Baikhari Nepali 7

>L dft] L dfWolds ljBfno

lzj;tfIfL–@, emfkf

kz| +;fkq

>L la8\sf 68' H' o"
dª\unaf/], lzj;tfIfL–@, emfkf

@)&& ;fnsf] dfWolds lzIff k/LIffdf ;xefuL
eO{ lhlkP #=(% ;lxt pQL0f{ xg' 'ePsfd] f
xflbs{ awfO{ 1fkg ub{} tkfOF{sf] z}lIfs hLjg

pmWju{ fdL agf;] \ / JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs hLjg
ku| ltdo alg/xf];\ eGg] sfdgf;lxt

of] k|z+;fkq k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

__________ __________

k|dv' cltly k|wfgfWofks

gu/k|dv'

ldlt M @)&*÷!)÷!%

211kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff &

k9fO÷nv] fO

!= dflysf] ;Ddfgkq bO' { ldg]6 / kz| +;fkq Ps ldg6] df ;:j/ jfrg ul/;Sg]
cEof; ugx'{ f];\ .

@= l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;Ddfgkq xs{axfb'/ zfxLn] kfpge' Psf] xf] .
-v_ ;Ddfgkq ldlt @)&&÷!)÷!% df k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-u_ ;Ddfgkqsf k|d'v cltly k|wfgdGqL x'g\ .
-3_ k|z+;fkq l;+xb]jL cfwf/et" ljBfnoåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-ª_ la8\sf 68' 'n] #=(% lhlkP kfPsf xg' \ .
-r_ k|z+;fkqdf k|d'v cltly / k|wfgfWofkssf] x:tfIf/ 5 .
#= 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ xs{axfb/' zfxL s'g 7fpFsf xg' \ <
-v_ xs{axfb/' zfxLn] slt hUuf bfg u/]sf x'g\ <
-u_ xs{axfb'/ zfxLnfO{ sg' ;+:yfn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] <
-3_ la8\sf 68' 'sf] ljBfnosf] gfd / 7]ufgf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-ª_ la8\sfnfO{ lsg k|z;+ fkq k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-r_ la8\sfnfO{ s'g ldltdf k|z+;fkq k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 <
$= Ps cgR' 5b] df n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ xs{axfb'/ zfxLnfO{ ;Ddfgkq k|bfg ug{'xf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-v_ la8\sf 68' n' fO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] k|z;+ fkqdf s] elgPsf] 5 <
%= dflysf] ;Ddfgkq / k|z+;fkqsf tLg tLg cf]6f ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ l6Kg'xf];\ M

;dfgtfx¿ leGgtfx¿

!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

212 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[

^= tnsf] lgdGq0fkq k9\g'xf;] \ / To:t} Pp6f lgdGq0ffkq tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ M

xflb{s lgdGq0ff

xfdf| cfo'idfg\ ;'kq' >L vuG] b| rfw} /Lsf]
wuu9L–!), s}nfnL lgjf;L >L k'/0f co/ / >LdtL /flwsf co/sL

cfoi' dtL ;k' 'qL ;'>L ;'lko| f co/sf ;fydf
uflF ;Psf] bfDkTo hLjgsf] k0" f{ ;kmntfsf] ze' sfdgf tyf

cfzLjr{ g JoSt ug{ oxfsF f] pkl:yltsf nflu
xflb{s lgdGq0ff ub5{ fF} .

sfoq{ md k|fyL{
k|Lltef]h M @)&*÷!)÷!# lktf M >L afan' rf}w/L
:yfg M cgdf]n Sof6l/ª dftf M >LdtL k"mndtL rfw} /L
;do M lbgsf] @ ah]b]lv

&= tnsf] lj1fkg k9\g'xf;] \ / To:t} Pp6f lj1fkg agfpgx' f;] \ M

213kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff &

zAbe08f/ s

!= tnsf] sf]7k] baf6 ;fx] | cf6] f cg's/0ffTds zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ M
;' 6 6 Kof u Nof Dd

6' Ss n 6\6 x' 6\of em kf

Ss ;' n' n' / / n s

y k Ss x' x' 6\of d k

lkm Rjf :; /{ / / n x\of

:; w' ? w' ? km' /{ :;

;'6'Ss ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= tnsf cgs' /0ffTds zAb / lqmofsf hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

-s_ d;' 'Ss lrlKng' -s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ 5d5dL efUg' -v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;'n'Q lk6\g' -u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ 8\ofDd gfRg' -3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ ;'6S' s xfF:g' -ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf cgs' /0ffTds zAbx¿nfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ uNof{Dd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ emdSs ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ;/f;/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ Kof6\6 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ Rjf:; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

214 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLs[t

Jofs/0f / j0f{ljGof;

!= sf]i7ssf wft' k|ofu] u/L cf1fy{ jfSo agfpgx' f];\ M

-s_ ltdL 3/ hfpm . -hf_

-v_ tF /fd|/L ÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -k9\_

-u_ ltdL vfhf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -vf_

-3_ tF oxfF ÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -a;\_

-ª_ ltdL sljtf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -n]v\_

-r_ ltdLx¿ 3/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -cfp_

@= pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} OR5fy{df abNgx' f;] \ M

-s_ efOx¿ k9\5g\ . efOx¿ k9'g\ .

-v_ pgLx¿ v]N5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ efO 3/df a:5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ alxgL kf; xl' G5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ pgLx¿ syf ;G' 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf jfSonfO{ pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} ;Defjgfyd{ f abNg'xf;] \ M

-s_ pm 3/ hfG5 . pm 3/ hfnf .

-v_ ;fyLx¿ 3/ cfpF5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ To;n] w]/} k9\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ pgLx¿ w]/} k9\5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cfh 3fd nfU5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ xfdL syf n]V5f}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L ;ªs\ ]tfy{ jfSodf abNgx' f;] \ M

-s_ efO /fd|/L k9\5 / ;kmn xG' 5 . efO /fd|/L k9] ;kmn xG' 5 .

-v_ d 3/ hfG5' / cf/fd u5'{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ltdL cfpF5f} / cfdf v;' L x'gx' G' 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ uf]kfn ahf/ hfG5 / ;fdfg NofpF5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

215kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff &

%= pbfx/0f x]/L ;fdfGofy{sf] lqmofnfO{ cf1fy,{ OR5fy{ / ;Defjgfy{df abNg'xf];\ M

;fdfGofy{ cf1fy{ OR5fy{ ;Defjgfy{

k9\5 k9 k9f];\ k9\nf
u5{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]5{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3D' 5g\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
vfG5g\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
a:5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lbG5g\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ªs\ t] sf ;xfotfn] jfSo k/" f ug{'xf];\ M

-s_ pgLx¿ lzv/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -ku' \, OR5fy{_

-v_ xfdL k/LIffdf kf; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -x,' ;fdfGofy{_

-u_ ltdLx¿ ahf/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -a;\, ;Defjgfy{_

-3_ ltdL eft ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -vf, cf1fy{_

-ª_ efOn] v]ndf efu lnP k|yd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -x,' ;ª\s]tfy{_

-r_ /fhn' ] uLt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ . -ufp, OR5fy{_

&= pko'St 9ªu\ n] kbljof]u u/L tnsf jfSox¿ z'4 ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ efOn]alxgLnfO{lk6]5 .

-v_ ahf/dfw]/}y/LgSsnL;fdfgx¿kfOG5g\ .

-u_ xfd|Lcfdfn]alxgLx¿nfO{3/dfaf]nfpge' Psf]5 .

-3_ ltdLklglgs}b'MvLePsflyof}/]lg .

-ª_ cfh;Ddtrf8kj{g}xf]To;}n]3/d}5f}F .

216 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[

;dx" df efiff

!= tLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;L cfºgf ;fyLnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] Pp6f k|z+;fkq agfpg'xf];\ .
pQm k|z;+ fkqsf] 9frF f / zn} L 6fn] Lsf Ps hgfn] ;'gfpg'xf;] \ M

@= b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x aGgx' f];\ . ca x/]s ;dx" n] tnsf j0f{ / dfqf ko| fu] u/L
krf; cf]6f cy{k"0f{ zAb agfpg'xf;] \ M
s f d l n ' t f] h ] w /} u g L v

217kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLs[t j}v/L sIff &

l;hg{ f÷n3' kl/ofh] gf

!= tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf ;fyLsf] hGdf]T;jdf k|bfg ug{ ldNg] Pp6f z'esfdgfkq
agfpg'xf];\ M

@= tkfOF{nfO{ dg kg]{ Pp6f Jofkfl/s lj1fkg -g]kfnL efiffdf_ vfh] ]/ tnsf]
sf7] fdf 6f:F g'xf;] \ . pSt lj1fkg sIffdf k9/] ;g' fpg'xf];\ M

218 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

kf7– !&

cfFk rfVg vf]Hbf

219kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff &

k"jk{ 7g

õ lgDgfg;' f/ :jfb ePsf tLg tLg cf6] f vfg]s'/fsf gfd -kmnkm"n÷t/sf/L_
n]Vg'xf;] \ M
™ ul' nof] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

™ cldnf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

™ 6/f{] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

™ lk/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

™ lttf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

hflg/fVgk' g]{ s]xL zAbfyx{ ¿

uD5f – 3fF6Ldf a]l/g], kl;gf k'5\bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf] nfdf]

sk8f

bx – kf]v/LÙ tnfp
O;f/f – ;ª\s]t
em6f/f] – sf7sf] 5f]6f]5f]6f] 6'qmfÙ 5f]6f]5f]6f] bfp/f]

sGh'; – nf]eLÙ s[k0f
lhbb\ L – l9kL

a]tf8] – ;f/} l56f]Ù zL3|

laTof; – cfkt\

xf;] xjf; p8\g' – ;fx|} 8/ nfUg'

9f8 ;l] sg' – g/fd|f];Fu lk6fO vfg'

6fn] fpg yfNg' – Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'

l/sfkL – ;fgf] Kn]6Ù sd ulx/f] ePsf] ;fgf] yfn

p6k\ 6\ofª\ ug{' – abdf;L ug{'

220 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLst[

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= !& ;G' gx' f];\ / s;n] eg]sf] xf,] kQf nufpgx' f];\ M

-s_ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ klxn] v'?Ss lxF8 g Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cab]lv o:tf] p6\k6\ofª sfd ug{] 5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= !& ;'Ggx' f];\ / tnsf ;+jfbx¿nfO{ !, @, #=== sf qmddf /fVgx' f;] \ M

- _ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] <

- _ rGbg Û nf pm t eflu;s]5 .

- _ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls <

- _ oL ?v t lbuDa/ sfsfsf x'g\ .

- _ cfFk < vfg] lg . b]pm g .

- _ klxn] v'?Ss lxF8 g .

- _ clg vf]O{ t rGbg <

- _ b]Vb}gf} oqf] cfFksf] af]6 < n6/Dd kmln/x]sf] .

- _ s:tf] 8/5]?jf † k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . nf} d t em6f/f] xfGg yfN5' . ltdL

em/]sf a6'n x} t .

- _ lsÒlsg Û xh/' sf] 3/ hfg] < ghfFbf x'Gg <

- _ nf}, ltdL To;} eG5f} eg] d a6N' 5' lg t Û

- _ sfsf Û d}n] xf]Og . rGbgn] emf/]sf] .

- _ To} t Û lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh;' 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . pgn] lbg]

xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] d em6f/f] xfG5' . em/]sf cfFkx¿ ltdL a6'n .

- _ n lxF8 . d]/f] 3/ .

#= tkfOF{n] rfx]sf sg' } tLg s'/f k"/f x'g] eP tkfO{F s] s] rfxg'x'GYof] < atfpg'xf];\ .

$= tkfOF{nfO{ ;aeGbf dg kg]{ gfos÷gflosf sf] xg' \ < lsg <

%= tkfO{Fn] w/] } syf k9g\ 'ePsf] 5 . tkfOn{F ] k9g\ 'ePsf] syfdWo] sg' } Pp6f syfsf]

;an / ba' {n kIf ba' } s/' f ;d]6\b} atfpgx' f;] \ .

221kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff &

k9fO

cfkF rfVg vfH] bf
– zfZjt k/fh'nL

c;f/ dlxgf, zlgaf/sf] lbg lyof] . t/fO{df udL{ ;fx|} a9]sf] lyof] . rGbg laxfg}
k|eftsf] 3/df kU' of] .
æk|eft Û lxF8\ vf]nfdf gx' fpg hfcf}F .Æ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFugaf6} af]nfof] . k|eft
kl;gfn] lgy|S' s} eP/ sf]7fdf al;/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] ‰ofnaf6 x]b{} rGbgnfO{
eGof], ænf}nf} d cfPF, a? Ps}l5g a:b} u/\ x}, d uD5f lnP/ cfpF5' .Æ
ba' }n] vf]nfdf uP/ g'xfP, bxdf 8'a'NsL df/] clg lgs} a]/ kfgL v]n]/ pgLx¿
p7] . b'a} hgf s/' f ub{} cfO/x]sf lyP . rGbgsf] cfFvf af6f5]psf] ?vdf kmn]sf
cfFkdf ku' ] . af]6el/ n6/Dd cfFk kmn]sf lyP . s]xL cfFk t af]6}df kfls;s]sf
lyP .
rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] af]6lt/ O;f/f ub{} eGof] – æx]/\ k|eft ÛÆ
æb]v]F, b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' <Æ k|eftn] cfˆg} tfndf eGof] .

222 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t

æs] ug{' lg ca a6'n\ g em6\6L . b'O{rf/ cf]6f eml/xfN5g\ ls < o;f] em6f/f] df/f}F
g .Æ rGbgn] cfˆgf] egfO /fVof] .
æs] s'/f u/]sf] rGbg t}Fn], yfxf 5 tFnfO{ < of] cfFksf] af]6 lbuDa/ sfsfsf]
au}Frfsf] xf] . s]xL u/L lbuDa/ sfsfsf] km]nf kl/of] eg] ePg a]OHht < a? d
t vfGgF cfFk;fFk .Æ k|eftn] hfg]sf] s/' f atfof] .
æTof] t dnfO{ klg yfxf 5 t/ x]/\ g, lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh;' 5g\, a? cfFk
s'lxP/ hfG5, s;}nfO{ afF8\g] xf]Ogg\ . km]l/ t}Fn] of] ?vdf kmn]sf cfFk rfv]sf]
5;\ <Æ rGbgn] hf]8 u¥of] .
k|eftn] dgdg} ;f]Rof] – æa? dfu]/ vfP x'g] xf] . o;/L ;f]Wb} g;f]wL csf{sf]
au}Frfsf] cfFk emfg{' xfd|f] xf]Og === km]l/ rGbg c;fWo} lhb\bL u5{, s] ug{] xf]nf .Æ
cfkmg" lhs} bO' { cf]6f sfFrf cfFk kmT' t em/]kl5 k|eft em;ª\u eof] . rGbgn] em6f/f]
xflg;s]sf] /x]5 .
rGbgn] lgs} a]/ k|of; u¥of] t/ kfs]sf cfFk emfg{} ;s]g, a? afx|rf}w cf]6f
sfFrf cfFk em/] . k|eftnfO{ emg\ 8/ nfUof] . p;n] ;f]Rof], ækfs]sf cfFk em/]sf
eP Psb'O{ cf]6f vfP/ 3/ nflu;lsGYof] . s]xL u/L oL sfFrf cfFk emf/]sf] lbuDa/

223kf7o\ qmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff &

sfsfn] yfxf kfP eg] laTof;} k5{ .Æ

p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfsf] l/;fPsf] cgx' f/ ;D‰of] æuR' rf h:tf 7n' f7n' f cfFvf,
3f]lK6Psf] hF'uf . lbuDa/ sfsf o;} t 8/nfUbf 5g\, l/;fP eg] t emg\ === <Æ

k|eft lgxl' /P/ em/]sf cfFklt/ x]g{ yfNof] . k|eftn] cfFk l6lk;s]/ o;f] d'G6f]
p7fP/ s] x]/]sf] lyof], p;sf] xf];xjf; g} p8\of] .

p;n] cfˆgf] cufl8 sDd/df xft nufP/ lbuDa/ sfsf plePsf] b]Vof] . k|eft
y/y/L sfFKg kf] yfNof] . p;n] o;f] cfFvf 3'dfP/ x]¥of], rGbg a]tf]8;Fu efUb}
lyof] .

k|eftnfO{ nfUof] – æcfh d]/f] 9f8 ;]lsg] eof] .Æ

k|eftn] s] ug{], s] gug{] e]p kfpg} ;s]g . pm efUg klg ;s]g, lsgeg] lbuDa/
sfsf pmeGbf Ps kfOnf cufl8 lyP .

lbuDa/ s]xL af]n]gg\ . pgn] k|eftsf] kfv/' f ;dft]/ cfkm;" Fu} lnP/ uP . k|eftnfO{
nfUof] – ælbuDa/ sfsfn] p;nfO{ k|x/Ln] rf]/sf] s7fnf] ;dft]/ lxF8] em}F u/L
nu]sf 5g\ . af6fdf s;}n] b]v] eg] d]/f] s] ult xf]nf <Æ

k|eftn] km]l/ ;D‰of] – æcfˆgf] ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL k9fpg] x]dGt ;/sf] 3/ klg
lbuDa/ sfsfsf] 3/5]j}df 5 . st} x]dGt ;/n] b]Vge' of] eg] < === a? Ps emfk8
nufP/ 5fl8lbPsf] eP Ps} l5g bV' Yof], ;a}sf cufl8 a]OHht t x'g] lyPg .Æ

lbuDa/n] k|eftnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ k¥' ofP . af6fel/ Ps zAb af]n]gg\ . 3/df k'u]kl5
a}7s sf]7fdf /fv]/ cfkm" leq uP . k|eftnfO{ km]l/ nfUof] – æx]dGt ;/nfO{ 8fSg
kf] uPsf xg' \ ls <Æ

æs]xL u/]/ pgn] rfn kfP eg] ef]ln ljBfnodf kSs} ;hfo kfOG5 . Tof] klg
a]Grdf pleP/ a:gk' g{] . cem} s'v'/f agfP/ rp/df /flvlbP eg] t c¿ sIffsf
ljBfyL{x¿n] klg b]V5g\, clg s] rflxof] < Æ

k|eft Pstdf;n] 6f]nfpg yfNof] .

æs] ;f]r]sf] k|eft <Æ

lbuDa/ sfsf Pp6f ;fgf] kf]sf] / l/sfkLdf sf6]sf cfFksf rfgf af]s]/ cfOku' ] .
k|eft em;ª\u eof] . pm af]Ng} ;s]g . p;sf] z/L/ kl;gfn] ntkt eof] .

224 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

æltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf]
5 lg, x}g k|eft <Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn]
k|eftsf] cg'xf/ x]b{} eg] .

k|eft nfh / 8/n] ubf{ af]Ng} ;s]g,
p;sf cf]7 sfFKg yfn] .

lbuDa/n] k|eftsf] cgx' f/ k9\b}
eg]– æe}uf] k|eft g8/fpm, h] xg' ]
eOxfNof], === ltdLx¿n] cfFk vfgsf
nflu unt af6f] /f]Hof} .Æ

lbuDa/n] uDeL/ xF'b} eg]–
æltdLx¿n] cfFk emfg{ em6f/f] xfGof},
cflv/ sfFrf cfFk em/] . kfs]sf cfFk vfg kfPgf} . a? klxNo} dnfO{ eg]sf eP
cfFk v]/ hfFb}gy] . d ltdLx¿nfO{ ot} 8fs]/ k]6el/ cfFk v'jfP/ k7fpFy]F .Æ

ænf}, oL cfFk vfpm .Æ

k|eft lhNn k¥of] . p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfnfO{ dgdg} wGojfb lbof] . ?vsf cfFk
emfg{ cfkm"n] eGbf rGbgn] hf]8 u/]sf] s'/f klg atfof] . p;n] rGbgsf] tkm{af6
klg dfkmL dfUof] .

ænf} /fv, of] cfFk 3/df uP/ ;a}nfO{ afF8\g" .Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn] kf]sfsf] cfFk
k|eftsf] xftdf ydfOlbP .

k|eft cfFksf] kf]sf] af]s]/ 3/lt/ cfpFb} lyof] . OGb| ;fx'sf] kvf{ndf n's]/ a;]sf]
rGbg k|eftnfO{ b]Vg] lalTts} glhs} cfof] .

æslQsf] r6' fO vfO;\ t <Æ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ ;f]Wof] .

ær6' fO vfOgF, cfFk rflxF k|z:t} vfPF . tF klg vfG5;\ eg] lbG5' . of] kf]sfdf cfFk
5, ToxL af]6sf] kf]s]sf cfFk .Æ

rGbg lhNn k¥of] . p;n] k|eftaf6 ;a} s/' f] yfxf kfof] . rGbgnfO{ sfFrf] cfFk
emf/]sfdf k5'tf] eof] .

p;n] dgdg} c7f]6 u¥of] – æcab]lv p6\k6\ofª ug{]5}g .Æ

225kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff &

k9fO / nv] fO

!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ;xL pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ / /fdf| cIf/n] sfkLdf ;fgx'{ f;] \ M

lgy|S' s} n6/Dd au}Frf cfFk;fFk laTof;} xf];xjf; sfFKg ;D‰of]

cªu\ h]| L 8fSg lbuDa/ em;ªu\ uDeL/ wGojfb bV] gl] alTts} p6k\ 6o\ fª

@= dflysf] syf ;:j/ jfrg ugx'{ f;] \ .

#= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < atfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ b]v]F, cfFk b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ rfv]/ t x]/\, a? em6f/f] d xfgF'nf < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ a? dfu]/ vfP x'g] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf] 5 lg, x}g k|eft < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ sltsf] r6' fO vfO;\ t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= kf7df gk/]sf] ;Gbe{ lrg/] s6\6L ug'{xf;] \ M

-s_ k|eft / rGbg ;fyL;fyL lyP .

-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGof] .

-u_ r/fx¿ e'?? p8] .

-3_ lbuDa/ sfsf cfPkl5 rGbg efUof] .

-ª_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] ;fgf] kf]sf] lbP .

-r_ rGbg / kf/; :s'naf6 kms{Fb} lyP .

%= Ps zAbdf pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ sxfF hfpmF eGof] <

-v_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ s] l6Kg eGof] <

-u_ cfFksf] af]6 s;sf] lyof] <

-3_ x]dGt ;/n] sg' ljifo k9fpg'x'G5 <

-ª_ rGbgn] s] gug{] c7f]6 u¥of] <

226 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

^= tnsf kf:] 6/x¿ k9\gx' f];\ / km/s ae' mg\ x' f];\ M

&= kf7af6 lgDgfg;' f/sf lrGx nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo nV] g'xf];\ M
Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
æ Æ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
< M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= kf7af6 tnsf lgkft nfus] f PsPs cf6] f jfSo sfkLdf ;fg'{xf];\ M
x}, t, lg, ls, g, g}, nf}

(= tnsf 36gfqmdnfO{ !, @, #=== sf] qmddf /fVg'xf;] \ M
- _ rGbgn] em6\6Ln] cfFk emfg]{ s'/f ug'{
- _ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftnfO{ 3/df /fv]/ kfs]sf s]xL cfFk vfg lbg' /
Pp6f kf]sf] klg lbg'
- _ k|eftn] To;f] gu/f}F, lbuDa/ sfsfsf] km]nf kl/of] eg] a]OHht x'G5
eGg'
- _ k|eft / rGbg vf]nfdf gx' fpg' hfg'
- _ rGbgn] lh2L ug'{ / k|eft cndndf kg'{

227kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff &

- _ rGbgn] em6f/f] xflgxfNg' / rf}w kGw| cf]6f sfFrf cfFk emg'{
- _ af6faf6 b'a}n] n6/Dd kmn]sf lbuDa/ sfsfsf] cfFksf af]6 b]Vg'
- _ k|eft lbuDa/ sfsfsf] cgx' f/ ;Dem]/ 8/fpFb} tL cfFk l6Kg lgxl' /g'
- _ nfh / 8/n] af]Ng} g;Sg] k|eftnfO{ sfsfn] To:tf] abdf;L gug{

;Demfpg'
- _ k|eftn] sfFrf cfFk l6k]/ 6fpsf] p7fpFbf t lbuDa/ sfsf kf] cfºgf]

cufl8 l7ª\u lePsf] b]Vg' / rGbg eg] a]tf]8;Fu efUb} u/]sf] x'g'
!)= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ rGbg / k|eftn] vf]nfdf uP/ s] u/] <
-v_ rGbgsf cg;' f/ lbuDa/ sfsf s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ k|eftsf] lsg xf];xjf; p8\of] <
-3_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] 3/leqaf6 s] NofP <
-ª_ k|eft lsg lhNn k¥of] <
!!= krf;;f7L zAbdf pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ rGbg / k|eftsf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGg] s/' f ubf{ k|eftn] s] s] ;f]Rof] <
-u_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] ;dft]kl5 k|eftn] s]s] ;D‰of] <
-3_ syfsf] cGTo s;/L eof] <
-ª_ o; syfaf6 s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <
!@= dflysf] syfnfO{ !%) zAb hltdf k'gn{v] g ugx{' f];\ .

228 j}v/L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t

zAbe08f/

!= tnsf kbfjnL / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M

O;f/f ug{' cfkt\ kg{'

em6f/f] dfg{' kQf] kfpg'Ù yfxf kfpg'
sGh;' x'g' ;ª\s]t ug{'

laTof; kg{' Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'

a]tf]8n] bf}8g' em6f/fn] lxsf{pg'
e]p kfpg' abdf;L ug{'

p6\k6\ofª ug{' nf]eL xg' '

6f]nfpg yfNg' zL3| ultdf bf}8g'

@= tn cy{ lbOPsf] 5, cy{;Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] gx' f];\ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3fF6Ldf afFlwg] jf kl;gf k5' \bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf]

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfDrf] sk8f
kf]v/LÙ tnfp

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b08
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulx/fO sd ePsf] ;fgf] yfn

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;xL gePsf] af6f]Ù a]l7s tl/sf
#= jfSodf ko| S' t zAbnfO{ kb / To:tf zAbx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ kbfjnL elgG5 . kb

/ kbfjnLnfO{ a'‰g tnsf] pbfx/0f xg] 'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ ;fgf] s]6f] p;sf] 3/ uof] .

dflysf] jfSodf …s]6f]Ú kb xf] eg] …;fgf] s]6f]Ú kbfjnL xf] . To:t} …3/Ú
kb xf] eg] …p;sf] 3/Ú kbfjnL xf] . ca tnsf tflnsfaf6 kb /

kbfjnL 56' \ofP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

efO, xfd|f] ;fyL, ltdL, alnof] dfG5], gofF 3/, ;6' 'Ss efUof],

lxhf], p;sf] ldNg] ;fyL, vfof]

$= tnsf kbfjnLx¿ k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpgx' f];\ M

-s_ cUnf] ?v M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ w]/} cf]6f sfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ la:tf/} af]Ng' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ cfh laxfg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

229kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff &

Jofs/0f / j0f{ljGof;

!= jfRo eg]sf] egfO xf] . stj{[ fRodf stf{sf] jrg, lnªu\ , k'?if / cfb/cg';f/
lqmof /xG5 . sdj{ fRodf sds{ f] jrg, lnªu\ , k?' if / cfb/ /xG5 . efjjfRodf
rflxF lqmof ;wF} Psjrg, kl' nª\u, t[tLo k?' if / lgDg cfb/df /xG5 . st{j[ fRosf]
lqmofdf wftk' l5 …OÚ hfl] 8Psf] xb'F g} t/ sdj{ fRo / efjjfRodf rflxF wft'kl5
…OÚ k|Too hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . …OÚ hfl] 8g] / ghfl] 8g] cfwf/df tnsf lqmofx¿nfO{
tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L /fVgx' f;] \ M

v]N5 kl9G5 uOG5 af]Nof] xfl/of] ;l' tG5

n]V5g\ ;f6\nf lhltG5 cfpF5 lbOof] 9fFl6of]

st{[jfRosf lqmof sd{jfRo jf efjjfRosf lqmof

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= pbfx/0f x]/L tnsf st{[jfRosf jfSox¿sf] jfRo kl/jt{g ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ efO u[xsfo{ u5{ . -efOåf/f_ u[xsfo{ ul/G5 .

-v_ xfdL lrq agfpF5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ rGbgn] cfFkx¿ emf¥of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ ltdLn] ;fdfgx¿ Nofof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ d t 3/d} a:5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ pgLx¿ rfF8} ;T' 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-5_ alxgL 5d5dL gfrL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

230 jv} /L sIff & kf7o\ qmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[

#= st[j{ fRodf kl/jt{g ug'x{ f];\ M

-s_ -efOåf/f_ syf kl9G5 . efO syf k9\5 .

-v_ -/fdåf/f_ cfFkx¿ vfOP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ cfk"m t gfr x]l/G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ -;fyLaf6_ alxgL lkl6G5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ cfkm" x¿ t cf/fdn] al;G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ -aa' faf6_ ;fdfgx¿ a]lrP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf zAbdf …/Ú sf] ljleGg ¿ksf] ko| u] ePsf] 5 tL zAbx¿ k9g\ x' f;] \ . To:t} bO' {
bO' { cf6] f / sf] leGg ¿k ko| fu] ePsf zAb yKgx' f;] \ M
/sf] leGg ¿k zAbx¿
| xfd|f] k|b]z ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

¥ k¥of] u¥of] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
« 6«s 8«d ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

{ k5{ d5{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= tnsf …/Ú sf leGg ¿k k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ k|jf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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;dx" df efiff

!= kfFr5 hgfsf] ;d"x aGg'xf;] \ . ca ;d"xdf klxnf] ;b:on] rf/kfrF jfSodf sg' }
syfsf] ;?' jft ug'x{ f];\ . To;kl5 To; ;'?jftL syfnfO{ bf;] |f] ;b:on] k9L c¿
rf/kfFr jfSo yKg'xf];\ clg klxnf] ;b:on] n]vs] f] c+z k6o\ fpg'xf];\ -cfkmn" ]
nv] s] f] c+z dfq bl] vg] u/L_ / t;] f| ] ;b:onfO{ lbgx' f];\ . t;] f| ] ;b:on] bf];|f]
;b:on] n]v]sf] cz+ dfq k9L rf/kfFr jfSo ykL cfkmn" ] nv] ]sf] dfq k9\g ldNg]
u/L k6o\ fP/ rfy} f] ;b:onfO{ lbg'xf;] \ . rf}yf] ;b:on] klg t];|f] ;b:on] nv] ]sf]
c+z dfq k9L To;}sf] l;nl;nfdf rf/kfrF jfSo yKg'xf];\ . oxL qmddf clGtd
;b:on] syfsf] cGTo ugx'{ f];\ . cGTodf ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn] cfºgf] ;d"xn]
k6o\ fpFb} nv] s] f] syfnfO{ kms' fP/ ;'?bl] v k9\gx' f;] \ . tkfOF{sf ;d"xn] nv] ]sf]
k6\ofOPsf] syf s:tf] eof] < 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . cfºgf] ;dx" n] n]v]sf] syf
;Dkfbg u/L sg' } syf aGg] eP ;Dkfbg ugx'{ f];\ .

@= bO' {b'O{ hgf ldnL tnsf pk;u{ nfus] f tLg tLg cf6] f zAb n]Vg'xf;] \ . cfºgf]
;d"xn] n]v]sf zAbx¿ l7s 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f tkfOF{n] ;g' fPkl5 lzIfsn]
lgwf/{ 0f ugx{' g' ]5 .

k| M ke| ft ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ck M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

a] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

s' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k|lt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

232 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf

!= tnsf aF'bfx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f6] f] syf n]Vgx' f];\ / syfsf] zLif{s klg
lbgx' f;] \ M
™ sf}zn6f/ eGg] 7fpFdf c;fWo} rsrs] Pp6f s]6f]
™ s]6f] s;}n] eg]sf] g6]g{'
™ 3/af6 6f9f6f9f;Dd v]Ng hfg'
™ Ps lbg cfdfl;t kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ hfg'
™ kzk' ltgfydf ePsf afFb/x¿nfO{ lh:sfpg'
™ afFb/n] p;nfO{ lryf{]g'
™ cfˆg} abdf;Ln] b'Mv kfpg'
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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@= cfkm"n] hfgLghfgL u/]sf] s'g} uNtL / To;n] l;sfPsf] kf7sf af/d] f ;Tt/Lc;L
zAbdf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

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;'gfO l;ksf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf kf7x¿

kf7 ! -g]kfnL_ –dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]

ufpF5 uLt g]kfnL Hof]ltsf] kª\v prfnL
ho ho x] g]kfn, ;G' b/ zfGt ljzfn .

u08sL, sf];L, s0ff{nL, d]rL / dxfsfnL
n]s / a]F;L Ao'emfpF5g\ nx/ nfvf}F prfnL
lxdfnr'nL af]nfpF5 klxnf] em'Nsf lgsfnL
;u/dfyf lzv/df kU' b5 klxn] g]kfnL .

;Ltfn] ;f/f lehfOg\ blIf0f nª\sf ef/t
e[s'6L tf/f pbfOg\ pQ/ rLg, ltAat
a'4n] oxLF kfPy] 1fgsf] klxnf] dx' fg
lzjn] oxLF NofPy] ;[li6sf] klxnf] laxfg .

klZrd lsNnf sfFu8f, k"j{df l6:6f ku' ]Yof}F
s'g zlStsf] ;fdd' f slxn] xfdL ems' ]Yof}F
xfdLn] lxdfn p7fof}F Pl;ofsf] dfemdf
;Eotf af; a;]Yof] cfP/ oxLF ;fFemdf .

o} g]kfnL w'nfdf lbnsf] km'n /f]k]/
o} kxf8L lznfdf k|Lltsf] uLt vf]k]/
afFrf}Fnf xfdL g]kfndf rGb| / ;"o{ Wjhf nL
gfrf}Fnf xfdL lxdfndf Hof]ltsf] kª\v prfnL .

kf7 @ -dvdnL yn} L_

cfkmGtL cfºgf] ;dosf kl| ;4 8fS6/ lyP . Ps lbgsf] s/' f xf–] cfkmGtL
cfºgf] lSnlgsdf al;/xs] f] an] f Ps hgf Hofb} df6] f dfG5] cfOku' ] / eg,]
æ8fS6/ ;fa † d Hofb} df6] f] ePF . dnfO{ bA' nfpg] cfv] tL lbgk' ¥of] .Æ

cfkmGtLn] tL df]6f dfG5]sf] z/L/ lgs} a]/ nufP/ hfFr] . clg k'hL{df
n]lvlbP, ætkfO{FnfO{ cf}ifwLsf] ca vfFrf] k/]g lsgeg] ca kGw| lbg dfq
afFRg'x'G5 .Æ

234 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[

8fS6/sf] kh' L{ x]/]/ df]6f dfG5]sf] xf];xjf; p8\of] . pgL s]xL gaf]nL
h'?Ss p7] / 3/tkm{ nfu] . pgL d[To'sf] ;"rgfn] olt lrlGtt eP ls pgn]
s]xL s/' f vfg ;s]gg\ g t pgnfO{ lgb|f g} nfUof] . kGw| lbg;Dddf t pgL
olt bA' nfP ls ca pgL xf8 / 5fnf dfq xg' k'u] .

lbg laTb} uof] t/ pgL d/]gg\ . To;kl5 Ps lbg pgL cfkmGtLsf] lSnlgsdf
uP / eGg yfn], æ8fS6/ ;fa † tkfO{F t xfjfbf/L 8fS;fk kf] xg' 'x'Fbf] /x]5 .
tkfO{Fn] d t kGw| lbgdf dg]{ s/' f] of] kh' L{df n]Vg'efÚYof] † v} t d d/]sf] <Æ

cfkmGtLn] uDeL/ xbF' } eg,] æw/] } af7f] gxg' ;' \ . d/] f] ToxL cfv] tLn] g} tkfOnF{ fO{
as] fdsf] df6] fk] gaf6 arfof] . nf} ca v?' Ss d/] f] lkm; ltg;{' \ t .Æ

;g' fO kf7 – # -cfºgf] lhDd]jf/L_

u'?cfdf sIffdf kj| z] ug{x' 'G5 . pxfnF ] kf6Ldf d]/f afcfdf s/' f nV] g'x'G5 .
pxfFn] eGgx' 'G5 . cfh xfdL xfd|f a'afcfdfsf dg kg{] / dg gkg]{ ljifodf
s'/f u5fF}{ .

u'?cfdf M /fwf Û tkfOn{F fO{ cfˆgf aa' fsf] s'g s'/f dg k5{ clg s'g s'/f
dg kbg}{ <

/fwf M d]/f aa' f s;;} Fu emu8f ug{'x'Gg . dnfO{ of] afgL ;aeGbf
dg k5{ . pxfF d;Fu s/' f ubfu{ b{} lgbfpg'x'G5 . clg 3g' { klg
yfNg'x'G5 . dnfO{ of] k6Ss} dg kb{g} .

u'?cfdf M clg cfdfsf] lg <

/fwf M pxfF xfd|f] va' Vofn ug{'x'G5 . of] afgL dnfO{ clt dg k5{ . ;fgf
s/' fdf g} pxfF cf;F ' emfgx'{ G' 5 . dnfO{ of] afgL slQ dg kbg{} .

u'?cfdf M ldªd\ fsf] a'afsf] lg Û

ldª\df M d]/f a'af w/] } d]xgtL x'g'xG' 5 . pxfF laxfgbl] v an] s' f;Dd sfd
ug{x' 'G5 . dnfO{ d]/f a'afsf] s]xL s/' f rfF8} la;g{ ] afgL 5 . dnfO{
s]xL s'/f NofOlbg" eG5' t/ pxfF csf]{ lbg lal;{xfNg'xG' 5 . dnfO{
pxfFsf] of] afgL k6Ss} dg kb{}g .

u?' cfdf M ldª\df clg cfdfsf] lg <

ldª\df M d/] L cfdf yf]/} k;} fn] klg 3/vr{ k'¥ofpgx' 'G5 . ;a} vrs{ f]

235kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff &

lx;falstfa /fVg'xG' 5 . d/] L cfdfsf] of] afgL dnfO{ dg k5{ .
d/] L cfdf rfF8} l/;fpg'xG' 5 . dnfO{ d]/L cfdfsf] of] afgL rflxF
k6Ss} dg kb}g{ .

o:t} u/L sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf a'af cfdfsf] dg kg{] / dg gkg{]
afgL atfp5F g\ . sIff ;dfKt x'G5 .

kf7 $ -l;4fy{ uf}td a'4_

b]zn] /ut dfu] dnfO{ anL r9fpm
?Flbgg\ d]/L cfdf pm g]kfnsL 5f]/L

b]zelStsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] oL kª\lStsf /rgfsf/, ;ª\uLtsf/
tyf ufos xg' \– uf]kfn of]Ghg .

uf]kfn of]Ghg g]kfnL ;ª\uLt hut\sf cfb/0fLo JolStTj xg' \ . pgsf]
hGd cu:6 @^, !($# sf lbg bflh{lnªsf] ldl/s eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] .
pgsf afas' f] gfd a'l4dfg of]Ghg / cfdfsf] gfd 5]s'8f]Ndf xf] . blIf0f
Pl;ofnL ;ª\uLtdf :gfts / g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Tt/;Ddsf] cWoog
u/]sf of]Ghgn] @)@* ;fnb]lv kßsGof SofDk; afuahf/df ;ª\uLtsf]
k|fWofkg u/]sf lyP .

uf]kfn of]Ghg ax'd'vL k|ltef ePsf JolSt lyP . pgsf l;h{gfdf
b]zelStsf] efjgf / :j/ tyf ;ª\uLtsf] cfgGb kfOG5 . pgn]
…ag]sf] 5 kx/fn] of] 5ftL d]/f]Ú, …la;{]/ km]l/ dnfO{ gx]/, …dnfO{ dfkm
ul/b]pmÚ, …uNtL xhf/ xG' 5g\Ú, …ltd|f] h:tf] d'6' d]/f] klgÚ h:tf sfnhoL
uLtx¿sf] l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] g]kfnL ;ª\uLtsf dxfg\ k|ltefx¿
cDa/ u'?ª, gf/fo0f uf]kfn, c?0ff nfdf, gfltsfhL, plbtgf/fo0f emf
h:tf JolStx¿;Fu ldn]/ w]/} sfd u/]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s pgn] …sfG5LÚ,
…dfofk|LltÚ h:tf bzafx| cf]6f g]kfnL rnlrq / …clUgk/LIffÚ, …8fFkm]
r/LÚ h:tf gf6sx¿df ;d]t ;ª\uLt lbPsf 5g\ .

uf]kfn of]Ghgsf] o'unfO{ g]kfnL ;bfaxf/ ;ª\uLtsf] :j0f{o'u dflgG5 .
o:tf dxfg\ ;ª\uLt1n] lqkGg jif{sf] pd]/df d] @), !((& df xfdLnfO{
;bfsf nflu 5f]8]/ uP klg pgsf l;h{gfx¿ xfdL dfem ;bf /lx/xg]5g\ .

236 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLs[t

;'gfO kf7 % -of]u / :jf:Yosf] ;DaGw_

:jf:Yo eg]sf] /f]u / b'a{ntfaf6 dfq dQ' m geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s /
;fdflhs ¿kn] k0" f{ ¿kdf tGb?' :tLsf] cj:yf xf] . o:tf] cj:yf k|flKtsf
nflu xfdLn] ;j{k|yd lk|e]lG6e cyf{t\ /f]syfd;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿
ug{'kb{5 . To;kl5 bf];|f] So/' ]l6e cyf{t\ lgbfg / lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
sfdx¿ ug{'kb{5 . / cGTodf t];|f], k|f]df]l6e cyf{t\ k|f]T;fxgk/s ultljlw
klg ug'{kb{5 . o:tf ultljlwdWo] lrlsT;f lj1fgdf klxnf] cyjf,
lk|e]lG6e cyf{t\ /f]syfd;Fu ;DalGwt sfd ev{/ xg' yfn]sf] 5 / bf];|f]
cyf{t\ So/' ]l6e jf lgbfg / lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ a9L ul/G5 .
t];|f] cyf{t\ k|f]df]l6e ultljlw t 7\ofDd} g} ul/Gg . t/ of]ufEof; jf
of}lus lqmofdfkm{t\ d'VotM t];|f] / To;kl5 klxnf]nfO{ dxTTj lbOG5 .
cyjf of]un] dfgj r]tgfsf] lj:tf/af6 :j:ys/ hLjgsf] ck]Iffdf a9L
hf]8 lbG5 . o;sf ;fy} s]xL of}lus lqmof jf of]ufEof; bf];|f] cyf{t\
lgbfg–lgjf/0f;Fu klg ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ .

kf7 ^ -;fyLnfO{ lr7L_

@)&* ;fn k;' @& ut]
sf}zn6f/, eStk'/

d]/f] Kof/f] km'Rr] efO
w]/}w]/} cfzLjf{b Û

d o;kflnsf] df3];ª\qmflGtdf dfO{d]nf eg{ cfpg kfOgF lsgls sf]le8–
!( sf] dxfdf/L 5 . t/ ltdL dfO{ d]nf hfpm / dfO{sf] au/nfO{ d cfpg
g;Sg] sf/0f atfOb]pm .

cfdfn] ksfpg'ePsf] ;]n/f]6L / pl;g]sf] l;dn t?n vfg kfOgF .
cfdfnfO{ lk/ gug{" elgb]pm . cfFug5]psf] l;;f}sf kft emg{ yfn] xf]nfg\ .
v/]6fn] a9fb{} ubf{ d]/f] k}tfnfsf] 5fk vf]lhx]g{" . UjfnLdf tf/L ufO{ pu|fpFb}
xf]nf . sF'8] / vf]n] xflnlbg" .

bw' ]ahf/sf] r6k6]sf] af:gf clxn] d]/f] gfs}df cfpFb} 5 . bdssf] cfDbf
hfg] af6f]sL y?gL lbbLn] ksfPsf] tftf]tftf] eSsf / v;' f{gLsf] crf/
;DemFbf d'vdf kfgL cfO/x]sf] 5 . a6' \6faf/Lsf] lrofaufgdf lvr]sf
kmf]6fx¿ x]bf{ dnfO{ d]/f] afNosfnn] af]nfO/x]sf] 5 t/ klg d o;kfln

237kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff &

emfkf cfpg kfOgF / ltdL / la8\sf x]d|gl;t vfnL v6' \6} efg' :s'nsf]
rp/df km6' an v]Ng kfOgF . ladnL sfsfsf] ao/ ‰ofªaf6 lrlrnf ao/
rf]/]/ vfg kfOgF . n]lnof / 8'F8fdf/L vf]nfdf ;'?jfn lehfpFb} k}ofF df5f
;dfTg kfOgF . l7s} 5 d]/f] kmR' r] efO, d cfpg gkfP klg Tof] bdssf]
cfjf3/sf] cUnf] 6fj/nfO{ d]/f] ;nfd ;g' fOb]pm . latf{df]8sf kR' sf a]Rg]
lbbL / dª\unaf/] ahf/df 9'ª\u|L / KofhL a]Rg] sfsLx¿nfO{ d l56\6}
emfkf cfpg] s/' f ;g' fOb]pm .

cfhnfO{ olt g} . afFsL e]6df s'/f u/f}Fnf .

ltdLnfO{ dfof ug{] bfh'
lbj;

kf7 & -gfd_

;fF9]sf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] kz'x¿sf] k|ltlglw d08nn] Ps lbg laxfg} kz'kltsf]
blSvg 9f]sf 3r3Rofof] . kzk' ltn] o;f] x]/]sf dfq s] lyP, h'/f] xNnfpFb}
k|ltlglw d08nsf] g]tfn] gd|tf;fy eGof], ætkfO{F kzs' f klt eP/ klg
xfdL kzx' ¿dfly sg' } jf:tf ul/lbge' Pg . tkfO{Fn] kn' k'NofOlbFbf cfh
dfG5]n] ug{';Dd ul/;Sof] . l/;fgL dfkm x'G5 eg] xfdL ;d:t kzx' ¿sf]
Pp6} cfjfh 5 – dfG5] dflTtof], dflTtof] t/ kz' lar/f] cflTtof] .Æ

of] df]/f] kz'sf] hft hlxn] klg /ª\ug9ª\usf] srsr ug{ cfpF5 eGg]
7fgL kz'kltn] emls{P/ ;f]w], æcflv/ ltdLx¿sf] ;d:of s] xf] <Æ

;fF9]n] eGof], æxfdL kmfF6 dl8of dfg{] ;fF9] hfltnfO{ sfGhLxfp;leq y'g]/
b'O{ d7' f k/fndf afFr eG5 – cfhsf] :jtGqtflk|o egfpFbf] dfG5] .Æ

;fF9]sf] s/' fdf ;z+ f]wg ub{} uf]?n] eGof], æxf]Og xh'/ Û jf:tljs dsf{df
k/]sf] kz' t cem d kf] 5' . hldg hf]Tg]sf] x'G5 egL gf/f nfUb5 .
t/ hldgsf] vf; hf]tfxf dnfO{ dv' df k]?ª\uf] afFlwlbG5 – cfhsf]
;dfhjfbL dfG5] .Æ

;fF9] / uf]? cfFvf kN6fpFb} lyP, afFb/ pk|m]/ kzk' ltsf cufl8 kU' of] .
p;n] chL{ u¥of], æxfdL ljZjsf ;d:t jfg/hflt 3/af/xLg 5f}F t/ xfd|f]
;d:of x]l/lbFb}g – cfhsf] ljZjaGwT' jjfbL dfG5] .Æ

-e}/j cfof{nb\jf/f lnlvt …hoe'F8LÚdf ;ª\u[xLt …kz', kzk' lt / dfG5]Ú
gfds lgaGwsf] cz+ _

238 jv} /L sIff & kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

kf7 * -s]xL l:jl8; afnsx¿_

l:j8]g pQ/L o'/f]ksf] Pp6f b]z xf] . of] b]z gj{] / lkmgNofG8;Fu hf]l8Psf]
5 eg] 8]gdfs{;Fu ;db' |L k'nsf dfWodaf6 hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] aflN6s ;fu/
tyf af]l:gofsf] vf8L;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] b]z $%)@(% ju{lsnf]ld6/df
km}lnPsf] 5 / ;g\ @)@! sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof !)$)*)))
/x]sf] 5 . o;n] s] s'/f k|:6 kf5{ eg] of] b]z g]kfneGbf w]/} 7'nf] 5 t/
o; b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} sd 5 .

l:j8]gsf] /fhwfgL :6sxf]d xf] . oxfFsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff l:jl8;
efiff xf] . oxfF g]kfnsf] t'ngfdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . o; b]zsf] cfDbfgLsf]
dV' o ;|f]t sf7, ljBt' \ pTkfbg, kmnfdsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ xf] . To;sf
;fy} 6]lnsDo'lgs];g, uf8L pBf]u / cf}ifwL pBf]ux¿ klg o; b]zsf]
cfDbfgLsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ . sn' ufx{:y pTkfbgsf b[li6n] l:j8]g
xfnsf] ;+;f/s} PSsfO;f}F wgL b]z xf] .

l:j8]g ;j+ }wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo Joj:yf ePsf] b]z xf] . o;nfO{
PSsfO; cf]6f sfpG6L / @() cf]6f gu/kflnsfx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 .

kf7 ( -cfdf_

nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf]

–dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]

nfUb5 dnfO{ /dfOnf] d]/} kfvf kv]/f]
lxdfnr'nLdlGt/ kfgL eg{] kFw]/f] .

n]s} x]?F nfnL u'/fF; a]F;L x]?F KofpnL
lk/tL af:g] k/]jf, lj/x af]Ng] GofpnL
lxdfn 5G' 5 a]ns' L lsls{6fsf] tfFtLn]
h'g]nL /ft latfpF5g\ ufpFbf ufpFb} ;fyLn] .

;DemG5' d lxdrn' L cfF;s' f] l9sf v;fnL
of] la/fg' d'n'sdf a:t}g dfof a;fnL
gf} 8fF8fsf] kf/df k|Lltsf] b]z 5 d]/f]
dgdf 3fd gnfu] ;+;f/} ;f/f cFw]/f] .

239kf7o\ qmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff &

d]/f] sfnL n]s}nfO{ tfs]/ hfg] afbn
g5f]P klg xftn] x]b{}df slt sf]dn
bf}8fOnfG5 dnfO{ o} afbn' 5fofn]
kfb{5 hxfF OlGb|gL k/]nf leHg] dfofn] .

kf7 !) -k|lhtfsf b'O{ lbg_

Ps lbg lbpF;f] aa' fcfdf v]tdf sfd ug{ hfge' of] . 3/df xh/' af,
xh/' cfdf / d dfq lyof}F . Ps l5gkl5 xh/' af klg ufpF 8'Ng lg:sg'eof] .
ca 3/df xh'/cfdf / d dfq /x\of}F .

xh'/cfdfsf] lbpF;f] ;T' g] afgL lyof] . pxfFn] ;'Tg] a]nfdf dnfO{ eGge' of],
æg/]Gb| † a'OFundf ghf x} .Æ

d}n] ;f]w]F, ælsg xh/' cfdf <Æ

æaO' Fundf et" xG' 5, To;}n]Æ, xh'/cfdfn] eGg'eof] .

d}n] ;'g]sf] lyPF . et" sf] bf/f xG' 5 . et" sf] z/L/ 8/nfUbf] xG' 5 . et" sf]
e'Tnf klg xG' 5 . e"tn] dfG5]nfO{ vfG5 . e"tn] t;f{of] eg] dfG5] d5{ . d
dgdg} e"tsf] s/' f u'Gb} lyPF . xh/' cfdf lgbfO;Sge' P5 .

d}n] e"tsf af/]df w]/} ;'g] klg ;fFlRrs} e"t rflxF b]v]sf] lyOgF . ;fFlRrs}
et" s:tf] xf]nf < dfG5]x¿n] eg]s} h:tf] xf]nf ls gxf]nf < b]Vg kfP t
;fyLx¿;Fu s'/f ug{ dHhf cfpnf . o:tf] ;f]rfOn] a'OFundf r9]/ et"
x]g]{ d]/f] OR5f hfUof] . dgleq 8/ klg 5Fb} lyof] .

d lgSs} ;fx; a6n' ]/ aO' Fundf r9]F . ;a}lt/ ;g' ;fg lyof] . d}n] st}
et" b]lvgF . t/ crfgs d]/f k5fl8 s]xL plk|mof] . et" xf]nf egL d]/f]
;ftf]k'Tnf] p8\of] . 8/fO{ 8/fO{ k5fl8 kms]{/ x]/]F . ToxfF t la/fnf] kf] /x]5 .

la/fnf] b]v]kl5 d 9'Ss ePF . xh'/cfdfn] eGg'ePsf] e"t s'gfsfKrfdf kf]
ns' ]sf] xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . d xf]l;of/ x'Fb} s'gfsfKrflt/ x]g{ yfn]F . ptf
s'gfdf t kfs]sf s]/fx¿ kf] /x]5g\ .

d}n] Ps sf];f] s]/f lems]F . clg bf}8Fb} xh'/cfdf5]p uPF .

æxh'/cfdf † xh'/cfdf †Æ

xh'/cfdf tl;{Fb} p7\ge' of] / ;f]Wg'eof], ælsg < s] eof] <Æ

240 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLs[t

æd}n] a'OFunsf] e"t b]v]F <Æ

ævf]O sxfF 5 <Æ, xh/' cfdfn] ;f]Wge' of] .

æOMÆ, d}n] xftsf] s]/f b]vfPF .

d]/f xftdf s]/f b]v]kl5 xh/' cfdfn] eGg'eof], ænf} df¥of] † log} s]/f
lems]/ vfnf;\ eg]/ e"tsf] 8/ b]vfÚy]F . s]sf] xG' Yof] < s:tf] rn' an' ]
s]6f] †Æ

d}n] klg xh'/cfdfsf] e"tnfO{ afFsL /flvgF . skfsk vfOlbPF .

kf7 !! -kKkL laqmLdf_

d]/f] afNosfn

bO' { jif{b]lv afx| aif{;Ddsf] pd]/nfO{ afNosfn elgG5 . hLjgsf] of]
sfnv08 ;a}sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . oxL sfnv08df xfdL hLjgsf
cfwf/et" s'/fx¿ l;S5f}F . hLjg afFRg] snf l;S5f}F . o; pd]/df xfdL w]/}
uNtLx¿ klg u5f}{F . slxn]sfxLF p6\k6\ofª sfd s'/f u5f}{F . slxn] /dfOnf]
ubf{ub}{ b'Mvsi6 klg kfpF5f}F . h] h:tf] 36gf o; pd]/df 36] klg To;af6
l;ls/x]s} x'G5f}F .

clxn] dnfO{ afNosfn Pp6f /dfOnf] v]nh:t} nfU5 . d}n] afNosfndf
h]hlt ultljlwx¿ u/]F, tL ;a} v]nh:t} hfU5 . tL ultljlw ;DemFbfdfq
klg cfgGb cfpF5 . x'g t Tolta]nf h]df klg v]nsf] /; x'GYof] .
lstfasf kfgf kN6fpFb} lrq uGg] v]n v]lnGYof] . sfkLdf l7s lrx\g
slt cf]6f 5g\ eGg] k|lt:kwf{ g} xG' Yof] . ds} e6df; vfFbf d7' Ldf /fv]/
hf]/ lahf]/ v]lnGYof] . Pp6f sf7sf] 6q' mfnfO{ 8f]/Ldf afFw]/ s'bfpFbf klg
v]n g} x'GYof] . l/ª u8' fpFbf ;fx}{ dHhf cfpYof] . leQfdf cFuf/n] sf]/L
n]vfO v]Nbf 3/ kmf]xf]/ ePsf] kQ} xF'b}gYof] . cfkm" n] hfg]sf] s/' f sxfF
dfq n]lvPg / Û sk8fsf ;fgf ;fgf 6q' mf a6n' ]/ kt' nL agfP/ kt' nLsf]
ljjfx /lrGYof] . k'tnLsf] agf]6 Vofn ul/Fb}gYof] . 5f]/L labfO ubf{ ;fFRr}
/f]OGYof] . h] ubf{ klg hLjg /l;nf] lyof] .

d ;fwf/0f ls;fg kl/jf/df hlGdPsf] dfG5] . d]/f] hLjgdf :jfefljs
vfnsf bM' vx¿ lyP . ;fg}b]lv 3fF;bfp/f ug{'kYof]{ . cfk"meGbf ux|f}F wfgsf]
ef/L afs]/ wfg s6' fpg lxF8\g'kYof]{ . cfkm"eGbf ;fgf efOalxgLsf] x]/rfx

241kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff &

ug'{kYof{] . :s'n klg 3/af6 w]/} 6f9f lyof] . kfgL, em/L, hf8f], udL{ gegL
lxF8]/ g} :sn' hfg] cfpg] ug{'kYof]{ . o:tf cg]s cg]s bM' vsi6 eP klg
;v' sf] ld7f] cg'el" t 5f]8\b} d]/f] afNosfn laTof] .

kf7 !@ -b[li6ljxLgx¿sf cfvF f – nO' ; an|] _

oL tl:a/x¿ ;a} Ps} JolStsf lrq xg' \ . ca ltdLx¿n] lrlg;Sof} xf]nf
oL s;sf tl:a/ x'g\ eg]/ .

xf], oL tl:a/x¿ ljZjljVoft snfsf/ rfnL{ RoflKngsf x'g\ . km/s
vfnsf] 5q] 6f]kL, nf}/f], gfsd'lg dfq /xg] 5f]6f] hF'uf, km6\ofpg vf]lhPsf]
v6' \6f, cln gldNg] sf]6 / k]G6 rfnL{ RoflKngsf klx/gut ljz]iftf
cfkm}Fdf cgf}7f nfU5g\ . o:t} klx/gdf efiffljxLg clegon] bz{ssf]
x8\8L;Dd} xF;fpg ;Sg] v'aL g} rfnL{ RoflKngnfO{ ljZjljVoft agfpg]
s8L xf] .

la;f}F ztfAbLsf ljVoft snfsf/ rfnL{ RoflKngsf] hGd !) clk|n !**(
df nG8gdf ePsf] lyof] . logsf a'af rfN;{ RoflKng To; ;dosf k|l;4
ufos lyP t/ /S:ofxfsf ¿kdf abgfd klg lyP . logsL cfdf x]gf klg
snfsf/ g} lyOg\ t/ rfN;{n] pgnfO{ / ;GtfgnfO{ ;d]t Tofu]/ a]kQf
ePsf] s]xL jif{kl5 pgsf] dfgl;s ;Gtn' g u'Dof] . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf
xs' ]{sf rfnL{ RoflKngsf] afNosfn lgZro g} ;'vb\ lyPg .

rfnL{ RoflKngn] kfFr jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g} snfofqf ;'? u/]sf xg' \ . pgsf]
snfofqfsf] ;?' jft b'Mvb kl/l:yltaf6 ePsf] lyof] . Ps lbg pgsL
cfdf x]gf d~rdf uLt ufpFbfufpFb} unf cj?4 eP/ a];'/f xg' kl' ug\ .
To;kl5 bz{sx¿n] x'l6ª ug{ yfn] . xnsf] Pp6f sg' fdf a;]/ of] bM' vb
b[Zo b]lv/x]sf kfFr jifL{o afns rfnL{ d~rdf uP / uLt ufpg yfn] .
pgsf] ;fx; / snf b]v]/ bz{sx¿ zfGt eP . o;/L pgsf] ;fj{hlgs
snf ofqf ;?' eof] .

rfnL{ RoflKng k|l;4 lkmNdsdL{ xg' \ . pgn] clego tyf lgdf{0f u/]sf b
ls8, l;6L nfO6, b u]6| l8S6]6/ h:tf l;g]dfx¿ ljZjk|l;4 5g\ . o:tf
dxfg\ k|ltefsf] lgwg @% l8;]Da/ !(&& df eof] .

242 jv} /L sIff & kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

kf7 !# -gk] fndf ko{6g Joj;fosf ;Defjgf_

xf], kfgLn] k[YjLsf] cg'xf/ km]g]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 / o;n] of] sfd gyfsLsg
lg/Gt/ ul//x]sf] 5 .

Ps hgf sljn] gbLsf af/]df o;f] n]v]sf 5g\–

ædflg;x¿ cfpmg\ ls hfpmg\, lx;fa /flVtgF .
d eg] cfºgf] af6fdf lxF8\5', kms]{/ x]lb{gF ..Æ

of] uLt xf] gbLsf] . of] ;w}F alu/xG5 cfºg} ultdf tn tn, cfºg} tfnn]
ub}{ snsn t/ dflg;x¿ eg] kfgLsf] lx;fa /fVt5g\ . xfdLx¿ b]V5f}F–
hxfF wf/f], kg]/f], s'jf, gbLgfnf / d"nx¿ x'G5g\ ToxfF a:tL x'g] u5{ .
hxfF kfgLsf] 5]nf]v]nf] xG' 5, ToxfF a;f]af; klg afSn} x'G5 .

a:tLx¿sf] Oltxf;n] eG5– kfgL ;lhn} dgUu] kfOg] 7fpFdf g} 7'N7'nf
;x/x¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . ef/tdf uª\uf gbLsf lsgf/df Onfxfjfb,
agf/;, k6gf, snsQf h:tf ;x/x¿ 5g\ . rLgdf ofª\T;] gbLsf lsgf/df
gfglsª, ;fª\3fO{ h:tf ;x/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] Xjfª\xf] gbLsf lsgf/df
l;ofg ;x/ 5 . ld>sf] sfo/f]nfO{ gfOn gbLsf] sf];]nL g} eG5g\ . ljZjs}
k'/fgf] dflgg] aubfb ;x/ o'k|m]6;\ / 6fOlu|; gbLsf lardf 5 . o:t}
cd]l/sfsf] ldl;l;kL / ?;sf] ef]Nuf gbLsf lsgf/df 7'N7n' f ;x/x¿
5g\ . a]nfotsf] nG8g ;x/ y]D; gbLsf] lsgf/df 5 . o;f] lsg ePsf]
xf]nf < lsgeg] gbLn] kfgL t lbG5, lbG5, kfgLsf ;fy} o;n] cGo
;l' jwfx¿ klg lbG5 .

;fef/ M kfgLsf] syf
afnsf];]nL k|sfzg

kf7 !$ -d[usf kf7f em}F pk|mFb}_

s/' f] ut ;fnsf] xf] . z/b\sfnLg ;do lyof] . 5ª\u v'n]sf] cfsfz .
jftfj/0fn] rf8af8nfO{ lgDtf] lbO/x]sf] lyof] . d d]/f a'afcfdfsL PSnL
;Gtfg . d]/f] OR5f k/" f ug{' pxfFx¿ st{Jo 7fGg'xG' Yof] . :s'n labf eO;s]sf]
lyof] . d}n] olts}df 3/ kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf Onfdsf] sGofd lrofaufg
3D' g hfg] k|:tfj /fv]F . a'afcfdf ;a}n] ;xdlt hgfpg'eof] . ufpFsf ;a}
hgf ldn]/ sGofd lrofaufg 3'Dg hfg] lgwf] eof] . t/, cGTodf a'afsf]

243kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff &

clkm;sf] h?/L sfdn] hfg kfpg'ePg . d, cfdf clg c¿ ufpFn]
;fyLefO, cfkmGt ;a} Onfdsf] lrofaufg x]g{ psfnf] nfUof}F . ;dodf
uGtJo :yfgdf kU' of}F . kmf]6f] lvRof}F . xfdLn] ug{' /dfOnf] u¥ofF} . sl/a
lbgsf] b'O{ ah] uf8Ldf r9]/ xfdL gfua]NfL k/]sf] af6f] cf]/fnf] em¥ofF} .
cfxf † Tof] kxf8L b[Zo † d o; lgaGwdf JoSt ug{} ;lStgF .

xfdL ;fob kxf8L af6fsf] cfwfcfwL cfOk'u]sf lyof}F xf]nf . crfgs
xfd|f] uf8Lsf] a]|s km]n eP5 . uf8L lrKn]ls/f] e}Fm cf]/fnf] af6f]df a]nufd
aUg yfNof] . 8«fOe/ l;6af6 xfd kmfNof] . leq sf]nfxn, lrTsf/ ;'lgg
yfNof] . d}Fn] ca ;'Gb/ b[Zo b]lvgF . aflx/ ;a} b[Zo d]/f] sfn eP/
plePsf] b]v]F . ;a} b[Zo d]/f nflu /fIf;L ¿k eP . d[To' eg]kl5 ;a}nfO{
8/ nfU5 . ca cfk"m db}{ 5' eGg] qf;n] dflg;sf] xf]; g} p8\bf] /x]5 .
hGdkl5sf] d[To' cjZoDefjL eP klg o;af6 x'g] qf; cj0f{gLo x'Fbf]
/x]5 . d]/L cfdf klg oxL 8/n] ?g s/fpg nfUge' of] . v}, d}n] rflxF s]
u/]F yfxf 5}g . t/ pxfFn] dnfO{ u6' d' 6' ' kf/]/ cFufnfdf lng'ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFn] n8\b}, klN6Fb} klg dnfO{ hf]ufpg, arfpg euL/y k|oTg ug{'eof] .
pxfFnfO{ cfˆgf] d[To'eGbf d]/f] d[Tos' f] 8/ eP5 Sof/ . uf8L crfgs b'O{
?vsf lardf 7f]lsof] . tn 5ª\uf5/' le/af6 v:gb]lv a; /f]lsof] .
;a}hgf sfFsfF / lsFlsF ub}{ a;af6 cf]ln{P . xfdL klg sfnb]lv aRofF} .
Hofg aRof] . ;a} ofqLsf] lbg alnof] /x]5 .

kf7 !% -d]/f] bz] _ –kfl/hft

uLt / wg' x¿

ltdL dnfO{ ;f/ª\uLsf s]xL wg' x¿ b]pm
d ltdLnfO{ Pp6f ljjz ul/asf] Joyf eG5' .

ltdL dnfO{===

d ltdLnfO{ Pp6f 5fk|f] hn]sf] /x:o eG5'
ltdL oL b'Mvb hLjgx¿nfO{ wg' df km]/
d ltd|f] ;f/ª\uL;Fu Pp6f uLt ;f6\5'
d ltd|f] ;f/ª\uL;Fu Pp6 uLt ;f6\5' .

244 jv} /L sIff & kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLst[

b'Mvx¿sf] ;f6f;f6df cfF;' aUg] u5{
ltdL klg ?G5f}, d klg ?G5'
t/ cfF;' dfG5]sf] lgolt xf]Og
cfF;' t o:tf] kfgL xf], hf] cfuf]df k]ml/g ;S5
b'Mv t o:tf] lemNsf xf] hf], 89]nf]df km]l/g ;S5 .

ltdL dnfO{ ca oL b'Mvx¿sf] l;ª\uf] wg' b]pm
d oL bM' vx¿nfO{ cfhsf l;ª\uf uLtx¿df km]5{' .
d oL uLtx¿nfO{ k|ltzf]wsf /fkx¿df km]5{'
ltdL dnfO{ s]jn dg kufNg] w'g b]pm
d ltdLnfO{ Oltxf; km]g]{ uLt lbG5' .
ltdL dnfO{ cfºgf] ;f/ª\uLsf s]xL wg' x¿ b]pm
d uLtx¿nfO{ kl/jt{gs} Oltxf;df km]5{' .

…a}F;fn' jt{dfgÚaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf]

kf7 !^ -;Ddfgkq tyf kz| +;fkq_

yfxf gu/kflnsf, dsjfgk/' sf] ;"rgf
;r" gf † ;"rgf †† ;"rgf ††

o; gu/kflnsf kz' ljsf; zfvfsf] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷)&( sf] :jLs[t
sfo{qmdcg';f/ tkl;nsf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf Ps lbg] kz' :jf:Yo
lzlj/ cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ pSt lzlj/df cfºgf kz'x¿sf]
lgMzN' s :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fO{ cf}iflw tyf pkrf/ ;]jf lngsf nflu
;DalGwt ;a}df of] ;r" gf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

tkl;n
ldlt M @)&*÷)&÷!$
;do M laxfg !) ah]b]lv lbpF;f] # ah];Dd
:yfg M yfxf gu/kflnsf j8f g=+ & sf] sfof{no

¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
/sl' d
-gf=k|f=;=_

245kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] ba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff &

kf7 !& -cfFk rfVg vfH] bf_

-s_ rGbg M k|eft, cfFk vfg] xf] <
k|eft M cfFk < vfg] lg . b]pm g .
rGbg M b]Vb}gf} oqf] cfFksf] af]6 . n6/Dd kmln/x]sf] .
k|eft M oL ?v t lbuDa/ sfsf x'g\ .
rGbg M To} t Û lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh'; 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ yfx}
5 . pgn] lbg] xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] d em6f/f] xfG5' . em/]sf
k|eft M cfkFx¿ ltdL a6'n .
rGbg M t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls <
s:tf] 8/5]?jf † k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . nf} d t em6f/f] xfGg
k|eft M yfN5' . ltdL em/]sf a6n' x} t .
nf}, ltdL To;} eG5f} eg] d a6N' 5' lg t Û

-v_ lbuDa/ sfsf M k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] <

k|eft M sfsf Û d}n] xf]Og . rGbgn] emf/]sf] .

lbuDa/ sfsf M clg vf]O t rGbg <

k|eft M r=== rGbg Û nf, pm t eflu;s]5 .

lbuDa/ sfsf M n lxF8 . d]/f] 3/ .

k|eft M ls===lsg Û xh/' sf] 3/ hfg] < ghfFbf x'Gg <

lbuDa/ sfsf M klxn] v'?s lxF8 g .

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k'u]kl5 ._

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ug{]5}g .

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