BASED ON NEW CURRICULUM 5 Grade HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION and Creative Arts Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Center (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal as an additional material. Author Arjun K. Baruwal M.Ed. (Health Education), TU Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Tel. No.: 01-5378629
Published & Distributed by: Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone No.: 01-5378629 Author: Arjun K Baruwal Graphic Mobilizer / Design PSDESIGN # 9849055680 (Manoz Manohar) Copyright: © Author Artwork Prem Lamsal First Edition : 2080 BS (2023 AD) Printed in Nepal Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts Grade - 5
This book belongs to Name: _________________________________________________ Grade: _________________ Section: _______ Roll No: _______ School:_________________________________________________ Home Address: ________________________________________ Tel:_______________________ Cell: _______________________
Preface This book Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts – 5 is our genuine presentation. It is fully based on Basic Education Curriculum-2078 BS for grade V, prescribed by CDC Nepal. The book is prepared considering students’ and teachers’ need and demand. The book’s writing, designing and printing all focuses the child’s interests and desires. This book possesses some features. The salient features of the book are: approved by Curriculum Development Center, Nepal fractional presentation of units and contents based on Basic Education Curriculum-2078 BS attractive designing and printing real photographs for the content. Book writing is a challenging and sincere work. I accomplished this work without any obstruction since I got various helping hands in my work from different sectors. I am always grateful with them. The colleagues Mr. Mohan Niraula and Ms Anu Dhital are graceful persons. I can never forget their graceful support in the course of writing. Ms Kanti Mahato, National Coach for Athletics and Mr. Manoz Manohar (the Designer) are also thankful persons to me. The visual credit goes to Abin Kumar Baruwal and various apps of Google Company and medical sites. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the entire team of Aakar Publication Pvt. Ltd. I genuinely express my sincere thanks to all who extend their cordial assist directly or indirectly. Thanks! Arjun K Baruwal
CONTENTS PART 1 : HEALTH EDUCATION 9 - 105 Unit 1 : Personal Hygiene 10 Lesson1 : Personal Hygiene 11 Lesson 2 : Menstrual Hygiene 24 Unit 2 : Environmental Sanitation 29 Lesson 1 : Environmental Sanitation 30 Lesson 2 : Water Purification and its Techniques 44 Unit 3: Food and Nutrition 50 Lesson 1: Food and Nutrition 51 Lesson 2 : Local Food and Usage 64 Unit 4: Disease and Alcoholism 70 Lesson 1: Diseases 71 Lesson 2 : Diseases Transmitted by Insects and Animals 77 Lesson 3 : Non-Communicable Disease 83 Lesson 4: Drinking Alcohol 87 Unit 5: Safety and First Aid 92 Lesson 1: Safety and First Aid 93 PART 2 : PHYSICAL EDUCATION 106 - 181 Unit 6 : Drill and Physical Training 107 Lesson 1: Drill 108 Lesson 2: Physical Training 116
Unit 7 : Athletics and Gymnastics 129 Lesson 1 : Athletics 130 Lesson 2 : Gymnastics 144 Unit 8 : Local, Minor and Ball Games 155 Lesson 1: Local and Minor Games 156 Lesson 2: Ball Games 163 Unit 9: Yog 173 Lesson 1 : Yog 174 PART 3 : CREATIVE ARTS 182 - 248 Unit 10 : Line Graph and Color 183 Lesson 1 : Line Drawing 184 Lesson 2 : Sketch and Color 192 Unit 11 : Print Art and Clay Work 198 Lesson 1 : Print Art 199 Lesson 2 : Clay Work, Collage and Craft 203 Unit 12 : Singing and Playing 212 Lesson 1 : Singing 213 Lesson 2 : Playing 228 Unit 13 : Dance and Acting 242 Lesson 1 : Dance and Acting 243
PART 1 HEALTH Education Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
10 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours) Personal Hygiene 1 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1. Personal Hygiene 2. Menstrual Hygiene
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 11 Lesson 1 Personal Hygiene 1.1. Introduction Health is our great wealth. If our health is good, everything is possible otherwise all become far from us. Health depends on various factors, and personal hygiene is one of the vital factors among them. Hygiene is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of healthy ways of living. It includes personal cleanliness, games and exercise, healthy food, good nutrition, rest and sleep, access to fresh air, sunbath and light, pure drinking water, immunization, prevention of diseases, and avoidance of bad habits, etc. These are scopes of hygiene. Personal hygiene is a little bit different than hygiene. "Personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person". It is practiced at our home. Hygiene regards with healthy lifestyle while personal hygiene is achieved through personal efforts to promote the personal health. It includes the following efforts, which are also known as principle of personal hygiene: (a) Personal Cleanliness (b) Care of Hair (c) Care of face (d) Regular Exercise (e) Sleep and Rest (f) Recreation Taking Bath
12 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) (g) Wearing of Neat and Clean Clothes (h) Drinking of Pure and Clean Water Hygiene and personal hygiene both are key components to preserve our health. Their level determines the status of our health. They maintain our health physically, mentally, externally and internally as well immune power and make us healthy, strong and robust. 1.2. Sense Organs and Care Our body has several organs. Among them, few organs assist us to interact with the surroundings. We have five sense organs. They are nose, eyes, ears, skin and tongue. These organs are used to collect the sense or stimulation from the sources. The sense organs mean the organs, which receive the sense / stimulation to respond. They are connected to the nervous system directly. These sense organs should be clean, neat and well to be healthy. The healthy organs can perform their functions properly. Hence, we should give proper attention to care these organs. Let’s discuss the care of the sense organs of human body. a) Eyes and Their Care The eyes are very sensible sense organs of vision. We should give the proper care to keep our eyes healthy and well. The methods to care our eyes are: i. We should wash our eyes daily with clean water. ii. We should consume green vegetables, yellow fruits and liver regularly because they are rich in vitamin A. iii. We should manage the proper light while reading, writing and doing work inside the room and hall. Sense Organs
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 13 iv. We should not watch the sun directly because it may destroy the eye and its parts. v. We should maintain the certain distance and level to watch television, work with computer and read the books, newspapers, magazines and note copies. vi. We should not watch television, cell phone and computer in dark and dim light. vii. We should never use any medicine and thing into the eyes ourselves. viii. We should visit the doctor and hospital if we have any eye problem. Never practice self-treatment to the eyes. Please, complete the following statements with appropriate reasons: a. The distance between book and eyes should be_________________ because ___________________ . b. The distance between television / computer and eyes should be ___________ because __________________________________ . c. The use of mobile phone may damage our eyes because __________ . 1.1 b) Nose and Care Nose is the sense organ of odor. It is also an organ of our respiratory system. It involves in respiration process. It needs proper care to perform its works effectively. We can do the following things to care our nose: Care of Eye
14 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) a) We should clean the inner nose while washing our face. b) We should not blow the nose. c) We should not insert our fingers and other pointed objects into the nose. d) We should not smell any unknown things. e) We should not inhale fiercely when the nose is blocked. f) We should use the mask in dusty and smoked area to protect our nose. g) We should not use any medicine ourselves into the nose. If we have any problem then we have to consult an ENT specialist. c) Ear and Care The ears are audio sensory organs. The disturbance or damage in listening system of this organ causes deafness. Our minor mistakes and carelessness may lead us toward deafness. So, we should always be careful about the care of our ears. We can care our ears with in the following ways: i. We should remove the ear wax regularly. ii. We should not use any pointed or sharpen and rough tools to clean the ears. iii. We should not put any medicine ourselves. iv. We should stay away from using of loudspeaker, radio, television and mike with high volume. Care of Nose Observation of Ear
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 15 v. We should not use earphone with large volume of radio, television and mobile phone. vi. We should not stay at noisy area for long time. vii. We should visit doctors, nurses, health workers and hospitals or health post in case of any problem. Please, write two or three sentences about the activity of the girl and care of ear. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 1.2 d) Care of skin Skin should be cared like other sensory organs. The main function of skin is sense of touch. The dirt presents in the skin causes many diseases such as infection, rashes, wounds, and scabies etc. We have to regard the following ideas to care our skin: i. We should take regular bath. ii. We should wash our hands, face and legs after work with soap and water. iii. We should wash our hands and legs properly after returning from the toilet. iv. We should always use clean water to wash and bath. v. We should not play at dirty area. vi. We should not use color and paints in our skin. vii. We should use seasonal clothes properly to protect our skin.
16 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) viii. We should not apply any medicine without doctor’s prescription. ix. We should not share and use our clothes. e) Oral Cavity and Tongue i) Oral Cavity Oral cavity is an opening of our digestive system. It is also called a mouth. It has some specific organs. It consists of our dental system, tongue, palate, muscles and salivary glands. Oral Cavity ii) Tongue and its Care Tongue is an only one muscular organ of our body. It works with the help of nose to identify the taste of anything. The tongue has tiny taste buds or papillae on its surface to detect the taste. Taste buds are hairy structures of muscle. There are four separate regions to find the four tastes: salt, sour, sweet and bitter.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 17 Different View of Tongue, Taste Regions and Tongue Cleaner Tongue also helps to swallow the foods after chewing. It is a necessary organ to speak and produce sound. f. Care of the Tongue Our tongue requires good care. Many problems like cancer, wound, rashes and swelling, etc. are seen in the absence of proper care of the tongue. We should apply the following ideas to care the tongue:
18 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) a) We should brush and clean our tongue daily. b) We should not eat extremely hot or cold food or water. c) We should clean our tongue and oral cavity with clean and fresh water after eating sour and sweet food stuffs. d) We should not put sharp things inside the mouth. e) We should use only good tongue cleaner. f) We should not use any oral medicine ourselves. Please, find who am I? a. I can watch everything. _____________________ b. I listen and you can enjoy. ___________________ c. I touch and you feel. ________________________ d. You use me to detect scent. _____________________ e. You eat and I detect it whether yummy or yucky. _______ 1.3 1.3. Sleep, Relaxation and Physical Exercise a. Sleep, Relaxation and Their Importance We need sound sleep on time. It is a natural need of human body. It is better to set a fix time to go and wake up from bed. Sound sleep refreshes our body. Our mind and whole body have full rest during sleep. The body and organs cannot work for all twenty-four hours. It is a well-known fact. A Baby in Sleep
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 19 We need proper rest after doing mental and physical works. Sometimes, we may need short interruption while doing work. The body becomes tired after doing many mental and physical activities. Only sound sleep and relaxation can make free from tiredness and sluggishness. We should sleep at least six to eight hours daily. However, children under five years should sleep longer time than grown up and adult. b. Physical Exercise and its Importance Physical exercise is essential for good health. Regular physical exercise makes us active and smart. It makes our muscular, skeleton, blood circulatory and digestive system strong and well. It maintains growth and development of the body parts such as hand, leg, joint, muscle, chest, etc. It also maintains the breathing and excretory system and process. Children and Physical Exercise Morning and evening time are more beneficial for the exercises. We should always perform the exercises at open area in light uniforms. We can perform running, walking, light PT, Yog, jogging and exercises of different organs regularly to obtain fitness.
20 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Please, observe the given photo and write about the possible cause of the rashes. Is poor oral hygiene or care responsible for the infection? Clarify. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 1.4 1.4. Use of Clean and Neat Clothes and Importance The clothes are used to cover our body and/or body parts. They protect us from heat, cold, dust, germs, insect and minor hurt. The proper clothes give us beautiful look. We should wear varieties of clothes according to seasons and weathers to protect us. The costumes should be clean, neat and comfortable to wear. We should avoid the use of tight and uncomfortable costumes. We can wear old and rag clothes without any hesitation. Their tidiness is important than their looks. The following points express the importance of clean and neat clothes: a) They protect us from diseases and infection. b) They give us attraction and make us look smart. c) They build up high confidence level. d) They give us right, fresh and happy mood. e) We can feel pleasure to wear clean and neat clothes.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 21 The given photo is of windy day, which is really challenging to protect our eyes and ears. What are your techniques to protect these sense organs from dust and insect? Write in two points. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 1.5 Key Points Hygiene is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of healthy ways of living. Personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person. We have five sets of sense organs. They are nose, eyes, ears, skin and tongue. The sense organs mean the organs which receive the stimulation to respond. We should manage the proper light while reading, writing and doing work inside the room and hall. Dim and strong both lights are harmful for the eyes. The distance between books and our eyes should be at least one foot (30 cm) while reading and it should be at least six feet (180 cm) to watch television. We should not inhale fiercely when the nose is blocked.
22 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Nose is a sense organ of odor which is also an organ of the respiratory system. Oral cavity is an opening of our digestive system, called a mouth. It is better to set a fix time to go and wake up from the bed. The dirt presents in the skin causes many diseases such as infection, rashes, wounds, scabies, etc. The ears are audio sensory organs. The disturbance or damage in listening system of ears causes deafness. The tongue has tiny taste buds or papillae on its surface to detect the taste. The sound sleep and relaxation can make free firmly from tiredness and sluggishness. Physical exercise is an essential for good health. Regular physical exercises make us active and smart. The clothes are used to cover the body and bodily parts. The clothes protect us from hot, cold, dust, germs, insect and minor hurt. A. Read the following sentences and state either true or false against them. 1. Nose and eye are external organs of our body. 2. The hand wash removes the dust, dirt and harmful substances. 3. The irregular cleaning of teeth prevents the dental problems. 4. We should bathe daily in summer and winter. 5. The body becomes tired after doing many mental and physical activities. 6. We can wear old and rag clothes, if they are tidy. 7. The tongue has many tiny taste papillae on its surface to detect the taste. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is hygiene? Define in your own words. 2. What is personal hygiene? Define.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 23 3. What are sense organs? Define. 4. List out sense organs of human body. 5. Why skin is called a sense organ? 6. Why should we care our sense organs? 7. Define oral cavity. 8. What is the function of the eyes? 9. Write any two differences between the ear and tongue. 10. List any two functions of the tongue. 11. Write any two roles of sleep and relaxation in our life. 12. Children under five years should sleep longer than grown-up and adults. Why? C. Answer the following long questions. 1. State any four principles of personal hygiene. 2. What are the ways to care our eyes? 3. Write any five ways to care our tongue. 4. What are the ways to care our skin? 5. Write any five methods to care our ears. 6. What are the ways to care our nose? 7. State the importance of physical exercise to be healthy and active. 8. Mention the importance of wearing clean and neat clothes. What are your practices to maintain the hygiene of sense organs? Please, write all in detail. Fun, Fact and Activity Tongue cannot detect taste of any substance itself. Nose works as an assistant. Do you intend to check? Try it.
24 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Menstrual Hygiene 2.1. Introduction Menstruation is a natural process in the body of young lady and woman. It may commence at the age of 10-15 years. It is a periodic discharge of blood from the uterus, which is an internal reproductive organ of a female’s body. The bleeding process may occur up to 4-5 days. This process occurs in the cycle of every 28 days. The discharge is dirty and contains many waste materials. The menstrual hygiene is significant to obtain the good health during menstruation. The discharged blood may infect the genital organs due to poor menstrual hygiene. Swing mood, itching, allergy and irritation are other possible problems caused by unhygienic condition. In the menstruation, a girl or woman and her family should follow the following safe behaviors to maintain their good health and hygiene: (a) adequate rest and sleep (b) consumption of nutritious food (c) drinking plenty of water, milk and soup (d) proper sanitation of genital organs with warm water (e) take regular bath and replacement of underwears Bleeding in Menstruation
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 25 (f) use of sanitary pad / napkin and tampon (g) disposal of sanitary pad at proper place Disposable Sanitary Pad / Napkin and Tampons When to Change Sanitary Pad? It recommends that changing your pad at least every 4 to 8 hours, but that is just a very general range. For the better health and hygiene, change your sanitary pad in every 3/4 hours. How often you change your pad depends on your flow (bleeding), the type of pad (quality) you use, and what feels most comfortable. Never attempt to burn the pads to dispose since their fume is highly toxic to health. The sanitary pads are better than tampons and menstrual cup. Their long use may cause the toxic shock and period smell. 2.2. Role of Family and Friends in Menstrual Hygiene Family can play crucial role for the menstrual hygiene. The young girl can learn the techniques and safe behaviors of menstrual hygiene at home. The senior members of the family can teach and train about personal health and menstrual hygiene. The care, sanitation and hygienic disposal of sanitary items are important in menstruation. Every member of family can share knowledge and experience to maintain the health and hygiene at the time of menses. Friends can be co-operative to maintain personal hygiene in menstruation. They can share their safe behaviors and practices among
26 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) the friends. The mates of school and their own living area can provide good support for the menstruated girl. Family and friends can manage the sanitary items and other essential items for the menstrual care and hygiene. Please, observe the following activities concerned with menstrual hygiene and safe disposal of sanitary pad. Enlist all activities after your observation. a. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2.1
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 27 Key Points Menstruation is a natural process of young lady and woman. Menstruation may commence at the age of 10-15 years. The discharged blood is dirty and contains many waste materials. The menstrual hygiene is significant to obtain the good health during menstruation. Mood swings, itching, allergy and irritation are other possible problems caused by unhygienic condition. The young girl can learn the techniques and safe behaviors of menstrual hygiene at home. For the better health, change your sanitary pads in every 3/4 hours. Every member of family can share knowledge and experience to maintain the health and hygiene at the time of menses. Friends can be co-operative to maintain personal hygiene in menstruation. A. Fill in the blanks to complete the following statements. 1. The bleeding process in ____________ may occur up to 4-5 days. 2. The uterus is an internal _______________ of female body. 3. The discharged blood may infect the genital organs due to poor ___________________. 4. The care, ________________ and hygienic disposal of sanitary items are important in menstruation. 5. The mates of school and their own living area can ___________ support to the menstruated girl. 6. For the better health, change the sanitary pads in every _____________ hours.
28 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) B. Write short answer to the following questions. 1. What is menstruation? Define. 2. Write the meaning of menstrual hygiene in your words. C. Write long answer to the following questions. 1. What are the safe behaviors to maintain menstrual hygiene? 2. State the roles of family and friends to maintain menstrual hygiene. Write in points. Project Work Create and write slogans related to menstrual hygiene to generate public awareness in the community. Also, prepare some play cards with slogans and demonstrate in your school.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 29 Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours) Environmental Sanitation 2 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1. Environmental Sanitation 2. Water Purification and Techniques
30 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Environmental Sanitation 1.1. Introduction We need environment to live. It possesses many vital elements to continue our life. Air, water, food and land are fundamental elements of life. The fresh and clean air, water and land are essential for the survival. Only clean and safe environment creates the good circumstances for the living. The best measure to obtain the clean environment is sanitation. We should not do any act to degrade the environment. Environmental sanitation means the activities that make the environment clean, neat and safe. It makes the environment free from all kinds of waste materials. The waste materials are produced from houses, schools, shop, market and industry in big quantity. They degrade the natural quality of the environment. a) Importance of Environmental Sanitation Environmental sanitation is a primary element for the healthful living. It contributes to develop personal, family and community health. The following points show the importance of environmental sanitation in our life and community: i) It controls the spreading of bad smell. A green Tree Use Me To Keep Clean!
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 31 ii) It assists to distribute pure drinking water in the community. iii) It controls the activities of flies, cockroach, snake and rodents. iv) It prevents transmission of air-borne and water-borne diseases e.g., diarrhea, cholera, and dysentery etc. v) It makes our surroundings beautiful and healthy. vi) It co-operates to dispose the waste safely in the community. a. Please, make a list of activities that are being applied for environmental sanitation in your community. b. Please, observe the wall painting and write a short detail of the activity that is shown in the painting. 1.1 1.2. Environmental Pollution, Impacts and Prevention Pollution is a serious environmental hazard. It destroys all the components of the environment. Human activities are the main causes of environmental pollution. Environmental pollution means mixing of harmful substances into the environment. It degrades the natural quality of the environment and components. Air, water and soil are major components of the environment. Fume of Smoke causes Air Pollution
32 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Let’s discuss the impact of pollution on human health, and the ways to be safe from pollution and its preventive measures. a. Impacts of Pollution on Health The pollution damages the natural quality of air, water and soil. The air, water and soil are vital components for the human health as well life. The impacts of environmental pollution against human health are expressed in the following points: Problem of eyes Allergy and irritation Sneezing and cough Common cold Asthma, tuberculosis and bronchitis Common breathing problem Chest problem Gastro-intestinal diseases such as: diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, etc. Please, observe the photo given alongside and do the task. i. Name the environmental problem. ____________________________________________________ . ii. Write any two impacts of the problem on health. ____________________________________________________ . 1.2 b. Methods to be Safe from Pollution We should be protected from the pollution in order to live a healthy life. We can be safe from the adverse effects of pollution,
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 33 if the following measures that assist to be safe from the various adverse effects of pollution are adopted: Consumption of filtered and boiled water Avoid of the use of contaminated water for the various purposes such as sanitation, irrigation, etc. Use eye glass, face mask and shield to be protected from dust, insect and droplet infection Avoid walking and moving bare foot Avoid of exercising and playing near busy road, dumping site and industrial area Staying away from the polluted area such as smoking zone, etc. Regular health examination c. Preventive Measures against Pollution Pollution is a great challenge for the protection of human health and environment. We can do many activities to control pollution in our community. It is a joint work and needs participation of many people. Regular sanitation around home, school, market and public places Tree plantation and protection Conservation of green environment in the surroundings Regular sanitation of water resources e.g., well, tap, pond, etc. Construction of safe drainage system Safe disposal of the waste materials Less consumption of fossil fuel for example: petrol, diesel, cooking gas, etc. Tree Plantation at Barren Land
34 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Please, observe the photo of buses given below and answer the following questions. Bus A Bus B a. What is the name of bus B? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ . b. Write a difference between bus A and bus B. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ . c. Which bus may cause pollution? Why do you think so? Mention in your answer. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ . 1.3 1.3. Waste Disposal System The waste materials are old, useless and expired materials. The wastes are three types: solid, liquid and gas. The solid wastes are classified into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 35 The process or techniques applied to dispose the wastes safely are known as waste management. The first step to manage the waste is segregation. To segregate, the wastes are collected as degradable and non-degradable. Segregation of solid wastes in a hospital i. Bio-Degradable Wastes and Management These solid wastes are easy to manage and dispose. These wastes can be decomposed in the environment. The wastes of fruits, vegetables, food stuffs from our kitchen, parts of plants and dead body of animals, dung and human feces all are degradable solid wastes. We can apply the following methods to manage the bio-degradable wastes: a) Dumping Dumping is a technique to collect degradable wastes at a particular place. The dumping site should be away from home, office, hotel and other residential places. b) Burial Burial is an effective method to dispose the degradable solid wastes. It helps to dispose the collected wastes from dust bin,
36 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) container, drum or tank. We should make a pit at the suitable place and throw the waste materials and cover it tightly with soil. Then the wastes decompose and mix with soil after some time and turn into humus. c) Burning We can burn some organic wastes with fire to dispose. Papers, clothes, grasses, dry leaves, husk, twig, branches and stems of plants can burn easily. We should not burn plastic, medicine, rubber and cosmetic goods because their fume and smell cause air pollution. Methods to Manage Bio-Degradable Wastes Dumping Burial Burning Manure Pit Method d) Manure Pit Method It is an effective method to manage decomposable waste at home and farms. We should construct a pit having suitable size at a proper place of kitchen garden or field. We should throw the garbage into the pit. We should seal it by soil or mud when it is filled up completely. The organic manure is prepared after some days along with decomposition of waste materials. We can use the manure in our kitchen garden and plant vase. Concrete Rings
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 37 The concrete rings can be used to dispose and prepare the organic manure instead of pit. This technology is cheap and being popular in town and city. This is comfortable technology to dispose the wastes in small land and crowded settlement. Which method has been used / is used to manage degradable wastes in your home? Mention the method and describe in detail. 1.4 ii. Non-Biodegradable Wastes and Management Non-biodegradable wastes refer to the wastes which cannot degrade. They are also called non-decomposable wastes. These solid wastes are difficult to manage and dispose. They can exist for long period because they cannot decay or degrade. Plastic and their products, metallic products, glass, used electronic goods and devices are major non-degradable solid wastes. The following methods are suitable for the safe disposal of the nonbiodegradable wastes: a) Reuse Reuse is the most common method to manage non-degradable solid wastes. It means use of any items again and again. We can use bags, packets, bottles, cans and cartoons of market goods for different purposes. We can also use them to produce decorative items. The Ways of Reuse (Old Plastic Can and Glass Bottle)
38 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) b. Reduce It is a common method to manage the waste. It helps us to be economical and wise to consume or use any product which is responsible to produce wastes. We can use alternative sources for less production of wastes. For example, we can use paper bag or own carrying bag to carry the goods instead of using a number of polythene bags while shopping. Methods to Manage Non-Biodegradable Wastes Reuse Reduce Recycle Incineration Name any two activities that promote reduce method for the waste management. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 1.5
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 39 b) Incineration Incineration is most effective and safe process to manage the non-degradable solid wastes. It is an electrical method to dispose the solid wastes. The electrical burners (incinerator) are used to dispose the wastes. The gas and smoke are passed through tall chimney into the air. The big industrial area, factories and hospitals can use this process for the solid waste management. Plastic, glass, sanitary pads, medical wastages and metallic goods are destroyed by this process. c) Collection for Recycle Recycle is a process to use the waste materials to produce new products. Paper, plastic, iron, steel, rubber and glass are some materials which can be utilized for recycle purpose. It is an industrial process to produce new goods from wastes. The waste materials are used for the production of raw materials. Recycle is very difficult to practice for the household purposes. Though, we can contribute for the collection of recycle goods in the community. In the context of Nepal, Kawadi (Scrap) Material Collectors and the businessmen collect the old and expired different products from our home, toll and community and forward them for recycle purpose. Sign for Recycle An incineration plant
40 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Please, enlist any five items that can be used for the recycle purpose. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 1.6 Key Points Environmental sanitation means the activities that make the environment clean, neat and safe. Environmental sanitation is a primary element for the healthful living. Environmental pollution means mixing of harmful substances into the environment. Pollution is a great challenge for the protection of human health and environment. The processes or techniques that are applied to dispose the wastes safely are known as waste management. There are two main forms of solid wastes: bio-degradable and non-bio degradable solid wastes. Bio-degradable wastes can decompose easily but non-bio degradable solid wastes do not. We can apply dumping, burial, burning and manure pit methods to manage the bio-degradable wastes. We should not burn plastic, medicine, rubber and cosmetic goods because their fume and smell cause the air pollution. Non-biodegradable wastes mean the wastes which cannot degrade. Reuse, less production (reduce), incineration and recycle are methods to manage the non-bio degradable solid wastes. Incineration is most effective and safe process to manage the non-degradable solid wastes.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 41 Incineration is an electrical method to dispose the solid wastes. Recycle is a process to use the waste materials to produce new products. In the context of Nepal, Kawadi (Scrap) Material Collectors and the businessmen collect the old and expired different products from our home, tol and community and forward them for recycle purpose. A. Match the items of the columns A and B appropriately. A B Recycle Plastic bottle Bronchitis Water Pollution Reuse Paper and Iron rod Production of Manure Pit Method Burial Separation of Wastes Segregation Humus Air Pollution B. Multiple choice question (MCQ). 1. Which of the wastes can exist for the longest period in the environment? Plastic ( ) Dry leaf ( ) Rotten egg ( ) 2. Which of the following is suitable for recycle purpose? Clay pot ( ) Tin ( ) Sweater ( ) 3. Which method of waste management is friendly for the farmers? Burning ( ) Reduce ( ) Manure Pit ( )
42 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) C. Write short answer of the following questions. 1. What is environmental sanitation? Define. 2. What is environmental pollution? Write. 3. Write the meaning of construction of safe drainage system. 4. What is waste management system? 5. Define bio-degradable wastes with examples. 6. Define non-biodegradable waste with examples. 7. What is the difference between bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste? 8. What is the meaning of Reuse method of waste management? Define. 9. Introduce recycle method of waste management in your own words. 10. Mention an advantage of burial method for the farming. 11. Differentiate between Reuse and reduce in a single sentence. 12. Define incineration method of waste management. D. Draw the following signs in your copy and write few sentences about them. E. Write long answer of the following questions. 1. State the importance of environmental sanitation. 2. What are the impacts of environmental pollution against human health?
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 43 3. What methods can be used to prevent pollution? Mention all. 4. Write the ways to be safe from the impacts of environmental pollution. 5. What are the methods to manage the bio-degradable waste? 6. What are the methods to manage the non-biodegradable waste? 7. Explain the manure pit method of waste management. 8. Suppose, your little brother is denying to use mask while passing through a dusty and smoky area. What is your attempt to convince him to wear mask? Project Work 1. Design a poster to show the activity of environmental sanitation and display in the classroom. 2. Prepare a list of different reusable materials with their usages. Also collect their photos and paste them in your project work paper.
44 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Water Purification and its Techniques 2.1. Introduction Water should be pure, clean and safe to drink. The contaminated water is harmful and vulnerable to spread communicable diseases. It causes many water-borne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, etc. Human activities are mostly responsible for the water contamination. The water contamination deals with the presence of germs, worms and waste materials in the water. The contaminated water should be purified before drinking. We should be able to recognize the pure and clean water. Remember, the pure and clean water is colorless, tasteless and odorless. These are merits of water. There are so many causes for the water contamination. Some of them are enlisted below: (a) Passing of stool and urine into the water sources (b) Bathing and washing near the water sources (c) Animals swimming in water sources (d) Connection of drainage to the water sources (e) Throwing of wastes and dead animals near the water sources (f) No sanitation around the water sources Drink Pure Water to Be Healthy
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 45 2.2. Water Purification and its Techniques Lack of pure and safe drinking water is a big problem in the community. It is one of the major health problems of Nepal. Water sources are polluted and water is contaminated due to our activities. So, it is difficult to obtain pure drinking water. There are some methods to purify water. Let’s discuss on those methods. a. Boiling of Water Boiling is most common method to purify water. It can remove more than 95% germs present in water. Bacteria and protozoa are common germs found in water. We should boil water at 100ºC temperature up to 20-25 minutes to make it safe for drinking. b. Filtration This method can remove only visible impurities from the water. We can use clean and soft clothes, sand-gravel and/or modern filter to purify water. Modern filters are easily available in the market. Filtration (by Sand and Gravel) Plant for the Household Purpose- the technique is popular in Kathmandu A Modern Water Filter Boiling of water
46 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) c. SODIS (Solar Disinfection) Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and natural method to purify water. We should use a closed and transparent vessel (such as plastic or glass bottle) to apply SODIS technology. Sunlight kills the microscopic germs present in water through the radiation process and the water becomes drinkable. Procedures of Solar Disinfection (SODIS) include: a) Take a plastic or glass bottle having a lid b) Fill the water up to the neck of the bottle c) Keep the water bottle in direct sunlight for at least 8-10 hours. Take a plastic bottle of 1 or 2 liter. Remove the bottom and bore the lid with tiny holes. Fill up the bottle with gravel and sand nearly half. Use this dummy filter to filter impure water. 2.1 d. Chemical Disinfection Chemical substances can be used to purify water. Chlorine, potash and Alum (Phitkiri) are useful chemicals for the disinfection of water. They react with water, as a result, germs (bacteria, protozoa, worms, etc.) are killed and the water becomes germ-free. These substances should be used in limited quantity and treated water should not be used immediately. SODIS Technology
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 47 Alum (Phitkiri) Chlorine Drop e. Sedimentation and Decantation Sedimentation and decantation are the simple cumulative methods to purify water. Only suspended waste materials of water can be removed through these processes. Procedures of sedimentation and decantation include: Put the impure water in any container or pot i.e. bucket, Claypot (Ghainto), metal pot (Gagro), etc., and do not disturb it. After sometime, solid waste starts to settle down at the bottom. The settled down solid wastes are sediments and the process is called sedimentation. We can pour out the water without disturbing sediments when sedimentation process completes. It is a process of decantation to separate the pure water. Sedimentation and Decantation Process
48 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Key Points The water contamination means the presence of germs, worms and waste materials in the water. The contaminated water is harmful and vulnerable to spread communicable diseases. Human activities are mostly responsible for the water contamination. The pure and clean water is colorless, tasteless and odorless which are merits of water. We should drink 3 to 4 liters water daily. Boiling is most common method to purify water. Boiling can remove more than 95% germs present in water. We should boil water at 100ºc temperature up to 20-25 minutes to make safe for the drinking. Filtration is a process to remove the visible impurities from the water. We should apply boiling and filtration method to get completely pure water. Chlorine, potash and Phitkiri (Alum) are useful chemicals for the disinfection of water. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is natural method to purify water. Sedimentation and decantation are cumulative process to purify water. A. Choose the best alternatives from the options and put the tick mark inside the brackets ( ). 1. Which of the following germs is present in impure water? Silk worm ( ) Bacteria ( ) Fire fish ( ) 2. Name the chemical substance that has been using traditionally to purify water. Boric Aci ( ) Salt ( ) Phitkiri ( ) 3. On which process, does SODIS method depend? Radiation ( ) Cooling ( ) Evaporation ( )
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 49 4. What is installed to build modern filter for the filtration? Spongy Cone ( ) Tissue Paper ( ) Gauge Pad ( ) 5. What should be the temperature of water to disinfect the contaminated water? 80ºc ( ) 100ºc ( ) 95ºc ( ) B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is water contamination? Define. 2. State any two points of importance of pure water. 3. Define water purification. 4. Mention the properties of pure water. 5. Name any two chemicals that can be used to purify water. 6. Write short notes on: (a) Filtration (b) Chemical disinfection C. Answer the following long questions. 1. List out the various methods of water purification and describe the boiling method. 2. Explain the sedimentation and decantation method of water purification. 3. What are the steps of solar disinfection method? Mention. 4. What are the causes of water contamination? Write in points. Project Work Which methods are being currently used to purify drinking water in your home and school? Enlist the methods and describe any one of them in detail.
50 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours) Food and Nutrition 3 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1. Food and Nutrition 2. Local Food and Usage