Samajik Adhyan 7 New

145 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & lxdfnL If]qdf tLg k|sf/sf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . lr;f] xfjfkfgL ePsf] x'gfn] lxdfnL If]qsf] tNnf] efudf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . ;Nnf, w'kL, b]jbf/ hftsf dl;gf, ltvf / v;|f kft ePsf lqsf]0f cfsf/sf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oL jg:klt kmlg{r/, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / bfp/fsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . dflyNnf] efudf eg] ;'Svf / rL;f] xfjfkfgL ePsf sf/0f n]sfnL 3fF; / a'6\ofgx¿ dfq kfOG5g\ . oxfF 7'nf 7'nf vs{x¿ /x]sf 5g\, hxfF e]8fRofª\u|f / rf}F/L kfng ul/G5 . oxfF Pp6} JolStn] ;of}F e]8fRofª\u|f kfNg] rng 5 . lxdfnL If]qsf] %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] pRr kj{tLo If]qdf ;w}F lxpFn] 9fls/xG5 . To; If]qsf] s]xL tNnf] efudf / u|Liddf lxpF klUnG5 . To;}n] ToxfF l56f] x's{g] k"mn / ljleGg h8La'6Lsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . lxpF kUn]sf 7fpFx¿df sfO n]p / ‰ofp kfOG5 . To:tf] jg:kltnfO{ 6'G8«f jg:klt elgG5 . lxdfnL k|b]zdf lr;f] xfjfkfgL ePsf] x'gfn] / ljs6 e"ld ePsf] x'gfn] lgs} kftnf] a:tL /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf dflg lr;f]af6 hf]lugsf nflu Gofgf] n'uf nufpF5g\ . k"jL{ lxdfnL If]qdf z]kf{ hflt, dWo

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 146 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t lxdfnL If]qdf nfdf, u'?ª, ysfnL hfltsf] a;f]af; 5 eg] klZrdL lxdfnL k|b]zdf 8f]Nkf], d'ufnL / 7s'/L hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . To;afx]sf afx'gIfqLx¿ klg 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . oxfF hfltcg';f/sf] efiff, j]ze"iff / ;+:sf/x¿ k|rngdf 5g\ . oxfF w]/}h;f] a'4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . o; If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo kj{ Nxf];f/ xf] . pgLx¿sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif / kz'kfng xf] . oxfF pTkfbg ePsf] vfBfGgn] jif{el/ vfg k'Ub}g . oxfF sf]bf], kmfk/, pjf, hf}, cfn'sf] pTkfbg x'G5 eg] gub] afnLsf¿kdf :ofp / h8La'6Lsf] pTkfbg x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf u'0f:t/Lo :ofp pTkfbg x'G5 . lxdfnL If]qdf k|z:t 3fF; kfOg] / 7'nf 7'nf 3fF;] e"ldx¿ -vs{_ /x]sfn] e]8f, Rofª\u|f / rf}F/L kfng ul/G5 . e]8f / Rofª\u|fsf] pgaf6 /f8L, kfvL pgL sk8fx¿ agfpg] Jofj;fo klg rn]sf] 5 . rf}F/Lsf] b'waf6 lrh / 5'kL{ agfP/ laj|mL ul/G5 . e]8f, Rofª\u|f, ofs / vRr/nfO{ ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{ klg k|of]u ul/G5 eg] dflg;x¿ ;fgf] cfsf/sf 3f]8fdf cfjthfjt ug]{ u5{g\ . lxhf]cfh lxdfnL k|b]zdf klg ;8s / xjfO{oftfoft k'u]sf] x'gfn] hghLjg s]xL ;xh ag]sf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qsf sltko 7fpFdf ko{6g Joj;fosf] ljsf; klg ePsf] 5 . lxdfn r9\g, kbofqf ug{ / lxdfnnfO{ glhs}af6 x]g{ cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf nflu xf]6n, nh, 6«]lsª tyf dgf]/~hg lbg] Joj;fox¿sf sf/0f ToxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . lxdfnL k|b]zsf dflg;x¿ ltAat / g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;fgf]ltgf] Jofkf/ klg u5{g\ .

147 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & kxf8L If]q pQ/df lxdfno kj{t >]0fL / blIf0fdf t/fO{sf] d}bfgsf] lardf kxf8L If]q /x]sf] 5 . of] If]q ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^)) ld6/ b]lv ##)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . o;n] b]zsf] s'n e"efusf] ^* k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . kxf8L k|b]zdf w]/}h;f] If]q dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLn] ag]sf] 5 . oxfF cUnf cUnf kj{tx¿, pkTosf, 6f/ / a]F;Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . blIf0fdf r'/] kj{t>]0fL /x]sf] 5 . kxf8L z[ª\vnfx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ t/]nL k/]/ /x]sf 5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF rf/ Ct'x¿ x'G5g\ . u|Liddf udL{ / jiff{ x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf hf8f] / ;'Svf x'G5 . u|Liddf dg;'gL jfo'n] k|z:t jiff{ x'G5 . o; ;dodf af9L / klx/f]sf] hf]lvd klg x'G5 . lxpFbdf eg] klZrdL jfo'sf] k|efjn] yf]/} jiff{ x'G5 . z/b\ / j;Gt Ct'df eg] hf8f]udL{ gx'g] l7Sssf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ulx/f a]F;Lx¿df / r'/] If]qdf eg] jif{el/ g} udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lxpFbdf s]xL 7G8f x'G5 . bfª, wflbª a]F;L cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . kxf8L If]qdf ldl>t vfnsf] jg:klt kfOG5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOg] xf]rf] If]qdf pi0f ;bfaxf/ k|sf/sf] jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF ;fn, l;;f}, vo/ h:tf jg:klt kfOG5 . r'/] If]q / ulx/f gbL a]F;Lx¿df o:tf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dWokxf8L If]qdf ktem/ jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF lrnfpg], rfFk, s6';, u'/fF;, nK;L, nfFs'/L, lkkn, k}o'F, plt; cflb lxpFbdf kft emg]{ jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oL jg:klt 3fF;bfp/fsf nflu a9L k|of]u ul/G5 eg] :yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 . g/d sf7 x'g] oL jg:kltsf sf7df l56\6} ls/f nfUg] x'gfn] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / kmlg{r/sf nflu Tolt pko'St x'Fb}gg\ . oxfF ;'Gtnf, h'gf/, cf¿, cf?av8fnufotsf kmnkm'nsf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . k"jL{ kxf8L efudf eg] lrof v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . clns ;'Svf / Gofgf] If]qdf skmL v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . 7'nf] If]q cf]u6]sf] kxf8L k|b]zdf ;fdfGo hghLjg kfOG5 . oxfF k"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 148 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t /fO lnDa"sf] afx'No 5 . If]qut ¿kdf dWo kxf8L If]qdf tfdfª, g]jf/, u'?ª hfltsf] afx'No 5 eg] dWo klZrdL kxf8L If]qdf u'?ª / du/ hfltsf] afx'No 5 . To;} u/L ;'b"/klZrdL If]qdf eg] v; / 7s'/Lx¿sf] afx'No 5 . ;du|df kxf8L If]qdf afx'g, IfqL / kxf8L blntsf] afx'No /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a} hfltx¿sf] cfcfºg} efiff, j]ze"iff / ;+:s[lt /x]sf 5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf b;}F, ltxf/, lth, Nxf];f/, pFwf}nL, pFef}nL, Nxf];f/ cflb oxfF dgfOg] d'Vo rf8kj{ x'g\ . kxf8L If]qdf d'Vo k];f s[lif g} xf] . s[lifsf ;fydf kz'kfng klg ul/G5 . kz'kfngnfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf eGbf klg lgjf{xsf nflu / s[lif sfo{ tyf dnsf nflu kz'kfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kz'kfngaf6 b}lgs u'hf/fsf nflu ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 . oxfFsf] d'Vo pTkfbg ds} xf] . To;sf ;fy} ux'F, wfg, tf]/L, u]8fu'8L, t/sf/L cflbsf] pTkfbg ul/G5 . k"jL{ kxf8L efusf] Onfd If]qdf lrof v]tL ul/G5 . u'NdL / nlntk'/df skmL v]tL ul/G5 . ;x/L If]qdf eg] pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;]jf / ko{6gsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}F, kf]v/fnufotsf 7'nf ;x/df pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] 7'nf] ;Defjgf 5 . oxfF ko{6g Joj;fosf] klg k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L ;fxl;s ko{6g, wfld{s ko{6g / P]ltxfl;s ko{6gsf nflu of] kxf8L If]q dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . kxf8L If]qsf dflg;x¿ km';{bsf ;dodf l;kdf cfwfl/t 3/]n' pBf]udf klg ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf le/fnf] hldgaf6 aUg] gbLx¿ k|z:t ePsfn] tL gbLaf6 k|z:t hnljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . xfn pTkfbg eO/x]sf sfnLu08sL P, d:of{ª\bL, lvDtL, s'n]vfgL nufotsf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf o;} k|b]zdf /x]sf 5g\ .

149 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & t/fO{ If]q g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf ;dy/ d}bfgn] ag]sf] t/fO{ If]q /x]sf] 5 . blIf0fsf] ;dy/ d}bfg, efj/ k|b]z / leqL dw];;lxtsf] of] If]qn] b]zsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !& k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, ;'v]{tnufotsf leqL dw];x¿ oxfF /x]sf 5g\ . r'/] kj{tb]lv blIf0ftkm{ hª\unn] 9fs]sf] efj/ k|b]z /x]sf] 5 . oxfF 9'ª\uf ldl;Psf] u]u|g df6f] ePsfn] hª\unsf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . efj/b]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] l;dfgf;Dd ;dy/ dlnnf] df6f]n] ag]sf] pAhfpzLn e"ld /x]sf] 5 . oxfF k|z:t s[lif pTkfbg x'g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGgsf] e08f/ klg elgG5 . t/fO{ k|b]zdf xf]rf] hldg ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF jif{el/ g} udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lxpFbdf zLtnx/ rn]/ s]xL hf8f] eP klg afFsL ;do udL{ g} x'G5 . t/fO{sf] k"jL{ If]qdf u|Liddf a9L jiff{ x'G5 eg] klZrdL t/fO{ t'ngfTds lx;fan] s]xL ;'Svf 5 . klZrdL t/fO{df lxpFbdf cln a9L jiff{ x'G5 . t/fO{df cGo If]qdf eGbf a9L udL{ / jiff{ x'g] x'gfn] o:tf] xfjfkfgL s[lifsf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ ;fdfGotof kftnf] n'uf nufpF5g\ . t/fO{ k|b]zdf udL{ / jiff{sf sf/0f pi0f ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, czf]s, gl/jn, ;'kf/L, cfFk, l;dn nufotsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oxfFsf jg:kltx¿ ;fdfGotof cUnf, ;'l/nf, 7'nf kft ePsf / s8f sf7 ePsf x'G5g\ . t/fO{ k|b]zdf yf¿, /fhj+zL, ofbj, lwdfn, d';ndfg nufotsf hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . klZrdL t/fO{df yf¿ hfltsf] a;f]af; a9L

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 150 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t 5 eg] k"jL{ t/fO{df ofbjx¿sf] afx'No /x]sf] 5 . oxfF 57, xf]nL, O{b, df3L, bz}F, ltxf/nufotsf rf8kj{ dgfOG5g\ . oxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif xf] . s[lifsf ;fydf kz'kfng klg ul/G5 . oxfFsf] d'Vo pTkfbg wfg xf] . wfgsf ;fydf ux'F, ds}, u]8fu'8L, t]nxg / t/sf/L tyf kmnkm'n klg pTkfbg ul/G5 . k"jL{ t/fO{df lrof, h'6, ;'tL{, pv' nufotsf gub]afnLsf] v]tL ul/G5 . dWot/fO{df pv' / klZrdL t/fO{df skf; v]tLsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . gl/jn, s]/f, cfFk, d]jf, lnrL, ;'kf/L, v/a'hf h:tf kmnkm"nsf] v]tL klg Jofj;flos ¿kdf ul/G5 . s[lifsf cnfjf oxfF pBf]u / Jokf/sf] klg ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ef/tLo l;dfgf glhs ePsf] x'gfn] Jofkf/sf] ;Defjgf 5 . oxfF lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh, e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh, wgu9Lnufotsf 7'nf ;x/x¿df 7'nf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L hgsk'/, n'lDagL, u9LdfO{, a/fx If]q, jfu]Zj/Lnufotsf ko{6sLo If]q /x]sf 5g\ . lqmofsnfk != t/fO{ If]qsf] xfjfkfgL, jg:klt / hghLjg emNsg] tflnsf tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= tkfO{F s'g ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:g'x'G5 < cfkm" a:g] If]qsf] xfjfkfgL, jg:klt / cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . #= kf7df k|:t't lrqn] lxdfnL If]qsf] hghLjgsf] s:tf] emNsf] lbPsf] 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . $= ljleGg ldl8ofsf] ;xfotf lnP/ g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / d'Vo cfly{s lj|mofsnfknfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . %= kxf8L If]qsf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ b;f{pg] lrq jf sljtf jf uLt tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . ^= 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;d"xdf a;L kxf8L If]qsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t'lt ug'{xf];\ . &= g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgL / hghLjglarsf] ;DaGw b]vfpg'xf];\ . *= kxf8L If]qsf cfly{s ;Defjgfx¿ ;d]6]/ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .

151 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & cEof; != t/fO{ If]qsf] kl/ro ;DaGwdf Ps ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . @= t/fO{ If]qnfO{ lsg cGgsf] e08f/ elgPsf] xf]nf < #= t/fO{, kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qlar t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . s_ lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] jg:kltsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . v_ g]kdfndf lxdfnL If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hghLjgsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ kxf8L If]q zLif{sdf Ps kf]:6/ tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 152 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t k|b]z g+= ! (Province No: 1) k|b]z g+M ! g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k"j{df /x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]z If]qkmnsf lx;fan] bf];|f] 7'nf] / hg;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] t];|f] 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !&=^ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf ;'g;/L, df]/ª, wgs'6f, ;ª\v'jf;ef, Onfd, emfkf nufot !# cf]6f lhNnf kb{5g\ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): of] k|b]z g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ k"j{df cjl:yt 5 . ef}uf]lns ¿kn] o; k|b]zsf] pQ/L e]udf cUnf cUnf lxdlzv/x¿ 5g\ eg] o;sf] dWo efudf kxf8L e"ld / blIf0fdf ;dy/ t/fO{ /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdlzv/ ;u/dfyf / t];|f] cUnf] lxdfn s~rghª\3f cjl:yt 5g\ . To;}n] of] k|b]zsf] uf}/j ljZje/ km}lnPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL lxdfnL e]udf hf8f], kxf8L e]udf Gofgf] kf7 %g]kfnsf ;ft k|b]zx¿ g]kfnsf] gS;f -/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs_ ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z bfr'{nf j}t8L aemfª x'Dnf d'u' 8f]Nkf afh'/f c5fd s}nfnL s~rgk'/ alb{of sflnsf]6 ;'v]{t hfh/sf]6 ?s'd klZrd ?s'd k"j{ /f]Nkf ;Nofg af“s] c3f{vf“rL Ko"7fg u'NdL DofUbL d':tfª afUn'ª uf]/vf kj{t :ofª\hf tgx'“ gjnk/f;L -a=;'=k"=_ gjnk/f;L -a=;'=k=_ lrtjg wflbª /;'jf g'jfsf]6 dsjfgk'/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s sf7df8f}“ eQmk'/ nlntk'/sfe|]knf~rf]s l;Gw'nL bf]nvf /fd]5fk ;f]n'v'Da' ;+v'jf;ef tfKn]h'ª t]x|y'd kf“ry/ Onfd emfkf df]/ª wgs'6f ef]hk'/ vf]6fª cf]vn9'+uf pbok'/ ;Kt/L ;'g;/L dxf]Q/L /f}tx6 ;nf{xL af/f k;f{ l;/fxf wg'iff kfNkf slknj:t' ¿kGb]xL dgfª ndh'ª sf:sL b}n]v k|b]z g+= % ef / g rL t ef / t k|b]z g+= ! k|b]z g+= @ u08sL k|b]z jfudtL k|b]z ef / t h'Dnf bfª 88]Nw'/f 8f]6L ;f]n'v'Da' ;ª\v'jf;ef tfKn]h'ª t]x|y'd kf“ry/ Onfd emfkf df]/ª wgs'6f ef]hk'/ vf]6fª cf]vn9'ª\uf pbok'/ ;'g;/L k|b]z g+= !

153 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & tyf t/fO{df udL{ 5 . lxpFbdf eg] t/fO{df lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . a+ufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] dg;'gL jfo'n] of] k|b]zdf k|z:t jiff{ u/fpF5 . of] k|b]zsf] ;b/d'sfd lj/f6gu/ xf] . o; k|b]zdf pQ/df 6'G8«f / sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . dWoefudf ktem/ / blIf0fdf pi0f ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . sf];L gbL / o;sf ;ft cf]6f ;xfos gbLx¿nufot sGsfO{ / d]rL gbL oxfFsf d'Vo gbL x'g\ . dw]; k|b]zM blIf0f k"jL{ efudf cjl:yt dw]; k|b]z g]kfnsf] cTolws hg;ª\Vof ePsf] t/ If]qsf lx;fan] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|b]z xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn (,^^! Jfu{ ls=ld= 5 . of] g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] ^=% k|ltzt x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lj=;+= @)&* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ o; k|b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof ^,!@^,@** /x]sf] 5 . Kf"j{df ;Kt/Lb]lv klZrddf k;f{nufot oxfF hDdf * cf]6f lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf clwsf+z hgtfn] d}lynL, ef]hk'/L cflb efiff af]Nb5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/nfO{ hgsk'/wfd klg eg]/ lrlgG5 . Eff}uf]lns cj:yf dw]; k|b]z t/fO{sf] ;dy/ d}bfgdf cjl:yt 5 . R'f/] jf lzjflns kxf8 o; k|b]zsf] pQ/lt/sf] k|fs[lts l;dfgf xf] . blIf0fsf] l;dfgf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 eg] k"j{lt/ sf];L gbL l;dfgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sf];L, jfudtL, sdnf cflb gbL oxfFsf k|d'v gbL x'g\ . lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;nf{xL dn+Ujf wg'iff hgsk'/ Aff/f sn}of /f}tx6 uf}/ ;Kt/L /fhlj/fh l;/xf l;/fxf Dfxf]Q/L hn]Zj/ k;f{ lj/u~h ;Kt/L dxf]Q/L /f}tx6 ;nf{xL af/f k;f{ l;/fxf wg'iff dw]; k|b]z

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 154 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t jfUdtL k|b]z jfUdtL k|b]z g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo /fhwfgL ePsf] k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]z If]qkmnsf b[li6n] kfFrf}F 7'nf] / hg;ª\Vofsf bli6n] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]z u08sL k|b]z / k|b]z g+= ! sf] lardf 5 . o; k|b]zdf l;Gw'nL, /fd]5fk, bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, wflbª, g'jfsf]6, sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, eStk'/, sfe|]knf~rf]s, dsjfgk'/ / lrtjg u/L !# lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): jfUdtL k|b]znfO{ ef}uf]lns ¿kn] tLg If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] pQ/df lxdfnL If]q, dWo efudf kxf8L If]q /x]sf 5g\ eg] blIf0fL If]q r'/] kj{t >]0fL / leqL dw];n] ag]sf] 5 . oxfF lrtjg, dsjfgk'/ / l;Gw'nL h:tf leqL dw];sf lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . of] k|b]zsf] pQ/df hf8f], dWo efudf ;dzLtf]i0f / blIf0fdf udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF lxdfnL If]qdf sf]0fwf/L / 6'G8«f jg:klt kfOG5 eg] kxf8L If]qdf ktem8 tyf blIf0fdf ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . of] k|b]zn] b]zsf] s'n e"efusf] sl/a !$ k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf ;'gsf];L, tfdfsf];L, lq;"nL, jfudtL / gf/fo0fL gbLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]z M u08sL k|b]zsf] gfd g]kfnsf] k|l;4 u08sL gbLsf] gfddf /x]sf] 5 . ;Ktu08sL gbLsf ;a} ;xfos gbLx¿ o;} k|b]zdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zdf afUn'ª, uf]/vf, sf:sL, nDfh'ª, dgfª, d':tfª, DofUbL, kj{t, :ofª\hf, tgx'F, gjnk'/;lxt !! lhNnf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]z If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] rf}yf] / hg;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] 5}6f}F 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . lrtjg wflbª /;'jf g'jfsf]6 dsjfgk'/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s sf7df8f}“ eQmk'/ nlntk'/sfe|]knf~rf]s l;Gw'nL bf]nvf /fd]5fk jfudtL k|b]z DofUbL d':tfª afUn'ª uf]/vf kj{t :ofª\hf tgx'“ gjnk/f;L -a=;'=k"=_ dgfª ndh'ª sf:sL u08sL k|b]z

155 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): o; k|b]zsf] pQ/df lxdfnL, dWo efudf kxf8L / blIf0fdf t/fO{ If]q 5g\ . t/fO{sf] e"efu eg] Hofb} Go"g cyf{t ^ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . oxfF pQ/tkm{ hf8f] xfjfkfgL, dWo efudf ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL / blIf0fdf udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . pQ/df lxdfno kj{teGbf cem} pQ/df ef]6 k|b]z /x]sf] 5 . ef]6 If]qdf ;'Svf xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dgfª, d':tfª / uf]/vfsf] pQ/L efu ef]6 If]qcGtu{t kb{5g\ . of] k|b]zsf] lxdfnL If]qdf n]sfnL 3fF;, 6'G8«f / sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . dWoefudf sf]0fwf/L / ktem8\ jg:klt kfOG5 eg] blIf0fsf] t/fO{df pi0f ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . cGgk"0f{, wjnflul/, dgf:n', df5fk'R5«] oxfFsf k|d'v lxd lzv/x¿ x'g\ . sfnLu08sL, d:of{ª\bL, b/f}FbL, dfbL, ;]tL u08sL / gf/fo0fL gbLx¿ o; k|b]zdf /x]sf d'Vo d'Vo gbL x'g\ . gf/fo0fL gbL u08sL / jfUdtL k|b]zsf] ;Ldf gbL xf] . n'lDagL k|b]z (Lumbini Province) g]kfnsf ;ft k|b]zdWo] n'lDagL k|b]z If]qkmnsf lx;fan] t];|f] / hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fan] bf];|f] 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]z s0ff{nL / u08sL k|b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt 5 . of] k|b]zn] klg blIf0fdf ef/tnfO{ dfq 5f]Psf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf gjnk/f;L klZrd, ¿kGb]xL, kfNkf, slknj:t', c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, bfª, Ko"7fg, /f]Nkf, ?s'd klZrd, afFs] / alb{of lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): n'lDagL k|b]zsf] blIf0fdf t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"efu, dWo efudf leqL dw]; / pQ/df kxf8L If]q /x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]zdf lxdfnL If]qnfO{ ?s'd k"j{sf] pQ/L v08n] 5f]Psf] dfq 5 . of] k|b]zsf] pQ/L If]qdf lr;f] / ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] blIf0fdf udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dWo efudf ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF pQ/tkm{sf cUnf kxf8x¿df sf]0fwf/L / ktem/ jg:klt kfOG5 . blIf0fsf] r'/] / t/fO{df pi0f k|b]zLo jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF g]kfns} 7'nf] pkTosf bfª pkTosf /x]sf] 5 . alb{of ?s'd k"j{ /f]Nkf af“s] c3f{vf“rL Ko"7fg u'NdL gjnk/f;L -a=;'=k=_ kfNkf slknj:t' ¿kGb]xL n'lDagL k|b]z bfª

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 156 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t s0ff{nL k|b]z (Karnali Province): s0ff{nL k|b]z u08sL / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] lardf / n'lDagL k|b]zsf] pQ/df cjl:yt 5 . If]qkmnsf b[li6n] of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k|b]z xf] eg] hg;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] of] ;a} eGbf ;fgf] k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]zdf g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tfn /f/ftfn /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] clwsf+z e"efu ljs6 kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 . o;n] pQ/df rLgnfO{ dfq 5f]Psf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sfnLsf]6, hfh/sf]6, klZrd ¿s'd, ;'v]{t / b}n]v u/L !) lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): t/fO{nfO{ g5f]Psf] lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]z dfq ldn]/ ag]sf] k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z xf] . of] k|b]zsf] pQ/df leqL lxdfnL If]q cyf{t ef]6 /x]sf] 5 . oxfF x'Dnf, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf / d'u'nufotsf b'u{d lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qsf] xfjfkfgL jif{el/ g} lr;f] / ;'Svf x'G5 . lxpFbdf oxfF lxdkft;d]t x'G5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] dWo efudf ljs6 kxf8L lhNnfx¿ kb{5g\ . oxfF sfnLsf]6, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6 / klZrd ?s'd /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . of] k|b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf ;'v]{t / ;Nofg lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ;'v]{t / l5Gr' pkTosf x'g\ . of] k|b]zsf] lxdfnL k|b]zdf n]sfnL 3fF;, 6'G8«f jg:klt / sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 eg] blIf0fL efudf ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z (Sudurpaschim Province): ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z ;ft k|b]zdWo] ;a}eGbf klZrddf /x]sf] k|b]z xf] . o;sf] k"jL{ l;dfgf s0ff{nL k|b]z / n'lDagL k|b]z;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . If]qkmnsf b[li6n] of] k|b]z kfFrf}F 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . o;n] blIf0f / klZrddf ef/tnfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]nw'/f, afh'/f, aemfª, a}t8L / s0ff{nL k|b]z x'Dnf d'u' 8f]Nkf sflnsf]6 ;'v]{t hfh/sf]6 ?s'd klZrd ;Nofg b}n]v h'Dnf ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z bfr'{nf j}t8L aemfª afh'/f c5fd s}nfnL s~rgk'/ 88]Nw'/f 8f]6L

157 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & bfr'{nf lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf (Geographical Condition): of] k|b]z klg pQ/df lxdfnL k|b]z dWo efudf kxf8L k|b]z / blIf0fdf t/fO{ k|b]z ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] o; k|b]zsf] pQ/df lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] dWo efudf Gofgf] / blIf0fdf udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . of] k|b]zsf] pQ/L e]udf n]sfnL 3fF;, 6'G8«f / sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 . larsf] kxf8L e]udf sf]0fwf/L / ktem/ jg:klt / blIf0fsf] t/fO{df udL{ xfjfkfgL x'g] ePsfn] ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . lqmofsnfk != g]kfnsf] gS;f sf]/L To;df ;ft k|b]zx¿ e/]/ /ª nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . @= tkfO{F a;]sf] k|b]zsf] kl/ro tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; s_ g]kfnsf k|b]zx¿sf] gfd, /fhwfgL / d'Vo ljz]iftf emNsg] tflnsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . v_ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 158 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t lxhf]cfh /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf cflbdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lgs} rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkj|md j[l4n] ubf{ xfjfkfgLdf x'g] gsf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . sf]Onf, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, bfp/f, k|fs[lts Uof; cflb afNgfn] jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9\5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] tfkj|md a9fpF5 . o;/L tfkj|md a9\g] sfo{nfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5 . h;/L l;;fsf] 3/leq yf]/} 3fd k/] klg lgs} udL{ dx;'; x'G5, To;} u/L k[YjLdf tfkj|md a9\5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f xl/t u[x Uof;x¿, h:t} M sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8, Snf]/f]k\mnf]/f] sfa{g cflb j[l4 eP/ jfo'd08ndf tx agfP/ a;]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;"o{sf] ls/0fnfO{ leq l5g{ lbG5 t/ tfkj|mdnfO{ aflx/ hfg lbFb}g . o;df c;Gt'ng jf cl:y/tf cfPdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . h:t}, c;f/df x'g'kg]{ dg;'gL jiff{ h]7df g} x'g' jf ;fpg;Dd klg jiff{ gx'g'Ù dª\l;/;Dd udL{ eO/xg' jf j};fv;Dd hf8f] eO/xg'Ù tf/fOdf zLtnx/ rNg' / leqL lxdfnL If]qdf ef/L jiff{ x'g' . ;fdfGo df};d kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgFb}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/0f jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] dfqf a9\g' xf] . o; Uof;n] k[YjLdf xl/tu[x k|efj a9fOlbG5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] tfkj|md j[l4 x'g uO{ xfjfkfgLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jftfj/0f ljgfz ub{5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f j:tL p7\g ;S5 . xfdL cfk\mg} sf/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ePsf] xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ — ;d'b|sf] ;tx a9\g uO{ 6fk' b]zx¿ / xf]rf :yfgdf ePsf a:tL 8'Ag ;S5g\, h:t} M dflNbE; . — lxdfnsf] lxpF kUng uO{ lxdfnx¿ gfª\uf 8fF8fdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . — lxpF kUn]/ ag]sf lxdtfn km'6\bf 7'nf] Iflt x'G5 . — tfkj|md a9\gfn] cGgafnL pTkfbgdf sdL x'G5 . — df};dL kmnk"mnsf] ;dotflnsfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . kf7 ^ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

159 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & — lxdfnaf6 aUg] d"n tyf gbLx¿ ;'Sb} hfG5g\ . lqmofsnfk != hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿nfO{ 7'nf] sfutdf n]v]/ rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ / k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . cEof; s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ s] s] x'g] /x]5g\ < v_ a9\bf] tfkj|mdnfO{ 36fpg s] s] pkfo ckgfpg'knf{ < kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / c;/x¿ ´Nsg] kf]i6/ jf kDKn]6 tof/ kf/L ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fF:g'xf];\ . jghª\un hf]ufcf}F a9\bf] tfkqmd 36fcf}F

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 160 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t hLjgsf] ;fdfGo tf}/tl/sfnfO{ g/fd|f];Fu cj?4 kfg]{ u/L crfgs cfOkg]{ 36gf g} ljkt\ xf] . ljkt\sf] ;dodf sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] ;dodf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'/Iff, vfgf, sk8f, af;, cf}ifwL h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ pkNfAw u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;nfO{ /fxt elgG5 . ljkt\ k|fs[lts / dfgjLo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . k|s[ltdf x'g] lgoldt 36gfsf sf/0f cfOkg]{ ljkt\nfO{ k|fs[lts ljkt\ elgG5 . af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, 8'afg, r6\ofª, cfFwLx'/L cflb k|fs[lts k|sf]k x'g\ . dfgjn] u/]sf lj|mofsnfk jf dfgjsf ultljlw jf c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ljkt\nfO{ dfgjLo ljkt\ elgG5 . cfunfuL, 89]nf], b'3{6gf, dxfdf/L, o'4 cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . Gf]kfndf ljkt\ hf]lvd • g]kfn ljZjdf ljkt\ hf]lvdsf lx;fan] pRr hf]lvddf kg]{ b]z xf] / hf]lvdsf] :t/df @) cf}+ :yfgdf 5 . • Ef"sDkLo hf]lvdsf lx;fan] !! cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . • kfgLhGo k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdsf b[li6n] #) cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . • Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf lx;fan] rf}yf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . • jif{df sDtLdf Ps xhf/ dflg; dg]{ / # nfv #% xhf/ dflg; ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . -o;dWo] %) k|ltzt afnaflnsf x'G5g\_ • lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] cfPsf] e"sDk / To;kl5sf k/sDkx¿df k/L sl/a ( xhf/ dflg;sf] Hofg uof] . !& xhf/ hlt dflg; 3fOt] eP . sl/a % nfv 3/ k"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t eP . • g]kfndf ljkt\af6 k|To]s jif{ $# s/f]8b]lv @%# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] cfly{s Iflt x'G5 . g]kfndf hnpTkGg k|sf]k / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg k|sf]k ljkt\sf] sf/0f xf] . g]kfndf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]kx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt u/fpg] k|sf]k hnpTkGg k|sf]k xf] . kfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg k|sf]knfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 . g]kfn dg;'gL jfo'sf] If]qdf kg]{ x'gfn] oxfF u|Lidsf] tLg kf7 &ljkt\af6 arf}F

161 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & dlxgf c;f/, ;fpg / ebf} dlxgfdf k|z:t jiff{ x'G5 . o; jiff{sf sf/0f lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf af9L / klx/f]n] ;tfpF5 eg] t/fO{df af9L / 8'afgsf] ;d:of cfO k5{ . o;af6 j;]{gL 7'nf] dfqfdf wghg / s[lif afnLsf] Iflt x'G5 . lxdfnL If]qdf cTolws lxdkftsf sf/0f gf]S;fgL k'U5 . j;Gt Ct'df cl;gf / cfFwLx'/Lsf sf/0f afnLgfnLsf] gf]S;fgL x'G5 . r6\ofªsf sf/0f klg j;]{gL w]/} dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] ub{5 . oxfFsf] v's'nf] e"agf]6, dfgjsf] hyfefaL a;f]af; ug]{ k|j[lQ / c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f Iflt cem} a9L x'g] ub{5 . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ ljkt\ afhf ahfP/ cfpFb}g . of] sltv]/ cfpF5 eGg] yfxf g} x'Fb}g . To;}n] ljkt\ cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf / hf]lvdnfO{ x]/]/ xfdLn] k"j{tof/L / hf]lvd Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;s]df ljkt\ cfpF5 hfG5 t/ To;n] w]/} Iflt ug{ kfpFb}g jf Iflt gx'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljkt\ cfpg'k"j{, cfO/x]sf a]nf / cfO;s]kl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ hflg/fv]df ljkt\sf] hf]lvd 36fpg ;lsG5 jf sd Iflt x'g] cj:Yff l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . s_ ljkt\ cfpg'k"j{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ • ljkt\ cfpg ;Sg] :yfg / gbL lsgf/fdf a;f]af; gug]{ • jiff{ofddf gbLlsgf/f / af9L k|efljt If]qdf ga:g] jf ghfg] . • alnof] ;+/rgf agfpg] • u}/;+/rgfTds tŒjx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ • ljkt\;Fu n8\g] tflnd lng] • hf]lvdo'St 7fpFx¿sf] klxrfg u/L hf]lvd 36fpg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg] . • kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;Dks{ of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ . • ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft 7fpFsf] klxrfg ul//fVg] . c;'/lIft 7fpFaf6 tTsfn cGoq ;g]{ . • k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{]

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 162 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t • ljkt\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf k"jf{Eof; ug]{ . v_ ljkt\ cfO/x]sf] ;dodf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{x¿ • ;s];Dd c;'/lIft 7fpF 5f8]/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf uO{ a:g] . hyfefaL efubf}8 gug]{ . • 8'afg dfq eP 3/leq ePdf 3/sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf hfg] . af9L g} eP 3/ eTsfpg ;S5, 3/ 5f8\g] . • ax'd"No j:t', k};f, uxgfsf] nf]edf ljkt\sf ;dodf 3/leq ghfg] . u_ ljkt\kZrft ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ • ljBfno ;dodf eP ljBfyL{x¿ vf]hL u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg] . 3/df eP kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ vf]hL u/L Ps} :yfgdf a:g] . • /fxt / p4f/df h'6\g] . • :yfgfGt/0f / c:yfoL ljBfno jf 3/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ • c:yfoL ljBfno agfP/ lzIff ;'rf? ug]{ • vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t b"lift x'g] x'Fbf ;'/lIft kfgL dfq vfg] . • afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s / ckfª\utf ePsf JolStnfO{ ljz]if x]/rfx ug]{ . • d/]sf hgfj/nfO{ hlt;Sbf] l56f] vfN6fdf k'l/lbg] . • dfgjLo Iflt w]/} ePdf afnaflnsfdf k/]sf] cf3ft sd ug{ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ / lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ . lqmofsnfk != ;d"xdf a;]/ g]kfndf x'g] ljleGg ljkt\x¿dWo] Ps ;d"xn] Ps ljkt\sf] sf/0f, c;/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/] 5nkmn u/L kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != g]kfnnfO{ lsg ljkt\sf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 < @= g]kfndf cfOkg]{ ljkt\x¿ / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ k'/fgf kqklqsfaf6 jf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ljkt\;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/ vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

163 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & e";txsf] If]qnfO{ s'g} gfksf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cfsf/nfO{ gS;f elgG5 . . ;fdflhs cWoogdf gS;fsf] k|of]u lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g} klg :yn, j:t' jf lgld{t ;+/rgfsf] l:ylt b]vfpg gS;fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . gS;f d'Vo ¿kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M -s_ k|fs[lts gS;f M– k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ b]vfpg k|of]u ul/G5 -v_ ;f+:s[lts gS;f M– dfgj lgld{t j:t'x¿ b]vfpg k|of]u ul/G5 o; afx]s ljz]if cj:yfsf cfwf/df w/ftnLo gS;f, ef}uf]lns gS;f / cfly{s gS;fx¿ klg agfOG5 . gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/L sxfF sxfF s] s] 5 egL kQf nufOG5 . To;} u/L gS;f;Fu} lbOPsf] pQ/ lbzf b]vfpg] ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] lbzf klg kQf nufOG5 . gS;fsf] l;/fgdf pQ/ lbzf x'G5 . gS;f x]g]{ JolStsf] bflxg] xftlt/ k"j{ x'G5 . gS;f;Fu} gfkf] jf :s]n lbOPsf] x'G5 . ;f]xL :s]n k|of]u u/L gS;fdf gfk]/ jf:tljs b"/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . ul0ft ljifodf leGg / cg'kft k9\bf !M!) eg]sf] !÷!) xf] . cyf{t\ o;nfO{ !) efusf] Ps efu x'g] s'/f ofb ug'{k5{ . olb gS;f ;Fu} !M$),)),)))) lbOPsf] /x]5 eg] To;sf] cy{ gS;fdf Ps PsfO gfkn] jf:tljs hldgdf $),)),))) PsfO x'g] s'/f a'lemG5 . lqmofsnfk != x/]s b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;]/ P6n;df /x]sf] s'g} gS;fdf ljleGg 7fpFsf] larsf] b"/L ToxfF lbOPsf] :s]nsf cfwf/df gfk]/ b"/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ . @= g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿ e/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . kf7 *gS;f sfo{

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 164 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cEof; != lbOPsf] gS;fdf :s]n k|of]u u/L lbOPsf :yfgx¿ larsf] b"/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ . kf]v/f — d':tfª n'lDagL — sf7df8f}F hgsk'/ — jL/uGh cGgk"0f{ — sf]bf/L sfs/le6\6f — kf]v/f jL/uGh — ;u/dfyf @= cfºgf] 3/b]lv ljBfno;Ddsf] gS;f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

165 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & PsfO * hg;ª\Vof / o;sf] Joj:yfkg l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 tkfO{Fx¿ lgDg sfo{df ;Ifd x'g'x'g] 5 M ! g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld atfpg / hgu0fgf k|lj|mof pNn]v ug{, @= g]kfnsf] hg;fª\lVos agf]6 pNn]v ug{, #= hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿ pNn]v ug{, $= hg;fª\lVos cj:yf / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] ;DaGw atfpg, %= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 166 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t kl/ro /fli6«o hgu0fgf sf]xL g5'6\g] / sf]xL gbf]xf]l/g] u/L s'g} lglZrt ;dodf /fi6«leq a;f]af; ug{] ;a} dflg;sf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] /fli6«o cfFs8f lng] tl/sf xf] . o;df h'g JolQm h'g kl/jf/df a;f]af; ub{5g\, ;f]xL kl/jf/af6 ;f] JolQmsf] u0fgf ul/G5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf s'g} klg b]zsf] /fli6«o cfFs8f lng] tl/sf xf] . o;k6s æd]/f] u0fgf d]/f] ;xeflutfÆ eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* ;DkGg eof] . hgu0fgf k|To]s bz jif{df ul/G5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= !(^* ;fnb]lv hgu0fgf lng] sfo{sf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] xf] . @)^* ;fn c;f/ * ut] hgu0fgf ;'? ePsf] !)) jif{ k'u]sfn] c;f/ * ut]sf lbg hgu0fgf lbj; dgfpg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf kl5Nnf] k6s @)&* ;fndf hgu0fgf ePsf] lyof] . of] hgu0fgf g]kfnsf] afx|f}F hgu0fgf lyof] . s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefusf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fcg';f/ @)&* df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 (! nfv (@ xhf/ $*) k'u]sf] 5 . !@cf}F /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fcg';f/ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $( nfv ! xhf/ ! ;o ^( /x]sf] / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $@ nfv (! xhf/ # ;o !! /x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes ljj/0fcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ *) jif{otfs} sd hDdf )=(# k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . o; hgu0fgfsf] :ynut sfo{ klxnf] r/0f @)&* ebf} #) b]lv c;f]h !* / bf];|f] r/0f @)&* sflQs @% b]lv dª\l;/ ( ut];Dd ePsf] lyof] . k|b]zut ¿kdf dw]; k|b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof ;a}eGbf a9L 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] sd b]lvPsf] 5 . lhNnfut ¿kdf sf7df8f}Fdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltju{ lslddf %,!)* hgf a;f]af; ug]{ u/]sf] / dgfªdf Ps ju{ lslddf hDdf # hgf a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf k|To]s 3/w'/Ldf a;f]af; ug{] ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vof, JolQmsf] pd]/, k];f, wd{, efiff, z}lIfs cj:yf, hGd, d[To', ljjfx, a;fOF;/fO cflb h:tf JolQmut 36gfx¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/G5 . JolQmsf ljleGg kIfsf] tYofª\s ;Íng ug{] kf7 !/fli6«o hgu0fgf

167 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & / pQm tYofÍnfO{ k|zf]wg, k|sfzg Pj+ ljt/0f ug]{ sfd s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefu dfkm{t ul/G5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf ;~rfng ubf{ 7'nf] kl/df0fdf cfly{s ;|f]t;fwg tyf hgzlQm k|of]u x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ /fi6«JofkL dxfcleofg elgPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf; g]kfndf xfn;Dd afx| cf]6f hgu0fgfx¿ ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgf ug]{ sfo{sf] cf}krfl/s k|f/De ljqmd ;+jt\ !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ ;fndf ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 nueu k|To]s !)÷!) jif{sf] cGt/fndf hgu0fgf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lj=;+= !((* ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿ ;fdfGo JolQm u0fgf (Head Count) sf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt lyP eg] lj=;+= @))(÷!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_ b]lv ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf t'ngfof]Uo cfw'lgs -j}1flgs_ hgu0fgf dflgG5g\ . ;'¿sf hgu0fgfx¿ tTsfn df}h'bf hg;ª\Vof uf]:j/faf6 ;~rfng ul/Gy] eg] lj=;+= @))(÷!! sf] hgu0fgf ;ª\Vof ljefuaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!* kl5sf ;a} hgu0fgfx¿ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf ;~rflnt ;ftf}+ hgu0fgfsf] nut k|zf]wgsf nflu klxnf] k6s sDKo'6/ (IBM 1401) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf Jojl:yt / k|0ffnLut ¿kn] hgu0fgf ug{ yflnPsf] lj=;+= !(^* ;fnb]lv xf] eg] lj=;+= @))(÷!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_ ;fn b]lv ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿nfO{ dfq} cfw'lgs -j}1flgs_ hgu0fgf dflgG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf k|To]s !)÷!) jif{sf] cGt/fndf hgu0fgf lng] ul/G5 . o; eGbf cufl8 @)^* ;fndf lnOPsf] hgu0fgf g]kfnsf] P3f/f}F hgu0fgf lyof] . of] hgu0fgf ;'? ePsf] !)) jif{ k'usf] hgu0fgf lyof] . lj=;+= @)^* ;fn c;f/ * ut] k'u]sfn] of] lbgnfO{ xfdL hgu0fgf lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] ub{5f}F .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 168 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t lj=;+=@)&* ;fnsf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 (! nfv (@ xhf/ $*) k'u]sf] 5 . s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefun] !@cf}F /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ub}{ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $( nfv ! xhf/ ! ;o ^( /x]sf] / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $@ nfv (! xhf/ # ;o !! /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= !(^* b]lv @)&* ;fn ;Ddsf] of] Ps ;o bz jif{sf] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cj:yfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ª\Vof hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ª\Vof lj=;+=!(^* %^,#*,&$( lj=;+=@)@* !,!%,%%,(*# lj=;+=!(&& %%,&#,&** lj=;+=@)#* !,%),@@,*#( lj=;+=!(*& %%,#@,%&$ lj=;+=@)$* !,*$,(!,)(& lj=;+=!((* ^@,*#,^$( lj=;+=@)%* @,#!,%!,$@# lj=;+=@))( *@,%^,^@% lj=;+=@)^* @,^$,($,%)$ lj=;+=@)!* ($,!@,((^ lj=;+==@)&* @,(!,(@,$*) ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)&* hgu0fgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ != lgwf{l/t If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} JolStx¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ub{5 . @= tf]lsPsf] ldltdf ;~rfng x'G5 . #= lglZrt cGt/fndf lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g'kb{5 . $= ljleGg :t/df ljj/0f k|bfg ub{5 . %= oL tYofª\ssf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . ^= ljsf; lgdf{0f Pj+ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . dxŒj lbuf] ljsf; nIo / …hg;ª\Vof / ljsf;sf] cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ngÚ sf sfof{Gjogsf Ph]G8fsf nflu ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg /fli6«o hgu0fgf Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vofsf] ultzLntf / ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ gLltx¿, ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ / of]hgfx¿df /fd|f];Fu ;dflxt ug{ dbt ub{5 . o;af6 If]qut gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th{'dfsf nflu pRr u'0f:t/sf] hg;ª\Vof / cfjf;sf] tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

169 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & s= b]zn] a;fOF;/fOsf] lgoGq0f ug{] cfwf/ k|fKt ub{5 . v= o;af6 k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f ug{] cfwf/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . u= o;af6 k|zf;lgs ;'/Iff / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ldNb5 . 3= ;/sf/nfO{ gLltlgdf{0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ª= hg;fª\lVos ultzLntfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . r= ;fdflhs ;'ljwfsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . 5= b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cfºgf] b]zsf] t'ngf ug{] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5 . hgu0fgf k|lqmof s'g} klg b]zleq ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] If]q / ;dodf k|To]s 3/w'/L a;f]af; u/L/x]sf ;a} JolQmx¿sf] gfd, y/, hflt, hghflt, pd]/, wd{, efiff, gful/stf, lzIff, j}jflxs l:ylt, hGd, d[To', k];f, Joj;fo a;fOF;/fO, /f]huf/, ;fIf/tf cflb ljj/0fx¿ ;ª\sng ul/G5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf clwsf/Lx¿af6 k|To]s 3/b}nf]df uO{ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ tYofª\sx¿nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L k|sfzg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 . b]z e/L Ps} ;dodf ul/g] o:tf] sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o hgu0fgf elgG5 . s'g} vf; b]z tyf If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hg;fª\lVos, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ;Dkfbg, d"Nofª\sg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|sfzg ug{] ;dli6ut k|lqmofnfO{ hgu0fgf k|lqmof elgG5 . o;cGtu{t jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw / :yfoL :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljlw kb{5g\ . hgu0fgfsf] ;dodf h'g JolQm hxfF 5, TolxF g} p;sf] u0fgf ug{] ljlwnfO{ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw elgG5 . of] ljlw ckgfpFbf /fi6«n] s'g} vf; lbgnfO{ u0fgf lbg egL tf]s]sf] x'G5 / Tof] lbg ;a} u0fsx¿ cfpFbf 3/df e]l6g] lsl;daf6 ;"rgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] ljlw 5f]6f] ;dodf u0fgf ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwcg';f/ u0fgf ubf{ JolQm bf]xf]l/g] / 5'6\g] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 . of] ljlwaf6 kl/0ffd l56f] k|fKt x'g] eP klg 5f]6f] ;dodf g} u0fgf ul/;Sg'kg{] ePsf]n] uNtL ;Rofpg] cj;/ Hofb} sd x'G5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 170 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t :yfoL a;f]af;sf cfwf/df lnOg] hgu0fgfnfO{ :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw elgG5 . g]kfndf oxL ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ hgu0fgf lng] ul/G5 . o; ljlwnfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] w]/} k|efjsf/L ljlwsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgf b'O{b]lv tLg xKtfleq ug{] u/L hgu0fgf cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 / oxL cjlwleq g} u0fsx¿n] ;a} sfd ;DkGg ug'{kg{] x'G5 . o; ljlwcg';f/ ul/Psf] hgu0fgf a9L oyfy{k/s cyf{t\ jf:tljstfsf glhs x'G5 . lgsflnPsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df gLltlgdf{0f ug{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'U5 . u0fsn] nfdf] ;do k|fKt ug{] ePsf] x'Fbf uNtL ;Rofpg] cj;/ o; ljlwdf k|z:t} k|fKt x'G5 . o; ljlwn] dflg;sf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;xof]u ub{5 . cEof; != hgu0fgf eg]sf] s] xf] < @= g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgf slxn] ;'? eof] < #= hgu0fgfsf s'g} b'O{ cf]6f dxŒj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . $= hgu0fgf s;/L ul/G5 < %= hgu0fgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . lqmofsnfk != g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] ;'?jft ldlt / cGo hgu0fgfsf ldltx¿sf ;DaGwdf sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x ljefhg u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= hgu0fgfsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ #= hgu0fgfdf tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ k|of]u ug]{ gd'gf kmf/fd agfO{ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . $= hgu0fgfsf k|rlnt k|lqmof ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L cfºgf] wf/0ff agfpg'xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F+ /x]sf] :yfgLo 6f]ndf /x]sf s'g} kfFr 3/ kl/jf/sf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng u/L ljj/0f k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

171 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & hg;fª\lVosL eg]sf] dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf] cWoog ug{] ljifo xf] . o;n] hg;ª\Vofsf tYofª\sLo kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGbf hg;ª\Vof l:ylt;Fu ;DalGwt tŒjx¿sf] j}1flgs Pjd\ ul0ftLo cWoog ug{] zf:qnfO{ hg;fª\lVosL elgG5 . hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO hg;fª\lVosLsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . o;cGtu{t hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6, cfsf/, ljt/0f / kl/jt{gaf/] cWoog ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6M s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q -b]z, k|b]z, If]q, ufpF, :yfg cflb_ df a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . o;sf/0f hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof xf] . w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf, /fhgLlts sf/0f cflbn] ubf{ hg;ª\Vof ;a} 7fpFdf Ps}gf;sf] x'Fb}g . yf]/} ;'ljwf / sd zflGt ;'/Iff ePsf 7fpFsf] hg;ª\VofeGbf w]/} ;'ljwf / zflGt;'/Iffsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof w]/} x'G5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf ;dy/ e'ld, /fd|f] cGg pTkfbg, ;8s oftfoftsf] pknAwtfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ hg;ª\Vof Psbd} afSnf] 5 . To:t} lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L If]qdf 7G8f xfjfkfgL, ef}uf]lns sl7gfO, sd pAhfp tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gx'gfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfk cToGt sd 5 . hg;fª\lVos agf]6n] b]z, ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vofsf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpF5 . o;af6 s'g} klg :yfgdf pd]/, lnª\u, hflt wd{, k];f efiff, cflbsf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vof slt /x]sf] 5 egL a'em\g ;lsG5 . kf7 @g]kfnsf] hg;flª\Vos cj:yf

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 172 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t pd]/sf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\VofnfO{ pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L juLs/0f klxnf] ;d"xdf ubf{ ) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] ;d"xdf !% jif{b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . t];|f] ;d"xdf ^) jif{b]lv dflysf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L juL{s/0f ul/PsfdWo] ) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf dflg;x¿ / ^) / ;f]eGbf dflysf ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfl>t hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . sfd ug{ g;Sg] / hLjgofkgsf nflu c¿df e/ kg{] hg;ª\VofnfO{ cfl>t hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . !% jif{ d'lgsf s]6fs]6L tyf %( jif{eGbf dflysf a'9fa'9Lx¿sf] ;d"x cfl>t hg;ª\Vofleq kb{5 . cfl>t hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft lgsfNg !% jif{d'lgsf s]6fs]6L tyf %( jif{dflysf j[4 JolQmx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ !% jif{b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf] hDdf hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ !)) n] u'0fg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* n] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $#=)$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cfl>t /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . !% jif{b]lv $( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . ;lqmo hg;ª\Vofdf kg{] JolQmx¿ sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/ ;d"xsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* n] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] %^=(^ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ;lqmo /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . pd]/cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 qm=;+= pd]/ ;d"x k|ltzt ! ) b]lv !$ #$=(! @ !% b]lv %( %^=(^ # ^) b]lv dfly *=!# hDdf !)) ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)^*

173 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 lnª\ucg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6cGtu{t dlxnf, k'?if / n}ª\lus tyf of}lgs cNk;ª\Vos kb{5g\ . n}ª\lus cg'kft lgsfNg x/]s b]zdf lnª\usf cfwf/df hgu0fgf lng] ul/G5 . o;af6 s'n hg;ª\Vofdf slt dlxnf / slt k'?if /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . n}ª\lus cg'kftn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf of]hgf agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lj=;+=@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] n}ª\lus cg'kft ($=!^ /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ df dlxnf !,#^,$%,$^# cyf{t %!=% k|ltzt / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof !,@*,$(,)$! cyf{t $*=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+=@)&* ;fnsf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 (! nfv (@ xhf/ $*) k'u]sf] 5 . s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefun] !@ cf}F /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ub}{ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $( nfv ! xhf/ ! ;o ^( / k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof ! s/f]8 $@ nfv (! xhf/ # ;o !! /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 qm=;+= lnª\u s'n ;ª\Vof k|ltzt ! k'?if !,@*,$(,)$! $*=% @ dlxnf !,#^,$%,$^# %!=% hDdf @,^$,($,%)$ !)) ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)^* wd{cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 g]kfn If]qkmnsf cfwf/df ;fgf] eO{sg klg wfld{s ljljwtfo'Qm d'n's xf] . oxfF w]/} k|sf/sf wd{ dfGg] JolQmx¿sf] lardf Pstf sfod ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf]

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 174 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ oxfF ;a}eGbf w]/} lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;sf] a;f]af; kfOG5 / klg cGo wdf{jnDaLx¿;d]t k|frLgsfnb]lv g} ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . wd{cg';f/ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vofsf] agfj6nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M qm=;+= wd{sf] gfd k|ltzt qm=;+= wd{sf] gfd k|ltzt != lxGb' *!=# $= ls/fFt #=) @= af}4 (=) %= lqmlZrog !=$ #= O:nfd $=$ ^= cGo )=( ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu @)^* cEof; != hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s] xf] < @= hg;flª\Vos agf]6 eg]sf] s] xf] < #= pd]/sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] hg;flª\Vos cj:yf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . $= cfl>t hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s] xf] < %= cfl>t hg;ª\Vof leq kg{] pd]/ ;d"x n]Vg'xf];\ . ^= g]kfndf dflgg] s'g} b'O{ wd{sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . &= hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 < lqmofsnfk != hg;ª\Vof / hg;flª\VosLsf] kl/ro lbFb} logLx¿larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . @= cfk\mgf] aQLsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] pd]/, lnª\u / wd{sf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . #= hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj ;DaGwdf ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . $= hgu0fgfsf] kl5Nnf] TfYofª\scg';f/sf] agf]6nfO{ /]vflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] ;d'bfodf hfg'xf];\ / wd{cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6nfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

175 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & -s_ hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 g]kfn ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] ;femf km"naf/L xf] . oxfF ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ Ps cfk;df ldn]/ a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOG5 . hfthfltsf cfwf/df ul/g] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ hfthfltut hg;ª\Vosf] agf]6 elgG5 . x/]s hfthfltsf cfºgf] hfltcg';f/sf] efiff, ;+:s[lt /xg;xg, rfnrng, rf8kj{ cflb ljz]iftf /x]sf x'G5g\ . lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf !@% hfthflt a;f]af; u5{g\ M qm=;+= hfthflt hg;ª\Vof Ü qm=;+= hfthflt hg;ª\Vof Ü != IfqL !^=^ &= sfdL $=*% @= a|fx\d0f !@=@ *= d';ndfg $=$ #= du/ &=! (= ofbj $=) $= yf¿ ^=^ !)= /fO{ @=#! %= tfdfª %=* !!= cGo #!=@ ^ g]jf/ %=) ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)^* -v_ efiffcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 g]kfn ax'hflt, ax';+:s[lt, ax'efiffefifLsf] ;femf km"naf/L xf] . oxfF ljleGg efiffefifLsf dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df ldn]/ a;f]af; ub{5g\ . b]zdf af]lng] efiffsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ efiffcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 elgG5 . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfndf !@# dft[efiffsf] klxrfg ePsf] lyof] . efiffcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agfj6, @)^* qm=;+= efiffsf] gfd hg;ª\Vof Ü qm=;+= efiffsf] gfd hg;ª\Vof Ü != g]kfnL $$=^ ^= jlHhsf #=) @= d}lynL !!=& &= du/ #=) #= ef]hk'/L ^=) *= 8f]6]nL #=) $= yf¿ %=* (= pb"{ @=^ %= tfdfª %=! !)= cGo !@=) ^= g]jf/L #=@ ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu @)^* kf7 #g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 176 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t -u_ hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ † eb|sfnL dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff & df ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf ;DaGwdf ;fyLx¿sf lardf 5nkmn u/L ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . pSt ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ kf/L k|:t't u/]sf] ;"rLsf] cWoog u/f}F M != o;af6 b]zsf] cfl>t / ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof kQf nufO{ bL3{sflng of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u x'G5 . @= hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] k5fl8 k/]sf hfthfltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s hLjgnfO{ psf:g ug'{kg{] sfo{sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 . #= b]zdf s'g efiff w]/} / s'g efiff sd af]lnG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . $= cfl>t hg;ª\Vof sd ePsf] b]z ljsf;df cufl8 a9\5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . %= s'g} klg :yfg jf b]zdf /x]sf hfthflt / pSt hfthfltsf] /xg;xg / rfnrngsfaf/]df hg;flª\Vos agf]6af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . ^= b]zdf /x]sf efiffefifLsf] l:ylt kQf nufpg dbt ldN5 . &= nf]k x'g nfu]sf hfthflt, efiffefifL / wd{, ;d'bfosfaf/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . *= /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . (= hfltcg';f/sf] efiff, lnª\u, k];f cflb h:tf ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . !)= b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yfdf k/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 . !!= b]zsf] n}ª\lus cg'kftsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cEof; != hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6nfO{ j[Qlrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . @= g]kfndf /x]sf s'g} kfFr hfthfltsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . #= g]kfndf af]lng] k|d'v kfFr efiffsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

177 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & lqmofsnfk != tkfO{Fsf] sIffdf cWoog ug{] ;fyLx¿ s'g s'g efiff af]Ng'x'G5 < ;f] tYofª\snfO{ j[Qlrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ /]vflrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M qm=;+= wd{sf] gfd k|ltzt qm=;+= wd{sf] gfd k|ltzt != lxGb' *!=# $= ls/fFt #=) @= af}4 (=) % lqml:rog !=$ #= O:nfd $=$ ^+ cGo )=( #= g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuåf/f ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] tn lbOPsf] k|]; lj1lKt cWoog u/L /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ M k|sflzt ldlt M @)&*÷!)÷!@ /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthf ;fj{hlgs k|]; lj1lKt /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* g]kfnsf] afx|f}+ / lj=;+= @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgkl5sf] klxnf] hgu0fgf xf] . o; hgu0fgfdf klxnf] r/0fsf] :ynut sfo{ lj=;+= @)&* ;fn ef› #) b]lv c;f]h !* ;Dd / bf];|f] r/0fsf] :ynut sfo{ lj=;+= @)&* ;fn sflt{s @% b]lv @)&* d+l;/ ( ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|b]z tyf lhNNff:t/df Joj:yfksLo sfo{sf] nflu !,*&! sd{rf/L / :ynut sfo{df sl/a *,%)) ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf #(,))) u0fsx¿ ;+nUg lyP . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* b'a} r/0fsf] :ynut sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ el/Psf kmf/fdx¿ -3/ tyf 3/kl/jf/ ;"rLs/0f kmf/fd, d'Vo k|ZgfjnL tyf ;fd'bflos k|ZgfjnL_ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefudf k|fKt eO{ k|zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos tof/L sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgfsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf u0fsx¿af6 3/kl/jf/x¿sf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng ug]{ qmddf x/]s ;'kl/j]Ifsn] cfkm" dftxtsf u0fsx¿n] e/]sf kmf/fdx¿sf] hfFr ug]{ / u0fscg';f/ d'Vo k|ZgfjnLsf] cfj/0f k[i7df el/Psf ljj/0faf6 æsG6«f]n kmf/fdÆ eg'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sG6«f]n kmf/fdx¿df k|b]z, lhNNff, :yfgLo

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 178 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t tx, j8f, hgu0fgf 3/;ª\Vof, hgu0fgf kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof, hDdf hg;ª\Vof, k'?if, dlxnf, 3/kl/jf/df cg'kl:yt ljb]z uPsfsf] hDdf hg;ª\Vof, k'?if, dlxnf cflb pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ltg} sG6«f]n kmf/fdx¿df el/Psf tYofÍsf cfwf/df of] k|f/lDes glthf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] o; k|f/lDes glthfsf cª\sx¿ hgu0fgfsf] d'Vo k|zf]wg sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ clGtd glthf k|fKt x'Fbf km/s kg{ ;S5g\ . o; cj:yfdf d'Vo k|ZgfjnLsf] lj:t[t k|zf]wgkl5 k|fKt glthfnfO{ g} clGtd dflgGf] 5 . o;/L sG6«f]n kmf/fdsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] ;+lIfKt glthf b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M hg;ª\Vof / n}l∙s cg'kft /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @,(!,(@,$*) k'u]sf] 5 . of] bz jif{cl3 -@)^* ;fn_ sf] hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ sf] t'ngfdf @^,(&,(&^ n] a9L xf] . bz jif{df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof !)=!* Ü n] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut bz jif{sf] ;/b/ jflif{s j[l4b/ (Exponential Growth) )=(#Ü b]lvG5 . of] cl3Nnf] hgu0fgfdf !=#%Ü /x]sf] lyof] . s'n hg;ª\Vofdf !,$@,(!,#!! hgf k'?if -$*=(^Ü_ / !,$(,)!,!^( hgf dlxnf -%!=)$Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . bz jif{cl3 @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf s'n hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ hgfdf k'?if / dlxnfsf] lx:;f qmdzM $*=%Ü / %!=%Ü lyof] . xfnsf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ n}lËs cg'kft -k|lt !)) dlxnfdf k'?ifsf] ;ª\Vof_ (%=(! /x]sf] 5 . of] ut hgu0fgfdf ($=!^ /x]sf] lyof] . hgu0fgf 3/ / kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ g]kfndf cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof ^&,^!,)%( /x]sf] 5 / tL kl/jf/x¿ hDdf %^,$#,($% cf]6f 3/df a;]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 cyf{t !) cf]6f 3/df cf};tdf !@ cf]6f kl/jf/ a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lVfG5 . xfnsf] kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof bz jif{cl3sf] eGbf sl/a @$=%&Ü n] j[l4 ePsf] xf] . o; cjlwdf hDdf !#,##,&%& cf]6f kl/jf/ yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ k|ltkl/jf/ $=#@ hgf ;b:o /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] @)^* df $=** hgf lyof] . ;x/L If]qsf] kl/jf/df ;fnfvfnf $=@%

179 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & hgf /x]sf 5g\ eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf $=%% hgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] bz jif{cl3 qmdzM $=#@ hgf / %=)@ hgf lyof] . ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ x]bf{ lxdfnL If]qdf ;fnfvfnf $=@& hgf, kxf8df #=(% hgf / t/fO{ If]qdf $=^% hgf k|ltkl/jf/ /x]sf] b]lVfG5 . k|b]zut cfwf/df x]bf{ kl/jf/df cf};t ;b:o ;ª\Vof u08sL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd -#=^^ hgf_ / dw]; k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L -%=^^ hgf_ /x]sf] 5 h'g @)^* ;fndf qmdzM $=!^ hgf / %=*) hgf /x]sf] lyof] . lhNnfcg';f/ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] bf]nvfdf -#=$! hgf_ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /f}tx6 lhNnfdf %=(@ hgf b]lvPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns If]q (Ecological Belt) cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof, n}l∙s cg'kft / j[l4b/ ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fdf t/fO{ If]qsf] c+z @)^* ;fnsf] t'ngfdf @)&* df j[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf t/fO{df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] %)=@&Ü lx:;f /x]sfdf @)&* df j[l4 eO{ %#=^^Ü k'u]sf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ^=&#Ü c+z /x]sfdf @)&* df s]xL sd eO{ ^=)(Ü /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kxf8L If]qdf @)^* df $#=)!Ü c+z /x]sfdf xfn $)=@%Üdf em/]sf] 5 . bz jif{sf] cjlwdf n}lËs cg'kft t/fO{df ! Ü laGb'n] 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lxdfn tyf kxf8df qmdzM # Ü / $ Ü laGb'n] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ut @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df qmdzM ($, (! / (& /x]sfdf @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] k|f/lDes glthf;Dd cfOk'Ubf qmdzM (&, (% / (^ sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 . jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ x]bf{ lxdfnL If]qdf C0ffTds -—)=)@Ü_, kxf8L If]qdf Go"g dfqfdf wgfTds -)=@(Ü _ / t/fO{ If]qdf cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf pRr wgfTds -!=%^Ü_ j[l4 b]lvG5 . k|b]zcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof, kl/jt{g / j[l4b/ Kf|b]zut ¿kdf hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f x]bf{ ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof dw]; k|b]zdf ^!,@^,@** / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !^,($,**( hgf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;du|sf] qmdzM @)=((Ü / %=*!Ü 5 . n }lËs ¿kfn ] ljZn ]if0f ubf { n }lËs cg'kft ;a }eGbf w ]/ } dw ]; k |b ]zdf / ;a }eGbf sd ;'b"/klZrd k |b ]zdf qmdzM !)! / () /x]sf] 5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 180 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t k|b]zut ¿kdf jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ x]bf{ & cf]6f k|b]zdWo] ;a}EfGbf a9L n'lDagL k|b]zdf !=@% Ü k|ltjif{ / ;a}eGbf sd u08sL k|b]zdf )=#)Ü k|ltjif{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b]lvG5 . bf]:f|f] w]/} jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ x'g] k|b]zdf dw]; k|b]z /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] j[l4b/ !=@)Ü k|ltjif{ 5 . cGo k|b]zsf] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ !=)Ü eGbf sd g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnfcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof / jflif{s j[l4b/ k|fKt k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ b]zsf && lhNnfdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf @),!&,%#@ hgf / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof dgfª lhNnfdf %,^$% hgfsf] cS;/ a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . df]/ª, ¿kGb]xL, emfkf / ;'g;/L lhNnf qmdzM bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf lhNnf x'g\ . sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf lhNnftkm{ d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, /;'jf / x'Dnf qmdzM bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ :yfgdf kb{5g\ . lhNNffcg';f/ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L n}l∙s cg'kft dgfª lhNNffsf] !#) / ;a}eGbf sd n}l∙s cg'kft Ko"7fg lhNNffsf] *@ 5 . lhNnfut jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/nfO{ x]bf{ lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qsf #@ cf]6f lhNNffdf jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ C0ffTds b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ut @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ @& cf]6f lhNnfdf C0ffTds b]lvPsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;a}eGbf w]/} jflif{s j[l4b/ eQmk'/ lhNnfdf -#=#@Ü_ / ;a}eGbf sd /fd]5fd lhNnfdf -—!=^%Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . lxdfnL lhNnfdWo] d'u' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L -!=*)Ü_ jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ b]lvG5 . u|fdL0f—;x/L hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f gu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / dxfgu/kflnsf If ]qnfO { ;x/L tyf ufp Fkflnsfsf ] If ]qnfO { u |fdL0f If ]q dfGbf @)&* ;fnsf ] s'n hg;ª \Vofdf ;x/L hg;ª \Vof ^^=)*Ü k'u ]sf ] 5 eg ] u |fdL0f hg;ª \Vof ##=(@Ü k'u ]sf ] 5 . ;ª \3Lo ;+/rgfkl5 :yfgLo txnfO { ;x/L / u |fdL0f If ]q cg';f/ juL {s/0f u/L @)^* ;fnsf ] hg;ª \VofnfO { ;dfof ]hg ubf { ;x/L hg;ª \Vof ^#=!(Ü / u |fdL0f hg;ª \Vof #^=*!Ü /x ]sf ] lyof ] . /fli6 «o hgu0fgf @)^* df %* cf ]6f gu/kflnsf /x ]sf ] cj:Yffdf s'n hg;ª \Vofsf ] !&=)&Ü ;x/L hg;ª \Vof / *@=(#Ü u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] lyof] .

181 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & :yfgLo txcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f /fli6«o Hfgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ gu/kflnsfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf % gu/kflnsfdf qmdzM sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, e/tk'/, nlntk'/ / jL/uGh dxfgu/kflnsf x'g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf % gu/kflnsfdf qmdzM 7'nLe]/L gu/kflnsf, lqk'/f;'Gb/L gu/kflnsf, dfbL gu/kflnsf, nfnLu'/fF; gu/kflnsf / lh/L gu/kflnsf kb{5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf *,^%,()^ / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] 7'nLe]/L gu/kflnsfdf !),!*& hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . @) xhf/ eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof x'g] gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof !$ /x]sf] 5 eg] ! nfv eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof x'g] gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof #( cf]6f /x]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsftkm{ ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof a}hgfy ufpFkflnsfdf &),#!% hgf / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] gfkf{el"d ufpFkflnsfdf $$@ hgf /x]sf] 5 . !) xhf/ eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof x'g] ufpFkflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof $^ /x]sf] 5 eg] %) xhf/eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof x'g] ufpFkflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof !% /x]sf] 5 . hg3gTj /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg3gTj !(* hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= k'u]sf] 5 . of] @)^* ;fndf !*) hgf dfq lyof] . ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ x]bf{ @)^* ;fndf ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf #(@ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sfdf xfn @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ klg ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf $^! hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} %,!)* hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / dgfª lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd # hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . hg3gTjsf cfwf/df eQmk'/, nlntk'/, wg'iff / dxf]Q/L qmdzM w]/} hg3gTj /x]sf bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ lhNnf x'g\ . To;}u/L dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf / x'Dnf lhNnfdf hg3gTj !) hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= EfGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . t/fO{df ;a}EfGbf sd hg3gGj ePsf] lhNnfdf pbok'/ -!^^ hgf_ / kxf8df ?s'd k"j{ -#% hgf_ kb{5g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 182 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t kl/jf/df cg'kl:yt -cS;/ a;f]af; ljb]zdf /x]sf_ hg;ª\Vof hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ hDdf @!,^(,$&* JolQm cS;/ ljb]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lVfG5 . o;dWo] !&,^#,#!% k'?if -*!=@*Ü_ / $,)^,!)# dlxnf -!*=&@Ü_ 5g\ . bz jif{cl3 @)^* ;fndf 3/kl/jf/df cg'kl:yt -ljb]zdf cS;/ a;f]af; ug{]x¿_ ;ª\Vof !(,@!,$($ lyof] . o;DfWo] k'?if !^,*$,)@( -*&=^$Ü_ / dlxnf @,#&,$)) -!@=#^Ü_ lyP . o;/L ;du|df x]bf{ @)^* sf] t'ngfdf @)&* df lab]lzg] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof &!=)(Ü n] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df && cf]6} lhNNffaf6 JolQmx¿ ljb]z uPsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ljb]z uPsf % lhNnfdf sf7df8f}+, s}nfnL, emfkf, ¿kGb]xL / df]/ª 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd ljb]z hfg] % lhNnfx¿df dgfª, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf, d'u' / d':tfª 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

183 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cGtu{t hGd, d[To' / a;fOF ;/fO{ h:tf tŒjx¿ kb{5g\ . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ j[l4 u5{ . d[To'n] hg;ª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 . a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kf5{ . o;sf/0f hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0f elgPsf] xf] . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf nflu pRr lzz' hGdb/, clzIff, kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f, k/Dk/fut wfld{s d"No / dfGotf, rngrNtL, ;+:s[lt, ljZjf; cflb sf/s tŒjx¿n] k|d'v e"ldsf;d]t v]nsf x'G5g\ . hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9\g], d[To'n] hg;ª\Vof 36\g] / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg{] ePsfn] hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6 / ljt/0fdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒj elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ hGdb/ d[To'b/ a;fOF;/fO hGd hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9fpF5 . of] hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] sf/0f tŒj xf] . pRr hGdb/ x'Fbf hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ pRr x'G5 eg] Go"g hGdb/n] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df sdL NofpF5 . cfdfsf] ue{df /x]sf] e|"0f hLljt ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sg] k|lqmofnfO{ hGd elgG5 . of] dlxnfn] hLljt ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] sfo{ xf] . hGdaf6 hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf kf7 $ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0f

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 184 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t k|efj kg{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cg'kftdf tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf b]zx¿n] hGdb/ 36fpg] k|of; u/]sf x'G5g\ . dTo' ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] hLjgsf ;a} k|df0fx¿ :yfoL ¿kn] ljlng x'g] cj:yfnfO{ d[To' eg]sf] 5 . d[To' eg]sf] ;dfKt x'g' xf] . /f]u nfu]/,:jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] cefj eP/, kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] cefj /x]/, b'3{6gfdf k/]/, b'Jo{;gdf nfu]/, k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf k/]/, a'9f] eP/ dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5 . of] Pp6f h}ljs k|lj|mof xf] . x/]s hLjx¿sf] hGdkl5 d[To' x'G5 . hGdnfO{ ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L /f]Sg ;lsG5 t/ d[To'nfO{ ;bfsf nflu /f]Sg ;lsFb}g . d[To' x'g hGd clgjfo{ 5 . d[To'kl5 d[tssf] ;lqmotf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt x'G5 . hGdb/eGbf d[To'b/ a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof 36\5 eg] d[To'b/eGbf hGdb/ a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof a9\5 . a;fOF;/fO a;fOF;/fO Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geP/ of] Pp6f hg;fª\lVosLo k|lqmof xf] . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ a9fpF5 eg] d[To'n] hgª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 t/ a;fOF;/fOn] hgª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf af;:yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof g} a;fOF;/fO xf] . ljleGg cfsif{s / ljsif{s tŒjsf sf/0f dflg;x¿n] a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . l;dfgfsf] cfwf/df a;fOF;/fO {nfO { cfGtl/s a;fO F;/fO / afXo a;fO F;/fO u/L b'O { efudf ljefhg ug { ;lsG5 . Pp6 } b ]zsf l;dfgfleqsf ljleGg :yfgdf ul/g ] a;fO F;/fOnfO { cfGtl/s a;fO F;/fO elgG5 eg ] Pp6f b ]zsf ] l;dfgf kf/ u/L csf ] { b ]zdf a;fO F ;/ ]/ hfg ] k |lqmofnfO { afXo a;fO F;/fO elgG5 . dflg;x¿ zflGt ;'Joj:yf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf, cj;/ / /f ]huf/L cflbsf sf/0fn ] a;fO F;/fO u5 {g \ . hg;ª\Vof j[l4af6 kg{] c;/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] ubf{ vfBfGg, cfjf;, /f]huf/L h:tf cTofjZosLo j:t'sf] dfu a9\5 . o;n] lzIff, :jf:Yosf] klg dfu a9\5 . t/ ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgn] ;a}sf dfu k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . kmn:j¿k w]/} kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt v:sFb} hfG5 / u[xsnx, a]/f]huf/L, ef]sd/L, c;'/Iff cflb ;d:of b]vf k5{g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ l/ltFb} hfG5g\ .

185 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & hg;ª\Vof 36\bf kg]{ c;/ hg;ª\Vofdf sdL cfpFbf b]zsf nflu cfjZos kg{] pTkfbgzLn hgzlStsf] cefj x'G5 . To;sf] c;/ ;du| b]z ljsf;df kb{5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df cfjZos hgzlSt cGo b]zaf6 lng'k5{ . o;sf] k|efj b]zsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts If]qdf klg kg{ hfG5 . dfgj of}g / k|hgg k|0ffnL :qL / k'?ifsf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfsf] leGgtf, :qL / k'?ifsf] e"ldsf tyf ljz]iftfn] klg hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf c;/ ub{5 . eljiosf nflu of]hgf hg;ª\Vof lzIffn] r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] cWoog kl5 dflg;x¿ u'0f:tLo hLjgtkm{ pGd'v x'G5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffdf :j¿k pko'St pd]/df ljjfx, ue{wf/0f, hGdfGt/, kl/jf/sf] of]hgf cflb ljifoj:t'sf]af/]df eljiosf nflu of]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdx¿ hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9\g], d[To'n] hg;ª\Vof 36\g] / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg{] ePsfn] hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M != hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'Fbf vfBfGg, /f]huf/L / cfjf;df ;d:of cfpF5 . @= a;fOF;/fO x'Fbf hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kf5{ . #= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cg'kftdf hg;ª\Vof sd x'Fbf ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] cefj x'G5 . $= hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] rf]/L, 8s}tL, xTof h:tf ck/fw a9\5g\ . %= hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdf x:tIf]k eO{ dxfdf/L km}nG5 . ^= hg;ª\Vof j[l4af6 jg ljgfz x'G5 . &= hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'Fbf jftfj/0f k|b"if0f a9\g ;S5 . *= hg;ª\Vof a9L x'Fbf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL x'G5 . (= hg;ª\Vof j[l4af6 u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|efj k5{ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 186 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cEof; != hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < @= hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ s] s] x'g\ < s'g} Pssf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . #= a;fOF;/fOnfO{ lsg hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f elgG5 < $= d[To'n] s;/L hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|efj kf5{ < %= hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . lqmofsnfk != hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒjx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;+jfb tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOn] s;/L hg;ª\VofnfO{ kl/jt{g u5{ < o;n] tkfO{Fsf] hLjgdf kfg{] k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]vL sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] ;d'bfosf sDtLdf klg bz kl/jf/df uO{ kl5Nnf] Ps jif{df ePsf hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOsf 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f ;f]wL j[Qlrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

187 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & u'0f:t/Lo hLjg eg]sf] dflg;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿nufot cGo ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf dgf]j}1flgs cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{af6 ;'v / ;Gt'li6sf ;fy hLjg ofkg ug{] k4lt xf] . dflg;n] hLjg latfpg k|of]u ug{] ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ u'0f:t/Lo x'g'k5{ . dflg;n] k|of]u ug{] j:t'sf] u'0f, kl/df0f / hLjgz}nLn] p;sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjg lgwf{/0f ug{] ePsfn] JolQmsf] cfDbfgL a9\b}df u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf j[l4 eof] eGg ;lsFb}g . dflg;df ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ pRr eP u'0f:t/Lo hLjg klg pRr x'G5 . ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ Go"g eP u'0f:t/Lo hLjg klg Go"g x'G5 . ;Gt'li6sf] :t/n] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f, :jR5 lkpg] kfgL, ;~rf/, ljB't, cfDbfgLsf] e/kbf{] cfwf/, :j:Yos/ cfjf;, df};dcg';f/sf nQfsk8f, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;fgf] kl/jf/, u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] pkof]un] dflg;sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ . u'0f:t/Lo hLjg t'ngfTds cjwf/0ff xf] . cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{ ;xh ¿kdf x'g' g} u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] k|d'v kmfObf xf] . cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] cefj / clzIff g} Go"g u'0f:t/Lo hLjg x'gfsf b'O{ sf/0f x'g\ . kl/jf/df kf]l;nf] Pjd\ ;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] pknAwtf x'g' u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] k|d'v dxŒj xf] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kf}li6s cfxf/sf] cefj x'g' Go"g u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] Pp6f c;/ xf] . u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] ;DaGw JolQm jf ;dfhsf] clwstd ;'v / cf/fdbfos cj:yfsf] hLjg;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo hLjg t'ngfTds cjwf/0ff xf] . kf7 % hg;fª\lVos cj:yf / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 188 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] ;DaGw clwstd cf/fdbfoL hLjg;Fu /xg] x'gfn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M != hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ tyf j[l4b/ @= k|ltJolQm cfo #= k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf $= /fhgLlts k|0ffnL %= vfBfGg, nQfsk8f tyf cfjf; ^= lzIff &= :jR5 lkpg] kfgL *= :jf:Yo (= ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s d"No / dfGotfx¿ !)= k'FhLsf] kof{Kttf !!= k|fljlws ljsf; !@= cfDbfgLsf] e/kbf{] cfwf/ hg;flª\Vos cj:yf / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] ;DaGw != w]/} hg;ª\Vof sd ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿sf] pkof]u yf]/} hg;ª\Vof a9L ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿sf] pkof]u . @= yf]/} hg;ª\Vof x'Fbf b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] cefj x'G5 eg] w]/} hg;ª\Vof x'Fbf b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] kl/k"lt{ x'G5 . #= w]/} hg;ª\Vof x'Fbf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]udf c;/ k'U5 eg] yf]/} hg;ª\Vof x'Fbf k|s[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]udf ;'ljwf k'U5 . $= hg;ª\Vof w]/} x'Fbf u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf c;/ k'U5 eg] yf]/} hg;ª\Vof x'Fbf dflg;sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf ;xof]u k'U5 . %= yf]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 eg] w]/}

189 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & hg;ª\Vof ePsf] kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g . ^= dflg;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ yf]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] v08df ;xh} kl/k"lt{ x'G5 eg] w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] v08df ;xh} kl/k"lt{ x'Fb}g . &= yf]/} hg;ª\Vofdf ;Gt'li6sf ;fy hLjg ofkg x'G5 eg] w]/} hg;ª\Vofdf x'Fb}g . u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿ != /f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f . @= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;j{;'netf . #= :t/Lo / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] Joj:yf . $= ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] k|r'/tf / lgoldt pkef]udf hf]8 . %= l;kd"ns tflndsf] Joj:yf . ^= cfjf; / ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf . &= ;fgf] kl/jf/ . *= ;'/lIft / lx+;f/lxt 3/]n' jftfj/0f . (= JolQmut :jtGqtf . !)= ;fdflhs ;xeflutf . cEof; != u'0f:t/Lo hLjg eg]sf] s] xf] < @= u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿ s] s] x'g\ < #= hg;flª\Vos cj:yf / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . $= u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfwf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . %= hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf kfg]{ b'O{ cf]6f k|efjx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . ^= u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 190 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t lqmofsnfk != hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df ;+jfb tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . @= sIffnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L klxnf] ;d"xaf6 u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] kf]:6/, bf];|f] ;d"xaf6 u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfwf/x¿sf] ;"rL / t];|f] ;d"xaf6 u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . #= tkfO{Fsf] sIffdf /x]sf ;fyLx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgk|ltsf] wf/0ff a'emL pgLx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ yk u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ckgfpg'kg{] pkfox¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ vf]h]/ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

191 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & kl/ro pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / To;sf] kl/rfng tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/0ffdsf lardf ;fdGh:o Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ hgª\Vof Joj:yfkg elgG5 . of] hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] /fHosf /x]sf hgtfsf] enfO ug'{ / ltgLx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ;fwg / o;sf] kl/rfngsf] t'ngdfdf hg;ª\Vof w]/} x'g] b]zsf nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 clezfk xf] eg] k|s[lts ;|f]t;fwg / o;sf] kl/rfngsf] t'ngfdf hg;ª\Vof sd x'g] b]zsf nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 j/bfg xf] . To;}n] s'g} klg :yfgsf nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g' cfkm}df ;d:of xf]Og . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 gful/sx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, jgf]6, ljt/0f ;DaGwL of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ub{5 . hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f / j[l4 ug{] pkfoaf6 hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg gful/sx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] vfgkfg, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg u/L dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vL, v';L / ;Gt'i6 agfpg tkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t'x¿sf] kl/k"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg, pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkef]u / kl/rfng ug{, lbuf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{, jftfj/0f / hg;ª\Voflarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lau|g glbg, u'0f:t/Lo hLjg Joj:yfkg ug{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj /x]sf] x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 gful/sx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] vfgkfg, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ x¿sf] Joj:yfkg x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt kf7 ^ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 192 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t kl/rfng x'G5 . b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df dbt k'U5 . pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod x'G5 . kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /xG5 . u'0f:t/Lo bIf hgzlSt pTkfbgdf dbt k'U5 . jftfj/0f / hg;ª\Voflarsf] ;DaGwdf ;Gt'ng x'G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfgsf pkfox¿ != /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ . @= pko'Qm pd]/df ljafx -ljjfx ug]{ lglZrt sfg'gL cfwf/;d]t tf]Sg]_ ug{] . #= hGdfGt/ /fVg] . $= n}ª\lus ;dfgtf -5f]/f / 5f]/L Ps} x'g\ eGg] efjgf_ sfod /fVg] . %= cfk|jf;df /f]s nufpg] . ^= dlxnfnfO{ lzIff / /f]huf/sf cj;/ lbg] . &= hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ . *= :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug{] . (= kfl/jfl/s r]tgf;lxtsf] kl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . !)= dlxnf ljsf; / r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ !!= of}g lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] !@= k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{] . cEof; != hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] < @= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo n]Vg'xf];\ . #= s:tf b]zsf nflu hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 < $= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . %= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . lqmofsnfk != hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{

193 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & lgsfNg'xf];\ . @= …hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg cfhsf] cfjZostfÚ zLif{sdf jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . #= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ ljleGg lrq, kf]:6/, kmf]6fx¿sf] vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . $= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj 5nkmn;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . %= sIffnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL ;d"x ;d"xdf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / cfºgf] ;d"xn] lgsfn]sf] lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . ^= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] rf6{ jf tflnsf tof/ kf/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F+sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – & 194 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLs[t hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf s'g} lglZrt ;dodf a;f]af; u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x xf] . lglZrt :yfg, ;d'bfo, b]z cflbdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dflg; g} To; :yfg, hflt, ;d'bfo / b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof xf] . hg;ª\Vofsf] 1fgn] ToxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof slt 5 < pgLx¿ s;/L ljtl/t 5g\ < pgLx¿sf] ;+/rgf s] xf] < hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} hg;ª\Vofsf tŒj, k|lj|mof / dfkg ;DaGwL ul0ftLo / tYofª\sLo ljifo If]qsf] ;d]t af]w u/fpF5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ljsl;t b]zx¿sf nflu eGbf klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu a9L cfjZos x'G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9\5 . jftfj/0fLo x|f; cfpF5 . jghª\unsf] ljgfz x'G5 . vfBfGg tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf] sdL cfpF5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df cj/f]w x'G5 . cJojl:yt a;f]af;, ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0fn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgdfly cTolws rfk eO{ jftf/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|G5 . o;}n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ nfUg'k5{. hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / To;sf] kl/rfng tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/df0f lardf ;fdf~oh:o NofpF5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod u5{ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 gful/sx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . ;|f]t;fwg / o;sf] kl/rfngsf] cg'kftdf xfd|f] b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . o;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;df:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] kf7 & hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf