Activity 6 CREATIVE TASK Write a poem on friendship or freedom and recite it to your class. Share your poem with your friends on your social media. Activity 7 PROJECT WORK Read some poems about freedom and friendship on the Internet. Note down one of them. Write its message. Recite the poem to your class. STEP 4 READING READING ITEM I FAMOUS PLACE Read the given texts at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages and learn them. Activity 1 Pre-reading project Activity 2 PRE-READING DISCUSSION Ask and answer. a. Ask and answer about the assignment given in the pre-reading project. b. What do you know about the following monuments? Pathfinder English Reader 5 143
Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING Read and discuss. a. Why are pyramids amazing? b. What do the Egyptologists believe? Pyramid The Great Pyramid at Giza is one of the world’s most amazing landmarks. Rising high above the Sahara Desert in the Giza region of northern Egypt, the Great Pyramid stands some 450 feet into the burning desert sky and occupies an area of 13 acres. The rough climate of the Sahara has actually caused the pyramid to shrink 30 feet from its original height. The pyramid wassuch an amazing feat of engineering that it remained the talleststructure in the world for over 3800 years! The entire pyramid was originally faced with polished limestone to make it shine brilliantly in the sun. Most Egyptologists, scientists who study ancient Egypt, agree that the Great Pyramid was built around 2560 BC, a little more than 4,500 years ago. It took tens of thousands of workers for twenty years to build it. The pyramid contains over two million stone blocks. Although most of the blocks weigh two or three tons, some weigh up to 80 tons! The Great Pyramid of Giza was ordered to build by the Pharaoh Khufu as a magnificent tomb. His vizier (advisor), Hemon, is credited with being the pyramid’s architect. Khufu’s pyramid is actually part of a complex of pyramids that includes the Pyramid of Khafre, the smaller Pyramid of Menkaure, a variety of smaller pyramids and structures, and the Great Sphinx. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the World. 144 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST 1. Match the words with their definitions. a. landmark amonumentalstructurewith a square ortriangular base and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top b. shrink a building or place that is easily recognized, c. feat become or make smaller in size or amount d. entire an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength e. Egyptologist whole, complete f. magnificent a person who studies the language, history and culture of ancient Egypt g. pyramid extremely beautiful, elaborate, or impressive. 2. Put the correct word. desert dessert weigh weight a. An area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants is called :_________ b. Sweet food eaten at the end of a meal is called : ______ c. We _______ every month on the scales in our school. d. We should keep maintain our ________ for healthy life. Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Complete the sentences with the correct information from the text. a. The Great Pyramid at Giza is one of the world’s most wonderful ________. b. The great pyramid occupies an area of ________ c. It remained the tallest structure in the world for over ________ Pathfinder English Reader 5 145
d. The great Pyramid of Giza was ordered to build by the ________ e. ________was the chief architect of the Pyramid. f. The Great Pyramid was built around ________ 2. Answer the following questions: a. Where is Pyramid located? b. What caused the pyramid shrink? c. How many blocks have been used to build up the Pyramid? d. What do the Egyptologists do? Activity 6 CREATIVE TASK Write an essay about a famous place you have visited. Share your essay with your friends on social media. Activity 7 PROJECT WORK Read about four famous places in Nepal on the Internet and make their collage with description. READING ITEM II FACTUAL TEXT Read the given texts at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages. Activity 1 Pre-reading project Activity - 2 Talk before reading a. Ask and answer about the activities given in the pre-reading project. b. What do you know about America and its great leader Abraham Lincoln? 146 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 3 RIGOROUS READING Read and discuss. a. Who was Abraham Lincoln? b. Why is Abraham Lincoln remembered? Abraham Lincoln and America Abraham Lincoln was America’s 16th president. He was president during one of the hardest times in America’s history. During this time, eleven southern states had broken away from the United States to form their own country. The new country was called the Confederate States of America. The states broke away because Lincoln wanted to end slavery. The southern states were dependent on slavery to tend to cotton and tobacco fields. The southern states believed the government did not have the power to end slavery. The war that followed was called the Civil War. The Civil War lasted four long years. It was, by far, the deadliest war in American history. It was a very hard time for Lincoln. For much of the war, it seemed that the Confederate States of America would win. There was a lot of pressure on Lincoln. Some in the United States felt he was a poor leader. During this time, one of Lincoln’s sons died and his wife, Mary Todd, became depressed. Lincoln, however, stayed focused. His goal was to keep America together, and eventually, to indeed, end slavery. In 1865, the Confederate States of America surrendered and the United States, without slavery, would be one country again. Lincoln accomplished both of his goals and is remembered as one of the greatest figures in American history. Pathfinder English Reader 5 147
Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST Match the words with their meanings. Word Meaning surrendered disheartened slavery lethal eventually allied depressed finally deadliest captivity confederate submitted Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK Choose the correct option. a. Why did the eleven states try to form their own country? i. They wanted to be the Confederate States of America ii. They wanted to start the Civil War iii. They wanted to keep slavery iv. They wanted to keep growing crops b. What was Lincoln’s first goal? i. To keep the nation together ii. To end slavery iii. To punish the southern states iv. To become famous c. Which is NOT true about the Civil War? i. It lasted four years. ii. The Confederate States won the war. iii. It was the deadliest war in American history. iv. The war happened because the southern states wanted to keep slavery. d. Why was the Civil War so hard on Lincoln? i. His son died during the war. ii. His wife was depressed after the death of her son. iii. Many believed he was a poor leader. iv. All of the above. 148 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 6 CREATIVE TASK Write a couple of paragraphs about Abraham Lincoln. Activity 7 PROJECT WORK Write an essay about your favorite leader giving reasons why you like him/ her. Share your essay with your friends on social sites. STEP GRAMMAR: PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION 5 Activity 1 Look and learn. Look at these: in front of in opposite of among between on above under behind PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION Pathfinder English Reader 5 149
Activity 2 Do and learn. 1. Use the correct preposition. between behind in on under in front of a. The cat is ............ the TV. b. The cat is ............ the TVs. c. The cat is ............ the pot. d. The cat is ............ the TV. e. The cat is ............ the TV. f. The cat is ............ the yarn. 2. Use the appropriate prepositions of location looking at the pictures. a. The clock is ............ the wall. b. The ball is ............ the table. c. The cat is ............ the armchair. d. The table is ............ the armchair. e. The carpet is ............ the floor. f. The lamp is ............ the table. g. The flowers are ............ the vase. h. The table is ............ the chair and the armchair. 150 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 3 PROJECT WORK Highlight the prepositions of location with pictures on a chart paper. Take help from the Internet. Share your PROJECT WORK with your friends on YOUR social network. STEP WRITING : DESCRIBING PLACE 6 Activity 1 Read and learn. My House Hi, I am Sony. I am going to tell you about my house. I reside in a stunning home. I like to spend as much time as I can at home. My home is the best place for me where I feel calm, comfort and secure. It is rightly said home is a place where your body and mind feel peace. Let me describe my home in detail. There are three bedrooms, one dining room, a kitchen, and toiletsin my home. In front of the home, there is a huge compound where we have planted flower plants. We have sowed seeds for vegetables in the backyard. My house is very airy and well lighted. My home is made of bricks, wood, tile, and marble. The floor is fully made of marbles. Each of the bedrooms is large, airy, and well-lit. Toilets are big and attached to a shower. Our dining hall is beautifully decorated. The kitchen is open, and we can enjoy the scenery of the backyard from there. My home is really pleasing and beautiful, and my family members bring still more charm and elegance to it. I love my house very much. Pathfinder English Reader 5 151
Activity 2 Do and learn. a. How is your house? Describe it in detail. b. How is your school? Describe it in detail. c. Describe a famous place you have visited. STEP PUNCTUATION : use of semi-colon (;) 7 Activity 1 Read and learn. (i) The semicolon is mostly used to connect two complete sentences and to show that they are related. Generally, both halves of a sentence with a semicolon must be complete sentences in themselves. " My cat wants to come in; it wants to go out; it does not sit in a place for a long time. " Let’s go to the library to study; it’s the only place where I can fully concentrate. " My father is a doctor; my mother is a nurse. (ii) The semicolon is used to introduce a new sentence with the words such as however, nevertheless, therefore, etc. " I am seriously ill; therefore, I can’t come to school. " The math test was very difficult; nevertheless, she earned a good grade. (iii) The semicolon is used between items in a list or series when the items themselves contain commas: " We visited Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore in the spring; Germany, France, and Italy in the summer. (iv) The semi-colons are used to separate units in a list, with units already containing commas. " David could go for hours about her trips to Rome, Italy; Madrid, Spain; Ottawa, Canada; and Athens, Greece. 152 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 2 Do and learn. Rewrite the given sentences using semi-colons where necessary. a. You can’t sit here you can’t talk here. b. She was very tired therefore, she went to bed early. c. I had big bread however, I was not very hungry. d. My brother likes red colour my sister likes pink color. STEP PRONUNCIATION OF ‘C’ 8 The letter ‘c’ is pronounced in different ways. It is pronounced as /s/, / k/ and /ʧ/ when it is paired with different letters. Look and understand. Rule :1 When ‘c’ comes directly before the letters ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’ we use the /s/ sound. In other cases, we use a /k/ sound. Rule : 2 Words containing the letter ‘c’ pronounced as /k/: Pronunciation Why? car C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. cut C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. cool C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. curtain C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. carpet C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. caught C is not followed directly by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘ Rule : Words containing the ‘c’ pronounced as /s/ Pronunciation Why? city C comes directly before ‘i’. cent C comes directly before ‘e’. dancing C comes directly before ‘i’. ice C comes directly before ‘e’. certain C comes directly before ‘e’. face C comes directly before ‘e’. receive C comes directly before ‘e Pathfinder English Reader 5 153
Exceptions " One notable exception is the word soccer. (We pronounce both the letters ‘c’ as a single /k/ sound /sokə/.) " Another exception is muscle /mʌsəl/. Exercise 1. How do you pronounce the letter c in the following words? Tick the correct one. cited s k comb s k cabin s k cloud s k civet s k coin s k clan s k colon s k cash s k cough s k click s k crazy s k curious s k curse s k cite s k coarse s k coffee s k correct s k word use STEP 9 HOT Based Spelling Rule British and American English 1. Look at the words of the British English and the American English. British English American English British English American English colour color flavour flavor neighbour neighbor honour honor favourite favorite labour labor humour humor parlour parlor saviour savor 154 Pathfinder English Reader 5
HOT Question What difference did you find in the above word list? The British words have ……………………..while the American words have only…………………….. STEP LISTENING TEST 10 Instruction: Listen to the teacher or the audio disc and do the activities that follow. 1. Listen and tick the correct answer. a. Where did the family vacation last year? i. Italy ii. France iii. Florida iv. California b. What is the name of David’s wife? i. Erin ii. Elizabeth iii. Edie iv. Emily c. How old are David’s sons? i. Three ii. Four iii. Five iv. Their ages are not known. d. What are the names of David’s sons? i. Brian and Brandon ii. Brandon and Brent iii. Brandon and Brent iv. Brian and Brent e. In what city does David’s family live? i. Atlantic City ii. New York iii. Atlanta iv. Miami f. Which state is not being considered for vacation? i. Georgia ii. Colorado iii. California iv. Idaho STEP PROJECT WORK 11 Highlight the rules of pronunciation of letter C with examples on a chart paper. Pathfinder English Reader 5 155
UNIT 9 STATING FACTS AND TRUTHS Objectives of the unit After the completion of this unit, students will be able to: Ò ask about facts and truths and respond to them Ò recite the poem ‘World Peace’ and explain it Ò describe the facts of cancer Ò tell the story ‘Unity Has Strength’ and rewrite it Ò use simple present and present continuous tense Ò prepare greeting cards STEP 1 BRAIN TRAIN Point out five differences in the following pair of pictures. 156 Pathfinder English Reader 5
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Stating facts and truths Talking Item - 1 Sun : Hey, Mr. Moon. Look, how bright I am! Moon : Yeah. But people don’t like to see you. Sun : Why? Moon : Because you hurt them with your heat. But they love me and enjoy seeing me. Sun : Even though they don’t like seeing me, I always help them. Moon : Hahaha! How? Sun : I give them heat, light and energy. Without me, there is no life on the earth. Not only this, you look beautiful because of my light. Isn’t it true? Moon : Oh, yeah. It’s true. I’m sorry. Sun : It’s okay. But never disrespect anyone. Talking Item - 2 A : How tall is Mt. Everest? B : It is 8848. 86 meter tall. It is the highest mountain in the world. A : Who are the first climbers of Mt. Everest? B : Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa are the first climbers of Mt. Everest. A : When did they climb Mt. Everest? B : They climbed Mt. Everest on 29th May, 1953. Pathfinder English Reader 5 157
STEP 3 LET’S RECITE The following poem is not in rhyming order. With the help of the rhyming words at the end, rewrite the poem in the correct order and recite it. Each stanza has four lines, and there are three stanzas. World Peace 1 When wars and conflicts totally cease,. People must learn to get along, Not blame others, for being wrong. In our world, there shall be peace 2 They fight for control, fight for land, We must rid ourselves of vanity, Some just need a helping hand. And embrace peace, through humanity. 3 Wars make children so much tougher; Love not war, we should spread. Lose their innocence, while they suffer. We should fight for peace instead, Activity 1 COMPREHENSION CHECK a. When will be peace in the world? b. What should people learn? c. Why do people fight? d. Who suffer most in wars? e. What should we spread? Activity 2 CREATIVE TASK Express your feelings about wars in a rhyme. Recite your rhyme to your friends and teachers. Share your poem with your friends on social network. 158 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 3 ONLINE READING Read some poems about wars on the Internet. Note down one of them and write its summary too. Recite the poem to the class. STEP 4 READING READING ITEM I INFORMATIVE TEXT Read the given texts at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages and learn them. Activity 1 PRE-READING PROJECT Activity 2 Discuss before reading a. Ask and answer about the activities given in the pre-reading project. b. What kind of disease is cancer? Activity 3 RIGOROUS READING Read and discuss. a. How does cancer begin? b. How can we prevent cancer? What is Cancer? Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them. A cancer tumor begins as a single cell. A mutation in the cell’s DNA disrupts the normal cell cycle. Cancer cells can overrun normal cells. Cancer is actually not just one disease. In fact, there are more than 100 types of cancer. Cancer can occur in almost any part of the body. Cancers are often named by the place in the body where they begin. Pathfinder English Reader 5 159
How cancer begins Scientiststhink that cancer begins when something damages a portion of the DNA, causing a mutation. Damage to the DNA can cause cells to function abnormally. Cells that go through the cell cycle divide in a controlled way. Cancer begins when mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle, causing cells to divide in an uncontrolled way. Without the normal controls on the cell cycle, the cells grow too large and divide too often. At first, one cell develops in an abnormal way. As the cell divides over and over, the repeated divisions produce more and more abnormal cells. In time, these cells form a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. How cancer spreads Tumors often take years to grow to a noticeable size. During that time, the cells become more and more abnormal as they continue to divide. Some of the cancerous cells may break off the tumor and enter the bloodstream. In this way, the cancer can spread to other areas of the body. Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST Learn and add synonyms. upsets strange soreness infested lump alteration Word Meaning Synonym a. overrun spread over or occupy (a place) in large numbers. chocked b. tumor a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant. growth c. mutation the changing of the structure of a gene or a cell modification 160 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Word Meaning Synonym d. disrupts interrupts (an event, activity, or process) by causing a disturbance or problem. disturbs e. abnormal means unusual, especially in a way that is worrying irregular f. inflammation to become reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful of a part of a body infection Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK a. What is cancer? b. What does mutation do? c. How are cancers named? d. What is a tumor? Activity 6 CREATIVE TASK Write a paragraph about cancer. READING ITEM II TREATMENT OF CANCER Read the given text at home. Note down its unfamiliar words and write their contextual meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages. Activity 1 pre-reading project Activity 2 DISCUSS BEFORE READING a. Ask and answer about the activities given in the pre-reading project. b. What kinds of food items are harmful to our health? Pathfinder English Reader 5 161
Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING Read and discuss. a. What are the methods of treatment of cancer? b. What is chemotherapy? Treatment There are three common ways to treat cancer: surgery, radiation, and drugs that destroy the cancer cells. When cancer is detected before it has spread to other parts of the body, surgery is usually the best treatment. If, however, the cancer has spread, or if the tumor cannot be removed, doctors may use radiation. Radiation consists of beams of high-energy waves. Fastgrowing cancer cells are more likely than normal cells to be destroyed by radiation. Chemotherapy is another form of cancer treatment. Chemotherapy isthe use of drugs to treat a disease. Cancer treatment drugs are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. These drugs kill cancer cells or slow their growth. People can reduce their chances of developing cancer by avoiding smoking, eating a healthful diet, and protecting their skin from bright sunlight. When people inhale tobacco smoke, lung cancer and other forms of cancer may 162 Pathfinder English Reader 5
result. Unhealthful diets may lead to almost as many cancer deaths as does tobacco. A diet high in fatty foods such as fatty meats and fried foods, is especially harmful. Eating a lot of fruits and vegetables may help lower the risk for some types of cancer. Activity 4 COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. State true or false and rewrite the false statements with correction. a. Operation is the only way of cancer’s treatment. b. Surgery is done when cancer spreads to other parts of body. c. Radiation helps to terminate abnormal cells. d. Chemotherapy is a process of surgery. e. Staying in the sun for a long time can cause skin cancer. 2. Answer the following questions: a. What kinds of food are harmful? b. How can we prevent cancer? c. What can cause a lung cancer? d. What is chemotherapy? Activity 5 CREATIVE WRITING Write a paragraph on the prevention of cancer. Activity 6 PROJECT WORK Prepare a poster creating awareness against cancer. READING ITEM III STORY Read the given story at home. Note down its unfamiliar words and write their contextual meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages Activity 1 pre-reading project Pathfinder English Reader 5 163
Activity 2 DISCUSS BEFORE READING a. Ask and answer about the activities given in the pre-reading project. b. What activities do you see in each picture? What is its importance? Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING Read and discuss. a. What did the king dove suggest to do all doves to escape from the hunter? b. How did the rat help them? Unity Has Strength Once upon a time, there was a flock of doves. They used to fly far away in search of food. They were led by their king. One day, they had flown a long distance and were very tired. But they could not find enough food for them. The dove king encouraged them to fly a little further. The smallest dove picked up speed and found some rice scattered beneath a banyan tree. So all the doves landed and began to eat. 164 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Suddenly a net fell over them and they were all trapped. They saw a hunter approaching them carrying a huge club. The doves desperately fluttered their wings trying to get out, but to no avail. The king had an idea. He advised all the doves to fly up together carrying the net with them. He said that there is strength in unity. Each dove picked up a portion of the net and together they flew off carrying the net with them. The hunter looked up in astonishment. He tried to follow them, but they were flying high over hills and valleys. They flew to a hill near a city of temples where there lived a mouse that could help them. He was a faithful friend of the dove king. When the mouse heard the loud noise of their approach, he went into hiding. The dove king gently called out to him and then the mouse was happy to see him. The dove king explained that they had been caught in a trap and needed the mouse’s help to gnaw at the net with his teeth and set them free. The mouse agreed saying that he would set the king free first. The king insisted that he should first free his subjects and the king last. The mouse understood the king’s feelings and complied with his wishes. Pathfinder English Reader 5 165
He began to cut the net and one by one all the doves were freed including the dove king. They all thanked the mouse and flew away together, united in their strength. Moral: When you work together, you are stronger. Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST 1. There is an opposite word in each set of synonyms. Find the opposite. a. encouraged inspired motivated dejected b. scattered dispersed arranged spread c. trapped freed captured confined d. desperately frantically badly hardly e. faithful truthful traitorous loyal f. including excluding containing holding 2. Use the correct collective nouns. Example: We say a flock of doves. bees ants buffaloes camels chickens a. We say a colony of ______________. b. We say a swarm of ______________.. c. We say a gang of ______________. d. We say a caravan of ______________.. e. We say a brood of ______________.. 3. Tick the right meaning of the word. a. In the sentence, the hunter was approaching them. The word approaching means: i. going far away ii. coming nearer iii. arranging things 166 Pathfinder English Reader 5
b. In the sentence, there was a flock of doves. The word flock refers to i. a single dove ii. a group of doves iii. flying doves c. The doves desperately fluttered their wings. In this sentence, the word desperately means i. happily ii. hardly iii. dreadfully d. The mouse understood the king’s feelings and complied with his wishes. In the sentence, the word complied means: i. acted in accordance with the desire of the king ii. protested the king iii. the mouse praised his wishes Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK a. What would happen if the doves did not fly with the net? b. Why did the king dove ask the mouse to free other doves first? c. What does the story teach us? Activity 6 CREATIVE TASK Rewrite the above story in your own words. Activity 7 ONLINE READING You can find many stories about unity on the Internet. Read some of them and rewrite one of them and tell it to your friends and teachers. Share your story with your friends on social network. Activity 8 PROJECT WORK We use collective nouns to refer to groups or collection. So, collect any fifty collective nouns with their meanings such as a group of students is called class. Pathfinder English Reader 5 167
STEP GRAMMAR 5 Simple present and present continuous Activity 1 DISCUSS " What does the simple present tense show? " How do we use the simple present tense? " What does the present continuous tense show? " How do we use the present continuous tense? Activity 2 Do and learn. Change the following sentencesinto simple present negative and interrogative. Positive Negative Interrogative She sleeps at nine p.m. She does not sleep at nine p.m. Does she sleep at nine p.m.? He makes dolls. They play basketball. We like music. Birds fly in the sky. Activity 3 Change the sentences of the simple present tense into the present continuous tense: positive, negative and interrogative. Simple present tense Present continuous positive Present continuous negative Present continuous interrogative She dances. She is dancing. She is not dancing. Is she dancing? We read stories. They run. You teach him. They swim. Dogs bark. 168 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 4 Project Work Highlight the uses of the simple present tense and present continuous tense. Share your work with your friends on social media. STEP WRITING : GREETING CARDS 6 Activity 1 Look and learn. Look at these cards. Pathfinder English Reader 5 169
Activity 2 Project work Prepare beautiful new year greeting cards with messages to give to your friends, teachers and parents. STEP 7 PRONUNCIATION HARD C The letter ‘c’ is pronounced as /k/ ,which is called hard ‘c’. " when followed by a, o, u or a consonant " at the end of a word Examples " ca-: car, cast, recall; " co-: coat, copper, accomplish; " cu-: cut, acute, accurate; " c+consonant: article, across, respect; " -c( at the end): tunic; arithmetic, havoc. SOFT C The letter c is pronounced /s/ when followed by e, i or y. It is called soft ‘c’ too. Examples: " ce-: celebrate, recede, peace; " ci-: cigar, Cinderella, principal; " cy-: cymbal, fancy, Lucy; 170 Pathfinder English Reader 5
word use STEP 8 HOT BASED SPELLING RULE Look at the following words in a dictionary and identify them whether they are British English or American English words. caliber calibre center centre fiber fibre litre liter lustre luster meter metre sombre somber theatere theater British English American English HOT Question What difference did you find in the above word list? ……………………………………………………………………….. .............................................................................................................. STEP LISTENING TEST 9 Instruction: Listen to the teacher or the audio disc and do the activities that follow. Listen and choose the correct answer. a. Why do some people love winter? i. They like to ski. ii. They like the holidays. iii. They like the cold and snow. iv. Theylike sunandsunbathing. Pathfinder English Reader 5 171
b. What happens to the weather in fall? i. It rains. ii. It becomes cool. iii. It snows a lot. iv. It’s sunny and warm all the time. c. What happens to leaves in the fall? i. They fall from the trees. ii. They begin to sprout. iii. They turn brown. iv. They disappear. d. What does the smell of smoke mean? i. It is starting to rain. ii. Everything is green. iii. The leaves are turning colours. iv. Winter is coming soon. e. Who burns wood in the fall? i. The writer ii. The writer’s neighbours iii. The writer’s family iv. The writer’s friends f. What should people do in fall? i. Wait for winter. ii. Pick leaves. iii. Go outside. iv. Take pleasure in every moment. STEP 10 PROJECT WORK Highlight 10 words that have same spellings but different meanings in different situations like bat: an animal and an instrument for sports. 172 Pathfinder English Reader 5
UNIT 10 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIONS Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò give instructions and directions Ò ask for direction and respond Ò recite the poem ‘Weird Zoo’ and explain it Ò use prepositions of direction Ò write the sets of instructions for mo:mo and others What Am I? a. I am always in front of you, but you can’t see me? What am I? b. You are my brother, but I am not your brother. Who am I? c. What can you catch but not throw? d. If I drink, I die. If I eat, I am fine. What am I? e. I have three eyes and only one leg. Obey me, or you will be sorry. What am I? f. I shrink(diminish) every time you use me. What am I? g. What grows only upwards and can never come down? h. I get rid of mistakes. Who am I? i. I begin all your sentences. What am I? j. What can you hear but not see or touch, even though you control it? k. I am a dress that can never be worn. What am I? STEP 1 FUN INTERACTION: BRAIN TRAIN Pathfinder English Reader 5 173
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Giving instructions and directions Talking Item - 1 Tourist : Excuse me, can you help me? I’m lost! Person : Certainly, where would you like to go? Tourist : I’d like to go to the museum, but I can’t find it. Is it far? Person : No, not really. It’s about a five-minute walk. Tourist : Maybe I should call a taxi. Person : No, It’s very easy. Really. (Pointing) I can give you directions. Tourist : Thank you. That’s very kind of you. Person : Not at all. Now, go along this street to the traffic lights. Do you see them? Tourist : Yes, I can see them. Person : Right, at the traffic lights, turn left into Queen Mary Ave. Tourist : Queen Mary Ave. Person : Right. Go straight. Take the second left and enter Museum Drive. Tourist : OK. Queen Mary Ave., straight on and then the third left, Museum Drive. Person : No, it’s the second left. Tourist : Ah, right. The second street is on my left. Person : Right. Just follow Museum Drive and the museum is at the end of the road. Tourist : Great. Thanks again for your help. Person : Not at all. 174 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Talking Item - 2 Tom : Could you go to the supermarket and buy some food? There’s nothing to eat in the house! Helen : Sure, but I don’t know the way. We’ve just moved in. Tom : I’ll give you directions. Not to worry. Helen : Thanks. Tom : At the end of the street, take a right. Then drive two miles to White Ave. After that, it’s another mile to... Helen : Let me write this down. I won’t remember it! Tom : OK. First, take a right at the end of the street. Helen : Got it. Tom : Next, drive two miles to White Ave. Helen : Two miles to White Ave. After that? Tom : Take a left onto 14th Street. Helen : Left onto 14th Street. Tom : The supermarket is on the left, next to the bank. Helen : How far is it after I turn on to 14th Street? Tom : It’s not far, maybe about 200 yards. Helen : OK. Great. Is there anything special you want? Tom : No, just the usual. Well, if you could get some beer that would be great! Helen : OK, just this once! Pathfinder English Reader 5 175
STEP 3 LET’S RECITE Read the given poem at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages. Activity 1 pre-reading project Activity 2 DISCUSS BEFORE READING a. Ask and answer about the assignment given in the pre-reading project. b. What is called a zoo? What can you see in the zoo? Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING 1. Read and discuss. a. What does the speaker of the poem see in the zoo? b. What happens to him? Weird Zoo I woke up this morning, and went to the zoo It was sunny outside, and the sky was bright blue. The first thing I saw was an elephant with small ears. He was climbing the trees, and I heard many cheers. The second animal, was a very skinny hippo. He was an excellent swimmer, 176 Pathfinder English Reader 5
and the kids called him Flippo. Then I heard my mom say, “Wake up, it’s time for school!” The weird zoo was just in my dreams, but it was still very cool. GLOSSARY weird : strange, odd, bizarre, unusual cheers : shout for joy or in praise or encouragement skinny : thin, lean, skeletal excellent : outstanding, brilliant, 2. Write a summary of the above poem. I visited the zoo this morning after waking up. The weather was sunny….. Activity 5 CREATIVE WRITING Write a poem about birds and animals. Recite your poem to friends and post it on social media. Activity 6 PROJECT WORK Read some funny poems about zoos, dreams, or animals and write one of them. Recite it to your friends and provide a summary. STEP 4 READING READING ITEM I A RECIPE Read the given texts at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages. Activity 1 PRE-READING PROJECT Pathfinder English Reader 5 177
Activity 2 Discuss before reading a. Ask and answer about the activities set in the pre-reading project. b. Have you ever eaten a pizza? How do you like it? Tell your friends. Activity 3 RIGOROUS READING Read and discuss. a. How was pizza invented? b. How did pizza reach America? History of Pizza The story of the modern pizza as we know began in Naples, Italy, in the late 1800s. Baker Raffaele Esposito is usually given credit for baking the first pizzas with tomato sauce, cheese, and toppings.According to legend, pizza was popularized when Esposito was asked to make a pizza for Italian King Umberto I and Queen Margherita when the royal pair visited Naples in 1889. Esposito allegedly baked three different pizzas. The Queen’s favourite was the one in which Esposito had designed in honour of Italy’s red, white, and green flag. It had basil, mozzarella cheese, and tomato sauce. Esposito named it Pizza Margherita in her honour. Pizza,however,failedtoimmediatelytakeholdinItaly.AsItalianimmigrants came to the United States; however, pizza came with them. In 1905, the first United States pizzeria was established in New York City. The pizzeria, called Lombardi’s, still operates today. Soon, other pizzerias in New York City and beyond appeared. By World War II, pizza was one of America’s most popular foods. In the 1950s, the Totino family, of Minnesota, was thought to have produced the first frozen pizzas. 178 Pathfinder English Reader 5
In 1958, Frank and Dan Carney borrowed $600 from their parents and opened a pizzeria in Wichita, Kansas. They called their restaurant Pizza Hut because they didn’t have space for additional letters on their first sign. Pizza Hut became very popular and soon the brothers opened new restaurants and hence, the first pizza franchise was born. Today, there aremore than 10,000 Pizza Hutrestaurants. Similarly, Domino’s was established by two brothers who borrowed $900 to purchase a pizzeria called Dominick’s in Ypsilanti, Michigan. In 1984, John Schnatter founded Papa John’s in Indiana. Today, Americans spend over 33 billion dollars each year on pizza. In 2016, there were over 77,000 restaurants in America that serve pizza. Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST Match the words with their definitions. Words Meanings Restaurant A franchise is a business whereby the owner licenses its operations or the right to vote in public elections. Allegedly Persons who come to live permanently in a foreign country. Legend Accused but not proven, supposedly Immigrants is a story that people talk about Franchise A place where people pay to sit and eat meals that are cooked and served on the premises. Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK Choose the correct option. a. Why is Raffaele Esposito important in the history of Pizza? i. He brought pizza to America. ii. He is credited for baking the first modern pizzas. Pathfinder English Reader 5 179
iii. He is said to have known the King and Queen of Italy. iv. He helped to establish the first pizza franchise. b. Why is Raffaele Esposito important in the history of Pizza? i. He brought pizza to America ii. He is credited for baking the first modern pizzas. iii. He is said to have known the King and Queen of Italy. iv. He helped to establish the pizza franchise. c. When did pizza become one of America’s most popular foods? i. 1958 ii. By World War II iii. 1905 iv. 1951 d. What did Pizza Hut and Domino’s have in common? i. They were both founded by brothers who needed to borrow money. ii. They were both founded by wealthy brothers. iii. Pizza Hut and Domino’s both had different original names. iv. They were both founded in Kansas. e. What does “allegedly” mean in the following sentence? Esposito allegedly baked three different pizzas. i. Accurately ii. Certainly iii. Doubtfully iv. According to legend f. What is the purpose of the final paragraph? i. To illustrate how far the pizza industry has come from its humble beginnings. ii. To emphasize how popular pizza is. iii. To illustrate how pizza has become so popular throughout the world. 180 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 6 CREATIVE WRITING Write an essay about a recipe that is very famous in your community. Share it with your friends on social media. Activity 7 PROJECT WORK How was MO: MO developed? Get information from the Internet and write a couple of paragraphs about it. READING ITEM I STORY Read the given story at home. Note down its unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages. Activity 1 PRE-READING PROJECT Activity - 2 DISCUSS BEFORE READING a. Ask and answer about the activities given in the pre-reading project. b. What kinds of food items do you like to eat? Tell your friends. Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING Read and discuss. a. Why does Elio feel ashamed during lunch break? b. How did he help the little boy on the way? “My mother gives me a roti and sabzi for lunch. It is so embarrassing. Children make fun of me. I hardly open my tiffin box in school,” said Elio. One fateful day, Elio happened to see a child begging for food from every passerby. Elio kept staring at the child. He was so tiny, and looked so hungry! Elio suddenly remembered his lunch box and took it out. He then gave it to the pleading boy. Grateful, and with a smile on his face, he took the lunch but didn’t eat a morsel. He ran towards another little child Pathfinder English Reader 5 181
and started feeding him. Elio approached them curiously and asked the child who the other boy was. He told him that he was his brother, and the two had not eaten anything for two days. “Then why don’t you eat half?” Elio asked. “He’s more starving,” he replied. Elio was touched. He ran home and asked his mother for some more food. He gave it to the child and was happy to see him gobble up the food. Elio then realized the importance of food in life, and also the fact that how lucky he was to have three meals daily, plus other delicacies! Thereafter, he didn’t bother what others thought of his tiffin and ate it regularly. Activity 4 VOCABULARY TEST Learn and add synonyms. thankful fragment famished consume onlooker gazing uncomfortable Word Meaning Synonym embarrassing uneasy passerby person walking by staring watching grateful obliged morsel piece starving hungry gobble up eat up Activity 5 COMPREHENSION CHECK a. What was embarrassing for Elio? b. Why did his classmates make fun of him? c. How did he help the little boy? d. Why did he think himself a lucky boy? Activity 6 CREATIVE WRITING Rewrite the above story in your own words. 182 Pathfinder English Reader 5
Activity 7 PROJECT WORK Read some stories about kindness on the Internet. Rewrite one of them which you like most. Share your story with your friends on social sites. STEP GRAMMAR 5 Activity 1 LOOK AND LEARN. Ask and answer. " Where is the Micky Mouse? inside A under B below C among F above near D E " Where is the Micky Mouse going? along across up down A B C D Pathfinder English Reader 5 183
opposite into out of towards E F G H Activity 2 Do and learn. Use the correct prepositions from the brackets. a. While we were hiking ___________the forest to the waterfall, we saw a mountain lion.(across, through, along) e. The lion was approaching ___________us and we climbed ___________the tree hurriedly.(towards, along, up) f. We walked ___________the river looking for a way to get ___________it, but there was no bridge. (through, along, across) g. The lion walked in a circle ___________the baby giraffe before they attacked.(toward, around, through) h. The train passed ___________nine tunnels on the way to Denver. (across, along, through) i. They strolled(walked) ___________the beach watching the sunset.(through, along, across) j. The plane flew ___________the Grand Canyon on the way to Los Angeles.(upon, over, above) k. Aratran ______the road in front of our car.(along, across, through) l. They walked ___________the building twice looking for the entrance.(around, through, past) m. The boat passed _____the Golden Bridge. (along, under, through) Activity 3 Project Work Display the prepositions of direction ormovementwith pictures and examples on a chart paper. Share your work with your friends on social media. 184 Pathfinder English Reader 5
STEP WRITING INSTRUCTIONS: RECIPE 6 Activity 1 mo:mo Ingredients for chicken mo:mos (5 serve) 450 gm all-purpose flour 1 tablespoon refined oil 2 large onions 1 inch ginger 2 teaspoon soy sauce water as required 1 tablespoon chilli garlic paste 300 gm boiled chicken 5 green chillies salt as required black pepper as required 1/2 cup red bell pepper Instructions: " Chop the vegetables and wash chicken. " Boil the chicken and then bit well. " Prepare the dough and filling for the mo:mo. " Flatten the dough balls and fill it with chicken stuffing. " Steam the mo:mo for twenty minutes. " Take out the mo:mo with tongs and put in a deep bowl. " Enjoy the hot mo:mo with pickle. Activity 2 Do and learn. a. How does your mother prepare a cup of milk tea? Ask and write. b. How to prepare vegetable mo:mo? Write the instructions. c. How to prepare a cup of milk coffee? Write instructions. STEP 7 PRONUNCIATION Pronunciation of ‘CH’ The combination of ‘c’ with ‘h’ is pronounced as /ʧ/and /k/ in different words. Pathfinder English Reader 5 185
Look, listen and say after your teacher and write the correct sound for the coloured ‘CH’. chair ʧ niche school ache k patch chrome machine catch chord mustache monarch chorus chemical chemistry Christmas psychology charcoal challenge choice architect mechanic chronic architecture anchor chemist chilly cheat chicken anarchist itching child arch scholar chalk achieve stomach scheme archive character word use STEP 8 SPELLING RULE Look up the following words in a dictionary and categorize them in the British English and the American English. aeroplane airplane programme program practice practise pretence pretense cosy cozy jewellery jewelery plough plow sulphur sulfur grey gray gaol jail criticize criticise advice advise British English American English 186 Pathfinder English Reader 5
STEP LISTENING TEST 9 Instruction: Listen to the characters or the audio disc and do the activities that follow. 1. Listen and complete. It’s a Sunday afternoon. Marge needs ………………. for the upcoming week. She must be ………………. to have enough for her, her spouse John, and her three children, Sue, Robert, and Mary. The supermarket ………………. at 9:00 PM. At 3:00 PM, Robert has ………………. practice, and Marge has to pick up her son from practice at 5:00 PM. Mary has an appointment with her tutor at 6:00 PM. John’s brother, Alex, will be stopping by for dinner sometime between 7:00 PM and 7:30 PM. Alex is allergic to shellfish, and Marge must be sure to remember that. Marge is planning to cook ………………., beans, and rice. She also is thinking about making a cherry pie. 2. Listen and answer. a. What time does the supermarket close? .............................. b. What time is Mary’s tutoring appointment? .............................. c. What sport does Marge’s son play? .............................. d. What is the name of John’s brother? .............................. e. How many children does Marge have? .............................. STEP 10 PROJECT WORK Highlight the rules of pronunciation of CH in different words. Pathfinder English Reader 5 187
UNIT 11 NARRATING PAST EVENTS Objectives of the unit After the completion of the unit, students will be able to: Ò narrate different past events Ò tell the difficulties of learning English Ò tell the story ‘Who Knows’ and rewrite it in their own words Ò develop short stories looking at the pictures Ò use simple past and past continuous STEP 1 BRAIN TRAIN Point out five differences in the given pair of pictures. 188 Pathfinder English Reader 5
STEP 2 LET'S TALK Language Function Narrating past events Talking Item - 1 Jake : Hi, Tina. How was your weekend? Tina : Great, thanks. I visited my uncle and then I travelled to London. Jake : Really? Were you on your own? Tina : No, I was with Laura. She knows the city very well. Jake : What was London like? Tina : It was cool. The shops were amazing. Jake : Only the shops? Tina : No, there were a lot of things to do. My favourite place was Covent Garden. Jake : What about the tourist sites? Tina : I wanted to visit the Tate Modern Gallery, but there wasn’t time. And how about you? Was your weekend good? Jake : Yeah, it was delightful. There was a party at Jon’s house on Saturday evening. Tina : Sounds good. Talking Item - 2 A : Where did you go yesterday? B : I went to see a movie with my friend, Rabi. A : Which film did you see? B : We saw The Bad Guys. A : Wow, really? It is a fantastic movie. I have already seen it. Did you like the movie? B : Yes, we really enjoyed the movie. Pathfinder English Reader 5 189
Talking Item - 3 Jake : Hi, Laura. Did you have a good weekend? Laura : It was OK. I bought a new game. I played it all weekend. Jake : You played a video game all weekend? Laura : Yeah. What about you. What did you do? Jake : We went to the match on Saturday. Laura : That’s cool. Was it good? Jake : Yeah. Why don’t you come with us next time? Laura : OK. Why not? Did you do anything else? Jake : We had a barbecue on Sunday. Laura : How was it? Jake : It was terrible. It rained heavily. Talking Item - 4 A : Did you go to the basketball game on Friday? B : No, I couldn’t make it. A : You missed a really good game. B : Oh, really? Who won? A : Our school did. They played really well. B : Too bad I was busy. I really wanted to go. A : Yeah, you should have. It was really exciting. B : So what was the score? A : The score was 101-98. B : Man, that was a really close game. A : That’s what made it so exciting. B : I’ll make sure and make it to the next one. 190 Pathfinder English Reader 5
STEP 3 LET’S RECITE Read the given texts at home. Note down their unfamiliar words and write their meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages and learn them. Activity 1 PRE-READING PROJECT Why English is Hard to Learn We’ll begin with a box, and the plural is boxes Why the plural of ox is oxen but not oxex? One fowl is a goose and two are called geese Why the plural of book is books but not beeks? As we know the plural of a mouse is mice Why the plural of house is houses not hice? If the plural of a man is always called men Why shouldn’t the plural of pan be pen? So English, I think, you all will agree, Is the queerest language you ever did see? Activity 2 COMPREHENSION CHECK Why is English a hard language? Write about it in a couple of paragraphs giving appropriate examples from the poem. STEP 4 READING READING ITEM I STORY Read the given STORY at home. Note down its unfamiliar words and write their contextual meanings using a dictionary or the Internet. Listen to their pronunciations. Write their similar and opposite meanings along with their usages and learn them. Activity 1 PRE-READING PROJECT Pathfinder English Reader 5 191
Activity 2 PRE-READING DISCUSSION a. Ask and answer about the activities set in the pre-reading project. b. Do you know what happens tomorrow? Tell your friends. Activity 3 INTENSIVE READING Who Knows One day in late summer, an old farmer was working in his field with his old sick horse. The farmer felt compassion for the horse and desired to lift its burden. So he left his horse loose to go to the mountains and live out the rest of its life. Soon after, the neighbours from the nearby village visited, offering their condolences and said, “What a shame.! Now, your only horse is gone. How unfortunate you are! You must be very sad. How will you live, work in the land, and prosper?” The farmer replied: “Who knows? We shall see”. Two days later the old horse came back now rejuvenated after meandering in the mountainsides while eating the wild grasses. He came back with twelve new younger and healthy horses which followed the old horse into the corral. Word got outin the village ofthe old farmer’s good fortune and it wasn’t long before people stopped by to congratulate the farmer on his good luck. “How fortunate you are!,” they exclaimed. You must be very happy!” Again, the farmer softly said, “Who knows? We shall see.” 192 Pathfinder English Reader 5