8 Grade BASED ON NEW CURRICULUM HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION and CREATIVE ARTS Author Arjun K Baruwal M.Ed. (Health Education), TU Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Tel. No.: 01-5378629 Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Center (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Published & Distributed by: Aakar Publisher & Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone No.: 01-5378629 Author: Arjun K Baruwal Graphic Mobilizer / Design PSDESIGN # 9849055680 (Manoz Manohar) Copyright: © Author First Edition : 2080 BS (2023 AD) Printed in Nepal Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts Grade - 8
This book belongs to Name: _____________________________________________________ Grade: _________________ Section: ___________ Roll No: _______ School:_____________________________________________________ Home Address: _____________________________________________ Tel:_________________________ Cell: __________________________
Preface This book Health, Physical Education and Creative Arts – 8 is our genuine presentation. It is fully based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS for grade VIII, prescribed by CDC Nepal. The book is prepared regarding needs and demands of students and teachers. The act of book writing, designing and printing all focus on the child’s interests and desires. This book possesses some features. The salient features of the book are as: approved by Curriculum Development Center of Nepal fractional presentation of units and contents based on Basic Education Curriculum-2077 BS attractive designing and printing real photographs for the content Writing a book is a challenging and sincere work. I accomplished this work without any obstructions. I got various helping hands in my work from different sectors. I am always grateful to them. The colleagues Mr. Mohan Niraula and Mr. Manoj Chhetri are graceful people. I can never forget their graceful support in the course of writing. Ms Kanti Mahato, national coach for athletics, Mr. Narendra Siwakoti, senior radiologist, BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (Chitawan) and Manoz Manohar, the designer are the people I am also thankful to. The visual credit goes to Abin Kumar Baruwal and various apps of Google Company and medical sites. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to entire team of Aakar Publisher and Distributor Pvt. Ltd. I genuinely express my sincere thanks to all who extend their cordial assist directly or indirectly. Thanks! Arjun K Baruwal
6 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC)
CONTENTS PART 1 : HEALTH EDUCATION 9 - 139 Unit : 1 Human Body 10 Lesson 1 : Nervous System 11 Lesson 2 : Reproductive System 18 Lesson 3 : Glandular System 25 Unit : 2 Community Health and Mental Health 30 Lesson 1 : Community Health 31 Lesson 2 : Total Sanitation 38 Lesson 3 : Toilet and Usage 44 Lesson 4 : Mental Health and Disorders 49 Unit : 3 Nutrition and Food Safety 57 Lesson 1 : Malnutrition and Disease 58 Lesson 2 : Food Safety and Consumer Health 67 Unit : 4 Disease, Safety and First Aid 72 Lesson 1 : Non-Communicable Diseases 73 Lesson 2 : Sexually Transmitted Disease 85 Lesson 3 : First Aid and Exercise 92 Lesson 4 : Risk Management at School 106 Lesson 5 : Disaster and Safety 112 Unit : 5 Sexual and Reproductive Health 123 Lesson 1 : Menstruation and Hygiene 124 Lesson 2 : Contraception and Means 131 PART 2 : PHYSICAL EDUCATION 140 - 213 Unit 6: Physical Exercise and Drill 141 Lesson 1 : Physical Exercise 142 Lesson 2 : Drill / March 145
Unit 7: Athletics and Adventure Activities 155 Lesson 1 : Long Race and Relay Race 156 Lesson 2 : High Jump, Long Jump and Shot Put 162 Lesson 3 : Adventure Activities 168 Unit 8: Sports 174 Lesson 1 : Volleyball: Basic Skills and Rules 175 Lesson 2 : Football: Basic Skills and Rules 179 Lesson 3 : Basketball: Basic Skills and Rules 184 Lesson 4 : Cricket 189 Lesson 5 : Kabaddi / Kapardi 194 Lesson 6 : Kho Kho 199 Unit 9: Yog 204 Lesson 1 : Yog 205 PART 3 : CREATIVE ARTS 214 - 271 Unit 10: Art, Line Graph and Color 215 Lesson 1 : Nepalese Art and Painting 216 Unit 11: Printing, Clay Work and Collage 226 Lesson 1 : Construction of Model and Object 227 Unit 12: Singing and Playing Instruments 232 Lesson 1 : Music and Singing 233 Lesson 2 : Playing Musical Instruments 240 Unit 13: Dance and Acting 258 Lesson 1 : Dance / Nritya 259 Lesson 2 : Acting 268 Specification Grid 272
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 9 PART 1 HEALTH Education Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
10 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) HUMAN BODY 1 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Nervous System: Introduction and Functions 2 Reproductive System: Introduction and Functions 3 Glandular System: Introduction and Functions Estimated Teaching Hours: 5 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 11 LESSON 1 NERVOUS SYSTEM 1.1. Introduction Human nervous system is a more complex and better-developed system than other systems. The nervous system controls and directs all the systems. All the systems as well as sensory organs perform their activities under the brain and whole nervous system. The main organ of nervous system is the brain. It is located and protected inside the skull. The adult human brain weighs an average of 1.5 kilograms. In men, the average weight is about 1370 gram and in women about 1200 gram. The brain is made of special tissues known as nervous tissues. They carry impulses from tissues to brain and vice-versa. The nervous tissues are prepared by nerve cells called neuron. These are the largest cells in the human body. There are different types of neurons. They are afferent or sensory and efferent or motor. Structure of a nerve cell (Neuron) Human Brain
12 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) A nerve cell has a nucleus and fibers. The fibers are called dendrites and axon. The dendrites are shorter while the axons are longer. The body of the cell is soma. 1.2. Division of Nervous System The nervous system is divided into three parts. They are: i. Central Nervous System (CNS) ii. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) iii. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) i. Central Nervous System (CNS) The central nervous system has the following organs: a) Brain Brain is located and protected inside the skull. It is a prime organ of human body. It controls and regulates the functions of all the systems. It is a very ductile organ. The following parts are associated with the brain: i. Cerebrum ii. Midbrain iii. Pons Varoli iv. Medulla Oblongata v. Cerebellum The parts of Human Brain (VS)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 13 i) Cerebrum It is the largest part of the brain, known as big brain and highly protected by the very strong bones of skull. Thin and strong membranes called meninges cover the cerebrum inside the skull as well as spinal cord. Meninges lie between the skull and the brain. They produce cerebro-spinal fluid that protects the brain from minor injury. In cerebrum, centers of sympathy, sensation, imagination, thought, reasoning, memory, sight, smell, taste, touch, feeling of hot and cold etc. are located. Functional Centers of Cerebrum ii) Cerebellum Cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. It coordinates the action of all muscles in the body. It supports to maintain the body posture. iii) Midbrain Midbrain is found between cerebrum and pons varoli. It conveys the messages (impulses) between the brain and spinal cord.
14 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) iv) Pons Varoli Pons varoli lies below the midbrain and conveys the impulses from medulla oblongata and spinal cord to the brain. It also carries the impulses from the brain. v) Medulla Oblongata Medulla oblongata is situated between pons varoli and spinal cord. It conveys the impulses between upper the brain and spinal cord. It has the centers of cardiac, respiratory, reflex action, coughing and sneezing. b) Spinal Cord A long cord is developed from the posterior part of the brain and lies inside the vertebral column (spine) which is called spinal cord. It has 31 segments. Each segment of cord corresponds to one pair of spinal nerve. Finally, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Spinal nerve is the main center of reflex action. It relays the impulses between the brain and other organs of the body. Spinal Cord
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 15 ii) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The peripheral nervous system is a joint association of twelve pairs of nerves developed from the brain and thirty-one pairs of nerves developed from the spinal cord. Some nerves transmit the impulses from organs to the brain or vice-versa whereas some of them can act in both ways. Central and Peripheral Nervous System Make a list of a few autonomic activities of human body. ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ 1.1 iii) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The nervous system that performs the activities automatically is known as autonomic nervous system. The nerves of this system are extended to all the internal organs and blood vessels. The autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, weight, digestion, metabolism, sleep, fluid and electrolyte (potassium, calcium and phosphorous) balance, sweating, urination, defecation, sexual response and other processes.
16 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts: a. Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System Most of the organs of the body have nerves and fibers of both systems. Many organs are controlled primarily by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system, although they may receive input from both; occasionally, functions are reciprocal. It means they accomplish their work in opposite ways. One stimulates and other controls to maintain the balance of the body. For example: sympathetic input increases heart rate and breathing; parasympathetic decreases them. Moreover, parasympathetic nerves stimulate the digestion whereas sympathetic nerves stimulate the lungs but check the digestion. Do you feel reflex action? Please, write any two examples of reflex action. ______________________ ______________________ 1.2 Key Points The nervous system controls and directs all the systems. The main organ of nervous system is the brain. The adult human brain weighs an average of 1.5 kilograms. The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord are called meninges. The brain controls and regulates the functions of all the systems. The cell of nervous system is called neuron. The nervous tissues are prepared by nerve cells. The nervous system is divided into three parts. They are central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Many organs are controlled primarily by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system, although they may receive input from both; occasionally, functions are reciprocal.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 17 A. Complete the following statements with correct words: 1. Our nervous system is a very _____________ system than other systems. 2. A nerve cell has a _____________ and _____________ . 3. _____________ is the largest part of the brain. 4. Meninges lie between the _____________ and the brain. 5. Spinal cord has _____________ segments. 6. The center for the reflex action is _____________ . B. Write short answers to the following questions: 1. What is the main organ of the nervous system? 2. What is a neuron? Define. 3. Classify the nervous system into various forms. 4. What does cerebrum produce to protect the brain from minor injury? 5. What are the meninges? Define. 6. What is the function of cerebellum? State. 7. Where is midbrain located? 8. What is a spinal cord? Define. 9. Define autonomic nervous system. C. Write long answers to the following questions: 1. Classify human nervous system into various forms. 2. What are the parts of central nervous system? Enlist and explain each of them in brief. 3. Write about autonomic nervous system. 4. Introduce peripheral nervous system. D. Draw neat and clean well-labeled diagrams of the following. 1. Nerve cell 2. Human brain
18 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 2 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2.1. Introduction A network of various organs which leads the reproduction process of human being is called reproductive system. It is also known as genital system. Reproduction concerns with child bearing process. 2.2 Classification of Reproductive System The reproduction is a natural process. The human reproductive system is more advanced than that of other organisms. There is a separate and distinct reproductive system in male and female body. Each system has an association of several reproductive organs. A. Male Reproductive System This part of reproductive system is a joint association of the following different organs: 1. Testis 2. Epididymis 3. Vas Deferens 4. Seminal Vesicle 5. Ejaculatory Duct 6. Prostate Gland 7. Urethra 8. Penis 1. Testis Testes (plural form of testis) are prominent organs of male body. There are two testes in male. Testes are located at the bottom of penis. These exterior organs remain inside a muscular pouch called scrotum and give the male hood or virility. The organs of male reproductive system (VS)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 19 Testes produce sex cell called spermatozoa (singular: spermatozoon) for the reproduction. They also produce testosterone and androgen hormones for the physical growth and development as well sexual characters. 2. Epididymis The coils of spermatic cords above the testes are called epididymis. They connect testes and vas deferens. The sperms are passed through these cords from testes. 3. Vas Deferens Vas deferens is a duct which is connected to seminal vesicle. It allows the sperm to pass from epididymis to seminal vesicle. 4. Seminal Vesicle There are two seminal vesicles lying below the urinary bladder at pelvic cavity. They produce seminal fluid and mix with sperm. The seminal fluid works as the food of the sperm. The sperm can swim and float in the fluid. The mixture of sperm and seminal fluid is introduced as semen. There are millions of sperms in per milliliter semen. 5. Ejaculatory Duct There are two small ejaculatory ducts available. They unite to open at urethra. The semen passes through this duct to urethra. 6. Prostate Gland Prostate gland lies below the urinary bladder at pelvic cavity in front of rectum. It has prostatic ducts and produces sticky fluid. 7. Urethra Urethra is a common tract to flow semen and urine. It is passed through penis. 8. Penis Penis is a muscular, cylindrical and external organ which is made of erectile tissues. It releases the semen into the vagina during the copulation.
20 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) a) Sperm Production This process occurs along with adolescence in male. The testis produces the sperm and hormones. The testosterone hormone (male sex hormone) is responsible for sperm production. The hormones stimulate the cells of testis to produce the sperms. Testis also stores them. B. Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system is divided into two parts. a) External Organs The following are the external organs of female reproductive system: 1. Mons Pubis 2. Labia Majora (Outer Lips) 3. Labia Minora (Inner Lips) 4. Clitoris 5. Vestibule (Vaginal Opening) 6. Greater Vestibular Glands 7. Hymen 8. Perineum External Organs of Female Reproductive system These external organs form an opening of female genitals, called vulva. It has the opening of vagina and urethra. Urethra opens just above the vaginal opening. The vaginal opening (vestibule) allows secretions to pass from the body. A Spermatozoon: Male Sex Cell
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 21 a) Internal Organs The following organs are internal organs of female reproductive system. i. Ovary ii. Fallopian Tube iii. Uterus iv. Vagina Internal Organs of Female Reproductive System i) Ovary Ovary is a female gland. There are two ovaries: one on the left and the other on the right side of the uterus. These glands produce ova and sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone hormones are produced by ovaries. These hormones have the role for physical and mental growth and development. These hormones expose the sexual traits in female body during adolescence. ii) Fallopian Tube There are two fallopian tubes located just over each ovary. They are also called uterine. They gain the ovum from ovaries and develop for the fertilization.
22 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) iii) Uterus The uterus lies in the pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum. It is a hollow and muscular pear-shaped organ. It develops fertilized ovum and provides proper environment for fetus and its development. It also regulates the menstruation cycle. iv) Vagina The vagina extends from cervix to vulva. It is a tubular structure. It receives the penis and semen during copulation. The semen passes to uterus. a) Ovum (Egg) Production This process occurs when female enters the adolescence. The ovaries produce sex hormones and ova (singular: ovum). They produce estrogen and progesterone hormones with the help of pituitary gland. The female sex hormones stimulate the ovary glands to produce the ovum. The female body produces an ovum at a time in a month after menstruation. The ovaries produce the ovum alternately. 2.3. Reproduction Reproduction is a child bearing process of human body to continue their existence. The ovaries release the ovum which later passes to fallopian tube. The fallopian tube prepares proper environment for the fertilization. The sperms are deposited in the vagina during copulation. The sperm moves forward into the uterus and fertilizes with ovum. They fertilize at the fallopian tube and unite / fuse with each other. This process is known as fertilization. Their fusion prepares a new cell called zygote. The zygote / fertilized ovum passes to uterus and starts to develop into Sperms in fusion process An ovum
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 23 fetus and baby progressively. This process takes about 280 days (40 weeks) to deliver a child. Ferlization process with sperms and eggs The fertilization is the beginning of pregnancy in female body. The pause of menstruation is the first and most significant sign of pregnancy. Key Points Reproduction is a child bearing process of human body. Testes produce spermatozoa, testosterone and androgen hormone. Hormones produced by testes and ovary are known as sex hormones. Penis releases the semen into the vagina during copulation. The vulva is the outer part of the female genitals. The vulva includes the opening of the vagina, the labia majora, the labia minora and the clitoris. Ovaries are glands and produce both ova and hormones. Menstruation is a periodic discharge of blood from the vagina in every 28 days. Ovulation is a process that produces ovum in the female body. The pause of menstruation is the first and most significant sign of pregnancy. A. Multiple choice questions (MCQ). 1. Testes and _____________________ are the gonads. Ovary ( ) Vulva ( ) Urethra ( ) 2. Where does uterus lie? Abdominal cavity ( ) Pelvic cavity ( ) Thorax ( )
24 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 3. There are ____________ fallopian tubes in the female body. Four ( ) three ( ) two ( ) 4. Name the common tract to follow semen and urine. Penis ( ) Vulva ( ) Urethra ( ) 5. The shape of kidney is similar to that of a Pear ( ) bean ( ) pea ( ) 6. Kidney produces __________ along with filtration of blood. Sweat ( ) cough ( ) urine ( ) B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. Give the definition of reproductive system. 2. Which hormones are produced in ovaries? 3. Name the sex hormones. 4. What are the functions of testis? Write any two. 5. Define vulva of female reproductive system. 6. State any two functions of ovaries. 7. What is zygote? Define. 8. What is semen? Define. C. Write short notes on: 1. Urethra 2. Vagina 3. Ovulation D. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. Write the brief introduction to testis. 2. Enlist the external organs of female reproductive system. 3. What are the internal organs of female reproductive system? 4. Give brief introduction to ovaries. 5. Enlist the organs of male reproductive system. 6. What is reproduction? Explain. E. Draw neat and clean well-labeled diagram of the following. 1. Female reproductive system (External) 2. Male reproductive system 3. Female reproductive system (Internal)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 25 LESSON 3 GLANDULAR SYSTEM 3.1. Introduction A system that secretes enzymes and hormones mainly in the body is called glandular system. The secretions of the system stimulate the organs to control and regulate their activities. A hormone is a chemical substance, usually within an endocrine gland, and it is released into the bloodstream. The hormone sends the message to the parts of the body. It is often referred to as a chemical messenger in human body. There are two types of glands found in human body. These glands are a. Exocrine Glands and b. Endocrine Glands a. Exocrine Glands These glands have ducts to flow the secretions. These glands also secrete enzymes. The examples of these glands are salivary gland, stomach, sweat gland, liver, tear, etc. b. Endocrine Glands These glands are ductless glands. They send their secretions directly to the target organs. The secretions of these glands are known as hormones. These hormones are directly mixed with blood stream and distributed in the body. 3.2. Glands and Growth Hormones (GH) The growth and development of human being proceed along with hormonal production. The growth hormones (GH) are responsible for the physical, biological, mental, social and emotional development of human. There are some glands which secrete growth hormones. They are discussed below. Sweat glands of skin
26 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Gland’s Location in human body a) Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland is located below the cerebrum. The pea-sized hormone produces pituitary hormones. This gland controls all the glands and is called as master gland. It also controls physical growth of ovaries and testes. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) are some hormones produced by Pituitary gland. Pituitary Gland
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 27 b) Thyroid Gland The gland is located at both sides of trachea at the throat. It secretes thyroxin and tridothyroxin hormones. The thyroid gland secretes hormones with the help of micro nutrient iodine. The deficiency of iodine causes swelling of this gland which is known as the goiter. A muscular bulge is developed in goiter. The inability of thyroid gland affects the physical and mental development of a person. c) Gonads These are also known as sex glands. There are two types of gonads in human body. They are male and female gonads. The male one is testis and the female one is ovary. These glands help for the physical and mental growth and development of male and female body. They also develop the sexual characteristics in adolescence and puberty. Testis secretes testosterone and androgen hormone. The testicles (testes) primarily make testosterone in men. Women’s ovaries also make testosterone, though in much smaller amounts. Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone hormone. d) Pineal Gland The pineal gland is a small gland in the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin and is primarily responsible for regulating patterns of sleep and waking. The gland is a part of endocrine system. The gland and hormone play the central role in the regulation of daily rhythms (roughly 24-hour cycle) of the body, including signals that make someone feel tired, sleep, wake up, and feel alert around the same time each day. Key Points A system that secretes enzymes and hormones in our body is called glandular system. The growth hormones (GH) are responsible for the physical, biological, mental, social
28 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) and emotional development of human. Exocrine glands have ducts to flow the secretions. Pituitary gland controls the functions of all the glands. A hormone in both men and women is testosterone. The pineal gland is a small gland in the center of the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin and is primarily responsible for regulating patterns of sleep and waking. A. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. What is a glandular system? Define. 2. Define exocrine and endocrine glands with examples. 3. Why pituitary gland is called a master gland? 4. Differentiate between Exocrine and Endocrine glands. 5. Name the gonads of human body. 6. What is hormone? Define. B. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. Introduce the pituitary gland in detail. 2. Write about the testis and ovary glands. 3. Explain pineal gland clearly. C. Complete the following table with correct information. S.N. Glands Hormones Name Functions 1 Pituitary 2 Thyroid 3 Gonad (male) 4 Gonad (female)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 29 D. Let’s observe the following image and label the various glands. You can draw the image in your exercise book.
30 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) COMMUNITY HEALTH AND 2 MENTAL HEALTH Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Community Health: Problems and Aspects 2 Total Sanitation Estimated Teaching Hours: 8 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 31 LESSON 1 COMMUNITY HEALTH 1.1. Introduction to Community Health Community health includes the health of each and every member of the community. In other words, it is a collective form of family health. Community health depends on the status of family health and family members. So, each family and its members have the key roles to develop community health. The living style, food and nutrition, sanitation, health knowledge, services and facilities are the bases for the community health. In 1971, World Health Organization (WHO) defined that “Community health refers to the health status of the members of the community, to the problems affecting their health and to the totality of health care provided to the community”. 1.2. Problems of Community Health The approach of community health is public welfare. The community influences this approach. There are so many problems in the community that hinder the community health. 1. Malnutrition The inadequate supplement of nutrients to the body is termed as malnutrition. It is one of the major community health problems. The big number of under-five Nepalese children (U-5 children) is trapped in malnutrition. The consumption of imbalanced diet is the main cause of malnutrition. Malnutrition causes deficiency of nutrient elements such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water which cause weakness, improper development and growth of our body. The wasted and stunted body, and low immunity power are the main symptoms of malnutrition. Marasmus, kwashiorkor, night blindness, rickets, goiter, diarrhea, etc. are the results of malnutrition. Health check up
32 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 2. Poor Environmental Sanitation The poor environmental sanitation causes several health hazards in the community. It creates the obstacles against the supplement of pure drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits and management of safe living place. Almost communicable diseases are caused by contaminated food, water and air. Bronchitis (pneumonia), malaria, cholera, diarrhea and jaundice are some diseases caused by this issue. 3. Prevalence of Communicable Disease It is a crucial health problem of Nepal. There are various infectious diseases that are causing mortality in the community. Diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, cholera, dysentery, roundworm infestation, tuberculosis and leprosy are such infectious diseases. These diseases are highly prevailing in the community due to the lack of education, poor sanitation and hygiene. Hepatitis, bird flu, swine flu, Ebola and COVID -19 are new epidemic diseases of the community. 4. Road Traffic Accident The road traffic accident (RTA) is a serious public health problem in Nepal and the world. The road accident is one of the major causes of death. The injury, disability, deformity and heavy loss of asset are other damages in human life. According to recent data, road traffic accidents account for the loss of almost a life a day in Nepal. Mostly, youth group (20- 30 years) is being the victim of road traffic accident. 5. Unplanned Urbanization Unplanned urbanization brings lot of troubles in community health. The urbanization without any plan, model and vision creates the serious problems in distribution of drinking water, sanitation, waste management, traffic management, health services and facilities. Pollution is a serious environmental problem resulted by unplanned urbanization in the community. Sign of Road Traffic Accident
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 33 6. Early Marriage Early marriage refers to the marriage of boys or girls who are sixteen to twenty years old. In human body, the physical and mental growth / development continue up to twenty years. The immature or raw human body is unfit for reproduction and other activities. Early marriage creates great threats to mental, sexual and reproductive health. 7. Addiction Addiction is a habitual activity of a person that is difficult to modify and quit easily. An individual may have addiction of anything. There is an addiction of food, uniforms, movie, television, gadgets, shopping, gambling, social media, chat and so on. Addiction destroys personal and family health as well as progress. Mobile Phone Addiction Write a short dialogue covering negative effects of use of cell phone. 1.1
34 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 8. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Infant mortality rate indicates the death of the young children below one year. Infant mortality rate is still high in Nepal. The lack of health services and facilities, malnutrition, ignorance, improper care in pregnancy stage and unsafe delivery are some major causes associated with high infant mortality rate. High infant mortality rate results in the rapid population growth in the country. 9. High Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) High maternal mortality rate is a serious health problem in Nepal. The death of mother due to complication of pregnancy and child birth is called maternal mortality. Early marriage, malnutrition, improper care at pregnancy stage, unsafe delivery and abortion promote maternal mortality in the community. 10. Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a serious problem for health. Women are being the victim of domestic violence in the family and society. This is a kind of criminal activity that creates mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health problems. The torture, assault and abuse towards women are the events of domestic violence. Some events of domestic violence are very cruel that cause either death or motivate for suicide. 1.4. Solutions for Community Health Problems We can adopt the following measures to solve the above mentioned community health problems: i. Provision of balanced diet. ii. Provision of pure drinking water. iii. Compliance to the principles of personal hygiene. iv. Provision of health education, services and facilities. v. Provision of free medical camp and counseling service. vi. Maintaining the environmental sanitation. vii. Social campaigns against road accident, early marriage, domestic violence and addiction. viii. Public awareness against health hazards or problems in the community.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 35 1.5. School Health Screening Test The screening test is a part of school health. A school should organize the screening test for the children on regular basis. It co-operates the children and parents to recognize the vulnerable circumstances of the health. The students from Nursery to Grade 12 can go for the screening. The scope of the screening can be dental, vision, hearing, food and nutrition, growth monitoring and so on. The screening test is done to detect potential health disorders or diseases in people who do not have any symptoms of disease. The school can mobilize the health human resource working in health post, health center, primary health center, basic hospital, hospital and other health institutions. The screening test is a beneficial program for the welfare of children and community health. Importance of the screening test program The school health screening test is valuable program of school health. 1. The screening test assists to eliminate the child blindness and deafness in the community. 2. The screening test assists to maintain the dental and oral hygiene. 3. The screening test is essential to control nutritional deficiency diseases i.e., night blindness, marasmus, anemia, rickets, etc. 4. The screening test plays the vital role to control the communicable diseases. 5. The screening test contributes to overcome the wasting and stunting problem in the community Photo: Screening Test in a School Vision Test box
36 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Discuss in class and make a plan for the screening test of the eighth graders. You can discuss with your health teacher for the additional support. 1.2 Key Points Community health includes the health of each and every member of the community. The activities that disturb the community health are considered as community health problems. Mental health is an emotional, pshycological and social well-being. Lactation should be initiated with colostrums feeding that minimize the risk of child morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea, pneumonia, cholera, dysentery, roundworm infestation and tuberculosis are highly infectious diseases in the community. The inadequate supplement of nutrients to the body is termed as malnutrition. Immunization is a process to enhance the human immunity by providing special medicine to the body. Road accident is one of the major causes of death. Poor environmental sanitation hinders the supplement of pure drinking water, foods, vegetables, fruits and management of safe living place. Addiction is a habitual activity of a person that is difficult to modify and quit. The torture, assault and abuse towards women are the events of domestic violence. High infant mortality rate results in the rapid population growth in the country. Schools can mobilize the health resource persons working in health post, health center, primary health center, basic hospital, hospital and other health institutions. The screening test is done to detect potential health disorders or diseases in people who do not have any symptoms of disease. A. State true or false against the following statements. 1. Community health is a collective form of family health. 2. Domestic violence is a kind of criminal activity that creates the mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health problems. 3. The infant mortality rate of Nepal is low.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 37 4. There is a practice of early marriage in the society. 5. The urbanization process in Nepal follows the good planning and vision. 6. The main cause of marasmus is deficiency of carbohydrate. 7. The screening test is an expensive program for the welfare of children and community health. B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. Define community health. 2. Write an importance of community health. 3. What is malnutrition? Define. 4. Mention any two aspects of community health. 5. Give any two examples of maternal child health care. 6. Write an importance of health care. 7. Write a disadvantage of early marriage. 8. Name the vaccine that is given against the tuberculosis. 9. Write any two examples of infectious diseases? . C. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. State any four community health problems. 2. What is mental health? Write any four ways to promote mental health. 3. Explain addiction with examples. 4. Write any four reasons that promote road traffic accident in the community. 5. What are the ways to solve the community health problems? State any four. 6. Why is screening test important for the school children? Mention in points. 7. Write short notes on: i) High IMR ii) High MMR Practical Work Please make a list of community health problems of your home, municipality or rural municipality. You can consult elected representatives or health workers to enlist. Also mention the corrective measures of those problems.
38 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 2 TOTAL SANITATION 2.1. Introduction Sanitation is a general practice of people in the community. It indicates cleanliness in the community. Total sanitation is a campaign to improve the sanitation and hygiene practices (such as hand wash, bathing, use of toilet, etc.) in the community. It focuses on the community participation in the field of sanitation. The goal of total sanitation is to end the open defecation. The open defection or discarded human excreta is a big burden to control the communicable diseases. It is an obstacle for the provision of safe drinking water to the people and household. A poster for the total sanitation This campaign comprises the change in sanitary activities of every household and individual in the community, usually by building simple toilets. Total sanitation is a process to make the entire community neat, clean and healthy by changing the personal behaviors. The concept was developed around the year 2000 AD in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 39 2.2. Scope of Total Sanitation Total sanitation is a present need for community health. It has a crucial role to control several communicable diseases. It deals with modifying sanitation behaviors. There are some scopes of total sanitation. 1. Hand Wash Hand wash is a basic technique of sanitation. Hand wash controls the fecal-oral and respiratory transmission. The regular and well hand wash makes our fingers, nails, finger gap and palm safe from germs and their eggs. The transmission of diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, roundworm infestation, common cold, covid-19 and other diseases is developed by improper hand wash. We can use soap and water to wash our hands. We must wash our hands at least 20 seconds. We must always wash our hands by applying the 5 steps of hand wash in the following risk conditions. Before and after eating food After playing and working After using bathroom / toilet After touching wound / cut After sneezing and coughing After caring baby / patient / injured person After playing / touching with pet and other animals We can use hand sanitizer for the disinfection of hands. But, the regular and excessive use of hand sanitizer is a serious risk to human body. 5 steps of hand wash 2. Use of Toilet Toilet is a small house built for the safe disposal of excreta. The human excreta includes human stools and urine. Toilet has several names such as
40 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) latrine, bathroom, washroom, restroom, etc. Every household should have a safe toilet for defecation. Every member of a family must have a culture of using toilet. We have to learn to use toilet properly. We must not hesitate to clean our toilet daily. All the users must flush the toilet after use. We should also wash our hands and legs with soap-water. We need toilet everywhere. We must have toilet at schools, offices, hotels and temples. We have to build public toilet at public places. The toilet plays important role to make us healthy. It plays great role in creating clean and neat environment. The following points focus the needs and importance of neat and clean toilet in our life and family: a) Toilet helps us to make our home and surroundings clean and healthy. b) Toilet helps to dispose excreta of children, aged and patients easily. c) Toilet blocks the foul smell of stool and urine. d) Toilet prevents the spreading of mosquitoes, flies, cockroach, rats and snakes. e) Toilet prevents the spreading of communicable diseases like diarrhea, cholera, dysentery and worms. f) Toilet produces very good compost manure for agriculture. g) We can set up bio-gas plant in toilet to produce gas. h) Neat and clean toilet increases home’s beauty. i) Neat and clean toilet gives identity of good, modern and civilized house, family and society. Design a poster to show the importance of toilet in day-today life and exhibit in your classroom. You can also paste at the public places of your community. 2.1 3. Personal Hygiene/Sanitation Personal hygiene is a key component to preserve our health. It maintains our health physically, mentally, externally and internally. It also maintains our immunity power and makes us healthy, strong and robust.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 41 Personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person. It is practiced at our home. Personal hygiene includes the following efforts which are also known as principles of personal hygiene. These principles are personal cleanliness, care of hair, care of face, regular exercise, sleep and rest, recreation, wearing of neat and clean body wear, drinking of pure and clean water. Personal cleanliness is a major component of personal hygiene. We can maintain personal cleanliness by trimming nails, combing hair, brushing teeth, washing hands and legs and regular bathing. It reduces the infection of communicable diseases like as diarrhea, dysentery, scabies, etc. 4. Provision of Safe Drinking Water The drinking of pure and clean water saves us from more than 90 percent communicable diseases. Dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, jaundice, etc. are some major diseases which are caused by polluted or dirty water. We need appropriate amount of water daily. We should drink 3/4 liters pure and clean water everyday. Pure and clean water is always free from germs and dust. It has no color, odor and taste. The main sign of lacking of water in our body is thirst. Water contamination deals with the presence of germs, worms and waste materials in the water. If drinking water is contaminated, it should be sterilized before drinking. Boiling, filtration, SODIS, decantation, use of chemical substance and zero-B are some common methods for water purification. The purified water should be stored in well covered and clean pot / tank. Brushing teeth SODIS Technology
42 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Key Points Total sanitation is a process to make the entire community neat, clean and healthy by changing the personal behaviors. Total sanitation is an approach or campaign to improve the sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. Total sanitation focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting behavior change of an entire community. Hand wash is a basic technique of sanitation. Hand wash controls the fecal-oral and respiratory transmission. Toilet is a small house built for the safe disposal of excreta. Every member of a family must have a culture of using toilet. Personal hygiene means the science of preserving and promoting health through the individual active efforts of a person The drinking of pure and clean water saves us from more than 90 % communicable diseases. A. Circle (O) the best alternatives to answer the following questions. 1. What is the role of total sanitation in the community? a) Social Reform b) Employment c) Improve Hygiene Practice 2. How many liters of water should we drink in a day? a) 3/4 b) 4/5 c) 5/6 3. What is the main sign of deficiency of water in the body? a) Red Eye b) Thirst c) Headache
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 43 4. When was the concept of total sanitation coined? a) 2000 AD b) 2002 AD c) 1 998 AD B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. What is total sanitation? Define. 2. Write an importance of hand wash. 3. Give a clear definition of personal hygiene. 4. What is toilet? Define. 5. Clarify the meaning of water contamination. 6. State any four water purification methods. 7. What does SODIS stand for? C. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. What is total sanitation? Define in your own words. 2. Mention the importance of hand wash in four points. 3. In your opinion, what are the risky conditions that demand washing our hands with soap and water? 4. What are the principles of personal hygiene? State all and explain each of them briefly. 5. Why do we need pure drinking water? Give reason. Practical Work Design a poster on the theme of total sanitation in the community and paste it in your school premises.
44 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 3 TOILET AND USAGE 3.1. Introduction Toilet is a small house that is built for purpose of urination and defecation. It is a key means to manage human excreta and environmental sanitation. It is a part of house which gives the recognition of a modern family. Every home should have a toilet with basic facilities. A toilet must have water and soap facilities. Like home, every community should have public toilets. Our schools and offices should also have good toilets. A toilet The construction of toilet is not all. We must have a culture of toilet use. We must teach our kids about the use of toilet. We must clean the toilet regularly without any shame. Cleaning the toilet with a toilet cleaner keeps it clean and safe.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 45 3.2. Modern Toilet / Rest Room There are several types of toilets which remain in use. The traditional and modern are two forms of toilets. The modern toilets have basic facilities like water, soap, light and ventilation. A septic tank must be constructed near the toilet to manage the excreta. Borehole latrine (Khalde Charpi), Dug well latrine (Sudhariyako Khalde Charpi), Water seal latrine and EcoSan toilets are examples of traditional and modern toilets. The Water seal latrine is a modern and safe toilet. a) Water Seal Latrine, Construction and Advantages Water seal latrine has a room and septic tank of concrete. The tank remains below the ground level in a pit. The pan is connected with the septic tank through a pipe. The pipe is sealed at the connecting point. The point is elbow which holds the water to block the pungent smell coming from the septic tank. The tank has a cover of a reinforced concrete slab. The toilet can be built in or outside home. Model of Water Seal Latrine
46 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The toilet is more hygienic and safe but little bit expensive to construct. It prevents the flies and pungent smell. It requires the adequate water facility. We can use this toilet for long years because of its huge capacity and safety. b) EcoSan Toilet, Construction and Advantages EcoSan (Ecological sanitation, abbreviated as EcoSan) toilet is a closed system that does not need water, so is an alternative to leach / drain pit toilets in places where water is scarce or where the water level is high and the high risk of groundwater contamination. EcoSan is an approach to sanitation provision which aims to safely reuse excreta in agriculture. EcoSan is a model of waterless toilet. Construction of EcoSan Toilet and Usage EcoSan toilet is built above the ground level. There are two separate chambers of concrete for the collection of excreta and urine. The chambers are closed with the lids of eco-pan after using the toilet. The eco-pans consist of a drop hole (for excreta) at the middle and two shallow parts for self cleansing. The front part of the hole carries the urine to the pipe. The both shallow parts are connected with bio-filter tanks outside the toilet room separately. The user must put a handful mixture of ash, sawdust and lime / soda over the faeces into the chamber. The mixture enhances the decomposition process and controls the foul smell and flies. The water used by the user is drained out into separate bio-filter tank and that can be used for the irrigation. Each chamber can serve 12 to 15 months for a single time and ready for re-use after the extraction of decomposed faeces / urine. The excreta are decomposed and compost is prepared. The urine is transported to farm land after filling of containers. Advantages of EcoSan Toilet No foul smell and pathogens No contamination of air, water and land The design of EcoSan toilet
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 47 Very useful in water scares, rocky and costal area Does not require water flush and saving of water No mosquitoes, flies, maggots, and cockroaches Eco-friendly toilet Key Points Toilet is a small house that is built for the purpose of safe disposal of excreta and urine. Every household must have a toilet with basic facilities. We must have a culture of toilet use and cleaning. It is better to build toilet away from our kitchen and water sources. The water seal latrine is a modern and safe toilet. EcoSan toilet is an environment friendly and waterless toilet. Open defecation is one of the environmental and health problems in the community. A. Match the following items correctly. 1. Traditional Water seal latrine 2. Eco-friendly Borehole latrine 3. Modern EcoSan toilet 4. Public Toilet Hospital / School Public Places B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. Define toilet in your words. 2. What are the basic facilities of a toilet? Write.
48 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 3. Define open defecation. 4. Name any two modern toilets. 5. Which type of toilet are you using in your home and school? 6. Why is it essential to use the mixture of ash, sawdust and lime or soda in an EcoSan toilet? C. Give long answers to the following questions. 1. What is the importance of toilet? Write any four. 2. Write the introduction of water seal latrine with its advantages. 3. Mention the advantages of EcoSan toilet. 4. Write about the construction process of EcoSan toilet. 5. Compare water seal latrine and EcoSan toilet. 6. “The sanitation of a toilet / bathroom is recognition of a modern house and civilized family”. Express your views on this statement. 7. Show the needs / importance of toilet in the family as well as community. 8. Draw a neat, clean and well-labeled diagram of water seal latrine. Practical Work Prepare a report about the availability of toilet facility in your school. You can include the following points in your report: a) Total number of toilets b) Total number of users c) Separate toilet for boys and girls d) Toilet facilities such as water, soap, light, sanitary pad, etc. e) Cleanliness of toilet
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 49 LESSON 4 MENTAL HEALTH AND DISORDERS 4.1. Introduction Health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organisation, 1948). Mental health is an integral part of human health. Mental health of an invidual is influenced by both biological and social factors. Mental health is a capacity of an invidual to form harmonious relations and behaviors with others. Mental health is directly concerned with emotional development and attitude of an invidual. It is essential to live harmoniously with family, friends and society. The sound development of mental health assures the good health, behaviors, relationship and long life. The poor mental health is termed as mental illness or disorder. Love, affection, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, happiness, sadness, worries, anger, fear and stress / tension are emotional matters that influence mental health, thought, personal behaviors and personality. The balanced development of emotion is a fundamental component for the mental well-being. 4.2. Stress and Stress Management Stress is a psycological component in human life. It is a crucial factor for the worst mental health and emotional impairement of an individual. It distrubs normal and regualr activities, mood and damages the pleasure and peace of life. It can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. In the preliminary phase, stress causes the emotional, cardio-vascular, neurological and behavorial difficulties. It may be root cause for many mental disorders. Life cannot be joyful in stressful circumstances. An icon of Mental Health Laughter against Stress
50 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Stress mangement is an essential act to control stress, pressure, frustration and settledown the stressful life. We should not remain in stress for long time. We must have stress free environment in personal / family life and must be hopeful. Some useful ways to manage the stress are given here. Be confident in all actions / works. Never feel inferior and underestimate yourself. Eat healthy food and drink plenty of water. Discard the use of junk foods. Share your personal problems and feelings. Get a lot of fun (i.e. listen music, joke, watch comedy program, etc. ) Do not be over ambitious and accept every moment as a common matter. Engage yourself in exercise, sports, yog, meditation and creative activities. 4.3. Depression and Management Depression (Nepali Translation: pbf;Lgtf) is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It is also called major depressive disorder. It affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble in doing normal dayto-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living. The WHO says that depression is a common mental disorder which is treatable. People of all ages and groups may suffer from these medical illnesses. In the world, more than 300 million people of all ages are living with depression. Let’s Know: Depression is a minor disorder