Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 51 A. State the following sentences either true or false. (1) The fast growing children and pregnant women need more nutrition than others. (2) Good environmental sanitation promotes the community health. (3) The body weight must be as per body height. (4) We should not take too much tension and boredom to be mentally healthy and active. (5) The working place has not any connection to human health. (6) The formation of peer group is a creative work to the new youth. (7) Physio-therapy is an example of traditional and alternative health care. (8) Rota Virus Vaccine (RVV) saves the babies from the diarrhea. B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Enlist the community health workers. (2) What is the eligibility to be a health assistant? (3) Write any four factors that affect community health. (4) What is the importance of drinking water? Write. (5) What is the impact of culture in community health? (6) Mention any two aspects of community health. (7) What is immunization? Define. (8) Why is sound friendship important? (9) Name the vaccine that is administered against measles and rubella. (10) What is traditional and alternative health care? Define. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) What are the advantages of being immunized? Write in points. (2) Introduce the various community health workers in short.
52 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) (3) Write about the traditional and alternative health care. (4) What are the works of health assistant? Write any five. (5) Mention any five works of female health volunteers in the community. (6) Mention any five works of auxiliary nurse midwife to serve the community. D. Enlist the traditional and alternative treatment from the chart given below. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS Project Work Meet any health worker of your community and talk about his/her duties and responsibilities. Prepare a report based on your meeting and submit to your subject teacher.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 53 Lesson 2 Mental Health 2.1. Introduction The human soul and mind should be healthy like other organs and systems of body. It gives the good mood, looks, smile, happiness, glowing face and eyes. These are the actions against the stress, tension and sadness. These factors are associated with mental health of human being. Being happy and getting happy are the big things to maintain the mental health. Mental health is a significant part of human health. The people of all age groups should have good mental health in their life. Mental health regards with our feelings or emotions. It develops positive attitude, view, thoughts and creative thinking in a person. The person can be healthy mentally who bears positive attitudes, thoughts and behaviours. The family, school, foods and personal living style can also determine the mental health of an individual. 2.1 What do you think about this image? Can such activity contribute to maintain our mental health? ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Laugh makes life beautiful
54 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 2.2 Collect some jokes or comedy dialogue and present in the classroom to make fun. Also make a short discussion of funny activity to mental health. 2.2. Mental Health and Effect The mental health of an individual has a significant role on different aspects of life. It is a foundation of personal growth, development and progress. The happiness is a great achievement in his /her personal life. The effect on three different aspects of life are discussed below. a. Self -respect The mental health of an individual influences his / her self-respect in the family and community. The mentally healthy person can manage all the duties, responsibilities and activities effectively. S/ he can impress to other with sound personality and dignity. The level of self-respect depends up on the state of mental health of an individual. b. Personal Behaviour The mental health is a strong determinant to maintain the personal behaviours. A mentally healthy person can cultivate the skill and idea for the well culture, manner / behaviour and discipline. The good mental health co-operates the persons to quit and modify all the wrong and uncivilized behaviours. c. Personal Relation There is a co-relationship between mental health and personal relation in the community. His positive attitude and thought can develop the sound relationship and intimacy to everyone. Such person is able to acquire inter and intra personal skills to behave with other people. These skills are considered as the life skill. The state of mental health of a person creates the basic background and interaction to live happily in the family and society.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 55 Key Points: The people of all age groups should have good mental health in their life. The human soul and mind should be healthy like other organs and systems of body. Mental health is an integral aspect of human health. The mental health is a foundation of personal growth, development and progress. Like physical health and immunity power of the body, it is possible to strength the mental health. The state of mental health of a person creates the basic background and interaction to live happily in the family and society. A. Multiple choice question (MCQ) (1) Mental health regards with the health of ………………………… Mind ( ) Soul ( ) Mind and Soul ( ) (2) What is the base of mental health? Happy ( ) Sadness ( ) Dream ( ) (3) What is the trouble to maintain the personal mental health? Comedy ( ) Insomnia ( ) Mimic ( ) B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is mental health? Define. (2) Why does negative thinking degrade the mental health of a person? (3) Write about the effects of mental health on self-respect. (4) Write about the effects of mental health on personal health. C. Long answer questions. (1) Introduce mental health in your own words. (2) Why is mental health important in our life? Explain. Project Work Prepare some play cards to show the importance of mental health in our life.
56 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 3 Drug Addiction, Effect and Prevention 3.1. Introduction The drugs are essential and beneficial substances to us. These are used for our treatment in case of physical and mental disability as well for good health. Some people do not use drug for these purpose in their lives. They are consuming for the fun and get dependency in drugs. Drug addiction means consumption of drug without any physical need or doctor’s recommendation. In normal condition, we should not use any kind of such substances. It damages human health, wealth and social prestige. There are several reasons associated with drug addiction. It is a kind of social burden and public health problem. Mainly, youth are involving in drug addiction. Powder of brown sugar “Any substance which, when taken into the body, affects function physically and psychologically, excluding food and water is known as
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 57 drug”- WHO (World Health Organization). Heroin, cocaine, brown sugar (BS), dendrite, morphine, Fancy dile, opium, etc. are some examples of drugs. On December, 2020, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) removes the Ganja (cannabis / marijuana) from the list of narcotic drugs. 3.2. Effects of Drug Addiction There are different types of adverse effects caused by drug addiction. Drugs impact the human brain, heart, lungs and stomach directly and create various troubles. It is one of the main modes of transmission to hepatitis and STDs. The effects are generally classified into two forms. a) Short-term Effects: These effects are solved easily after avoiding the use of drugs. (1) Headache and nausea (2) Allergy, irritation and dizziness (3) Loss of appetite (4) Loss of memory power (5) Faster heart beat (6) Foul smell from mouth and body (7) Change in color of hands and lips. (8) Sleepiness b) Long-term Effects: These are also permanent effects of drug addiction. These effects trap the body for long time and difficult to revive. Some such effects are: (1) Depression (2) Weakening of Nervous, Respiratory and Digestive system (3) Hypertension, Asthma and Cancer
58 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) (4) Hepatitis and HIV/AIDS (5) Loss of prestige and social reputation 3.2. Prevention and Control of Drug Addiction We should counsel adolescents or youngsters properly. We should not scold and hate the drug addicts. Legal provision against the drug addiction must be implemented effectively. Guardians should watch children’s activities deeply in adolescence stage. Public awareness should be generated widely against it. Rehabilitation centers should manage to treat the drug addicts. 3.1 a. What is the meaning of this sign? Clarify. b. Copy this sign in your exercise book or copy. Key Points: Dependency of our body on drug or medicine is called drug addiction. The person who misuses the drugs (medicine) is Drug Addict or Drug Abuser. Mostly adolescents of urban zones are involved in drug addiction in the contest of Nepal. Drug addiction is a serious public health problem of Nepal and the world. By observing the changed and abnormal behaviours of any one, we can easily detect a person being drug addict or not. We should counsel properly adolescents or youngsters to prevent drug addiction. We have to give proper care, love and affection also.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 59 A. State the following statements either true or false. (1) Some people use the drugs without any physical requirements for their fun. (2) Fancy dile is an abused drug. (3) Drug addiction is a serious public health problem in the community. (4) Rehabilitation centers should establish to treat the drug addicts. B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is drug? Define. (2) Define drug addiction. (3) Name any two drugs that are abused. (4) Who is known as drug addict? Write. (5) Why do people abuse the drug? Give a reason. C. Long answer questions. (1) What are the short-term effects of drug addiction? Write any four. (2) What are the long-term effects of drug addiction? Write any four. (3) What are the preventive measures against drug addiction? Write. (4) Suppose this man resides in your community. Identify his problem and what your actions would be to support and care him? Please, write in detail. Project Work a) Prepare a pamphlet against drug addiction and discuss in the class. You can work individually or in a group. b) Write a conversation on the topic of youth and drug addiction. Present your conversation dramatically in your class.
60 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Nutrition and Food Safety 3 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Food Nutrients - Introduction, Source and Function 2 Inorganic Food, Food Adulteration and Effects Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 61 Lesson 1 Food Nutrients 1.1. Introduction The nutrients are chemical elements which are present in different sources of food. There are six different food nutrients. They are carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral, water and fat or oil. These are also called constituents of foods. They have distinct roles in the body. The body must consume each of them for various purposes and activities. Mainly, these nutrients are needed to grow, repair and maintain the damaged parts of the body. A food item does not contain all the nutrients. Our food stuffs are not equally rich to them. So, we must consume different types of food stuffs to get various types of nutrients. It is not necessary to consume all types of foods equally daily. We should consume them as our needs in a balanced way. The nutrients are classified into three groups as their functions in our body. They are: i) Energy Giving : Carbohydrate and Fat ii) Body Building : Protein and Mineral iii) Body Protective : Mineral, Vitamin and Water 1.2. Importance of Nutrients These are very useful chemical substances which have crucial role to run our body and life. Our body cannot perform regular functions in the deficiency of nutrients. The body becomes lazy, sleepy, and unhealthy. The loose skin, weak muscles and irritation are other symptoms of deficiency of nutrients. Nepali dish
62 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) The following points indicate the importance of nutrients. (1) They yield energy in our body. (2) They form new cells and tissues in our body. (3) They help to build and grow our body. (4) They protect us from the diseases and disorders. (5) They develop our immunity power and make us strong. (6) They carry and distribute all the required materials of the body. 1.3. Sources and Functions of Nutrients Our body should consume all the nutrients regularly. They have separate functions. The body gets such nutrients from different food sources. The plants and animals are the main food sources for human. There is diversity in such food sources which can supply different types of nutrients to our body. i) Carbohydrate Carbohydrate is called energy yielding nutrient because it is used to yield energy in our body. The main function of carbohydrate is to produce energy. It is a prime source of energy in the body. Rice, wheat, barley, millet, maize, buck wheat, potato, sweet potato and sugar are the main sources of carbohydrate. We should not consume excess amount of carbohydrate. Excess amount of carbohydrate is converted into fat and sugar and stored in the body which is harmful to health. Sources of Carbohydrate
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 63 ii) Protein Protein is called body building nutrient. It helps in growth and development of the body. It also repairs and maintains the damaged cells by forming new cells and tissues. The healing of cuts and wounds is made possible by protein. There are several sources of protein. They are fish, meat, milk, egg, cheese, ghee, pulses, nuts, beans, cereals, etc. iii) Fat or Oil Fat / oil is called energy giving nutrient and also major sources of energy to the body. It makes the body warm and saves from cold. The person who has to perform heavy work daily should consume fat or oil more. It can release more energy than carbohydrate. We should stop excessive consumption of fats. It causes constipation, high blood pressure, heart diseases, diabetes, kidney problems and obesity. The main sources of fat or oil are ghee, oil, butter and cheese. iv) Minerals They are called body building nutrients. They protect our body. The natural growth, repair and maintenance of injured parts of the body depend up on the protein. They assist for the regulation of the body functions. There are more than one dozen of minerals found in the body. Sources of Minerals Sources of Protein
64 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and fluorine are some examples of minerals. The main sources of minerals are green vegetables, fruits, milk, egg, meat and fish. The three minerals calcium, iron and iodine are described here: a. Calcium: This mineral makes the bones and teeth very strong. It also helps for the formation of new tooth in the growing children. In the lack of calcium, bones become weak or soft and break easily. It works to clot the blood with vitamin K. Milk, beans, cheese, cabbage, egg, lemon, orange and spinach are the suppliers of calcium. b. Iron: This mineral helps to form new red blood cells (RBC). The lack of Iron causes anemia. We get iron from liver, meat, egg, wheat, green leafy vegetables, tomato. Iron is a mineral which is required for the physical and mental growth. c. Iodine: This mineral is needed for the physical and mental growth of human body. The lack of iodine makes the children weak and slow minded. The lack of iodine also causes goiter (Galgand). Green vegetables, fruits and sea foods are sources of iodine. In the context of Nepal, Aayo Noon (Iodized Salt) is the chief source of iodine supplement. Aayo Noon The formation of Goiter
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 65 v) Vitamins They protect body, body parts and build up the natural immunity power. The small amount of vitamins enough to the body are termed as micro nutrients. They play the crucial role to make healthy eyes, bones, teeth and muscles. They make the digestive system well, save us from many diseases and can play a role in growth and development. Mainly vitamins have two classes: i) Water soluble vitamins : Vitamins B and C ii) Fat soluble vitamins : Vitamins A, D, E and K Types of Vitamins: Vitamins are available in different forms. They are A, B, C, D, E and K. Vitamin A It is necessary for healthy eyes. It keeps our skin smooth and soft and makes it beautiful. So, it is called beauty vitamin. Vitamin A prevents night blindness. The sources of vitamin A are green leafy vegetables, yellow and red fruits, milk, fish, egg, liver and meat. The deficiency of vitamin A causes anemia. Vitamin B This is also known as vitamin B complex. It is a collective form of more than fifteen substances. Some major components are B1 , B2 , B6 , B12, etc. Vitamin B prevents beriberi, heart diseases, oral wounds, etc. Grains, pulses, beans, yolk of egg, legumes, liver, meat, fish, etc. are sources of vitamin B. Functions and sources of Vitamin B1: It makes our skin and nerves healthy. It prevents beriberi. It is found in rice, wheat and maize and others. Functions and sources of Vitamin B2: It makes our skin and tongue healthy. It blocks the wound and crack of tongue and lips. It is found in milk and dairy products.
66 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Functions and sources of Vitamin B6: It prevents irritation and nervousness. Its main sources are egg, milk, pulses and grains. Functions and sources of Vitamin B12: It helps to form red blood cells. Its deficiency also causes anemia. It is found in liver, yeast and fruits. Vitamin C It keeps the teeth and gum healthy. It helps to recover the wounds. The lack of vitamin C causes Scurvy which is very panic disease of gum. Scurvy makes the teeth loose and falls out it. Amala (Gooseberry) is super source of vitamin C. Lemon, Lime, Guava, tomato, peach and all the citrus fruits are sources of vitamin C. Vitamin D Vitamin D is required for the development of healthy and strong bone. It also maintains the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Our body (skin) produces the vitamin D in the presence of sunlight and known as sunshine vitamin. Children may suffer from Rickets in the deficiency of Vitamin D. Rickets makes the bone tender and curved. Milk, yolk of egg, fishes, liver, oil, etc. are some sources of Vitamin D. Sources of Vitamins Amala, a chief source of vitamin C
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 67 Sources of Vitamins Vitamin E It has reproductive function in the body. Women need more vitamins E. The lack of vitamin E causes infertility in women. Wheat, rice, meat, fish, milk, oil, eggs, orange, etc. are the main sources of vitamin E. Vitamin K Vitamin K needs to prevent bleeding from the wounds and cuts. It clots the blood coming from the injured parts. Fresh green vegetables, soya bean and tomato are the main sources of vitamin K. 1.1 What are the sources of vitamins and minerals in your kitchen / fruit garden? Find the names and write on the cardboard paper to display in your classroom. vi) Water Water is a vital component for the body. Every cell, tissue and organ needs water. They cannot alive without water. The body has around 70% water of total weight. Water prevents dryness of organs. It helps to carry the essential materials inside the body. It helps in food digestion, absorption, circulation and maintains the body temperature. It is also used to remove the wastes. Water is our life
68 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) We must drink pure and clean water only. The body gets water from drinking and food items. We need three litres water daily. 1.2 What is the name of adjacent image? Does this image guide you to prepare balanced diet. If so, please practice to prepare a balanced diet. Key Points: Nutrients are chemical elements present in different sources of food. There are six types of nutrients. They are carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, minerals, water and fat or oil. Balanced diet includes all kind of foods which can supply all the essential nutrients to our body as needs. Balanced diet is the right quantity of food containing right amount of all the essential nutrients.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 69 Nutrients are classified into three groups. They are energy giving, body building and body protecting. Carbohydrate and fat produce energy in our body. Protein is used to build our body. Vitamins and minerals protect our body from diseases and infirmity. A. Match the following items correctly. i. Carbohydrate Ghee ii. Protein Potato iii. Fat Fish iv. Calcium Aayo Noon v. Iodine Milk vi. Vitamin C Amala Sun bath B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define nutrient. (2) What are the roles of nutrients in our body? (3) What happens in deficiency of Iron in the body? (4) What happens in deficiency of Iodine? (5) Why is taking excessive amount of carbohydrate harmful to us? (6) What is called beauty vitamin and why? (7) What are the effects of deficiency of vitamin D? (8) Why water is important to us? Write. (9) Name the disease caused by the lack of vitamin C. (10) What is the main cause of night blindness? Write. (11) Why vitamins are called micro nutrients? (12) What is the meaning of food adulteration? State.
70 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) List out the various types of nutrients and classify them. (2) What are the functions and sources of carbohydrates? (3) What are the functions and sources of proteins? (4) What are the functions and sources of fats? (5) What are the functions and sources of minerals? (6) List out the different types of vitamins. (7) What are the functions and sources of vitamins? Mention. (8) List out the types of vitamin B and their functions. (9) What are the effects of deficiency of vitamin D? (10) State the methods to control the food adulteration. Complete the following table 1 and 2 with the required information. Assignment Table 1 Vitamins Functions Major Sources Vitamin A Vitamin B Complex Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 71 Assignment Table2 Vitamins Functions Major Sources Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Minerals Project Work Observe your kitchen garden or hat bazaar or vegetables market nearby. Then find the sources of the following nutrients and record in your personal diary. Also show their pictures / images in a chart paper. Carbohydrate Vitamins A, B complex, C, D, E and K
72 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Inorganic Food, Food Adulteration and Effects 2.1. An Introduction to Food Food is a basic component for health. Foods have a vital role to promote the health. The safe and healthy foods can precede the natural growth and development of the body. The healthy and nutritious foods develop the protecting power of the body. The consumed foods must be fresh, hygienic, nutritious and mostly inorganic in nature. The good food gives us good mood and health. The body can be free from germs, infection, diseases and morbidity. The food diversity is essential for good health, body and mind. 2.2 Inorganic Foods and Effects Inorganic foods are those food stuffs which are harvested by using the chemical substances. These chemical substances commonly include chemical fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and pesticides. The haphazard use of the chemical substances in the field and garden is a big challenge for the human health. The farmers are main users. The plants cannot consume all the portion of chemical substances and remain as the residue in the products such as grains, fruits, leaves, etc. These are commonly termed as toxic food items. The fruits, vegetables, livestock, fish farming and poultry products are the Thakali Dish The use of chemical substances
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 73 great sources for the residue of used chemical substances. We can easily consume such agro-products which is destructive to the health. In other words, we are consuming poisons along with fruits, vegetables and other agro-products. (a) Harmful Effects of Inorganic Foods The inorganic food may become full of chemicals that are harmful to our health leading to many of the diseases. The consumption of inorganic foods may cause obesity, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. Liver, kidney, brain, lung, skin, heart, blood and sexual organs remain in threat of inorganic foods and their consumption. The breathing problem and allergy are also caused by these foods. Organic VS Non-organic Food 2.1 What is the difference between organic and non-organic foods? Think and write in your copy. 2.3. Un-nutritive Foods and Impacts on Human Health The consumed foods must be nutritious and balanced. There are varieties of food items available in our surroundings. The qualitative foods are beneficial to human Junk Foods
74 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) body and health. The inorganic, colorful, factory, fast and junk foods have low nutritional value. These food products are generally called unnutritive foods. The regular and long-term use of such foods is enough to ruin human health. (a) Impacts of Un-nutritive Foods Some negative impacts of the consumption of un-nutritive foods are given below. Retard the physical and mental growth and development of the infants and children Retard the intellectual development of the infants and children Change in appetite and cause the intestinal problems Weak bone, teeth and muscles as well bony body Cause malnutrition and nutritional disorder Cause low immunity power in the body 2.4. School Tiffin and Children The school tiffin of the children should be hygienic, healthy and nutritious. The tiffin items can play the vital role for the proper growth and development of the children of fast growing stage. It can also influence their intellectual development and achievement. Homemade foods including fruits are the best for tiffin of school children. Roti, Makai-bhatta, Khatte, Khir, Jaulo, Lito and similar items can include in tiffin. It is beneficial to discard the market, factory, fast and junk foods from the tiffin menu. The school tiffin of the children should include all types of food groups (such as: energy giving, etc.). Homemade Roti
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 75 2.2 Please, observe the Tiffin items of your friends and gather the information to complete the following tasks: a. Discuss in the classroom on the topic of “nutritional value and condition of our Tiffin” with the help of gathered information. b. Complete the following table with the help of your observation: Type of Tiffin items Name Home Made Non-Home Made 2.5. Food Adulteration and Awareness The adding of similar and unwanted substance to the food stuffs is called food adulteration. Food adulteration degrades the quality and nutritional value of food stuffs. The adulterated foods bring various hazards in human body and family. It can be seen in rice, pulse, milk, curd, meat, honey, ghee, sweets and other easily. The consumption of these foods causes the malnutrition, digestive disorder, allergy and food poisoning. The blood becomes impure. The vital organs like heart, kidney and liver become weak and cannot function well. a. Public Awareness Food adulteration is a serious problem against the public health in the community. People must be aware about the food adulteration and its adverse effects. People must have proper education and knowledge about the food adulteration, legal provision and consumer’s right. They should know about the authorized body and organizations who are working in the field of consumer’s Public awareness
76 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) right. The public awareness and development of active consumers can fight against the food adulteration. 2.3 There is a popular Nepalese dohori song. The title is e}F;L kfn]/=== (Vocal: Arjun Gaire, Raju Pariyar and Bishnu Majhi) and it is available in You Tube channel. Find its main theme in the context of this unit and discuss in the class. Does this song assist for the public awareness against food adulteration? Write. PNad M e}F;L kfn]/, uLtsf] af]n M e}F;L kfn]/, zAb ÷ efsf M ch{'g u}/] :j/ M /fh' kl/of/, ch{'g u}/] / lai0f' dfemL s]6L M x] P ================= b'wsf] efF8f] 5]plt/ /fvL 5]plt/ /fvL nfpF5f} ukm agfp5f} ;fFRr} xf]nf ls b'lgofFnfO{ 9fF6]/ vfF6L b'wdf kfgL xfn]/ ug{' u¥of} an/fd e}F;L kfn]/ vfF6L b'wdf kfgL xfn]/ ============================================= s]6f M x] P =================== ltdLnfO{ eGg dflGbg z/d dflGbg z/d e}F;Ln] b'w 36fof] d}n] s] u/d ug{' u¥of} ;'GtnL ;fx'gL ag]/ lnG5]p k};f ug]/ af;L eftnfO{ ;fhL eg]/ =========================================
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 77 b. Measures to control Food Adulteration We should attempt to be a good consumer. The food adulteration ruins our physical and mental health. We can adopt the following measures to control the food adulteration in the family and community. Avoid the use of foods purchased from the street vender. Check the nutritional value of the market foods before purchasing. Pay the attention on wrapping, quality marks and brand name of the market foods before purchasing. Purchase the food stuffs from the registered shop / grocery centers. Generate the public awareness against food adulteration in the community. Key Points: Balanced diet includes all kind of foods which can supply all the essential nutrients to our body as needs. Balanced diet prevents malnutrition in the community. We must get proper knowledge and skill to prepare balanced diet. The kitchen garden, garden and fields are reliable sources for the production and supply of green vegetables and fruits. Junk foods are tasty but have not nutritive value. The haphazard use of insecticide, pesticide, nutrients and chemical fertilizer is expanding in the farming. The school tiffin of the children should be hygienic, healthy and nutritious. The adding of similar and unwanted substance to the food stuffs is called food adulteration. People must have proper education and knowledge about the food adulteration, legal provision and consumer’s right. We are consuming poisons along with fruits, vegetables and other agroproducts.
78 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) A. Fill in the blanks with correct words. (1) The .......................... diet has great role to physical and mental development of the body. (2) Balanced diet is equally needed to people of .......................... groups. (3) The inorganic food items may damage our .......................... (4) .......................... and .......................... are two local green leafy vegetables. (5) .......................... is a prime source of protein of bean groups. B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Define inorganic foods. (2) Define under-nutritive foods. (3) Write the importance of school Tiffin for the children. (4) What is the meaning of food adulteration? State. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) State the impacts of un-nutritive foods against human health. (2) Write about inorganic foods in detail. (3) Write the measures to control the food adulteration. (4) Write about the public awareness against the food adulteration. (5) What are the impacts of under-nutritive foods in human health?
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 79 Diseases, Safety and First Aid 4 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Air-borne and Blood-borne Diseases 2 Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis 3 Accident and First Aid Estimated Teaching Hours: 8 Hours (Working Hours)
80 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 1 Air-Borne and Blood-Borne Diseases 1.1. Introduction Disease is a condition in which body faces the sickness or infirmity due to internal disorder and infection of germs. The disease which can transmit from one person to another is called communicable disease. Diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis (TB) are examples of such diseases. The main causes of these diseases are infection and infestation of germs and worms. (a) Modes of Transmission of the Diseases The ways through which germs and worms of communicable diseases are entered into a healthy body to attack are called modes of transmission. Direct contact, droplet infection, unsafe blood transfusion, unsafe sexual contact and fecal-oral route are some modes of transmission. 1.2. Disease by Contaminated Air The air contamination causes some specific diseases in the community. These diseases are easily transmitted from one person to another. Sometimes, the transmission may be epidemic in the surroundings. Tuberculosis (TB), whooping cough, polio, pneumonia, common cold and chicken pox are some examples of the diseases that can be transmitted by air contamination. These diseases are termed as airborne diseases. a. Chicken Pox -7]pnf_ Chicken pox infection is caused by the virus. It often attacks the children. It’s very rare to have the chicken pox infection more than once. Direct Contact
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 81 The itchy red blisters that appear all over the body due to infection. It is a contagious disease. Causative Agent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Incubation Period 7 to 21 days Modes of Transmission Direct contact with the rash Droplet infection Contaminated air Signs and Symptoms Fever Feeling tired Headache A stomach-ache that lasts for one or two days A skin rash that is very itchy and looks like many small blisters Skin that looks spotty Prevention and Control Maintain personal hygiene Cover the mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing Sterilized the personal belongings used by infected person Do not share personal belongings Use the mask regularly Maintain social distance with the infected and suspicious person Get vaccination against chicken pox Chicken Pox
82 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) b. Tuberculosis -Ifo/f]u_ Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious and fatal disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Causative Agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Incubation Period Two to 12 weeks Modes of Transmission Droplet infection Signs and Symptoms Coughing for three or more weeks Bloody phlegm or mucus Chest pain or pain with breathing or coughing Fatigue Persistent fever (99-100°c) Night sweats Chills Loss of appetite Prevention and Control Wear mask Maintain personal hygiene Dispose the spit, phlegm and mucus safely Sterilize the personal belongings used by infected person Cover mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing Maintain social distance with the infected person Get vaccination (BCG) Generate public awareness Infection of Lungs in Tuberculosis
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 83 1.1 Please, collect the different posters related to tuberculosis (TB) published for the public awareness and display in the display board of your classroom or school. You can visit a nearby health post, health center, hospital or any health institutions for the collection. c. Whooping Cough / Pertusis -nx/]vf]sL_ Whooping cough is a respiratory tract infection caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. It is a highly contagious infection and also known as pertusis. The children below 5 years are most affected by the infection. In many people, it is marked by a severe violent cough followed by a highpitched intake of breath that sounds like “whoop”. Causative Agent Bordetella pertussis Incubation Period 7 to 14 days Modes of Transmission Droplet infection Direct contact Signs and Symptoms Runny nose Nasal congestion Red and watery eyes Low fever Cough Sneezing Prevention and Control Maintain personal hygiene Dispose the spit, phlegm and mucus safely Infection of Trachea by bacteria
84 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Sterilize the fomites used by infected person Cover the nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing Immunization against the disease (DPT) 1.2 Write the sign or symptoms of whooping cough in a chart paper / card board paper and display in the classroom. 1.3. Disease by Contaminated Blood and Needle The contaminated blood and needle is one of the modes of transmission of communicable disease. Malaria, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS are blood-borne diseases that could be transmitted by a needle stick injury. a) Transmitted by Contaminated Needles Hepatitis Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver (WHO). The condition of inflammation can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common causes of hepatitis in the world. Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) that attacks liver. It causes both acute and chronic infection of liver. Incubation Period The incubation period of the Hepatitis C (Chronic) is between 40 to 180 days. Blood bag Hepatitis infected
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 85 Modes of Transmission: Unsafe sexual transmission Unsafe blood transfusion Transplant of infected organ Use of contaminated needles and syringes, especially among injecting drug users Signs and Symptoms Yellowing of the skin and eyes Pain over liver Dark urine Clay colored stool Extreme fatigue Nausea and headache Vomiting and loss of appetite Abdominal pain Acute illness and liver infection Prevention and Control Avoid the unsafe sexual intercourse Use the sterilized syringe and needles only Make the blood transfusion safe Avoid the transplant of infected organs Stop the child birth from the infected mother 1.3 Prepare a chart of preventive measures of the diseases transmitted by contaminated blood and needle. You can demonstrate the chart in your class.
86 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) (b) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) AIDS is highly communicable STI. It is not disease itself. It is a syndrome in which immune power of our body deficiencies continuously and body becomes extremely weak. AIDS is caused by a retro virus which is called human immunodeficiency virus. It is said HIV in short. This virus attacks our immune system and destroyed the WBC which protects our body. HIV is found in blood, sperms, vaginal secretion, sputum and bone marrow. Causative Agent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Mode of Transmission HIV is transmitted from infected persons to other healthy person easily. There are some specific modes for transmission. They are: i. Sexual contact with infected persons without condom ii. Unsafe blood transfusion iii. Drug addiction iv. Child birth from infected mother v. Sharing of syringe, blades and knife used by infected or suspicious persons. Symptoms and Signs i) Presence of HIV in blood and sperms ii) Loss of WBC in blood iii) Gradual loss of body weight iv) Weakness, fatigue and night sweating v) Chronic common cold, nausea, fever, diarrhea, influenza and swollen of lymph nodes Prevention and Control i) We should use only sterilized syringe, blade and knife. ii) We should not use infected blood. iii) Sexual contact should be safe and used the condom before it.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 87 iv) Infected women should not give the birth to baby, if needs consult the doctors. v) We should check our blood if there is doubt. vi) We should suggest the infected person and patient about the treatment system (ARV). vii) We should generate the public awareness against the HIV / AIDS in the society and community. HIV/ AIDS is not transmitted through the following ways: Hand shake and hugging with infected person Walking, talking and sleeping together with infected person Sharing same kitchen and toilet-bathroom with infected person Mosquito bite and other insects Hugging Hand Shaking Eating together Playing together 1.4 Visit a nearby health post, hospital or any health institution and collect posters and pamphlets of some communicable and non-communicable diseases. Display them in your classroom and make a discussion. Key Points: Disease is a condition in which body faces the sickness or infirmity. The communicable diseases are caused by various external agents such as germs, insects, etc. Diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS are some fatal communicable diseases.
88 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) The contaminated blood and needle is one of the modes of transmission of communicable disease. Incubation period is the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms in the body. There are two types of disease: communicable and non- communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are caused by various external agents such as germs, insects, etc. Chickenpox infection is caused by the virus that often attacks the children below five years. Whooping cough is a respiratory tract infection caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. AIDS is highly communicable STI. A. Elaborate the following abbreviations. 1. HIV : ________________________________________________ 2. BCG : ________________________________________________ 3. DPT : ________________________________________________ 4. ARV : ________________________________________________ 5. HCV : ________________________________________________ 6. AIDS : ________________________________________________ B. Choose the best answer from the given options and put tick inside the brackets. (1) What is the main cause of communicable disease? Bacteria ( ) Fat ( ) Locust ( ) (2) Which disease is known as seasonal flu? Common Cold ( ) HIV ( ) Viral Influenza ( )
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 89 (3) Which of the following is direct contact? Namaste ( ) Bye Bye ( ) Embrace ( ) (4) Which vaccine protects us from tuberculosis? DPT ( ) BCG ( ) Polio ( ) (5) Which organ is infected by hepatitis? Heart ( ) Liver ( ) Lung ( ) C. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) Write any two modes of transmission of communicable disease. (2) What is incubation period? Define. (3) Name any two blood-borne diseases. (4) What is hepatitis? Write. (5) Write the methods to sterilize the infected needle, blade, etc. (6) What is whooping cough? Define. (7) What is the mode of transmission of whooping cough? Write. (8) What is the causative agent of tuberculosis? Write. D. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) What are the modes of transmission of hepatitis disease? (2) Write the sign and symptoms of whooping cough. (3) What are the preventive measures against whooping cough? (4) Write the sign and symptoms of tuberculosis. (5) What are the preventive measures against tuberculosis? (6) Write the sign and symptoms of chicken pox. (7) What are the preventive measures against chicken pox? (8) Write the sign and symptoms of AIDS. (9) What are the preventive measures against AIDS? (10) What are the modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS? (11) Write the sign and symptoms of hepatitis C. (12) Mention the preventive measures for hepatitis C.
90 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Lesson 2 Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis 2.1. Introduction Tonsillitis and pharyngitis are the diseases of throat. These are viral or bacterial infection, caused by poor oral hygiene of an individual. The infections are very painful. The both diseases are communicable in nature. a) Tonsillitis -3f“6L kfSg]_ Tonsillitis is an infection of tonsils. Tonsils are two soft masses of tissue at the back of throat inside the oral cavity. The tonsils act as filters, trapping germs that could otherwise enter airways and cause infection. They also make antibodies to fight infection so they are important part of immune system. But sometimes, they get overwhelmed by bacteria or viruses. This can make them swollen and inflamed. Tonsillitis is common, especially in children. It can happen once in a while or come back again and again in a short period of time. Tonsillitis is a type of pharyngitis. Causes: Viral infection and Bacterial infection Sign and Symptoms: The main symptoms of tonsillitis are inflamed and swollen tonsils, sometimes severe enough to make it hard to breathe through mouth. Other symptoms include: Tonsillitis
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 91 Throat pain or tenderness Red tonsils A white or yellow coating on tonsils Painful blisters or ulcers on throat Headache Loss of appetite Ear pain Trouble swallowing Swollen glands in neck or jaw Fever and chills Bad breath Stiff neck A scratchy or muffled voice Prevention and control: The best way to prevent tonsillitis is through good hygiene, including: Washing hands often Gargle with hot water Not sharing food, drink, utensils, or personal items like toothbrushes with anyone Staying away from someone who has a sore throat or tonsillitis b) Pharyngitis-unf ;'lgg]_ Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx, which is in the back of the throat. It is most often referred to simply as “sore throat.” Pharyngitis can also cause scratchiness in the throat and difficulty in swallowing. There are numerous viral and bacterial agents that can cause pharyngitis. Pharyngitis
92 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Viruses are the most common cause of sore throats. Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by viral infections such as the common cold, influenza, or mononucleosis (kissing disease). Causes: Bacterial or viral infections Incubation Period: Two to five days Sign and Symptoms: runny nose headache severe fatigue red throat with white or gray patches swollen lymph nodes chills body aches loss of appetite general malaise fever (a low-grade fever with a cold and higher-grade fever with the flu) Prevention and control: avoid sharing food, drinks, and eating utensils avoid individuals who are sick wash hands often, especially before eating and after coughing or sneezing use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water aren’t available avoid smoking and inhaling second hand smoke
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 93 2.1 Compare the diseases tonsillitis and Pharyngitisin term of cause and symptoms and show in a table. Please, use your either note copy or health practical copy to write. Key Points: Tonsillitis and pharyngitis are the diseases of throat. Tonsillitis is an infection of tonsils. The tonsils are two soft masses of tissue at the back of throat inside the oral cavity. The tonsils act as filters, trapping germs that could otherwise enter airways and cause infection. They make antibodies to fight infection so they are important part of immune system. The main symptoms of tonsillitis are inflamed and swollen tonsils. The best way to prevent tonsillitis is through good hygiene. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx, which is in the back of the throat. Viruses are the most common cause of sore throats like Pharyngitis. A. Choose the best alternative and ring (O) each of them. (1) Which organ gets the infection in Tonsillitis? a. Tonsil b. Larynx c. Pharynx (2) What is the production of tonsils to build up the immune system? a. RBC b. Antibody c. HCl (3) Pharyngitis is most often referred to simply as a. Sore throat b. Goiter c. Itching (4) What is the incubation period for the pharyngitis? a. 3 to 5 days b. 1 to 3 days c. 2 to 5 days
94 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) B. Write short answer of the following questions. (1) What is tonsil? Define. (2) What are the acts of tonsils? (3) What is tonsillitis? Define. (4) What is pharyngitis? Define. (5) Why are tonsils important in the human body? (6) State the causes for the tonsillitis and pharyngitis. C. Write long answer of the following questions. (1) What are the symptoms of tonsillitis? (2) What are the symptoms of pharyngitis? (3) What are the preventive measures of tonsillitis? Mention. (4) What are the preventive measures of pharyngitis? Mention. (5) Write the advices to one of the classmates to be free from the infection of pharyngitis.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 95 Lesson 3 First Aid and Accidents 3.1. Introduction First aid is an immediate treatment given to a victim at the spot before arrival of doctor or visiting the hospital. There are some distinct objectives of first aid. i. The prime objective of first aid is to save the life of the injured person / patient. ii. It increases the confidence level of the injured person / patient. iii. It does not allow the further complications to the injured person. iv. It protects the injured parts from the infection and worsening. v. It supports and cares to manage the further treatment to the injured person. 3.2. First Aid Box and Kit The first aid box is a box that is used to store the first aid kits. There are various lifesaving kits which are used in first aid box. A manual or guide is essential for the proper handling of first aid kits. The First Aid Kit (Box) includes the following supporting devices for emergency use. Table 2: The kits for first aid box SN First Aid Kit Quantity 1 Triangular Bandage (White) 5 2 Roller Bandage (Different size) 3x3x3 ( roll) 3 Gauge Pad 5 4 Forceps 1 5 Scissors 1 First Aid Kit
96 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 6 Dettol / Savlon 1 bottle (medium size) 7 Soap 1 piece 8 Surgical Mask 2 9 Hand Glove 1 Pair 10 Cotton Towel (sporty size) 1 11 Handy Plast 12 12 Adhesive Tape 1 roll 13 Crepe Bandage 2 roll 14 Thermometer 1 15 Oral Rehydration Powder (Jeewan Jal) 4 packet 16 Torch Light 1 17 Hook Pin 12 pieces 18 Diary + Pen / Pencil 1/1 Source: Prathamik Upachar Swayamsebak Nirdeshika, Nepal Red cross Society If the First Aid Kit is not available at the accidents spot then we must use locally available materials because our motto is to save the life of an injured person. 3.3. First Aid to Some Accidents i) Sprain -ds{g'_ The softer structures around bones and joints such as ligaments, muscles and tendons may be injured in several ways. Injuries to these soft tissues or parts are commonly called sprain. They occur when the tissues are overstretched and partially or completely ruptured by violent or sudden movement. Sprains are frequently associated with sporting activities. Ankle’s Sprain
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 97 Prevention i. Walk carefully in and outside the house. ii. Walk or move carefully on the road. iii. Be more careful in sporting activities. Use the safety items such as shoes, leg and knee guard, pad, gloves, etc. iv. Start the games with warm up exercises. First Aid i. Advise the casualty to sit or lie down. ii. Support the inured part in a comfortable position. iii. If the injury has just happened, cool the area by applying an ice pack or cold compress. It helps to reduce swelling, strain and bruising. iv. Apply a thick layer of soft padding such as cotton, wool or plastic foam and bandage at the injured site. Check the blood circulation in every 10 minutes. v. Raise and support the injured part to reduce the flow of blood to the injury. This will help to minimize bruising in the area. vi. If the pain is severe or the casualty is unable to use the injured part, take or send to nearby hospital or health post. In general, these techniques are known as RICE (Rest, Ice / Cooling, Compression and Elevation) method. 3.1 Look at the photo of the students and guess what are they practicing? Please, write. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
98 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) ii) Fracture -xf8 ef“lRrg'_ A fracture is a break or crack in a bone. It is caused by direct or indirect force. Fracture causes deformity, pain, swelling and bruising at the fractured site. Shortening and twisting of a limb is also caused by fracture. Wounds may form and bone ends protruding at fractured site. Types of fracture Fracture is normally of two types: open and closed fracture. In an open fracture, one of the broken bone ends may pierce the skin surface or there may be wound at the fractured site. In a closed fracture, the skin above the fracture is intact and bones may be unstable which may cause damage of other internal tissues in the fractured area. First Aid i. Advise the casualty to keep still. ii. Support the injured part with your hands. iii. Bandage the injured part to an unaffected part of the body. Make sure the bandage is tied on the uninjured side. iv. Take or send the casualty to nearby hospitals, health post or health center. In case of open fracture, take or send the casualty to nearby hospital, health post or health center immediately. Bandage the injured part with proper dressing before transportation of the injured. iii) Electric Shock -ljw'tLo cfxt_ An electric shock passes the electric current into the body. The casualty faints and may die if not disconnected instantly. So, electric current is very dangerous and fatal. High electric current can cause the fatality within some seconds. Closed
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) 99 The incidents are usually due to faulty switches, worst electric wiring and defective appliances. Young children are particularly at risk. They may put their fingers or other objects into electrical wall sockets because of their curiosity. Water is another dangerous thing for electric shock. Handling of electric appliances with wet hand and leakage of water always put additional risks. Safety Measures i. Never touch the naked electric wire and appliances with bare hands. ii. Check and maintain the electric wiring at home, office and other places regularly. iii. Repair the faulty switches and defective appliances on time. iv. Never handle the switches and appliances with wet hand. v. Never attempt to maintain appliances while they are working. vi. Check the water supplement network at home, offices and other places regularly. vii. Avoid the uses of naked as well as defective electric wire. viii. Never use the lubricant, grease and other oily materials yourself into the electric appliances. ix. Switch off all the electric appliances and machines after use. x. Install the auto-off system (such as: MCB device) in electric wiring. Rescue of Injured i. Disconnect the injured with electricity by switching off the main switch if it can be reached easily. Otherwise remove the plug or wrench the cable free. ii. If you cannot switch off the electric supply then use a dry wooden or plastic stick to remove the live wire. You should stand on wooden or plastic box, lug, chair or Pirka for your protection. You can wear plastic shoes or sandal also. Sign of electric shock
100 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 7 (Approved by CDC) Rescue operation in electric shock First Aid i. Find the state of the casualty after rescued. ii. If the casualty stops breathing and unconscious then provide the artificial respiration. iii. Check the heart function. It is functioning or not. If not functioning, provide chest compression to restart the heart beat. iv. Let the casualty to relax at a cool and comfort place to alleviate the burning inflammation. v. Provide him or her with warm milk, tea , cold water and other drink items. vi. Send or take the casualty to nearby hospitals or health post soon. 3.2 Organize a drill to rescue the victim of electric shock who is trapping in a electric cable. Also manage the first aid service to him /her after rescue operation.