Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 51 Lesson 1 Food and Nutrition 1.1. Introduction Food is an essential component for the survival. It is our one of the basic needs. We consume foods for different purposes. It contributes for the physical and mental growth and development of the body. It also builds the immunity power to protect the body. The quality, quantity and diversity of foods are highly important to maintain sound health. The healthy food gives us healthy body and mind. The typical Nepali Food: Dal, Bhat, Dhindo and Tarkali Nutrition is a process of taking and providing nutritious elements to the body. It depends upon our feeding style, healthy and fresh foods. We can easily maintain the nutrition by consuming variety of food stuffs. The food contains many nutritious elements. They are known as nutrients. 1.2. Nutrients of Foods and their Functions Foods supply different nutrients to the body. There are six different nutrients present in the nutritious foods namely carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, fat, minerals and water. These nutrients are also termed as constituents of foods. All the nutrients are found in energy yielding, body building and body protecting foods.
52 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) (a) Carbohydrate i. Function Carbohydrate yields energy inside the body. It is known as energy giving nutrient. The energy is used for the internal and external works of the body. The deficiency of carbohydrate makes us lean, thin and weak. ii. Source The sources of carbohydrate are rice, wheat, maize, millet, barley, buck wheat, potato, sugar, honey, ghee, oil, grain of Latte (Amarnath), Kaguno (Foxtail Millet), etc. They are energy yielding foods. Sources of Carbohydrate b) Fat / Oil i. Function Fat is a source of energy like carbohydrate. It provides more energy than carbohydrate. It makes the foods delicious and helps to improve the taste of cooked food. ii. Source Ghee, milk, butter, cream, oil etc. are the main sources of fat. These foods are popular as energy giving foods. Sources of Fat and Oil
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 53 c) Protein i. Function Protein builds the body. It causes the increment in height and weight of an individual. Protein requires forming new cells and tissues of the body. It repairs the damaged cells, tissues and organs. Moreover, it contributes to heal cuts and wounds. ii. Source The main sources of protein are meat, fish, egg, milk, cheese (Panir), pulse and beans such as soya bean (Bhatta), tofu, pea, gram, etc. These foods are known as body building foods. The Different Sources of Protein d) Vitamins i. Function Vitamins protect our body and body parts. They make eyes, bones, teeth, digestive system and muscles healthy. They save us from many diseases and infection. They boost up resistance power against diseases. There are several types of vitamins for example, vitamin A, B, C, D, E and K. ii. Sources The main sources of vitamins are fruits and vegetables. Milk, fish, liver and egg are also reliable sources of vitamins.
54 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) The sunlight and sun bath assist to obtain vitamin D. These sources are body protecting foods. Vegetables and Fruits: Sources for Vitamins and Minerals e) Minerals (Khanij Tatwa) i. Function Minerals protect our body from the diseases and infection. They are needed for natural growth, repair and maintenance of the damaged parts of the body. They have chief roles for the mental and intellectual development of the children. There are several minerals that are required for the protection of the body. The examples of minerals are calcium, iron (Phalam), sodium, potassium, phosphorus and fluorine. They make our bones, teeth, blood, etc. strong and healthy. ii. Sources Minerals are found in vegetables, fruits, milk, fish, liver, egg, Aayo Noon, Kaguno (Foxtail Millet) and so on. These sources of foods are associated with body protecting foods. Iodized Salt: Source of Iodine that prevents Goiter
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 55 f) Water Human body consists of more than 70% water. It helps to use the nutrients of the food. It helps to digest and absorbs the digested food particles. It has great contribution for the excretion, blood circulation, motion of different organs and metabolism of cells. Water maintains the temperature of the body. The lack of water causes thirsty, indigestion, constipation, dryness and weakness. We need 3 to 4 liters of pure water everyday. 1.3. Preservation of Nutrients of Foods Foods supply different nutrients to the body. The food nutrients are important for the growth, development and sound health. These valuable nutrients may be destroyed while collecting, processing or preparing, storing and cooking foods. So, the preservation of nutrients of food is a significant act to maintain nutrition. We should cultivate the idea for the protection of food nutrients. Some methods to preserve nutrients of food are illustrated below: a) We should do cleaning, cutting and soaking of food stuffs at cooking time only. b) We should not chop the vegetables into tiny pieces. c) We should not throw skins and coats of vegetables and fruits, as they are edible. Skins and coats protect the vitamins and minerals. d) We should not rinse rice grains deeply to cook because outer surface of rice possesses the carbohydrates and vitamins. e) We should consume rice-water (Chaulani and Maad) rather than throwing into drainage or kitchen garden because it is highly nutritious. f) We should not overcook food items because it destroys the nutrients. g) We should use the cover or lid while cooking the food. It prevents loss of vitamins and minerals along with vaporization.
56 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) h) We should use the rice cooker and pressure cooker for the cooking. i) We should cover the cooked food items to protect them from dust, flies, cockroach and water. j) We should store the cooked food stuffs, vegetables and fruits in cool place only. We can use the refrigerator, if available. Some people do not like to eat skin or coat of fruits and vegetables like potato, cucumber, apple, mango, radish, peas, etc. Do you think it is healthy habit? Please, express your views in points. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 1.1 Pressure Cooker
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 57 1.4. Junk Foods, their Impacts and Measures to Avoid them Junk food means food and drinks low in nutrients (e.g. vitamins, minerals and fiber) and high in calories. They contain huge amount of unhealthy fat, added sugar and added salt. The examples of junk foods are cakes, biscuits, fast foods (such as hot chips, burger and pizza), chocolate, sweets, sugary drinks, Samosa, Jeri, Paani-Puri, Chowmein, etc. Eating too much junk food is linked to serious health problems. Some Popular Junk Foods i) Impacts on Health Daily consumption of junk foods is destructive to our health. Children under five years and fast growing can be seriously victim from the adverse effects of junk foods. The adverse effects of junk foods against health are illustrated below: It kills the appetite. It causes the constipation and stomach ache. It increases the risk of appendicitis (swelling and infection of appendix).
58 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) It makes the bones and teeth soft, spongy and weak. It retards the normal physical and mental growth and development. As a result, children may become dwarf and slow learner. It creates the malnutrition problem as well fatness. ii) Measures to Avoid Junk Foods Consumption of junk foods is increasing in the family and community. People of all age groups like junk foods. Children and teenagers are being crazy of these foods. We should discourage the intake of junk foods to be healthy and smart. We can apply the following measures to control the intake of junk foods. a) We should not give chocolate, biscuit, sweets, etc. as gift to the baby and children all the times. b) We should consume the home-made Khaja (Tiffin) such as Roti, Khatte, Bhute Ko Makai (Fried corn) and Bhatta, Jaulo, etc. c) We should manage the home-made Tiffin to the school children. d) We should not consume the fast and junk foods instead of meal and dinner. e) We should attempt to avoid the use of fast and junk foods in the celebration of festivals and birthday. f) We should learn about the adverse effects of junk foods or unhealthy foods. Avoid Junk foods to be Healthy
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 59 Please, study the following activities and put either tick ( ) or cross (x) mark inside the box. SN Activities Mark 1. I drink enough water everyday. 2. I bring my school’s Tiffin from home. 3. I include junk and fast foods in my daily foods. 4. Our seniors and friends offer me chocolate, cake, biscuits, cold drinks, ice-creams and many items on my birthday. They may ruin my good health. 1.2 Key Points Food is an essential component for the survival. The quality, quantity and diversity of food are highly important to maintain the sound health. Nutrition is a process of taking and providing of nutritious elements to the body. There are six different nutrients present in the nutritious foods: carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, fat, minerals and water. All the nutrients are found in energy yielding, body building and body protecting foods. Carbohydrate yields energy inside the body. Minerals protect body from the diseases and infection. The increment in height and weight of the body is possible by the consumption of protein. Vitamins save our body from the diseases and infection. There are several types of vitamins for example vitamin A, B, C, D, E and K. Fat is a source of energy like carbohydrate.
60 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) We should not throw skins and coats of vegetables and fruits, although they are edible. Skins and coats protect the vitamins and minerals. We should cover the cooked food items to protect from the dust, flies, cockroach and water. Human body consists of more than 70% water. Water provides great contribution for the excretion, blood circulation, movement of different organs and metabolism of cells. The lack of water causes thirsty, indigestion, constipation, dryness and weakness. The food nutrients are important for the growth, development and sound health. Junk food means food and drinks low in nutrients (e.g. vitamins, minerals and fiber) and high in calories. Eating too much junk food is linked to serious health problems. Children and teenagers are being crazy of junk foods. A. Choose the best alternatives from the options and put the tick mark inside the brackets ( ) (MCQ). 1. Which of the following food items may cause constipation? Radish ( ) Noodle ( ) Milk ( ) 2. Aayo Noon is a source of ______________________ Iron ( ) Calcium ( ) Iodine ( ) 3. Which nutrient heals the cut and wound of the body? Carbohydrate ( ) Protein ( ) Fat ( ) 4. How much water does the human body contain? 70% ( ) 80% ( ) 90% ( ) 5. Which utensil prevents the loss of nutrients along with evaporation process? Karai ( ) Pressure cooker ( ) Tapke ( )
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 61 B. Pick up the correct answer from the box and complete the given statements. a. The chief source of vitamin C is __________. b. The chief source of protein is ____________. c. Papaya contains all _______________. d. The source of vitamin A is _____________. C. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is nutrition? Define. 2. Why should we preserve the nutrients of food? 3. What is junk food? Define in your own words. 4. Write a function of carbohydrate. 5. What is the main function of protein? 6. Write any two differences between carbohydrate and protein. 7. Why do we need vitamins and minerals? Write. 8. Write the types of vitamins. 9. What are the examples of minerals? 10. What is the main function of fat or oil? D. Answer the following long questions. a. What are the nutrients that are found in foods? b. State any five methods to preserve the nutrients of food. c. Explain energy yielding foods with examples. d. Explain body building foods with examples. e. What is body protecting food? Describe with examples. f. What are the adverse effects of junk foods? Write. g. Suppose one of your friends is fond of junk foods. Suggest him / her any five ideas to avoid the junk foods h. Why is water essential in our body? Explain. mango, lemon, vitamin, Amala, Bhatta (Soya bean), runner bean
62 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Brain Booster The names of six different nutrients of food are arranged in the following word puzzle. The names are arranged either vertically or horizontally. Find all of them and circle. C F Z K W F V P A X A L A Z I O R Y V T T P T I B M I N E R A L O R O M R O M R H C A R B T I E Y W K P O E N D D A I P J I S U R Y C E Q N S G A C A R B O H Y T B A R U W A L E A B C D E G H Clues: Protein Fat Mineral Carbohydrate Vitamin Oil Water
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 63 Project Work a. Please, use a chart paper and show the different sources of nutrients. You can collect either photos or real foods to prepare the food chart and show to your subject teacher. b. Please, observe the following poster issued by the government against junk food -kq' vfgf_ and its consumption for the public welfare. Study the messages of the poster quoted in Nepali language and copy them in your exercise book.
64 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Local Food and Usage 2.1. Introduction We can harvest varieties of food crops in our locality. We can produce cereals, legume, beans, vegetables and fruits in our own area. These are the sources of rice, flour, Aato (corn granules), pulse, bean and many other products. These foods are commonly known as local foods. Hence, local food can be defined as the foods which are produced in our own locality or surroundings. There are varieties of local foods according to the places and seasons. The animal products such as meat, egg, fish, milk, etc. are also included in local foods. The soil, climate and weather affect the harvesting of local foods. The agro-production of Tarai, Inner Tarai, Hilly and Himalayan region is diverse. Corn, Maize and Maize Plant Maseura: Dry Vegetable Junelo Rato Kaguno (Red Foxtail Millet)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 65 Please, collect the name of local foods as per given in the table and complete each column. Your Region Your Province: Local Foods Name of Rice Green Leaves Local Fruits Crops for Pulse 2.1 2.2. Usage of Local Food There are varieties of rice, millet, wheat, barley, buckwheat, beans, legume, vegetables, fruits, animals and birds. The varieties are produced in different areas and different seasons. The local and indigenous food crops and their products are easily available, healthier and more nutritious. The examples of local and indigenous food crops Anadi Dhan, Marsi Dhan, Guduro Dhan, Ghaiya, Kurilo, Junelo (Sorghum), Latte (Amarnath), Kaguno (Foxtail Millet),Chino (Proso Millet), Uwa (Naked Barley), Bethe, Sisno, Khole Saag, Lunde Saag, etc. Their nutritional value is very high. We can use the local foods for the following purposes: a) Balanced Diet The local foods are highly nutritious. They possess all kinds of nutrients. We can use them to prepare the balanced diet. There are three groups of foods on the basis of their function. These
66 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) groups are energy yielding, body building and protecting. We can include locally harvested foods to prepare the balanced diet. In our balanced diet, the amount of carbohydrate should be higher than other nutrients. The fat or oil comprises low amount in the balanced diet. The body protecting and building (proteinous) foods follow the carbohydrate respectively. The following food pyramid clarifies the procedures of balanced diet preparation. Food Pyramid b) Breakfast and Tiffin Local foods and their products can be used as breakfast and Tiffin items. The flour of wheat, maize, barley, millet, buckwheat and Uwa can be used to prepare Roti, Satu, Lito, Mo:Mo, noodle, biscuits and bread. We can consume them in our breakfast and Tiffin. Khatte, Usineko or Poleko Makai (Boiled / Roasted Maize),
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 67 Bhuteko Makai (Fried Corn) and Bhatta, etc. are best Tiffin items to us. Bread of Buckwheat Biscuit of Millet I. Please, find the order of different food nutrients in balanced diet according to food pyramid or chart. For Example, Carbohydrate: First Vitamins / Minerals: __________________________ Protein: ___________________________________ Fat / Oil: __________________________________ II. What types of local foods and their products do you use in your home? Complete the following table with the correct information. Local Foods and Their Products Morning Meal Tiffin Lunch / Dinner School’s Tiffin 1.1
68 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Key Points We can produce cereals, legume, beans, vegetables and fruits in our own area. Local food can be defined as the foods which are produced in our own locality or surroundings. The animal foods such as meat, egg, fish, milk, etc. are included in local foods. The soil, climate and weather affect the harvesting of local foods. The examples of local and indigenous food crops Anadi Dhan, Marsi Dhan, Guduro Dhan, Ghaiya, Kurilo, Junelo (Sorghum), Latte (Amarnath), Kaguno (Foxtail Millet), Chino (Proso Millet), Uwa (Naked Barley), Bethe, Sisno, Khole Saag, Lunde Saag, etc. There are three groups of foods on the basis of their function. These groups are energy yielding, body building and protecting. In our balanced diet, the amount of carbohydrate should be higher than other nutrients. The local foods and their products can be used as breakfast and Tiffin items. A. State the following statements whether true or false. 1. The local and indigenous food crops and their products are easily available, healthier and more nutritious. 2. There are five groups of foods on the basis of their function. 3. The fat or oil comprises high amount in the balanced diet. 4. The flour of barley, millet, buckwheat and Uwa can be used to prepare Roti, Satu, Lito, Mo:Mo, noodle, biscuits and bread. 5. The soil, climate and weather do not affect the harvesting of local foods.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 69 B. Write short answer of the following questions. 1. What is local food? Define. 2. Which one is better horlicks or homemade Lito? Clarify with your logic. 3. Why are people ignoring our indigenous and local foods to consume? Clarify. C. Write long answer of the following questions. 1. Mention any four importance of local foods. 2. Explain the usages of local foods. Project Work Prepare a leaflet of local food items and distribute to your friends. You can host a discussion panel to prepare leaflet with the help of HPE Department of your school.
70 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Estimated Teaching Hours: 10 Hours (Working Hours) Disease and Alcoholism 4 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1. Diseases 2. Diseases Transmitted by Insect and Animal 3. Non-Communicable Disease 4. Drinking Alcohol
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 71 Lesson 1 Diseases 1.1. Introduction Disease is a sickness of human body due to infection, disorder of the body and injury. The examples of diseases are diphtheria, diarrhea, cholera, jaundice, scabies, scrub typhus, cancer, rickets, ulcer, headache, etc. These diseases are classified into communicable and non-communicable. The main reasons of the diseases are contaminated food, water, and air; insects; fleas; animals and internal or external disorder of the body. There are several modes of transmission of the diseases. Among them, direct contact, insect bite and animal bite are the most common modes in the community. The mode of transmission means the path of the germs to attack the body. 1.2. Diseases Spread by Direct Contact Direct contact is one of the modes of transmissions for the communicable diseases. The contact with the infected person and host causes the direct transmission. The sitting, handshake, hugging, kissing and carrying are activities for the direct contact. In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. Measles, chicken pox, small pox, pneumonia, common cold, flu, hepatitis B, etc. are the diseases transmitted through direct contact. An infection of Lung in Pneumonia
72 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) (a) Pneumonia Pneumonia is caused by bacteria. These bacteria infect the lung, bronchioles, bronchus, trachea and throat. It is highly communicable respiratory infection. It may communicate among the people of all age but mostly children under five years are at high risk. Modes of Transmission Droplet infection Direct contact with patient Sharing of personal belongings Sign and Symptoms High fever and vomit High pulse rate Problem to breathe Chest pain Shiver in the body Prevention and Control Protect the child from cold Sterile the fomites of patient before using Provide proper rest to the patient Visit the hospitals or doctors in case of any breathing problem Please, observe the image given alongside and explain the covering mode of transmission in short. ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 1.1
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 73 b) Viral Influenza/ Flu Viral influenza is an infection of respiratory tract by influenza virus A, B and C. It is commonly known as flu. Mode of Transmission Droplet Infection Direct Contact: sitting and working together, hand shake, etc. Disposal of infected person: urine, stool, spit, etc. Sign and Symptoms Fever or feeling feverish/chills Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Muscle or body ache Headache Fatigue (tiredness) Vomiting and diarrhea Prevention and Control Isolate the patient. Keep the patient at open and well-ventilated area. Sterilize the materials used by the patient before using. Dispose the materials excreted by the patient safely. Use the mask being out from the home. Consult the doctors and hospitals in the case of suspicion. c) Eye Conjunctivitis -cf“vf kfSg] ÷ cf“vfsf] ;+j|md0f_ Eye conjunctivitis is a highly communicable eye infection. It is also a viral and bacterial disease. Tarai region of Nepal is trapped in
74 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) eye conjunctivitis and one of the main causes of blindness at the region. Mode of Transmission It is transmitted through personal contact with infected people and their articles. Sign and Symptoms Inflammation of the eyeball Inflammation of the inner sides of eyelids. Red and burning eyes Pus or watery secretion from the eyes after some hours or days of infection Sticking of eyelashes tightly. Prevention and Control The infected person should be isolated. We should be far away from personal contact of an infected person. We should not share infected articles. We should consult ophthalmologist or hospital as soon as possible. We should not use any medicine or eye-drop ourselves. Please, prepare a short conversation between you and your friend on the topic of eye infection and protection. 1.2 A Healthy Eye
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 75 Key Points Disease is a sickness of human body due to infection, disorder of the body and injury. There are two type diseases: communicable and non-communicable. Direct contact is one of the modes of transmissions for the communicable diseases. The sitting, handshake, hugging, kissing and carrying are activities for the direct contact. In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. Pneumonia may communicate among the people of all age but mostly children under five years have more risk. Viral influenza is an infection of respiratory tract caused by influenza virus A, B and C. Eye conjunctivitis is a highly communicable eye infection. A. Select the suitable alternatives from the given choices. 1. Direct contact includes ____________________ Running ( ) Hugging ( ) Swimming ( ) 2. Which of the following organs is infected in pneumonia? Lung ( ) Heart ( ) Cheek ( ) 3. An example of a viral and bacterial disease is ___________ Polio ( ) Eye conjunctivitis ( ) Malaria ( ) 4. In droplet infection, water drops come out from nose and _________ Mouth ( ) Skin ( ) Eye ( )
76 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) B. Write short answer of the following questions. 1. What is disease? Define in your own words. 2. Classify the diseases on the basis of transmission. 3. Define modes of transmission. 4. Write a mode of transmission of pneumonia. 5. Write a mode of transmission of viral influenza. 6. Which disease is known as flu? 7. What is eye conjunctivitis? Define. C. State long answer of the following questions. 1. Mention the signs and symptoms of pneumonia. 2. State the preventive measures of pneumonia. 3. Write the signs and symptoms of viral influenza. 4. State the preventive measures of viral influenza. 5. Write the signs and symptoms of eye conjunctivitis. 6. State the preventive measures of eye conjunctivitis. Please, use a chart paper and write all the signs and symptoms of pneumonia disease. You can paste the chart paper on the display board of your class or school.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 77 Lesson 2 Diseases Transmitted by Insects and Animals 2.1. Insects and Transmission of Diseases There are certain insects that transmit diseases. Insects such as flies, fleas (i.e., lice, bedbug, etc.), cockroaches, mites, ticks and mosquitoes are unharmed by the pathogens; hence, they easily carry them on their body. They can transmit the bacteria or virus when they bite a host. The transmission is termed as vector transmission. The diseases malaria, dengue, encephalitis, kala-azar, etc. are included under vector transmission. a) Malaria -cf}“nf]Hj/f]_ Malaria is a communicable disease transmitted by a female mosquito called anopheles. Plasmodium is a causative agent of the diseases. It is carried and transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes during biting and sucking the blood. The Tarai region of Nepal is mostly trapped by malaria. Mode of Transmission Mosquito bite Signs and Symptoms Feeling cold Headache Weakness Fatigue Mosquito Bite
78 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Muscles and joint pain Fever Fever becomes high slowly ( up to 104-107°F) Shivering and uncontrolled speech Prevention and Control Maintain sanitation around the home Fill up trench around the home Use of kerosene or insecticide around the home to kill the mosquitoes Use of mosquito net in the windows and doors of home Use of mosquito net in the bed Use of Supanet (a mosquito net treated with insecticide) properly Test of blood regularly Increase of public awareness b) Kala-azar Kala-azar is a highly infectious disease caused by protozoa. These protozoa are carried by an insect called sand fly. Protozoa are parasites that infect liver and spleen. The body of infected person turns into black due to infection of liver and circulation of bile in the primary stage so it is named as Kala-azar. Its incubation period is 1-2 months. The sand flies dwell in soil, sand and cracks of buildings. People living in unhygienic environment and low altitude have high risk to communicate the disease. Sandfly
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 79 Mode of Transmission Bite of sandfly Sign and Symptoms Irregular fever Loss of weight Hair fall Black colored skin with dryness and roughness Enlargement of liver and spleen Diarrhea, dysentery and pneumonia Prevention and Control Maintain the sanitation of surroundings. Use the net while sleeping. Use boiled water. Clean vegetables and fruits properly before using. Control the sandfly by using insecticides. Visit hospitals or health centers in suspicious cases. We should generate public awareness. 2.2. Animal Bite and Transmission of Disease The domestic, pet as well as wild animals can transmit the diseases. Dog, cat, jackal, fox, monkey, mouse, bat, etc. are vulnerable for the transmission. The transmission is known as zoonotic transmission. Diseases like rabies, swine flu, bird flu, etc. are transmitted by animals’ bite. In this unit, rabies is described. a) Rabies Rabies is an acute viral and zoonotic disease. The cause of rabies is Lyssa Virus. It is transmitted from animals like dog, jackal, fox,
80 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) monkey, mouse, bat, etc. These viruses are present in blood, pus and saliva of animal. The infected and mad animals carry the virus. Mode of Transmission The biting of infected and rabid animals is the main mode of transmission of rabies. The rabid dogs are more dangerous for transmission. Virus is transferred into the body after their bite. Signs and Symptoms Headache, fever and malaise (depression) Patient or victim is afraid of water, noise, bright light and cold air. So, rabies is also known as hydrophobia. Extreme salivation and difficult to swallow food because of muscle spasm. Virus is found in blood, pus and saliva when tested. Prevention and control We should clean the wound or biting area with soap water or Dettol immediately. Take victim to the health institutions without any delay. Victim should be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccine. We should control all the street dogs and other animals. All the rabid animals should be killed on time. Dogs and cats should be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccine. Pet animals should not allow to be mixed up with street animals. Transmission Cycle of Zoonotic Diseases
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 81 What can we do to prevent the strayed animals and their bite in the community? Discuss in the classroom and write the measures in points. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 2.1 Key Points Insects such as flies, fleas (i.e., lice, bedbug, etc.), cockroaches, mites, ticks and mosquitoes are unharmed by the pathogens and they carry them on their body. The domestic, pet as well as wild animals can transmit the diseases. Malaria is a communicable disease transmitted by a female mosquito called anopheles. Plasmodium is a causative agent of malaria. The body of infected person turns into black due to infection of liver and circulation of bile in the primary stage so it is named as Kala-azar. Kala-azar is a highly infectious disease caused by protozoa. The biting of infected and rabid animals is main mode of transmission of rabies. A. Complete the following statements with the correct words. 1. The healthy animal does not _____________virus. 2. The causative agent of malaria is _____________________________
82 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 3. The pathogens do not harm flies, fleas, cockroaches, mites, ticks and _________________ 4. The infected and rabid animals transmit the disease like ______________ 5. The sandflies dwell in soil, sand and _______________ of buildings. 6. The incubation period of Kala-azar is ___________________ months. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is vector transmission? Define. 2. What is the meaning of zoonotic disease? 3. Write any two diseases which are transmitted from animals. 4. Name the mosquito that transmits malaria. 5. Name the disease that is transmitted by sandfly. 6. In which disease, the human body turns into black? 7. Which organ is infected in Kala-azar? 8. What is rabies? 9. What is the mode of transmission of rabies? C. Answer the following long questions. 1. What are the signs and symptoms of malaria? 2. Write the preventive measures against malaria. 3. What are the sign and symptoms of Kala-azar? 4. Write the preventive measures against Kala-azar. 5. What are the signs and symptoms of rabies? 6. Write the preventive measures against rabies.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 83 Lesson 3 Non-Communicable Disease 3.1. Introduction Non-communicable diseases are different from communicable diseases. They cannot be transferred from one person to another. These diseases are the result of internal disorder of the body and body parts. There are several behavioral causes connected with noncommunicable diseases. The examples of non-communicable diseases are heart diseases, asthma, goiter, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, stone (kidney and gall), etc. These diseases are dangerous and bring lots of troubles slowly. Children and adult have a habit to blow their throat after touching with their or other’s body parts like finger, palm, etc. They believe that the blowing prevents the formation of goiter. It is a kind of superstition. What do you think? Also mention a cause of goiter. ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 3.1 Goiter Formation at Throat
84 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 3.2. Causes of Non-Communicable Diseases There are several causes responsible for the occurrence of the noncommunicable diseases. They are related to physical disorder, food, living style and personal behaviors. The main cause of disorder is deficiency of nutrients for long time. This condition is known as malnutrition. The imbalanced diet also causes the infirmity in the body. Some major causes of the non-communicable diseases are expressed below. Malnutrition Consumption of unhealthy food Smoking Alcoholism Drug addiction Heredity Obesity Idle lifestyle Accident or Injury 3.3. Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases Non-communicable diseases are occurred due to internal disorder of human body. The idle lifestyle, lack of physical work and exercise causes noncommunicable diseases. Yog, meditation, exercise, gymnastic, sports and walking are the activities to be fresh, energetic and dynamic in the life. These activities make our body flexible and swift. We can prevent these diseases. We should be alert about our life and feeding style. Some measures to prevent the noncommunicable diseases are as follows: An athlete Unhealthy lifestyle: No mobile phone on the children’s’ hand
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 85 Provision of balanced diet Regular health examination Regular physical exercises Proper rest and relaxation Being away from smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction Maintain the sound mental state What are the roles of physical activities to control the non-communicable diseases? Please, discuss in panel and share your conclusion in the class. 3.2 Key Points Non-communicable diseases are different from communicable diseases. They cannot be transferred from one person to another. Non-communicable diseases are result of internal disorder of the body and body parts. The main cause of physical disorder is deficiency of nutrients for long time. The passive lifestyle brings the lot of physical and mental problems in the body. Unhealthy living style, unhealthy food and idle life are the three risk factors of the non-communicable diseases. Yog, meditation, exercise, gymnastic, sports and walking are the activities to be fresh, energetic and dynamic in the life.
86 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) A. State the following statements either true or false. 1. The consumption of oily, spicy, salty, fried and roasted, colored, street, market and junk foods cause several diseases. 2. The main cause of physical disorder is deficiency of nutrients for long time. 3. We should have a regular schedule for the work, dinning, rest, get up and sleep to be healthy. 4. The imbalanced diet causes the infirmity in the body. 5. Non-communicable diseases are dangerous but easily curative. B. Write short answer of the following questions. 1. What is non-communicable disease? Define. 2. Why should we have a regular schedule for the work, dinning, rest, and sleep? 3. Mention any four examples of non-communicable disease. C. Write long answer of the following questions. 1. What are the causes of non-communicable diseases? Write. 2. Mention the preventive measures to control non-communicable diseases. Project Work Which non-communicable diseases are mostly prevailing in your family and community? Discuss in the family and make a list. Also name three diseases which are highly occurring in the community.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 87 Lesson 4 Drinking Alcohol 4.1. Introduction The consumption of alcoholic materials i.e. Raksi, Jaand, Beer, etc. is called drinking alcohol. It is also called alcoholism. Whisky, brandy, rum, vodka and zin contain chemical substance alcohol and are popular as drinking or alcoholic materials. These materials are destructive to human health. The trend of drinking alcoholic items is increasing rapidly in the families and societies. There are various causes associated with the problem. These causes are expressed in the following points: a) Interest to taste the alcoholic materials b) To get pleasure in the meeting and gathering c) To be smart in the friends’ circle d) Peer pressure to drink alcoholic materials e) Wrong concept of getting freedom from tension f) Advertisement of mass media, cinema and social site g) Impression of role model and their acting in the advertisement of alcoholic materials h) Wide use of alcoholic materials to celebrate festivals and in family functions 4.2. Effects of Alcoholism Alcohol disturbs regular function of our brain. It affects oral cavity, heart, blood circulation, stomach, intestine, liver and kidney slowly. Alcohol and its usages show the several impacts in our body. They are temporary and permanent effects:
88 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) a) Temporary Effects These effects can be immediately observed after using alcoholic materials. The temporary effects are: Foul smell comes from the mouth and body. Eyes become red. Vomiting and headache Blood pressure increases. Disturbance in work of brain. Heart beat goes up. Drinkers / users loss their control and normal emotions. b) Permanent Effects The regular consumption of alcoholic materials causes such effects. It is difficult to get rid of from the permanent effects. These effects push us towards death. The drinking habit damages our social status massively. The permanent effects of alcoholic materials are as follows: Loss of appetite Loose digestive system Ulcers in tongue, food pipe, stomach and intestine Kidney may be failed. Cancer of stomach and intestine Heart diseases such as hypertension, etc C) Effects in the Family and Community Alcoholism harms our family and community in various ways. It is a great burden to develop healthy family and community. It brings lots of trouble. The effects of alcoholism against the family and community are given below: Quarrel and dispute among the people
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 89 Increase in expenses of the people and their family Waste of money and wealth Loss of social reputation and prestige Chance to promote criminal activities Increment in the rate of illness and mortality Some vehicle staffs such as driver, helper (Khalasi), etc. drink alcoholic items and start their work. Does it make our travel safe? What are your any two suggestions for them? Please, write. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 4.1 4.3. Prevention and Control of Alcoholism Alcoholism is one of the major health problems in the community. It challenges both health and social prestige. Everyone has equal responsibility to control the problem. The measures to prevent alcoholism are illustrated in the following points: a) We should not allow children to sell and purchase alcoholic products. b) We should make public places, for example, school, office, hospital, temple, church, etc. completely free from alcoholic products. c) Public awareness should be generated in the community. d) Drinkers/ users should consult the doctor or counselor regularly to avoid the habit. No Alcoholism
90 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) e) Legal provision of drinking and selling of alcoholic products should be implemented effectively. Please, observe the adjacent chart of vital organs which can be badly affected by smoking and drinking alcohol and follow the given tasks. a. Liver + ______________ = _________________ b. Lung + ______________ = _________________ c. _________________ + ______________= Death d. Smoking and alcoholism both are ___________________ to health. 4.2 Key Points The consumption of alcoholic materials i.e. Raksi, Jaand, Beer, etc. is called drinking alcohol. Drinking alcohol supplies alcohol into the body. The trend of drinking alcoholic items is increasing rapidly in the family and society. Alcohol disturbs regular function of our brain and seriously affects oral cavity, heart, blood circulation, stomach, intestine, liver and kidney. Alcoholism harms our family and community in various ways. Everyone has equal responsibility to control the problem of alcoholism.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 91 A. State the following statements either true or false inside the brackets ( ) . 1. Drinking items supply alcohol to our body. ( ) 2. Raksi, Jaand, beer, Tumba, etc. contain alcohol. ( ) 3. Drinking alcoholic items is beneficial to us. ( ) 4. The trend of drinking alcoholic items is reducing in the family and society. ( ) 5. Alcohol supports in regular function of our brain. ( ) 6. The drinking habit gives social reputation and honor. ( ) B. Answer the following short questions. 1. Define alcoholism in your own words. 2. Which disease is caused by alcoholism? Write. 3. Name any two organs that can be affected by alcoholism. C. Answer the following long questions. 1. State any four causes of drinking alcohol. 2. List out any four temporary effects of alcoholism. 3. Mention any four permanent effects of alcoholism. 4. What are the measures to be safe from alcoholism? State any four. 5. What type of effects of alcoholism can be observed in the family? State any four. Project Work 1. Make a list of some public places which are declared as smoking and drinking free zone in Nepal. 2. Organize a discussion among the friends in your class and create ten effective slogans against drinking alcohol. You can display all of them through play cards.
92 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours) Safety and First Aid 5 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1. First Aid: Introduction 2. First Aid Box and Need 3. Drowning, Dog Bite and Safety 4. Road Accident and Safety
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 93 Lesson 1 Safety and First Aid 1.1. Introduction Safety means being away from any kind of incident or risk. The safety measures are required to be safe from the accidents. It is a set of rules that is applied against accidents. There are distinct safety rules for the prevention of accidents at home, school, working site, and on the road. The accidents are sudden incidents that may occur anytime and anywhere. First aid is an immediate support in emergency state. Mainly, it is essential to the casualty of an accident. It controls the condition of injured person to be worst. The main objective of first aid is to save the life of injured person. It is induced at the accident spot. It should be given before transportation of the victim to the medical person and health institutions. In general, first aid means an immediate treatment given to the injured person at the spot after the accident before visiting the medical persons (i.e., doctor, H.A., etc.) and health institutions (i.e., health post, hospital, etc.). 1.2. First Aid Box and Need We cannot induce first aid with empty hand. The life supporting materials are primary things for the treatment. The examples of such materials are bandage, cotton, gauge pad, pincer, soap, scissors, and so on. However, medicines are completely excluded. These materials are known as first aid materials or kits. All these first aid materials or kits should be kept in a box or bag for the protection and proper handling. The box is known as first aid box. The Universal Sign of First Aid First Aid Box
94 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) The first aid box is a primary component to all. It should be available at home, school, office, vehicle and industrial area. The following points indicate the need of first aid box: a) It is easily available in the emergency period. b) It ensures the first aid service. c) It saves the time to manage the first aid kits. d) It co-operates to develop the safe environment at the accident spot. Crepe Bandage Roller Bandage Triangular Bandage Adhesive Tape
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 95 Table 1: The kits for first aid box SN First Aid Kit Quantity 1 Triangular Bandage (White) 5 2 Roller Bandage (Different size) 3x3x3 (roll) 3 Gauge Pad 5 4 Forceps 1 5 Scissors 1 6 Dettol / Savlon 1 bottle (medium size) 7 Soap 1 piece 8 Surgical Mask 2 9 Hand Glove 1 Pair 10 Cotton Towel (sporty size) 1 11 Handy Plast 12 12 Adhesive Tape 1 roll 13 Crepe Bandage 2 rolls 14 Thermometer 1 15 Oral Rehydration Powder (Jeewan Jal) 4 packets 16 Torch Light 1 17 Hook Pin 12 pieces 18 Diary + Pen / Pencil 1/1 Source: Prathamik Upachar Swayam Sebak Nirdeshika, Nepal Red Cross Society 1.3. Accident and Safety Measure a) Drowning Drowning may happen in the river, stream, pond, lake and swimming pool. The main cause of drowning is lack of required
96 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) swimming skills in different sources of water. Swimming means sinking in current or still water. Safety Measures 1. We should not go alone for swimming. 2. We should not play and run near the water sources. 3. Never attempt to swim across the river, stream and damps whose depth is unknown. 4. We should always wear life jacket to swim or while using boat/jet boat if we cannot swim well. 5. It is better to leave notice to someone or family before going to work or swim in the water resources. 6. We should give notice to rescue person, life guard, police, army and other nearby person if we find drowned person. 7. Everyone should cultivate the skill of swimming. What is the name of the safety jacket shown in the image? What are the advantages of the jacket to wear? ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 4.1 Phewa Lake, Pokhara
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 97 b) Dog Bite and Prevention Dog bite is a normal incident in the community. Pet, strayed and scared dogs may attack us. Our actions should not create any kind of threat to them. The dogs attack and bite others i.e. man, etc. to defend themselves. It may transmit the diseases like rabies. Preventing Dog Bite 1. Do not approach a dog that is scared. If the dog is scared, their tail is between their legs and ears are flat. 2. Listen to the dog’s boss about how to approach dog. If they tell you back away, do so immediately. 3. Avoid running away from a dog as they make it as a challenge / game and chase you. 4. Stay still if an unknown dog approaches you as any sudden movements may feel like a threat to the dog. 5. Do not beat the dog by using anything. The dog feels insecure and attack us. 6. Do not irritate a dog in the name of playing with it. For example, tugging at their tail to make it growl, messing with their food, waking up them from sleep unnecessarily. What type of message is delivered through this warning? Please, clarify. ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 4.2 An attack of Dog
98 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) c) Road Accident The accident which occurs on the road is termed as road accident. Any one may fall on the road accidents. It hurts the people. All the users of road must follow the traffic rules and regulations to prevent road accidents and for the safe travel. The road accident is one of the major causes of death in Nepal as well world. Please, observe the photo of a road and answer the given questions. a. How many lanes are there in the road? ____________________________________________________ b. Is there facility of footpath? ____________________________________________________ c. What is the meaning of dotted marked line of the road? ____________________________________________________ 4.3 Prevention of Road Accidents Every good citizen has equal role and responsibility to control the road accidents. The traffic police alone cannot do any remarkable task against the road accidents. The pedestrian, passengers, vehicle staffs and all users of the road have great role to minimize the accidents. Road Accident
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) 99 i) Pedestrian Pedestrian means the person who walks on foot on the road to reach the destination. Some measures to be followed by the pedestrians are presented below: Pedestrians should use footpath to walk on the road. Pedestrians should aware about appropriate side of the road to go and return. Use the zebra-crossing, sub-way and overhead bridge to cross the road. Admire the traffic rule, light and signals given by the traffic police. Avoid the using of mobile phone while crossing the road. Figure 2: Zebra – Crossing: A Safe Point to cross the Road
100 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 5 (Approved by CDC) ii) Vehicles’ Staff They work in vehicle, for example, driver, assistant driver, helper (Khalasi), etc. They can play crucial role to reduce the road accidents. They should pay the right attention to the following points: Use the helmet while riding on cycle and motorcycle. Follow the traffic rule, sign board, light and signal. Do not use mobile phone while driving. Avoid drinking of alcoholic items -df=kf=;]=_ while driving. Please, observe the glowing traffic light and state their meanings. a. Red Light: ________________________ b. Yellow Light: _____________________ c. Green Light: ______________________ 4.4 Key Points Safety means being away from any kind of incident or risk. The safety measures are required to be safe from the accidents. The main objective of first aid is to save the life of injured person. First aid means an immediate treatment given to the injured person at the spot after the accident before visiting the medical persons (i.e., doctor, H.A., etc.) and health institutions (i.e., health post, hospital, etc.). The accidents are sudden incidents that may occur anytime and anywhere. Drowning may happen at river, stream, pond, lake and swimming pool. Dog bite is a normal incident in the community.