb/Lx¿sf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ vF'8f, vs' '/L af]sL lxF8\g] jL/x¿ ePsf] 7fpFsf] s'/f

-ª_ w]/} wgL / v;' L hgtf a;f]af; ug{] 7fpFsf] s/' f

$= l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M

-s_ sflGtk/' Lsf sGofx¿ s]zdf s'g km'n l;pl/G5g\ <

c_ u'gs]z/L km'n cf_ ;okqL km'n

-v_ sflGtk/' Ldf wgL dflg;x¿ slt 5g\ <

c_ Psb'O{ hgf cf_ ulgg;lsg] u/L

-u_ sljtfdf tnsf dWo] sg' 7fpFsf] gfd cfPsf] 5}g <

c_ lbNnL cf_ agf/;

-3_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿ s:tf 5g\ <

c_ cToGt jL/ 5g\ cf_ 8/kf]s 5g\

-ª_ sflGtk'/L gu/Lsf] /vaf/L s;n] u/]sf] 5 <

c_ g]kfnL ;]gfn] cf_ kz'kltgfyn]

j}v/L sIff & 126

%= sljtfsf 5Gb ldnfpFbf sx] L zAbx¿sf] j0f{ljGof; -x|:jbL3{_ ablnPsf 5g\ .

ltgnfO{ ;RofP/ nv] M

canfx? M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug' s];l/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;lv M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cd/fjlt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

elg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wlg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

vl' ; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ slxF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ulNn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ stL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kmn" M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ vl' ; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= sljtfdf k|ofu] ePsf tnsf zAbx¿sf] kr| lnt ¿k nv] M

nL M lnO{ lxF8Gof M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

`fF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'lg`fF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

db/f; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lk;tf]n M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hfxfF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ofxfF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ sflGtk'/Ldf sGofx¿ s;/L lxF8\5g\ <

-v_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿ s:tf 5g\ <

-u_ o; sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf 7fpFsf gfd n]v .

-3_ sflGtk/' Lsf dflg;x¿ s]s] le/]/ lxF8\5g\ <

-ª_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿df s] 5}g <

-r_ sflGtk'/L gu/Lsf kx/]bf/ sf] x'g\ <

*= PsPs cgR' 5]bdf JofVof u/ M

-s_ olt 5g\ elg uGg' sfFxfF wlg `fF

v'l; 5g\ axt' } dgdf b'lg`fF .

-v_ l/; /fu sk6\ 5n 5}g hfFxfF

ta wd{ stL 5 stL ofxfF .

(= cd/fjtL eg]sf] :jus{ f] /fhwfgL xf] . cnsfk'/L eg]sf] k'/f0fcg';f/ cToGt

wgL dflgPsf sj' ]/sf] /fhwfgL xf] t/ o; sljtfdf sflGtk'/L -sf7df8f_}F nfO{

cd/fjtL / cnsfk'/L lsg ePsf] xfn] f <

!)= dflysf] sljtfh:t} ltdL klg cfºgf] 7fpF jf b]zsf af/]df rf/b]lv cf7 x/km;Ddsf]

sljtf n]v .

127 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

rknf OGb|sf] /fhwfgL

canf s'j]/sf] /fhwfgL

cd/fjtL ;+;f/

b'lg`fF gu/Ù ;x/

cnsfk/' L r~rn :jefjsL

/vaf/L sdhf]/ cfOdfO{

k'/L /]vb]v ug{]

@= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nv] M

6fpsf], ;fyL, jl/kl/, ;x/, ;;+ f/, dfgj, ;fu/, k]:tf]n, axfb/' , /]vb]v

#= tnsf zAbsf] b'O{bO' { cy{ k9 M

s/ != l9kL k/' L != gu/Ù ;x/
@= lk7f]af6 agfOPsf] vfg] s'/f
@= /fh:j

gu/ != ;x/ ef]6 != rLgsf] Pp6f efu

@= ug{' gxg' ] @= dtbfg

sfn != d[To' km]/L != abnL

@= ;do @= kmGsf]

$= tn ;'Gbf p:t} nfUg] t/ cy{ km/skm/s ePsf zAb ->l' t;d leGgfyL{ zAb_ 5g\ .
ltgsf cy{ k9 M

olt – dfqf ae' mfpg] zAb lrg – lrGg] sfd u/
otL – lxddfgjÙ ;f]Skf rLg – Ps b]zsf] gfd

vfln – dfqÙ s]jn slt – j:ts' f] dfqf

vfnL – l/Qf] sQL – v;L, /fFuf cflb sf6\g], 7'nf]

xltof/

j}v/L sIff & 128

%= g= $ af6 pko'St zAb 5fg]/ jfSo k/" f u/ M

-s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yf]/} vfhfn] dnfO{ k'Ub}g .

lxdfnL e]udf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfOG5g\ .

-v_ ltdL c;n ;fyLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

ef/t / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒsf] lardf g]kfn 5 .

-u_ ltdL;Fu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k};f 5 <

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ grnfpm . xft sf6\5 .

-3_ ltdLx¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng dfq dg k/fpF5f} .

of] a6\6f t ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kf] /x]5 t Û

^= tnsf >'lt;d leGgfys{ zAbsf] cy;{ uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

b]lv b]Vg] sfd u/L la; of] -;j{gfd_

b]vL af6 ljif sLlt{Ù gfd

km]l/ ;a} oz afFWg] sk8f

k]m/L nf;Ù d'bf{ o; pGgfO;kl5sf] cª\s

;a km]g{] sfd u/L k6\l6 hx/Ù lav

zj csf{] k6s k6\6L tkm{Ù lt/

& sljtfdf no ldnfpgnfO{ s]xL zAbx¿sf] j0f{ljGof; kl/jt{g u/L /flvPsf] 5 .

tL zAbxx¿sf] z4' ¿k o; k|sf/ x'G5 . zAbx¿ Vofn u/L k9 M

sljtfdf ePsf z'4 sljtfdf ePsf z4'
zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; j0f{ljGof; zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; j0f{ljGof;
Ps\ Ps vl' ; v';L
nL lnO{ bl' g`fF b'lgofF
cf]l/k/L jl/kl/ cnsfk'l/ cnsfk/' L
lxF8Gof lxF8]sf] slxF sxLF
elg egL cd/fjlt cd/fjtL
sfxfF sxfF hfFxfF hxfF
lk;tf]n k]:tf]n wlg wgL
`fF oxfF ofxfF oxfF
k'l/ k/' L /vafl/ /vaf/L

129 j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f

!= kf7 x/] L z4' u/L ;f/ M

sflGtkC' , guC, ;uC, eC

@= tnsf zAb …l/Ú / …CÚ ldns] f 5g}| g\ . ldnfP/ z4' u/ M

l/ifL, l/t,' l/0f, C;, uCa, CTtf], l/rf, CS;f, Cag

#= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ axj' rgdf kl/jtg{ u/ M

kmn" , canf, d, Tof], ltdL, ;fgf], u5{, uof], d]/f], cfˆgf]

$= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L axj' rgdf kl/jtg{ u/ M

s]6f] – s]6fx¿

r/f], la/fnf], df5f], d';f], af6f], v/fof], kf7f], 8f]sf]

%= tnsf axj' rg ae' mfpg] zAbnfO{ Psjrgdf kl/jtg{ u/ M

hfnfg\, cfP, xfdL, pgLx¿, af5fx¿, sfnf, 5f]/f, ;fgf, ltd|f

^= tnsf jfSonfO{ jrg ldnfO{ z4' u/ M

-s_ xfdLx¿ klg uPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ xfd|L lbbLx¿ cfpge' of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ Tof] s]6f] 3/df 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ;G' tnfx¿ ul' nof] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ pgLx¿ 3/lt/ cfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf lgbz]{ gcg;' f/ kl/jtg{ u/ M

-s_ cfsfzdf r/fx¿ p8] . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ d]/f] efO cfof] . -axj' rg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;fgf] s]6f] rnfv 5 . -axj' rg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ alxgL ljb]zaf6 cfOg\ . -ax'jrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d]/f ;fyLx¿ v]N5g\ . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 130

;dx" df efiff

!= rf/rf/ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca kT| os] ;dx" n] ;ft hgf ;flxTosf/sf gfd n]v /
pgLx¿sf] rlr{t s[lt÷s[ltx¿sf] gfd klg n]v . cfºgf] ;d"xn] 5nkmn u/L n]v]sf
;flxTosf/ / ltgsf sl[ tsf gfd sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M

qm=;= ;flxTosf/ s[lt÷s[ltx¿

@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;dx" ag . ca kT| o]s ;d"xn] tnsf j0f{ / dfqf nufO{ zAbx¿
agfpm . cfºgf] ;dx" n] agfPsf zAbx¿ Ps hgfn] sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M
h f k g ] n e / t L ' f] v d l

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

131 j}v/L sIff &

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= ltdLn] k9s] f dWo] ;aeGbf /fd|f] nfu]sf] sg' } Pp6f sljtf -o; lstfadf ePsf
afx]s_ tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf /fd|f cIf/df ;f/ M



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= …d/] f] hGde"ldÚ zLif{sdf ;Tt/Lc;L zAb;Ddsf] Pp6f cg'R5b] n]vL lzIfsnfO{
bv] fpm .

j}v/L sIff & 132

kf7– !! j}v/L sIff &

d[usf kf7femF} pkm| bF }

133

kj" k{ 7g

õ tnsf b[Zox¿ sxfFsxfFsf xfn] fg\ < atfpm .

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

õ s] ltdL dflysf dWo] s'g} 7fpF ku' s] f 5f} < 5f} eg] To;sf af/d] f atfpm .

hflg/fVg'kg{] sx] L zAbfy{x¿

cf>d – Clifd'lgx¿ a:g] 7fpFÙ s'6L v'ªv\ f/ – 8/nfUbf]Ù qm"/
lqj0] fL – tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psf] 7fpF 3g3f]/ – cToGt 7n' f]
tLy{:yn – tLy{ ul/g] kljq 7fpF dxlif { – dxfg\, Clif
afFw – vf]nfsf] kfgL yG' gsf nflu b9[ – b/f]Ù bla{nf]
njs'z – /fd / ;Ltfsf kq' x¿
la/fgf ] agfPsf] 7'nf] 5]saf/ clUgs'08 – cfuf] afNg agfPsf] vf8nÙ
tkfe] "ld – klxnf gb]v]sf]
cZjd]w – Clifd'lgn] tk:of ug{] If]q o1j]bLsf] cu]g'
eUgfjzi] f – Ps lsl;dsf] 7n' f] o1 k|j]z:yn – k|j]z ug{] 7fpF
;/+ If0f – eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf] 7fpF 9ª' \ufn] lrg]sf ] – 9'ª\ufaf6
– ;/' IffÙ arfpÙ hu]gf{
agfOPsf]

j}v/L sIff & 134

;g' fO / af]nfO

!=  !! ;g' ]/ 5'6s] f zAbx¿ e/ M
-s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;do lyof] .
-v_ aa' fcfdf ;a}n] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hgfpg'eof] .
-u_ cfxf Û Tof] kxf8L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Û d o; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ JoSt ug{ ;lsgF .
-3_ crfgs xfd|f] uf8Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ km]n eP5 .
-ª_ aflx/ ;a} b[Zo d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eP/ plePsf] b]v]F .

@=  !! ;'g]/ pQ/ eg M
-s_ o; kf7df sxfF 3D' g hfg] lgwf] ePsf] 5 <
-v_ aa' f lsg 3D' g hfge' Pg <
-u_ 3'Dg hfg]x¿ slt ah] kms{g yfn]sf lyP <
-3_ uf8Ldf lsg sf]nfxn / lrTsf/ ;'lgg yfNof] <
-ª_ ofqLx¿ s;/L afFr] <

#= ltdf| ] hLjgdf 36s] f] sg' } Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 36gf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .
$= ltdLn] kl5Nnf] rf]l6 s'g 7fpsF f] ed| 0f u¥of} < Tof] 7fpF ltdLn] s;;Fu / slxn]

ed| 0f u¥of} < ;a} s/' f atfpm .
135 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

d[usf kf7fem}“ pkm| “b}
– t]hks| fz >i] 7

xfdL jfNdLls cf>d k'lu;s]sf lyof}“ . Tof] lbg 3dfOnf] lyof] . lxp“bsf] lbg ePsfn]
t/fO{df klg Tolt udL{ lyPg . 3gf hª\unn] zLtn kf/]sf] lyof] . gf/fo0fL -u08sL_
gbLsf] lr;f] xfjf rln/x]sf] lyof] .

xfdL gjnk/f;L ahf/af6 laxfg} lg:s]sf lyof}“ . u08s gx/sf] lsgf/}lsgf/ k"j{tkm{
nfu]sf lyof}“ . bO' { cf]6f df]6/;fOsndf 3'O“ls“bf /dfOnf] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . ;f}hg
klg /dfO/x]sf] lyof] . xfd|f] df]6/;fOsn lqj]0fL ahf/df k'u]/ Ps} l5g /f]lsof] .
Toxf“ gf/fo0fL gbLdf ;f]gf / td;f gbL ldl;Psf] 5 . tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psfn]
lqj]0fL elgPsf] xf] . lqj]0fL Pp6f kljq tLy{:yn dflgG5 . Toxf“ u08s gx/ rnfpg
gf/fo0fL gbLdf af“w af“lwPsf] 5 .

xfdL af“wsf] k'naf6 kfl/ t¥of}“ . gf/fo0fLkfl/ ef/tsf] e}“;fnf]6g ahf/ e]6\of}“ .
e}“;fnf]6gnfO{ xfn …jfNdLls gu/Ú elg“bf] /x]5 . ahf/ 5f]8]/ xfdL hª\unsf] af6f]
cufl8 a9\of}“ . 3gf hª\undf af3efn' / rf]/8fsfsf] 8/ xg' ] u5{ . To;df klg la/fgf]
7fp“df clncln t 8/ xg' ] g} eof] .

j}v/L sIff & 136

ænf} x}, /Tgfs/ 8fs' cfpnf lg †Æ ldq nId0f vgfnn] 76\6f u/] .

æsf] /Tgfs/ 8fs,' aa' f <Æ ;f}hgn] ;f]Wof] .

æClif jfNdLlssf] gfd /Tgfs/ lyof] . dxlif{ aGg'eGbf klxn] pgL v'ª\vf/ 8fs'
lyP .Æ d}n] eg]“ .

æxf] / a'af †Æ

æxf] t, To; a]nf 8fs' /Tgfs/ hª\unsf] af6f]df 9s' ]/ a:Yof] . Toxf“af6 cfpg]
a6'jfx¿nfO{ n6' \Yof] / cfºgf] kl/jf/ kfNg] uYof]{ . a‰' of} < Ps lbg Ps hgf ;fw'
Tot}af6 cfp“b} lyP, p;n] emlD6xfNof] . æd;“u s] g} 5 / n6' \5f} < To;df klg ltdL
o:tf] kfk sfd lsg u5f}{ <Æ ;fw'n] gd| eP/ ;f]w] .

ækl/jf/ kfNg .Æ /Tgfs/ 8fs'n] eGof] .

æc¿sf nflu ltdL lsg kfk u5f}{ < ltdLn] u/]sf] kfk c¿n] af“8]/ ln“b}gg\ Sof/] †
gkTofP ;f]lwx]/ †Æ ;fwn' ] eg] .

To;kl5 p;n] cfºgf] kl/jf/nfO{ ToxL s'/f ;f]Wof] .

æcx“ † xfdL t kfk af]Sb}gf}“ . ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ kfNgk' 5{ . a;\, xfdLnfO{ olQ yfxf 5,
ltdL s] sfd u5f}{, xfdLnfO{ s'g} rf;f] 5}g .Æ kl/jf/n] hafkm lbP . clg t /Tgfs/
lbSs eP/ tk:of ug{ lx“8]5g\ . w]/} jif{ 3g3f]/ tk:of ubf{ lhpel/ wld/fn] u'“8
nufP5 . wld/fn] u'“8 nufPsfn] pgnfO{ dxlif{ jfNdLls eGg yflnof] . kl5 /Tgfs/
8fs' 7n' f dxlif{ ag]sf x'g\ . clg t pgn] dxfg\ sfJou|Gy /fdfo0fsf] /rgf u/]/ gfd
sdfP .

æcf]xf] † 8fs' klg Clif x'g ;Sbf] /x]5, xlu a'af †Æ ;f}hgn] eGof] .

æxf], OR5f ug{'k5{, /fd|f] aGg g;Sg] s/' } 5}g . dflg;df b[9 OR5f / ljZjf; rflxG5,
a;\, ;a l7s xG' 5 .Æ olt ukm ubf{ub}{ xfdLn] ef/tLo el" d 5f]l8;s]5f}“ .

;f]gf gbL -:j0f{/]vf_ t/]kl5 xfdL km]l/ g]kfn lelqof}“ . To;kl5 td;f -;/:jtL_ gbL
klg t¥of}“ . elgG5, To;} a]nf td;f gbLdf b]jL ;Ltf / njsz' g'xfpg] uy]{ /] †

td;fsf] lsgf/}df jfNdLls cf>dsf] 9f]sf b]Vbf g} ;f}hg /dfof] . xfd|f] klg ysfO
stf efu]5 stf .

of] kljq tLy{:yn lrtjg lhNnfdf kbf]{/x]5 . w]/} k/' fgf] Tof] tkf]el" ddf k}“lt; ;o

137 j}v/L sIff &

jif{cl3 -q]tfou' df_ dxlif{ jfNdLlsn] tk:of u/]sf x'g\ elgG5 . ToxL“ a;]/ pgn]
/fdfo0f n]v]sf lyP . ;Ltfn] njsz' sf] hGd klg oxL“ u/fPsL lyOg\ /] † To;}n] t
of] 7fp“ ;f/} kljq / k|l;4 5 .

3gf hª\unsf] lardf /x]sf] jfNdLls cf>d ;f“Rr} /fd|f] /x]5 . xfdL dn" 9f]sfaf6
leq k:of}“, jfNdLls cf>dsf] If]q 7n' } /x]5 . r/fx¿sf] lr/la/n] xfdLnfO{ :jfut
ul//x]sfn] cfgGb nfUof] .

hf“bfhf“b} xfdLn] jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/ e]6\of}“ . Tof] lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnlt/ agfOPsf] /x]5 .
To; dlGb/df b]jb]jLsf dl" t{x¿ hDdf ul/Psf 5g\ . tL dl" t{x¿ ToxL cf>dIf]q vGbf
e]l6Psf /x]5g\ .

ænf} x]gf]{;\ dxlif{ jfNdLls .Æ ldq e/t kf]v/]nn] 76\6f ub}{ eGg'eof] . ;f“Rr} wg' L
tflk/x]sf bf/Ljfn hf]uL xfd|} cufl8 b]lvP . pgL cf>dsf] /]vb]v ug{ lj=;=+ @)@@
;fnb]lv Toxf“ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf hfb'u/ kf] /x]5g\ . pg}sf] cufl8 clUgs0' 8df
Pp6f 7'nf] lrD6f ufl8Psf] lyof] . Tof] kmnfd] lrD6f sl/a !) lsnf] tf}nsf] 5 /] .
Tof] lrD6f dxlif{ jfNdLlsn] k|of]u u/]sf] elg“bf] /x]5 .

To;kl5 xfdL k/' fgf] xjgs0' 8 x]g{ k'Uof}“ . Tof] xjgs'08sf] rf/}tkm{ 7n' 7'nf s“'lbPsf
9ª' \ufn] lrg]sf] uf/f] eTs]sf] b]lvof] . 9f]sf klg elTs;s]sf] /x]5 . u0f]zsf] dl" t{
ePsf] nfdf] 9'ª\uf Psftkm{ klN6Psf] b]Vof}“ . 7fp“7fp“df ;r" gfkf6L 6f“luPsf /x]5g\ .
st} jfNdLls sj' f -cd[tsj' f_, st} njsz' hGd:yn, st} ;Ltfsf] uu]|6f] t st}
lji0f'rGb| egL n]lvPsf /x]5g\ .

æpM Totf /x]5 njs'zsf] kf7zfnf †Æ d}n] njsz' sf] kf7zfnf eGg] ;r" gfkf6Ltkm{
b]vfp“b} eg]“ .

æv} v}, aa' f <Æ ;f}hg xtfl/of] .

æpM Sof t †Æ d]/f] af]nL emg{ gkfp“b} pm du[ sf kf7fem}“ kmq' 'Ss pk|m“b} Toxf“ kl' u;s]sf]
lyof] .

…æv} kf7zfnf < 3/ t 5}g . o:tf] eTs]sf] klg kf7zfnf x'G5 < sxf“ a;]/ k9\5g\ <Æ
;f}hg 5Ss k¥of] .

æof] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if dfq xf] †Æ d}n] eg]“ .

æeUgfjz]if eg]sf] s] lg <Æ p;n] km]l/ ;f]Wof] .

j}v/L sIff & 138

ænf} x]/ † pM Tof] lt; xfthlt nfdf] / b; xfthlt rf}8f ePsf] Pp6f cln ulx/f]
7fp“ b]Vof} < Tof] njsz' sf] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if xf] . eUgfjz]if eg]sf] eTs]/ af“sL
/x]sf] 7fp“ xf] .Æ xfdL cufl8 a9\of}“ .
Pp6f 9'ª\ufsf] vDaf eO' {“df wl:;Psf] b]lvof] . To; vDafdf >L/fdåf/f cZjd]w o1
ubf{ 5f]l8Psf] 3f]8f njsz' n] ;dft]/ af“w]sf lyP eGg] n]lvPsf] /x]5 .
3'Db}lkmb}{ xfdL ;Ltf kftfn kj| z] :yndf klg kU' of}“ . htf ku' ] klg eTs]sf] / lau]|sf]
b]lvGYof] . xfn cf>dnfO{ ;/+ If0f ug]{ k|of; ul/“b} /x]5 . olt x'“bfx“'b} klg Tof] 7fp“df
hfg csf]{ af6f] g} /x]g5 . hfpmghfpm ToxL ef/tsf] e}“;fnf]6g eP/ cfjthfjt
ug{'kbf]{ /x]5 . cfºg} hldgaf6 af6f] agfpg lsg g;lsPsf] xf]nf < 5Ss kg'{ 5 .
h] xf];\, jfNdLls cf>d 3'Dg kfp“bf ;f}hg ;f/} /dfPsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ g ysfO
nfUof] g ef]s † d[usf kf7fem}“ km'qs' k'mqs' pk|m“b}df kms{g] a]nf eO;s]5 . clg dg
nfuLgnfuL xfdL kms{g] tv{/df nfUof}“ .

139 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO÷nv] fO

!= dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .

@= s;n] egs] f] xf] < n]v .

-s_ Clif jfNdLlssf] gfd /Tgfs/ lyof] .
-v_ d;Fu s] g} 5 / n'6\5f} <

-u_ cf]xf] Û 8fs' klg Clif x'g ;Sbf] /x]5, xlu a'af Û

-3_ nf} x]gf{];\ dxlif{ jfNdLls .

-ª_ o:tf] eTs]sf] klg kf7zfnf x'G5 <

-r_ pm Totf /x]5 njsz' sf] kf7zfnf .

#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

-s_ /Tgfs/ 8fs' :j0f{ /]vf

-v_ e}F;fnf]6g eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf]
-u_ ;f]gf gbL dxlif{ jfNdLls x'gk' j" {sf] cj:yf

-3_ /fdfo0f Ps ef/tLo ahf/

-ª_ eUgfjz]if dxlif{ jfNdLlsåf/f n]lvPsf] u|Gy

$= kf7df tnsf cªs\ x¿ sg' k;| ªu\ df cfPsf xf]nfg\ < atfpm M

-s_ #%)) jif{

-v_ @)@@ ;fn

-u_ !) lsnf]

-3_ # cf]6f gbL
-ª_ #) xft â !) xft
%= l7s pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M

-s_ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] csf{] gfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .

c_ s0ff{nL cf_ u08sL

-v_ kf7df jl0f{t afnssf] gfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .

c_ ;f}hg cf_ nId0f

-u_ jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ agfOPsf] /x]5 .

c_ @)@@ ;fnlt/ cf_ @)#% ;fnlt/

-3_ njs'zsf] kf7zfnfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfq /x]5 .

c_ 9f]sf cf_ eUgfjz]if

j}v/L sIff & 140

^= dflysf] kf7af6 /ªu\ Lg zAbx¿ z'4;uF ;f/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
-s_ n]vsx¿ s'g df};ddf jfNdLls cf>d uPsf lyP <
-v_ kf7df jl0f{t lqj]0fLdf sg' s'g gbL ldl;Psf /x]5g\ <
-u_ /Tgfs/ jfNdLls Clif aGg'eGbf klxn] s:tf lyP <
-3_ jfNdLlsnfO{ kl/jf/n] s:tf] hafkm lbP <
-ª_ jfNdLls gfpF s;/L /xg uPsf] xf] <
-r_ jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/df /x]sf d"lt{x¿ s;/L km]nf k/]sf /x]5g\ <
-5_ njsz' sf] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if sqf] lyof] <

*= zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n]vsx¿ s;/L jfNdLls cf>d k'u] <
-v_ /Tgfs/ 8fs' dxlif{ jfNdLls ag]sf] syf 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
-u_ jfNdLls cf>ddf n]vsx¿n] b]v]sf] s/' f j0f{g u/ .

(= kf7af6 tnsf lgkft / lj:doflbafw] s zAb nfus] f PsPs cf6] f jfSo n]v M
-s_ t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ Sof/] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ cf]xf] Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ /] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ g} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

!)= tnsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
lqj]0fL, tLy{:yn, 3gf, dxlif{, b[9, cf>d, eUgfjz]if
!!= ltdLn] e|d0f u/s] f] s'g} Ps 7fpFsf af/d] f !%) zAbhltdf j0f{g u/ .

141 j}v/L sIff &

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf jfSodf ko| f]u ePsf df]6f zAbsf] cy{ ToxL jfSodf vf]h]/ kQf nufP/
/]vfª\sg u/ M

-s_ jfNdLls klxn] /Tgfs/ gfdn] lrlgg] vª' \vf/ 8fs' t/ kl5 /fdfo0f /rgf
ug{] k|l;4 slj tyf dxlif{ x'g\ .

-v_ kfk s6fpg] jf /fHolj:tf/ ug{] pb\b]Zon] 3f]8f 5f8]/ kl5 ToxL 3f]8fsf]
aln lbP/ ul/g] Ps lsl;dsf] 7'nf] o1nfO{ cZjdw] o1 elgG5 .

-u_ o1 cflbdf xjg ug{sf nflu, cfuf] afNgsf nflu agfPsf] vf8nnfO{
clUgs'08 elgG5 .

-3_ cf>d eg]sf] Clifdl' g a:g] ;fgf] s6' L xf] .

-ª_ 9'ª\ufaf6 agfOPsf] :ynnfO{ 9'ªu\ fn] lrgs] f] klg elgG5 .

-r_ tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psf] 7fpFnfO{ lqj]0fL elgG5 .

-5_ tLy{:yn eg]sf] tLy{j|t ul/g] kljq 7fpF xf] .

-h_ eUgfjz]if eg]sf] klxnf agfOPsf] s'g} s'/f eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf] 7fpF xf] .

@= /]vfªl\ st zAbsf 7fpdF f kf7af6 pko'St zAb /fvL tnsf jfSox¿sf] k'gn{]vg
u/ M

-s_ g]kfn klxnf klg Clifdl' gsf] tk:of ug{] 7fpF xf] .

-v_ g]kfn dxfg\ Clifx¿sf] tkf]el" d xf] .

-u_ jfNdLls klxn] /Tgfs/ gfd u/]sf 8/nfUbf] 8fs' lyP .

-3_ bx|f] cfTdljZjf; eP h] klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-ª_ d lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnb]lv oxL s'6Ldf a:b} 5' .

-r_ /fd / ;Ltfsf 5f]/fx¿n] cZjd]w o1df 5f]l8Psf] 3f]8f ;dft] .

#= tnsf kbfjnLsf] cy{;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M

3gf hª\un 7'nf] tk:of

la/fgf] 7fpF sljt}sljtf ePsf] 7'nf] lstfa

vª' \vf/ 8fs' 7n' f] / afSnf] hª\un

3g3f]/ tk:of 8/nfUbf] 8fs'

dxfg\ sfJou|Gy glrg]sf], gku' ]sf] 7fpF

kftfn k|j]z :yn kftfndf hfg] 7fpF

j}v/L sIff & 142

$= tnsf jfSoaf6 cg's/0ffTds zAb klxrfg u/L vfnL 7fpdF f ;f/ M

-s_ ;f}hg d[usf kf7fem}F km'q'skm'q's pk|mFb} 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ jfNdLlsh:t} JolSt b]Vbf xfdL s]xL a]/ jfNn k¥of}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf emndNn hg' nflu/x]sf] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ d]/f] 3/ 5]psf] ?v uNof{Dd 9Nof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ pgLx¿ cf>daf6 ;'6S' s lg:s]5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ lxF8\bflxF8\bf xfd|f uf]8fx¿ kmtSs un]sf lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpm M

Kjf6\6, skfsk, y'r'Ss, e;' S' s, km'Tt, km6fkm6

^= tnsf 6S' sfx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpm M

cfuf] xg' ' sfg sf6\g ' cfFvf 5Ng ' xft 5f8\g'

dv' nfUg ' lha|f] 6f]Sg' cfn' vfg' xfjf vfg'

&= tnsf pvfg / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

csa/L ;g' nfO{ s;L nufpg' kb{}g ™ cfˆgf cufl8 l7Ss kfg{]

d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5/' f ™ dfUbf h] klg kfOG5 .

s/' f] / s'nf] htf nUof] Tot} hfG5 ™ /fd|f] s'/fnfO{ hfFlr/xg'kb{}g .

Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g ™ s'/fnfO{ htf klg a6fg{ ;lsG5 .

gkTofpg] vf]nfn] aufpF5 ™ ;xof]u ba' }tkm{sf] x'g'k5{ .

dfu] /fHo kfOG5, rf]/] b08 vfOG5 ™ slxn]sfxLF dfdn' L dfG5]n] 7n' f] sfd

ug{ ;S5 .

*= dflysf pvfgaf6 5fg]/ jfSo k/" f u/ M

-s_ ltdL ZofdnfO{ ul0ft hfGb}g eg]/ gx]k ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf /fd|f] u/]/ k|yd x'g a]/ nfUb}g .

-v_ dnfO{ o;/L g;f]wL csf{sf] ;fdfg nu]sf] dg kb{}g . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

-u_ of] lrof Onfdsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F

of] lrof /fd|f] 5}g ls eg]/ zª\sf ug{k' b{}g .

-3_ ;fu/ cufl8 l7Ss kf5{ t/ k5fl8 d]/} s'/f sf6\5 . o;sf] Jojxf/ t

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]h:t} 5 .

-ª_ d}n] To;/L ltdLnfO{ g/fd|f] eg]s} xf]Og . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F d]/f] s'/fnfO{ rflxF ga6f/ t .

(= ltdLn] ;g' s] f kfrF cf]6f pvfg / kfFr cf6] f 6'Ssf nv] .

143 j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f

!= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb ko| fu] ePsf jfSo sfkLdf ;f/ M

lyof}F lyof] u/] /x]5 lxF8]5g\ a:Yof] uy{] n'6\Yof],

5 efu]5 dflgG5 u5{ n'6\5f} u5f{} 5g\

@= tnsf lqmofkbnfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h;/L wfta' f6 gofF lqmof agfpm M

a;\ M a:5' a:5f}F a:5;\ a:5f} a:5 a:5g\

v]n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

vf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

8'n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf wfta' f6 pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L gofF lqmof agfpm M

a;\ M a:g]5' a:g]5f}F a:g]5;\ a:g]5f} a:g]5 a:g]5g\

v]n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

8'n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

vf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

n]v\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

d 3/ hfG5' . d 3/ hfFb} 5' . d 3/ uPsf] 5' .

pm 3/ hfG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

Tof] 3/df a:5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fd 3/ cfpFb} 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Ltf gfr]sL 5] .

%= pbfx/0fdf bv] fPh;/L jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

pm kf]v/f hfg]5 . pm kf]v/f hfFb} xg' ]5 . pm kf]v/f uPsf] x'g]5 .

efO 3/ cfpg]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltdL 3/ ku' ]sf x'g]5f} .

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pm gfRb} x'g]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

j}v/L sIff & 144

;d"xdf efiff

!= ltd|f kfrF hgf ;fyLsf] gfd nv] . ca pgLx¿n] ed| 0f u/]sf tLgtLg cf6] f wflds{
jf ;f+:sl[ ts :ynx¿sf] gfd / 7u] fgf klg ;fw] /] n]v M

qm=;=+ ;fyLsf] gfd ;fyLn] ed| 0f u/s] f 7u] fgf
wflds{ ÷;f+:s[lts
:yn

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf …e|d0fsf] dxTTjÚ zLif{sdf s'/fsfgL u/ .

145 j}v/L sIff &

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/ofh] gf

!= g]kfnsf kfrF cf]6f ko6{ sLo :ynx¿sf] gfd nv] / ;Dej eP ltgsf tl:a/
agfpm jf 6f;F . kT| os] :ynsf af/d] f klRr;lt; zAbdf kl/ro bp] m M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ltd|f] Pp6f ofqfsf] af/]df !%) zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .

j}v/L sIff & 146

kf7– !@ j}v/L sIff &

afns PsnJo

147

kj" {k7g

õ dflysf lrq x]/ . ca dxfef/t;uF ;DalGwt sDtLdf af/ hgf kfqx¿sf] gfd
n]v .

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hflg/fVg'kg{] sx] L zAbfyx{ ¿

u?' j/ – u?' 7ª\sf/f ] – 7f8f] af]nLÙ 7'nf] :j/
k|0ffd – gd:sf/Ù 9f]u Dofg – t/af/ /fVg] vf]n
lgiffb – Ps k|frLg cgfo{ hflt ldhf; – :jefj
ljgd|tfsf ;fy – gd| :jefj;Fu j]zei" ff – nQfsk8fÙ kf];fs
lgd]s – gg' Ù kfl/>ldsÙ Hofnf cfrfo { – u'?Ù 7'nf ljåfg\Ù d'Vo k'/f]lxt
lgod – sfg'g cf>d – ;fgf] s6' L
dlngtf – dlng xg' sf] efj jf cj:yf cv08 – g6'lqmPsf]Ù l;ª\uf]Ù c6'6
;fv] – rfxgfÙ OR5fÙ cfgGb sn' ]nd 7fS] g' – efUg'
wgw' /{ – wg' rnfpg l;kfn' JolStÙ lha|f] sf9g\ ' – lha|f] aflx/ lgsfNg'

wg' af]s]sf] JolSt
rfgr'g – ;fdfGoÙ dfdn' L
lgeL{s – g8/fpg]Ù eo gePsf]Ù lg8/

j}v/L sIff & 148

;g' fO÷af]nfO

!=  !@ ;g' /] l7sal] 7s 56' \ofpm M

-s_ …dxfef/tÚsf /rgfsf/ jfNdLls xg' \ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ …dxfef/tÚdfc+zaG8fsf] lgx'Fdf ePsf] j}dgiosf] rrf{ 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ dxfef/tdf Ps nfveGbf sd Znf]sx¿ 5g\ eGg] ul/G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ dxfef/tdf ol' wli7/, eLid, s0f{h:tf kfqx¿ 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ …dxfef/tÚdf o'4n] g} ;a}nfO{ kmfObf u5{ eGg] ;Gb]z 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@=  !@ ;'g]/ dv' }n] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ …afns PsnJoÚ sg' u|Gyaf6 lemlsPsf] syf xf] <

-v_ dxlif{ j]bJof; sf] xg' \ <

-u_ …dxfef/tÚdf s'g o'4sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 <

-3_ kf08j / sf}/jx¿dWo] ;ft hgfsf] gfd atfpm .

-ª_ …dxfef/tÚdf sg' s/' f b;f{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 <

#= …dxfef/tÚsf] syf 5f]6s/Ldf eg .

$= …dxfef/tÚdf jl0f{t tnsf kfqx¿sf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M

eLid, zsl' g, ljb/' , s0f{, ci6fjqm, b|f}kbL, bo' f]{wg

149 j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

afns PsnJo –zf/bf/d0f gk] fn

æk|0ffd u'?j/ ÛÆ

æolt /fd|f] ldhf;sf] of] afns sf] xf]nf <Æ lklnSs x]/]/ cfrfo{ b|f]0fn] ljrf/ u/],
æe]ife"iff x]bf{ t lgiffb h:tf] 5 .Æ

æd lgiffb/fh lx/0owg'sf] 5f]/f] PsnJo x'F . u'?j/ Û wg'lj{Bfsf ;j{>]i7 cfrfo{
tkfO{F;Fu Tof] ljBf l;Sg] /x/ af]s]/ oxfF cfPsf] 5' . s[kof, dnfO{ klg tkfO{Fsf] lzio
aGg] df}sf lbg'xf];\ .Æ afnsn] ba' } xft hf]8]/ ljgd|tfsf ;fy cfˆgf s'/f /fv] .
pgsf] cgx' f/ cfTdljZjf;n] wkSs an]sf] lyof] .

sf}/jkf08j /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ wgl' j{Bf l;sfpgsf nflu cfrfo{ b|f]0fn] xl:tgfk/'
;/sf/sf] lgd]s vfPsf lyP . xg' t pgL;Fu ToxfF cGo dn' 'ssf /fhs'df/x¿ klg
ljBf l;Sg cfPsf lyP t/ pgn] leqleq} /fhs'df/ ch{'gnfO{ ;j{>]i7 agfpg] jrg
klg lbO;s]sf lyP To;}n] tL kml' t{nf afnslt/ x]b{} pgn] eg], æafa' PsnJo Û
Iflqo /fhsd' f/x¿sf] o; kf7zfnfdf /fv]/ wgl' j{Bf l;sfpg lgodn] ldNb}g . ltdL
cfˆgf] af6f] nfu .Æ

b|f]0fsf s'/faf6 afns PsnJosf] cg'xf/df dlngtf cfof] . pgL lg/fz ePgg\ . pgn]
:jfefljs ¿kdf gd| eP/ cem} ;Ddfgsf ;fy eg], æd}n] tkfO{FnfO{ u?' dflg;s]sf]
5' . lgodn] ldNb}g / u'?nfO{ cK7\of/f] k5{ eg] eOxfNof] . dnfO{ t tkfO{Fsf] ;b\efjgf
dfq eP klg kU' 5 .Æ

wgl' j{Bfdf vlKk; geO{sg 3/
gkms{g] c7f]6 lnPsf afns PsnJo
xl:tgfk/' af6 kms]{/ ;/f;/ Pp6f
hª\unlt/ nfu] . pgn] hª\unleq} ;fgf]
cf>d agfP . ToxfF pgn] b|f]0ffrfo{sf]
lhp8fnsf] df6fsf] dl" t{ agfP/ :yfkgf
u/] clg PslrTt eP/ wgi' f rnfpg]
cEof; ug{ yfn] .

j}v/L sIff & 150