HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION and CREATIVE ARTS Author Arjun K Baruwal M.Ed. (Health Education), TU Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Tel. No.: 01-5378629 7 Grade BASED ON NEW CURRICULUM
Published & Distributed by: Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone No.: 01-5378629 Author: Arjun K Baruwal Graphic Mobilizer / Design PSDESIGN # 9849055680 (Manoz Manohar) Copyright: © Author First Edition : 2079 BS (2022 AD) Printed in Nepal Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts Grade VII
This book belongs to My Name: _________________________________________________ Grade: _________________ Section: ___________ Roll No: _______ School:_____________________________________________________ Home Address: _____________________________________________ Tel:_________________________ Cell: __________________________
Preface This book Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts – VII is our genuine presentation. It is fully based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS for grade VII, prescribed by CDC Nepal. The book is prepared regarding students and teachers need and demand. The book writing, designing and printing all focuses the child’s interests and desires. This book possesses some features. The salient features of the book are as: approved by Curriculum Development Center of Nepal fractional presentation of units and contents based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS attractive designing and printing real photographs for the content The book writing is a challenging and sincere work. I accomplished this work without any obstruction. I got various helping hands in my work from different sectors. I am always grateful with them. The colleagues Mr. Mohan Niraula, and Mr. Manoj Kshetri are graceful person. I can never forget their graceful support in the course of writing. Ms Indra Maya Lama, Ms Kanti Mahato, national coach for athletics, Designer Manoz Manohar and District Traffic Police Office Chitawan are also thankful persons to me. The visual credit goes to Abin Kumar Baruwal and various apps of Google Company and medical sites. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to entire team of Aakar Publisher and Distributor Pvt. Ltd. I genuinely express my sincere thanks to all who extend their cordial assist directly or indirectly. Thanks! Arjun K Baruwal
CONTENTS PART 1 : HEALTH EDUCATION 9 - 116 Unit 1 : Human Body 10 Lesson 1 : Digestive System 11 Lesson 2 : Respiratory System 18 Lesson 3 : Circulatory System 25 Lesson 4 : Urinary System 35 Unit 2 : Community Health and Mental Health 39 Lesson 1 : Community Health and Alternative Health Service 40 Lesson 2 : Mental Health 53 Lesson 3 : Drug Addiction, Effect and Prevention 57 Unit 3 : Nutrition and Food Safety 60 Lesson 1 : Food Nutrients 61 Lesson 2 : Inorganic Food, Food Adulteration and Effects 72 Unit 4 : Diseases, Safety and First Aid 79 Lesson 1 : Air-Borne and Blood-Borne Diseases 80 Lesson 2 : Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis 90 Lesson 3 : First Aid and Accidents 95 Unit 5 : Sexual and Reproductive Health 109 Lesson 1 : Sexual and Reproductive Health 110 PART 2 : PHYSICAL EDUCATION 117 - 184 Unit 6 : Physical Exercise and Drill 118 Lesson 1 : Physical Exercise (Kasarat) 119 Lesson 2 : Drill 123
Unit 7 : Athletics and Adventure Activities 133 Lesson 1 : Athletics 134 Lesson 2 : Common Relay Game 142 Lesson 3 : Adventure Activities in Water and Jungle 144 Unit 8 : Sports 150 Lesson 1 : Volleyball and Basic Skills 151 Lesson 2 : Football and Basic Skills 155 Lesson 3 : Basketball and Basic Skills 160 Lesson 4 : Cricket and Basic Skills 163 Lesson 5 : Kabaddi and Basic Skills 167 Lesson 6 : Kho Kho and Basic Skills 171 Unit 9 : Yog and Posture 176 Lesson 1 : Yog 177 PART 3 : CREATIVE ARTS 185 - 236 Unit 10 : Introduction of Art, Line Graph and Color 186 Lesson 1 : Art and Rules 187 Lesson 2 : Color and Art Method 193 Unit 11 : Printing, Clay Work, Collage and Construction 203 Lesson 1 : Printing Art 204 Lesson 2 : Clay Work 206 Lesson 3 : Collage Art 208 Unit 12 : Singing and Playing 211 Lesson 1 : Singing 212 Lesson 2 : Playing 218 Unit 13 : Dance and Acting 226 Lesson 1 : Dance / Nritya 227 Lesson 2 : Acting (Abhinaya) 234
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 9 PART 1 HEALTH Education Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
10 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Human Body 1 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Digestive System: Introduction and Functions 2 Respiratory System: Introduction and Functions 3 Circulatory System: Introduction and Functions 4 Urinary System: Introduction and Functions Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 11 Lesson 1 Digestive System 1.1. Introduction The digestive system is one of the most important systems of human body. It is formed by the association of various organs. The group of organs that is responsible for ingestion of food, its digestion, absorption of food and egestion of wastes food from the body is known as digestive system. It origins from mouth and terminates at anus. It is a muscular tube called alimentary canal. The system is made by involuntary muscles. Some glands are also associated with the system as integral parts. Human Digestive System
12 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 1.2. Organs of Digestive System The system is a joint formation of various organs. These organs are described below. 1. Mouth It is an opening of digestive system. It is also called oral or buccal cavity. It consists of the tongue, teeth and salivary glands. Our foods enter inside the body through the mouth. The teeth break, grind and chew the foods into small pieces. This process is known as mastication of foods. Salivary glands mix the saliva in the chewed foods and tongue helps to swallow the food. Oral Cavity 2. Pharynx It is a cavity that is located behind the mouth and nose. It connects the passages of mouth and nose with the throat. It helps to swallow the food and blocks the food to enter the wind-pipe. It has a leaf-like structure epiglottis to block the food.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 13 3. Esophagus/ Food Pipe It is a muscular tube which connects stomach and pharynx. It provides a way to pass the food to the stomach. 4. Stomach The stomach is a muscular bag. It is located at the left side of abdominal cavity. It receives the food coming from esophagus and stores the ingested food for some hours. It produces a chemical substance called hydrochloric acid (HCl) which kills the germ present in the food. The acid is very strong and melts the hard substance e.g. stone, bone, sand, etc. present in the food. The stomach secrets gastric juice and enzyme to digest the foods. It turns the food into liquid and passes into the duodenum of small intestine. Stomach 5. Small Intestine It is a long muscular tube which is 5 meters long and 9.5 cm wide. It connects stomach and the large intestine. The small intestine consists of three parts. They are duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The jejunum
14 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) and ileum are the distal two parts of the small intestine. The duodenum is U-shaped organ connected with stomach. Stomach pushes the foods toward the small intestine and the food digestion is held inside it. Small intestine produces intestinal juice. Juices secreted from the liver and pancreas co-operate the food digestion. The digested food particles are absorbed by hairy structure of intestinal wall called villi. It mixes the absorbed food to the blood vessels. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine It extends small intestine to anus. It is a large and broad segment of digestive system. These segments are known as colon. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters in length. The appendix is also a part of this intestine. The food is forwarded to the large intestine from the small intestine after the absorption.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 15 The food is further absorbed in the large intestine and residue become wastes of the food. The walls of large intestine absorb the digested food particles and water present in the wastes. The food becomes solid after the final absorption and excretes through the anus in the form of faeces. Large Intestine 7. Rectum: It joins large intestine with anus and allows passing of faeces through the anus. 8. Anus: It is a last part of digestive system. It allows the excretion of faeces and ends the food digestion process. 1.3. Food Digestion Process The food digestion process begins from the oral cavity or mouth. The teeth break, chew and grind the food into the small particles. The salivary gland of the mouth secrets saliva and mixes it with food. The enzyme saliva makes the food sticky that helps to swallow the foods easily. The tongue swallows the food and pushes into the esophagus.
16 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) The stomach receives the food coming from the mouth. It secrets the enzymes and hydrochloric acid and mixes with food. The acid kills the germ present in the food. It also melts the hard particles of food. The enzymes break down the food and turn into liquid form. The juice from the liver and pancreas is also mixed with food. Then the food is passed into the small intestine and the large intestine. They produce the intestinal juice that digests the food. The digested food is absorbed by the wall of small and the large intestine. The blood carries it to the different parts of body. The undigested or waste food is passed toward the rectum and excreted from the body in the form faeces. Mouth - ingestion - some mechanical and chemical digestion Stomach - mechanical digestion - chemical digestion Rectum - egestion Large Intestine - absorption (of water) Small Intestine - chemical digestion - absorption Oesophagus Flow chart: Food Digestion Process Key Points: The group of organs that is responsible for food digestion, absorption and egestion of wastes food from the body is known as digestive system. Mouth is an opening of digestive system. Pharynx is a cavity that is located behind the mouth and nose. Stomach secrets enzyme and hydrochloric acid that needs for food digestion. Pancreas produces pancreatic juice. Intestine secrets intestinal juice to digest food. The blood carries the digested foods to the different parts of body.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 17 A. State the following statements either True or False. (1) Digestive system origins from the mouth and terminates at the anus. (2) Mouth has salivary glands. (3) Pharynx is located above the nose. (4) Hydrochloric acid is a chemical compound found in stomach. (5) Intestine absorbs the digested food particles. (6) Constipation is a common digestive problem. (7) The appendicitis is an infection of appendix. B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define digestive system. (2) What are the functions of stomach? Write any two. (3) What are the functions of small intestine? (4) What are the functions of large intestine? (5) Define mastication process in your own words. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) List out the various organs of digestive system. (2) Explain food digestion process. (3) Write the functions of mouth, stomach, small and the large intestine. (4) Draw a picture of digestive system and show the following parts: food pipe, stomach, small intestine and the large intestine. Manage a chart paper and draw a flow chart of food digestion process. Paste the chart in your classroom.
18 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Respiratory System 2.1. Introduction The respiratory system is one of the most significant systems of our body and life. It provides oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide. All the cells and tissues of organs and systems require pure oxygen to be alive and for proper functions. They produce carbon dioxide gas due to metabolism that must be removed. This removal is initiated by respiratory system. The respiratory system circulates a vital component (oxygen) to all the cells, tissues and organs and plays a key role in the body. So, respiratory system has a leading role in our body than other systems. Air is a significant vital component. It is a just imaginary to live without air for a single second. Like food and water, air is an essential element to be alive. Oxygen is supposed as pure air while carbon dioxide is as impure. There is a process to supply and remove the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. This process is said as respiration. Respiration is a process of supplement of pure air (oxygen) to the body and removal of impure air (carbon dioxide). The human system that leads the respiration process throughout our life span is known as Respiratory System. 2.2. Parts of Respiratory System There are some specific organs associated with this system as its integral parts. They are as follows: i. Nose ii. Pharynx iii. Larynx iv. Trachea v. Lungs
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 19 i) Nose Nose is an external organ of respiratory system. It has two nostrils. It is made by cartilage. It has two cavities divided by the septum. The air enters into the body through the nose. The air is cleaned by cilia, heated and moistened by the sinus and mucus in the cavity. The hairs present inside the nostrils prevent the entering of foreign bodies. Nose takes air through left and right nostril alternately. We take and throw air 12 to 16 times per minute. This is a normal respiration rate of an adult body at rest. Human Respiratory System ii) Pharynx Pharynx lies behind the nose and mouth. Nose and mouth both open here. It is a common organ for digestive and respiratory systems. Food pipe and trachea are developed from here.
20 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) iii) Larynx Larynx lies in front of the lower part of the pharynx. It is also called a voice box. It is made by cartilage. It helps to produce the sound by the vibration with air. Larynx connects the pharynx to windpipe. It allows the air to pass into the windpipe but blocks the entering of food into it with the help of leaf-like structure called epiglottis. The main function of the epiglottis is to seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled. Larynx iv) Trachea / Windpipe Trachea is a tube of 10-12 cm long. It is made by cartilage bone. It enters into the lungs. Trachea is divided into two branches before entering the lungs. The branches are called bronchus. There are two bronchi. They are right and left. The bronchi are further divided inside the lungs called bronchioles.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 21 v) Lungs These are the prime organ of respiration. Lungs are spongy and coneshaped muscular organ. They are situated at the thoracic cavity. There is a set of lungs. They are right and left lung. Lungs have lobes. Lobes are section of lungs. The right lung has three lobes while left only two. Each lobe has many air sacs to collect the air coming from external environment and various parts of the body. These air sacs are known as alveoli. Bronchus and Alveoli Lungs 2.1 What is your rate of respiration in a minute? Please, find and record. You can also find the rate of respiration per minute in different states of your body for example: rest, walking, running, etc. and compare them. 2.3. Respiration / Breathing Process The inhaled air enters into the body through the nose. The air is filtered in the nose. The filtered air passes into the lungs through the pharynx, larynx and trachea. The air deposits inside the alveoli and treat with blood present in capillaries of the lungs. The red blood cells of blood absorb the oxygen present in alveoli and release the carbon dioxide there. The blood containing oxygen comes back to heart and pump to the various parts of the body. The air having carbon dioxide exhales through the body through respiratory tract. Such process is continued for long life.
22 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Inhalation and Exhalation in Respiration The intercostals muscles and diaphragm have key role in respiration process. Their movements help to continue the process. The diaphragm is a muscular layer which separates thorax and abdomen. We can inhale when the intercostals muscles and diaphragm expand but while they contract, we exhale. Their expansion and contraction also contribute the expansion and contraction of lungs. Key Points: The human system that leads the respiration process throughout our life span is known as respiratory system. The air is cleaned, heated and moistened in the cavity of nose. Pharynx is a common organ for digestive and respiratory system. Larynx helps to produce the sound by the vibration with air. Trachea is made by cartilage bone. Bronchi are divisions of trachea. Lungs are spongy and cone-shaped muscular organ. The epiglottis of larynx works like a traffic police inside the human body.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 23 A. Match the following items correctly. Nose Voice box Larynx Septum Trachea Alveoli RBC Bronchus Lung Absorption of oxygen Absorption of carbon dioxide B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define respiration. (2) Define respiratory system. (3) Respiratory system is most significant system of human body. Why? Justify. (4) State any two importances of respiratory system. (5) What are the roles of intercostals muscles and diaphragm in respiration? (6) Write about larynx in short. (7) What is the work of epiglottis? Write. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) List out the parts of respiratory system. (2) Describe the structure of lungs.
24 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) (3) Copy the following picture and label the various parts of respiratory system. Project Work Find your own rate of breathing at rest state and write in copy/diary. You can also find the normal breathing rate of any two or four friends. Compare all the records and write the conclusion to make the class discussion.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 25 Lesson 3 Circulatory System 3.1. Introduction A group of the heart, blood and blood vessels for blood circulation in our body is called circulatory system. The circulatory system is an important system of human body. It provides all the essential nutrients including oxygen to every cell and parts of the body. It also removes the waste products of cells and carries them to the lungs and kidneys for their removal. The lungs remove impure air (carbon dioxide) while kidneys remove waste water. The circulatory system circulates the blood throughout the body to perform all these processes continuously which is known as blood circulation. In other words, it is said that blood circulation is a continuous movement of blood that supplies all the nutrients, water and oxygen to all the parts of body and removes their wastes. Blood is circulated through arteries, veins and capillaries inside the body. Blood Vessel The famous English anatomist William Harvey discovered the blood circulation process.
26 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 3.2. Organs of Circulatory System The system is a joint association of three different organs. i. Heart ii. Blood Vessel iii. Blood i) Heart The heart is located between two lungs inside the thorax. It is a muscular and dome organ. It is about our fist size. It has a cone shape. The heart is about 10 cm long and weighs about 250-300 grams. It is made by cardiac muscles. It is a four-chambered organ. The upper chambers are auricle and lower are ventricle. These chambers have further division as left and right auricle and ventricle. The left and right chambers are separated by a thin layer called septum. The auricles and ventricles have valves to pass the blood. The blood vessels are developed from the upper part of the heart. The heart pumps blood with the rate of 72 times per minute. The rate varies among the infants, children and others. The heart also receives blood from the body parts. Heart (External View) Internal Structure of the heart (VS)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 27 3.1 Heart is one of the vital organs of human being. Write any two measures to keep our heart healthy. ii) Blood Vessel These are tubes through which blood flows in our body. There are three types of blood vessel. They are as follows: a) Arteries The blood vessels that transport the blood from the heart to body parts are known as arteries. They carry the pure blood (oxygenated) but pulmonary artery carries only impure blood from the heart to the lungs for purification. The largest artery is called aorta. The pure blood exits through it. The tiny part of artery is called arteriole. b) Capillaries The minute branches of arterioles are called capillaries. The arterioles are tiny branches of arteries. These hairs-like structure are connected to tissues and cells. The capillaries combine to form venule. c) Veins The vessels that carry the blood from cells, tissues and organs to heart are called veins. They transport impure blood (deoxygenated). However, pulmonary and renal veins transport the oxygenated blood only. The blood capillaries join together to form veins and veins join to form larger veins. The superior and inferior vena cava are larger veins. iii) Blood These are red connective tissues of our body. They can flow easily through blood vessels. The blood comprises two different components plasma and cells.
28 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) a) Plasma The fluid part of the blood is called plasma. It contains water (92 %), protein (7%), salt, oxygen, nutrients, waste materials, hormones, etc. It is linked with tissue fluids. b) Blood Cell Blood contains three types of blood cells. They are Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell and Platelet. They have different structure and roles in the body. i) Red Blood Cell (RBC) (Erythrocyte) These are yellow-colored cells without nucleus. They contain hemoglobin that gives the red color to blood. It is made of iron and carries oxygen from one part to another. The cells are flexible and biconcave in shape. Their flexibility makes their flow possible inside the blood capillaries. The red blood cells are developed in the bone marrow of the ribs, arms and legs. The life span of red blood cells is approximately 120 days. The spleen and liver destroy millions of old red blood cells in a minute and the same number are produced. The deficiency of red blood cells causes less blood in the body. It also causes deficiency of hemoglobin, iron and anemia. ii) White Blood Cell (WBC) (Leucocyte) These are also the main components of blood. They fight against the germs to save us from disease. So, they are called guard cells. They produce antibodies and anti-toxins. They also help to remove the injured tissues. There are many types of white blood Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 29 cells. The number of white blood cells is low than red blood cells. They are transparent and colorless. They are produced in the bone marrow and some are in lymph glands. Their life span is about one week. iii) Platelets (Thrombocyte) The smallest cells of blood are platelets. Platelets help to control the bleeding by clotting. Their life span is short. It is about few days. 3.3. Blood Circulation Process, Type and Significance a) Blood Circulation Process The veins collect the impure blood (deoxygenated) from the upper and lower parts of the body. The impure blood of the upper part i.e. head, brain, neck, shoulders, arms, etc. enters to the right auricle through the superior vena cava. Similarly, impure blood of lower parts i.e. stomach, kidneys, hips, legs, etc. enters to right auricle through the inferior vena cava. The right auricle is filled with the impure (deoxygenated) blood and it pumps the blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. This valve is closed when the right ventricle is filled with blood. The valve pumps the blood toward the pulmonary artery and it carries the blood to the lungs for purification. It is only one artery that carries impure blood. The blood circulatory system
30 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) The blood reaches inside the alveoli through the capillaries of lungs and blood absorbs the oxygen with the help of red blood cells and removes the carbon dioxide. This removal is thrown by exhaling process of lungs. The process of oxygen absorption by blood is known as oxygenation. This process makes the blood pure. The blood circulation process Pulmonary vein carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left auricle after oxygenation. It is only the vein that carries pure blood. The left auricle is filled with blood and it pumps the blood toward the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. It is closed when the left ventricle is filled up. The left ventricle now pumps the blood toward the aorta. Aorta transports this blood throughout the body by its branches and capillaries. This process is going on throughout our lifespan and known as blood circulation. Thus, blood circulation is a continuous circulation of blood that supplies all the nutrients, water and oxygen to all the parts of body and removes their wastes.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 31 (b) Division of Blood Circulation There are two categories for this process. The blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and vice-versa is known as pulmonary circulation. On the other hand, blood circulation from the heart to various parts of body and vice-versa is systemic circulation. (c) Significance of Blood Circulation The blood circulation is a vital process of human body. This process helps to remove all kinds of impurities or wastes through excretory organs produce in the cells, tissues and organs. The process also supplies oxygen, water, food nutrients, hormones, chemical substances and medicines to all the cells, tissues and organs. It also contributes to regulate body temperature. 3.2 Heart and lung both organs are sensible organs of human body. Which organ is most sensible for survival? Think and write logically. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Key Points: A group of the heart, blood and blood vessels for blood circulation in our body is called circulatory system. Blood circulation is a continuous movement of blood that supplies all the nutrients, water and oxygen to all the parts of body and removes their wastes. Heart, blood vessel and blood are three organs of circulatory system. There are two types of blood circulation. They are pulmonary and systematic blood circulation. The impure blood (deoxygenated) contains carbon dioxide but pure or oxygenated contains oxygen. There are three types of blood cells: Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell and Platelet.
32 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Hemoglobin of Red Blood Cells gives the red color to blood. White Blood Cells protect us from the attack of germs. So, they are called guard cells. Platelets help to control the bleeding by clotting. Red Blood Cells are the smallest cells in the human body. A. State the following statements either True or False. (1) The famous English anatomist William Harvey discovered the blood circulation process. (2) The heart is located between two lungs inside the thorax cavity. (3) The heart pumps the blood 72 times per minute. (4) Pulmonary artery carries pure blood from the heart to the lungs for purification. (5) Aorta is the largest artery. (6) Blood is red connective tissue of the body. (7) White blood cells produce antibodies and anti-toxins. (8) The process of oxygen absorption by blood is known as oxygenation. (9) The blood circulation from the heart to lungs is known as systematic circulation. (10) Blood circulation is a vital process of human body. B. Tick the best answer (MCQ). (1) The food digestion process starts at ........................................... . Stomach ( ) Intestine ( ) Buccal cavity ( ) (2) The four chambered vital organ is ........................................... . Lung ( ) Kidney ( ) Heart ( ) (3) The exchange of air takes place inside the ........................................... . Bronchus ( ) Alveoli ( ) Blood tubes ( ) (4) The life span of red blood cell is ................ . 120 ( ) 60 ( ) 90 ( )
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 33 (5) Pulmonary vein carries the ................................ blood from the lungs. Deoxygenated ( ) Oxygenated ( ) (6) The fluid component of blood is known as ........................................... . RBC ( ) Plasma ( ) WBC ( ) (7) The average rate of respiration in an adult body is: 18 ( ) 16 ( ) 12( ) times per minute. (8) The ................................ works like a traffic police inside the body. Tongue ( ) Vocal Cord ( ) Epiglotis ( ) C. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define circulatory system. (2) Define blood circulation. (3) List out the organs of circulatory system. (4) What is the main function of the heart? (5) What is the rate of human heart beat? (6) Name the different types of blood vessels. (7) Define artery and vein. (8) State the components of blood. (9) What is plasma? Define. (10) Write short notes on: (a) Red blood cells (b) White blood cells (c) Platelets (11) Which cell is called guard cell and why? (12) Who discovered blood circulation process of human body? D. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) State the significance of blood circulation. (2) Draw a clean and neat figure of human heart and label it. (3) Describe the blood circulation process of human body in brief. (4) Write about the structure of human heart (anatomy).
34 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Pictorial Test a) Please, see the adjoining image of human trunk and enlist the organs that you can find. b) Please, name the following two medical devices. .................................... ................................... Project Work What is your blood pressure? Please, measure and keep the record. Also compare your records with friend and discuss in the class.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 35 Lesson 4 Urinary System 4.1. Introduction Urinary system is associated with excretory system of human body. The system excretes waste water from the body in the form of urine. Human urine is a mixture of water and various chemical compounds. The quantity of water is high in urine. Nitrogen is the chief chemical substance present in urine and its weightage is more than 97 percentages. Urea, Uric acid, Sugar, etc. are other chemicals found in urine. 4.2. Organs of Urinary system Urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. Human Urinary System and Organs Human Kidneys
36 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) i) Kidney(s) There is a pair of kidneys in our body. They are bean-shaped and reddish brown colored organs. Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist. They are located at the abdominal cavity on both sides of the backbone. The kidneys consist of a number of minute tubules called nephrons. There are a million nephrons in each kidney. Their work is to purify blood and water. There is good connection of blood vessels. Right Kidney and Nephrons (VS) Functions of the Kidneys a. Purify the blood and remove harmful waste materials. b. Purify blood, water and secret urine. c. Remove excess amount of salt and harmful chemicals like drugs, acids and toxins. d. Help to control blood pressure. e. Maintain the body temperature.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 37 ii) Ureter There is a pair of ureter, also known as urinary pipe, developed from each kidney. They are tubes which connect the kidney and urinary bladder. They pass the urine produced by the kidney. iii) Urinary Bladder This bladder is a thin muscular bag that stores urine. It has an elastic nature. So, it can expand to store urine in large volume. It can store 600 to 800 ml urine at a time but when it collects about 250 to 300 ml of urine, a person feels micturition (action of urinating). iv) Urethra Urethra is an opening of urinary bladder that exits urine to external urethral orifice (penis and vulva). It is a thin tube. It is longer in male than female body. 4.1 Please, observe the given image and write the message given byit. ......................................................................... ......................................................................... Key Points: Urinary system is a part of excretory system because it excretes waste water from our body in the form of urine. Urine is mixture of nitrogen, urea, uric acid, salt, water and others. Kidneys are bean-shaped and reddish brown colored organ. Nephrons of the kidney work as the filters in human body.
38 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) A. Fill in the blanks with correct words. (1) ............................ is a mixture of water and chemical compounds. (2) The amount of ............................ is high in urine. (3) ............................ are located at the abdominal cavity on both sides of the backbone. (4) Urinary bladder is a thin muscular bag that stores............................ (5) Urethra is an opening of ............................ that exits urine to external urethral orifice. B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define urinary system. (2) List out the different parts of urinary system. (3) Write the functions of urethra. (4) Write the functions of urinary bladder. (5) What is micturition? Define. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) What are the functions of the kidneys? (2) Draw a neat and clean well-labeled figure of urinary system.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 39 Estimated Teaching Hours: 8 Hours (Working Hours) Community Health and 2 Mental Health Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Community Health and Alternative Health Service 2 Mental Health 3 Drug Addiction, Effect and Prevention
40 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Community Health and Alternative Health Service The community health indicates the health of people living in the community. It is considered as an important factor to lift up the health of the people. It is a health campaign to upgrade the health status of the whole community. The living style, personal hygiene, health services, health practices, food and nutrition, etc. are associated with the community health 1.1. Factors Affecting Community Health The community health is developed by the collective efforts of various components. These components / factors genuinely perform their role in the public life and personal health to develop community health. Such components are given below. Health Services Living Working Place Drinking Water Culture and Religion Income Level Education Environment Sanitation Factors of Community Health Padampur Health Post, Chitawan
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 41 1. Living / Working Place The house, building, office, shopping center, factory and construction site are the common living and working space for the people. These places must have well sanitation, facility of pure drinking water, fresh air and light, provision of bathroom / toilet and good mechanism to collect and dispose the wastes. These are primary needs to control air and water-borne diseases. 2. Income level The income level and sources are considered as the important factors in the field of community health. The food and nutrition, uses of health services, education and management of proper housing are connected with the earning. In poverty, all these provisions become worst and community cannot be healthy and safe for the living. It means people become ill, weak and get the infection. 3. Education Education is a key component to uplift community health. It changes the human’s behaviours, practice and attitude toward the life. It extends the knowledge and develops skills of healthy living among the people in the community. Education motivates the people to create sanitary and healthy community for them. 4. Culture and Religion The conservative, traditional and rigid cultural norms, values, taboo and stigma toward human life and living style set up the barrier against the health. The trend of penance, strict fasting, stigma of menstruation and malpractices developed offering god, goddess, ritual and customs are challenges for community health. The culture and religion should be flexible for the well-being of people and community. 5. Health Services The community must provide health services as well as immunization for the people. Health institutions must set up with
42 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) proper health services in the community. Health institutions and community can work jointly to launch awareness program and immunization campaign. Immunization is a primary step of health services to acquire healthy life. 6. Drinking Water The community must supply pure and safe drinking water to the people. It is a basic component to control and prevent many communicable diseases in the community. Impure and polluted water causes various waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, jaundice, cholera and so on. It is believed that more than 90 % communicable diseases can be controlled by the provision of safe and pure drinking water in the community. 1.1 Please, mention your comments on this working place and health of these women. They are working in a canteen of a school of western Nepal. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 7. Environmental Sanitation Every community must maintain sanitation for the healthful living. It helps to develop clean, neat and healthy living environment. People never get fresh air, pure water and clean place in unhygienic community. This situation creates many health hazards in the community. The public Tap for the drinking water
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 43 1.2. Aspects of Community Health Community health covers various aspects of human life and community. a. Immunization /Vaccination It is an artificial method to build up the immunity power in the body. The complete immunization saves the children from the deformity, disability and death. It controls the child mortality in the community. According to National Immunization Program (NIP) of Nepal, altogether 12 lifes saving vaccines are adopted to the children within one year from the birth against the different diseases. These diseases are measles-rubella, polio, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertusis, whooping cough, hepatitis B, tetanus, Rota virus and Japanese Encephalitis (JE). Let’s see the National Immunization Program (NIP) of Nepal to get more information: Table No. 1: National Immunization Program (NIP) S.N. VACCINATION WHAT FOR WHEN 1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) Tuberculosis -Ifo/f]u_ At birth 2 DPT- Hep B - Hi B Diphtheria -nx/] vf]sL_ 6, 10 and 14 weeks Tetanus -wg'i6ª\sf/_ Hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B A poster for immunization
44 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 3 Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Polio 6, 10 and 14 weeks 4 Rota Virus Vaccine (RVV) Diarrhea -/f]6f efO/;n] x'g] kvfnf_ 6 and 10 weeks 5 Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) Pneumococcal diseases (meninges, ear and chest infections) 6, 10 weeks and 9 months 6 Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) Polio 14 weeks 7 Measles - Rubella (MR) Measles -r]rs ÷ bfb'/f_ and Rubella (German measles) 9 and 15 months 8 Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Japanese Encephalitis 12 months 9 Tetanus Diphtheria (TD) Tetanus -wg'i6ª\sf/_ and Diphtheria -Eofu't] /f]u_ 2 doses 1 month apart during Pregnancy (For expecting mother) Source: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population Children from under 5 years and pregnant women can benefit from the vaccines as per the immunization schedule. All vaccines are available at free of cost. 1.2 Make a list of health institutions that can provide the immunization service to the people in your community. a. ............................................................................................................. b. ............................................................................................................. c. ............................................................................................................. d. .............................................................................................................
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 45 b. Mental Health Service/Care Mental health is an integral part of both personal and community health. It is an emotional, psychological and social well-being. The counselling, provision of brain food, management of stress and tension and treatment of mental disorders are the services of mental health. The education of mental health is also connected with this care. The mental health is a key component for the child development. c. Child Health Service /Care Child health is an important aspect of child development. It prepares the bases for the physical, mental and intellectual development of a child. Newborn care, complete breast feeding / lactation, provision of supplementary food, immunization, and regular health check up are the services for child health care. These are crucial services to gain strong immunity power and good health. Lactation should be initiated with colostrums feeding. It minimizes the risk of child morbidity and mortality. d. Child-Maternal Health Care (MCH) The health service that is provided to the prenatal, postnatal and nursing mother and children under five years to maintain their good health is called maternal and child health care (MCH). Immunization, nutritious diet, regular health check up, safe delivery, maintain the Laughter is the best medicine for all Child care: Oiling and sunbath Mother’s love
46 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) appropriate birth spacing and lactation are some specific health care that are associated with maternal and child health care (MCH). 1.3. Community Health Workers and Their Works There are various health workers in the community to serve the people. They are appointed in the various community health institutions to provide the health services and facilities. ANM, CMA, HA, AHW (Assistant Health Worker), nurse, and doctor are some community health workers. 1. Health Assistant, HA Health assistant is a medium level health manpower to serve the community. S/he is appointed in the health post, health center, basic level hospital and other basic institutions of the health sector. S/he can provide preventive, curative and promotive health services. These health services focus the following works: a. Provision of vaccination service to the center b. Distribution of vitamin A capsule to the children. c. Distribution of iron tablet to the pregnant woman to control anemia d. Train the local people to use the homemade methods and to prepare oral rehydration solution (ORS) i.e. Jeeban jal, etc. to control diarrhea e. Provision of family planning services f. Provision of safe delivery service g. Management of child nutrition program and its operation h. Provision of public participation to solve the communal health problems i. Recognition of health needs of the community j. Recognition of resources of a community to handle the health problems in the community A Health Worker
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 47 2. Auxiliary Nurse Midwife, ANM ANM works as a basic level manpower of nursing profession. The ANM can serve in the health post, primary health center, public health office and basic level hospitals. S/he can provide the following community health services: a. Giving essential information of personal hygiene to the people b. Observation of nutritional status of the children and keeping the records c. Giving essential information of immunization service d. Giving right information about family planning service e. Health check up and counseling service to the pregnant f. Helping the people to select the safe delivery place i.e. hospital, birthing center, home, etc. g. Dressing service h. To assist in the mobile health camp in the community i. Generate the public awareness to control the communicable diseases 3. Female Community Health Volunteer The female health volunteers work at the grass-roots level of the community. They are mobilized to provide the basic health services. They perform the following works in their community with co-ordination of health institutions. a. Distribution of means of contraceptive b. To support the safe delivery at home c. Distribution of iron tablet to the pregnant woman and lactating mother d. Distribution of oral rehydration solution (ORS) i.e. Jeeban jal, etc and train the people to prepare oral rehydration solution e. Conduction of program on health education, communication and awareness
48 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) f. Work in maternal and child health care (MCH) service g. Co-ordination between health institutions and health services in the community 1.4. Traditional and Alternative Health Care There are several therapies for the treatment in the community. The main stream of treatment system is modern allopathic method. The rest are known as traditional and alternative health care. They have wide range of practices in the community. Aayurvedic medicine, natural therapy, Yoga and meditation, reiki, acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, homeopathy, body massage and hypnotherapy are some examples of traditional / complementary and alternative health care. Their treatment system is based on herbal medicine, natural and physiological process of human body. In different locations of the country, hospitals, clinic and treatment are established for the traditional and alternative health care. Nardevi Central Aayurveda Hospital and Pashupati Homeopathy Hospital of Kathmandu are the popular hospitals in Nepal. Herbal Medicine for massage and Acupuncture 1.3 Please, enlist the traditional health care systems which are practicing in your own community. ................................. ................................ ..............................
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 49 1.5. Sound Friendship at Adolescence Stage Everyone can get friend and friendship. Getting sound friendship and good friends is a kind of achievement. In adolescence stage, the circle of friends becomes widen and there is a regular meeting with many peers. The selection of a good friend is a real challenge to the youngsters. They feel unnecessary pressure and follow up from the peer groups. It may be responsible for the several unusual and unsocial activities. The youngsters should attempt to defend such activities and share to the seniors and guardians, although, the practice is just opposite. They want to protect their friends by covering their mistake which may be serious. The peer pressure is a big issue. Let's imagine- How wonderful is it? 1.6. Formation of Peer Groups The formation of peer group is a model to address the issues of peers in the community. These groups can be funded at school, Tol, village and ward level of a municipality or rural municipality. The child club and groups acting in the society are the examples of peer groups. They can work in the field of extra-curricular activities, Hand and Hand
50 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) public health, addiction and counseling, environment conservation, poaching, afforestation and other areas. The formation of peer groups develops the leading role, positive skills and collective nature. Key Points: There are various health workers in the community to serve the people. ANM, CMA, HA, AHW (Assistant Health Worker), nurse and doctor are some community health workers. Education is a key component to uplift community health that changes the human’s behaviours, practice and attitude toward the life. Malnutrition, trauma, diabetes, long time exposure to gadgets (television, mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet, etc), bad posture for reading - writing and working in low /bright light result the refractive problems. The main cause of hearing loss is growing age. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. The monitoring of nutrition is a foundation to obtain the healthy people and mind in the community. It is believed that more than 90 % communicable diseases can be controlled by the provision of safe and pure drinking water in the community. In adolescence stage, the circle of friends becomes widen and there is a regular meeting with many peers. The child club and groups acting in the society are the examples of peer groups. Peer can work in the field of extra-curricular activities, public health, addiction and counseling, environment conservation, poaching, afforestation and other areas. Traditional and alternative health care have wide range of practices in the community. Traditional and alternative health care is the option or complementary healing method of modern allopathic treatment.