Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 201 ii) Pole Diving or Diving Post Active chasers or chasers cannot change their side at the time of giving Kho. So, they must pass the Kho to the next or must move the pole to change the side. They can use early Kho, late Kho and fake Kho in this time. The active chasers must move the pole to give Kho to the passive chasers by running. They should also move to the pole to touch the runner. Diving post Kho Kho players must do the following activities to advance the performance: 1. Bent Knee Sit-ups: It helps in increasing strength of abdomen. 2. Standing Broad Jump: It makes your leg stronger and increases muscle strength. 6.1 6.4. General Rules of Kho Kho i. The game starts with toss to decide the chasers and runners. ii. Active chaser is allowed to touch the runner in the center lane. S/he can touch the runner on the other side of the court without crossing the line.
202 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) iii. Sitting or inactive chasers are not allowed to get up from the squares until Kho is given. iv. The active chaser must replace inactive chaser along with Kho. v. The active chaser is not allowed to change the direction or turn back until s/he crosses the post line. Although, it is not applied at the last rectangle that is between the post line and end line. vi. Chasers should not obstruct the runners while sitting in the square. vii. No runner is allowed to touch the sitting chasers. viii. Chaser group will score a point if the runner is touched by the chaser with his hand. It will score a point also if the runner goes out from the court while running. ix. Chasers can change the players at any time by giving Kho but the runners will not get such facility. x. Both teams should appoint their players as runners and chasers alternatively in each inning of the game. Please, invite the teams of grade eight from the neighboring school of your locality and organize a friendship match of kho kho. 6.2 Key Points The court size of Kho Kho is 32x19 meters including lobby. Each team of Kho Kho includes 9 teams. The game is played for 50 minutes including intervals. One group is designated as chaser and next is runner in Kho Kho. The active chaser starts to chase the runners as the signal is given and tries to touch them calling Kho! Dodging and pole diving are important skills of Kho Kho. Dodging is a key skill to deceive the chasers while running. Active chasers or chasers cannot change their side at the time of giving Kho.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 203 A. State whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Kho Kho starts with toss to decide the chasers and runners. 2. Both innings have interval of five minutes. 3. One chaser is appointed in the active chaser's post and becomes active chaser. 4. The chasers of the first round will be the runners in the second round. 5. The active chaser can touch the sitter without calling Kho. 6. Dodging is a key skill to deceive the chasers while running. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is the court size of Kho Kho? 2. Introduce dodging of Kho Kho. 3. Write short notes on Pole diving. 4. List out any four rules of Kho Kho.
204 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) YOG 9 Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Introduction Rules of Yog Micro Exercise Pranayam 2 Yog Postures Setu Bandasana, Makarasana Halasana Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 205 LESSON 1 YOG 1.1. Introduction The meaning of Yog is integration with him/ herself. It is a traditional and scientific way to purify body, mind (brain) and soul. Yog makes our body, mind and soul healthy, pure, balanced, strong and beautiful. Yog promotes physical and mental health. This is a kind of therapy that helps to prevent and promote human health and cure the diseases. It includes postures, meditation and pranayam. 1.2. Rules of Yog (Yog Niyam) a) Dhyan Dhyan is a term used for the seventh anga (limb or level) in the eightstep Yog practice of Sage Patanjali. The word dhyan is usually translated as meditation, implying a state of abiding calm. When we practice dhyan, we focus our mind on a particular object or concept with the goal of becoming one with it. The best way to prepare for a dhyan practice is to first do some yog to bring the body to a calm and relaxed state. Astang Yog and Padmasana Yog
206 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Padmasana (Lotus pose) is to get calm in the brain and increases awareness and attentiveness. The pose keeps the spine straight and helps develop a good posture. b) Dharana (Concentration) Dharana is the sixth limb of the eight-limbed path as defined by Patanjali, who compiled the Yog Sutras. Dharana means holding, concentration or steady focus. When we practice dharana, we are “binding” the mind to one place, idea, or object. Dharana helps us to sink in the eternal peace and relax. It promotes mental health and controls negative thoughts. 1.3. Micro Exercise (Sukshma Kriya) and Practice Sukshma Byayama Yog requires little time and preparation. These short exercises open up subtle energy and, in a session, as short as 15 minutes, stiffness in our joints will release and our body will become flexible, awake, strong and ready for the day’s activities. The founder of SukshmaByayama yog is the holy yog in, Sri Maharishi Kartikeya. Sukshma Yog opens the energy channels in the body, thereby increasing vitality. Here are a few Sukshma Yog exercises that can be done sitting, standing or lying down. They include eye, mouth, ear, facial muscle, neck, thumb and legs. a) Eye Let’s follow these steps: 1. Roll the eyes clockwise then counterclockwise five to six times. 2. Shut the eyes tight and release to open the eyes wide. 3. Repeat this 10 times. The burning candle used for the concentration
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 207 b) Facial Muscles Relax the facial muscles by pinching the muscles around the eyes using the thumb and index fingers. Micro Yog of Ears Micro Yog of Facial Muscles c) Ears Hold the ears and move them gently in a circular motion for 10 seconds. d) Mouth Let’s follow these steps: 1. With the mouth open, move the index, middle and ring fingers along the jaw line toward the chin. 2. Open and close the mouth 10 times. e) Neck Turn the neck from left to right and right to left. f) Thumb Let’s follow these steps: 1. With the thumb folded into the palm, make a tight fist. 2. Release the fist and stretch the fingers. 3. Repeat 10 times. Micro Exercise for Hand
208 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) g) Feet Rotate both feet clockwise and then counterclockwise 10 times. Practise various pranayams and note the improvement in your health and share it in your class and family. You can surf into many video channels or links such as You tube video channel, etc. to gain the techniques for the practice. 1.1 1.4. Pranayam Pranayam is the ancient practice of controlling our breath. We control the timing, duration, and frequency of every breath and hold. The goal of pranayam is to connect the human body and mind. It also supplies the body with oxygen while removing toxins. This is meant to provide healing physiological benefits. It is also a distinct breathing exercise on its own, usually practiced after asanas (pose). a) Pranayam: Bhramari (Humming Bee Breath) Bhramari Pranayam is also known as the humming bee breathing technique. It is very effective breathing exercise to instantly calm our mind. Procedure to perform: 1. Sit in a quiet and well-ventilated corner (place) and close your eyes. 2. Place the index fingers on the ears right at the cartilage. 3. Breathe in and while breathing out press the cartilage with the fingers. Keep the cartilage pressed while making a loud humming sound like a bee. 4. Breathe in again and out and continue the same pattern for around 6-7 times. Benefits Bhramari Pranayam helps to release the mind of agitation, frustration or anxiety and anger. This breathing exercise helps us to be stress free. This is also helpful to control hypertension. A pose of Bhramari
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 209 b) Bhastrika (Pranayam) Procedures to perform: 1. Sit in Padmasana or Bajrasana and make the body erect. 2. Make the mind thought free and relaxed. 3. Close the right nostril with your right thumb, inhale and exhale with full force making hissing sound. First do this slowly then quickly about 20 times. 4. Inhale fully, close the left nostril with your third (middle) finger and perform all above steps. 5. Lift the thumb from the right nostril and exhale through it slowly. Relax for a moment. 6. Repeat this process by closing the left nostril. 7. Place your hands on your knees. Feel relaxed. Focus on your breathing pattern and be relaxed. Benefits 1. Helps to excrete toxins and cures illnesses of respiratory track. 2. Boosts the supply of oxygen and purifies blood. 3. Helps to keep negative thoughts away. 4. Increases warmth in the body and helps to prevent common cold. 5. Regular practice of Bhastrika pranayama keep us away from all diseases. Write a slogan to express the importance of yog for health and life. 1.2 1.5. Yog Postures There are different types of yog. We study and practice the following yog postures in this grade. A pose of Bhastrika
210 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 1) Bridge Pose (Setu Bandasana) Procedure to perform 1. Lie flat on the ground and keep your arms at your sides. 2. Lift your hips upwards as shown in the figure as much you can (should not over-stretch) pressing your palms. Bridge Pose (Setu Bandasan) 3. Keep breathing deeply in this position for 20-30 seconds. 4. Now relax by touching your hips to the ground i.e., your starting position. 5. Repeat this cycle for 3-4 times. Benefits 1. Strengthens legs, back neck and chest. 2. Relaxes whole body and reduces stress. 3. Improves digestion. 4. Cures back pain and cures insomnia. 5. Maintains the normal blood pressure. 6. Improves blood circulation. Precaution to perform Setu Bandasana Pregnant women should practice carefully and should not practice with full force during pregnancy. Legs and feet should be parallel. Those having injuries to the neck, shoulder and spine problem should not practice.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 211 2) Crocodile Pose (Makarasana) Procedure to perform i. Lie down on the floor on your stomach with hands on the sides. The chin and chest should also be touching the ground. ii. Stretch out both legs to full length. iii. Separate both legs and place them on the floor such that the toes are pointing outwards and heels inwards. iv. The feet should be at right angles to the legs. v. Raise your head and trunk. vi. Take your right hand under the left shoulder and hold it gently. vii. Grasp the right shoulder with your left hand gently. viii. Both hands should be making a double triangle one above the other. First and Second Position ix. Place your forehead on the triangle. Your face should be within the space created by both arms. x. Close your eyes and relax your whole body. xi. Practice abdominal breathing. xii. Stay in this position as long as you are comfortable and turn over. xiii. Lie on your back and start again. Benefits i. Makarasana is the perfect pose for relaxation of both mind and body. ii. It helps relieve fatigue after a strenuous yoga session. iii. The posture (asana) helps to control high blood pressure. iv. Breathing problems are cured. v. Makarasana is beneficial to the digestive system.
212 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 3) Plough Pose (Halasana) Procedure to perform 1. Lie down on your back and stretch your body. 2. Keep your arms by your sides along with hips. The palms will face the ground. 3. Lift your legs slowly putting pressure on your hands and stretch legs making an angle of 90º with legs at waist. Legs must be joined with each other and the hands must stick to the ground. Head should not be lifted at all. Halasana 4. Lift your waist also and take legs beyond head with feet touching the ground. 5. Lift hands from the ground and take them to the back of your head so that they must touch the toes. 6. Bring your legs back to the angle of 90º very slowly. 7. Hold this pose for a few seconds and then place the legs down on the ground. 8. Relax completely in Shabasana. Benefits It is very useful for increasing mental and physical energy. It helps in the supply of fresh blood to the spine and its ligaments and abdominal cavity is compressed. Let’s practice all the yog postures, Setu bandasana, Makarasana and Halasana under the supervision of yog instructor. Also note the improvement in your health status and share in your class and family. 1.3
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 213 Key Points The meaning of Yog is integration with him/herself. Yog is a traditional and scientific way to purify body, mind (brain) and soul. The word dhyan is usually translated as meditation, implying a state of abiding calm. Dharana is the sixth limb of the eight-limbed path as defined by Patanjali, who compiled the Yog Sutras. Dharana promotes mental health and controls negative or worst thought of mind. Sukshma Yog opens the energy channels in the body, thereby increasing vitality. Yog includes postures, meditation and pranayam. Setu Bandasana strengthens legs, back neck and chest. Makarasana is the perfect pose for relaxation of both mind and body. Halasana is very useful for increasing mental and physical energy. A. State true or false against the following statements. 1. Yog makes the whole body and mind healthy and smart. 2. Setu Bandasana strengthens legs, back neck and chest. 3. Makarasana is the perfect pose for relaxation of both mind and body. 4. Halasana turns the body like a crocodile. 5. Bhramari Pranayam is also known as the humming bee breathing method. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is yog? Define in your words. 2. Why is micro exercise important? Write any two. 3. What are the benefits of Setu Bandasana? Write any two. 4. Enlist the advantages of Dhayn. 5. State the advantages of Dharana. 6. What are the advantages of Bhramari? Write any two. 7. What are the benefits of Bhastrika? Write any two. 8. What are the benefits of Makarasana? Write any two. 9. List out any two benefits of Halasana. 10. Make a list of precautions to perform Setu Bandasana.
214 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) PART 3 CREATIVE Arts Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 215 ART, LINE GRAPH 10 and COLOR Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Topics An Introduction to Nepalese Art Basic Rules of Art Painting Estimated Teaching Hours: 10 Hours (Working Hours)
216 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 1 NEPALESE ART AND PAINTING 1.1. Nepalese Art: Handicraft and Painting a. Handicraft Nepalese handicraft has very long and old history. The handicrafts in Nepal are believed to have started since the Lichchhabi period (300-879 AD). However, the classical period of Nepal (13th to 18th century) ruled by the Malla dynasty helped, extensively in the enrichment of quality, authenticity, and originality of the Nepalese handicrafts. Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur are renowned cities for the art and culture. The history of artistic handicrafts only began during the 5th century AD, when different religions began to form their bases among the people of Nepal. Hence, we can observe a lot of religious influence on Nepalese handicrafts. The temple, monastery, palaces, Pati-Pauwa, and Chaitya of Kathmandu valley and country side have the great testimony of such handicrafts and their originality and localness. Nepalese Handicrafts (Metal) The handicrafts of Nepal are produced in a traditional way, from generations to generations leading the footpath of ancestors or from forefather to grandfather to father and to son. This continuity has ensured the survival of Nepalese handicrafts, preserving their heritage, cultural values, aspects and tradition. Basically, handmade crafts in Nepal can be divided into two main categories viz. textile handicrafts and non-textile handicrafts. Pashmina, Dhaka products,
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 217 woolen, hemp, felt and cotton goods are textile-based handicrafts. Woodcraft, stone, metal crafts, silver and gold jewelry and paper craft including Nepali kagaj are non-textile handicrafts of Nepal. Nepalese Handicrafts b. Painting Nepalese painting begins with the religious paintings of Hindu and Buddhist subjects, almost all Newa art by the Newari people of Kathmandu. These traditional paintings can be found in the form of either wall painting, cloth paintings called Paubha or Thangka, or manuscripts. They used traditional technique, style and iconography in their works for centuries. There are two types of Nepalese painting, Patta and Mandala. As regarding Thangka
218 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Patta, there is the main deity at the centre and other deities at the sides. The Paubha painting (Thangka) in Nepal started in the eleventh century. Patachitra or Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, clothbased scroll painting. Patachitra art form is known for its complicated details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. Nepalese paintings are believed to have embraced western influences after 1850 AD with a work of Bhajuman Chitrakar, a traditional artist who became acquainted with western Realism after visiting Europe along with Prime Minister Janga Bahadur Rana. The arrival of Lain Singh Bangdel (1919–2002 AD) in 1961AD marks as an introduction to modern art in Nepal. He brought with him, the exposure to modern art movements from Paris, France to a country which was slowly opening to the world only after 1950s. With the patronage of King Mahendra, Lain Singh Bangdel introduced abstract art to the Nepali audience. 1.2. Basic Rules of Art (Painting) There are some basic rules of art (painting). The shape, form, space, pattern, harmony and contrast are known as the commonest rules of painting. We discussed the shape, form, space, pattern, harmony and contrast in Grade 6 and 7. We are going to discuss some more rules of arts. a. Balance Balance in art (painting) refers to the use of artistic elements such as line, texture, color, and form in the creation of artworks in a way that turn into visual stability. It is one of the principles of art and design, along with unity, proportion, emphasis and rhythm. An abstract Art, Nepal
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 219 Balance in painting Balance relates to each other within the composition in terms of their visual weight to create visual equilibrium. That is, one side does not seem heavier than another. b. Composition In a painting, composition is the arrangement of elements within a work of visual art. The visual arts, suggests that there are five basic elements of an art work – line, shape, color, texture and space. Use of Composition c. Proportion Proportion is the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. Proportion also describes how the sizes of
220 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. It is a principle of design. Proportion and Painting The understanding and using correct proportion in life drawing and portraits allows an artist to create well-balanced and realistic representations of the human form. Please, draw different paintings by following the various art rules: balance, proportion and composition. 1.1 1.3. Painting a. Still Life and Drawing The still life means a work of art that shows inanimate objects from the natural or man-made, such as fruit, flowers, and vessels like baskets or bowls. Most still lives can be placed into one of four categories: flowers, banquet or breakfast, animal(s), and symbolic. These paintings depict things that are “still” and don’t move. Still Life with Drapery
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 221 A still life painting is a piece that features an arrangement of inanimate objects. Usually, these items are set on a table and often include organic objects like fruit and flowers and household items like glassware and textiles. These paintings are said as still life with drapery. Take a piece of fabric of an appropriate size. Put the still objects like glass, vase, pen stand, jug, mirror or similar objects over it. Observe all and attempt for drapery drawing by pencil, charcoal or color. You can use sketch paper or canvas for the drawing. 1.2 b. Human Forms Drawing (Figure Drawing) A figure drawing is a drawing of the human forms in any of its various shapes and postures using any of the drawing media. The human figure is one of the most enduring themes in the visual arts and the human figure can be the basis of portraiture, illustration, sculpture and other fields. Figure Drawing
222 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The most prominent method for the drawing is observation of the body, action and postures. The observing and interpreting the shape of the human body trains an artist to see almost every form of curve, line and subtle undulation found in nature. c. Art and Human Emotion Art has significant connection with human emotion. The emotions include happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise and anger. These are identified as the basic components of emotion. The pride, shame, embarrassment and excitement are also considered as the basic components of emotion. Human Emotion: Grief and Smile These emotions can be experienced and characterized as the facial expression, crying, excitement, agitation, frustration and body language in the art.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 223 Let’s complete the given art work of emotions. 1.3 Emotions Key Points The handicrafts in Nepal are believed to have started since the Lichchhabi period (300-879 AD). The history of artistic handicrafts only began during the 5th century of AD, when different religions began to form their bases among the people of Nepal. The handmade crafts in Nepal can be divided into two main categories viz. textile handicrafts and non-textile handicrafts. Nepalese painting begins with the religious paintings of Hindu and Buddhist subjects, almost all Newa art by the Newari people of Kathmandu.
224 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The arrival of Lain Singh Bangdel (1919–2002 AD) in 1961AD marks as an introduction to modern art in Nepal. Balance in art (painting) refers to the use of artistic elements such as line, texture, color, and form in the creation of artworks in a way that turn into visual stability. Proportion is the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. The visual arts, suggests that there are five basic elements of an art work – line, shape, color, texture and space. The still life means a work of art that shows inanimate objects from the natural or man-made, such as fruit, flowers, and vessels like baskets or bowls. A figure drawing is a drawing of the human forms in any of its various shapes and postures using any of the drawing media. Art has significant connection with human emotion. It is often regarded as the keystone to experiencing art and artistic expression. Pride, shame, embarrassment and excitement are also considered as the basic components of emotion. A. State true or false against the following statements. 1. The handicrafts in Nepal are believed to have started since the Lichchhabi period. 2. The temple, monastery, palaces, Pati-Pauwa, and Chaitya have the great testimony of such handicrafts and their originality and locality. 3. The traditional paintings can be found in the form of either wall painting, cloth paintings called Paubha or Thangka, or manuscripts. 4. A figure drawing is a drawing of the human sketch only. 5. Art has significant connection with human emotion. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. When did handicraft start in Nepal? 2. When did modern painting start in Nepal? 3. What are the types of traditional paintings? 4. Define Paubha painting or Thangka. 5. Clarify balance in painting.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 225 6. Write the meaning of composition in painting. 7. What is the meaning of proportion in painting? Write. 8. Elucidate still life drawing and its value. 9. Enlist the basic components for the art of human emotion. Project Work a. Organize a workshop on the drapery drawing, human figure drawing and art of human emotion in your school. You can invite the artist from different schools and community. b. Make a plan and organize an art exhibition in your school or art gallery of your area.
226 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) PRINTING, CLAY WORK 11 and COLLAGE Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Topics Construction of Model Clay and Sculpture Object Making Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 227 LESSON 1 CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL and OBJECT 1.1. Construction of Model and Method A model is a representation of an object, person or system. It is a threedimensional representation typically on a smaller scale than the original. Simply, it is a style or design. We can construct the model of many items that are used in our daily life. The wood, stone, rock, clay and metals can be used for the construction of model. There are several traditional methods for the construction. The most popular method is carving. a) Carving Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to any material that is solid enough to hold a form/model. This follows the subtractive process. Carving, as a means for making stone or wooden sculpture, is distinct from methods using soft and malleable materials like clay, fruit, and melted glass, which may be shaped into the desired forms while soft and then harden into that form. The traditional and ancient craft of Nepal is basically based on carving method. The carved image of god, goddess, door, window and other handicrafts is great art work. A paper model of Nepal’s Buddha Air The stone image of a god
228 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Process of carving on wood or stone The design of the pattern to be carved should be sketched on the carbon paper. a. The design of the pattern to be carved should be sketched on the carbon paper. b. Remove the unwanted material from the selected wood or stone by cutting with tools. c. The process of cutting should be continued until the pattern is prepared. d. The pattern or shape should be refined and made smooth by using tools. e. Use the appropriate color, if necessary. Wooden Carved Photo Frame Stone Carving in Kathmandu Tools for Carving: 1. Wooden Mallet: It is used to give shape to wood. 2. Chisels: Different types of chisels are used for carving. 3. Carbon paper, Scale and Pencil: They are used to mark and draw the designs. 4. Cardboard: It is used to make designs. 5. Hand Saw 6. L - Shaped Ruler 7. Router Machine 8. Pitching Tool: Knock and break large chunk (piece) of stone 9. Gauge, Hammer, Wax and Smoother, etc. Vegetable Carving Chisels
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 229 a) Collect the craft, models and carved image found in your or friend’s home and organize an exhibition in the gallery or open ground of school. b) What is the name of this tool? Also write its uses. 1.1 1.2. Clay Work and Sculpture The process of making different things from clay is known as clay work or clay craft. The designing of sculpture is an aspect of clay craft. The most easily and commonly recognized form of sculpting is clay modeling. It creates the three-dimensional image or sculpture. i) Requirements for Clay Sculpting a. Suitable soil b. Water pot, color box, brush, ruler and knife c. Floor board for kneading soil d. Apron e. Rotating wheel and frame of different shape and size ii) General Methods of Clay Sculpting a. Select the suitable clay as Kalimati, ductile soil, etc. b. Knead or mould with water and make pliable. c. Sketch the design for the sculpture and make a wire frame, also known as armature. The armature holds the sculpture together. d. Apply a thicker layer of mud and shape it according to the desired design. e. Allow the sculpture to dry. f. Paint the sculpture using water-based colors. Please, organize a workshop on clay craft and sculpture in your school. Also record all the activities and prepare a video. You can invite the local or national level artist for sculpture as the resource person. 1.2 Clay Sculpture
230 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 1.3. Local Resources and Construction of the Objects The discarded local resources can be used as the resources for the construction of various models or objects. The metallic wire, packaging cartoon, bamboo, clay, plastic bottle, can, paper, newspapers and old clothes are the resources for the making of many items. We can use them for the production of artistic items, mainly handicrafts and model. Use of local resources for the construction of the objects Key Points A model is a representation of an object, person or system. Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. A model is a representation of an object, person or system. The traditional and ancient craft of Nepal is basically based on carving method. The process of making different things from clay is known as clay work or clay craft. Metallic wire, packaging cartoon, bamboo, clay, plastic bottle, can, paper, newspapers and old clothes are the resources for the making of many items. Robert of Corrugated Paper
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 231 A. Complete the following statements with missing word/s. 1. Wood, stone, rock, clay and metals can be used for the construction of _____________ . 2. The carved image of god, goddess, door, window and other handicrafts in Nepal is a great _____________ . 3. The designing of sculpture is an aspect of _____________ . 4. Modeling is the most easily and commonly recognized form of __________ . B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. What is model of an object? Define. 2. What is carving method? Define. 3. Define clay work in your own words. 4. What is clay sculpting? Write the definition. 5. What is the use of pitching tool? Write. C. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. What is the process of carving on wood or stone? Write. 2. List out the carving tools and write them down. 3. What are the processes of clay sculpting? Write step by step process. 4. Make a list of the required materials for the clay sculpting. Project Work Please, collect and observe any carved image of stone or wood and write a couple of paragraphs to sketch art of this image.
232 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) SINGING and 12 PLAYING INSTRUMENTS Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Music and Singing 2 Playing Instruments Estimated Teaching Hours: 10 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 233 LESSON 1 MUSIC AND SINGING 1.1. Importance of Music in Life Music is a fusion of lyrics, rhythm and instruments. It is a traditional form of art that commenced along with human existence. Music is a creation of human mind, experience, emotions, thoughts and voice. Music extends boundless pleasure, recreation and power to life. People love music, dance, share sorrow and achieve the relaxation and get rid of stress and sorrows. This is the way to freedom and refreshment. It is also a platform to share happiness, devotion and love of the people in the community. A scene at Paleti, Kathmandu Music releases pain, grief, stress and sadness from the human heart, soul and mind. These moments keep the people happy and motivated in the life and beautiful world. The right music does not ensure entertainment only; it also acts as a therapy to activate the people. The heart touching music can connect the large number of people. It unites the people of different backgrounds and status. It can change the society along with thought and attitude of the people. This is the hidden power of the music.
234 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 1.2. Technical terms of Music 1. Saptak: It means “gamut” or “the series of eight notes”. It denotes the set of swaras i.e.Sadja (Sa), Risabha (Re), Gãndhãra (Ga), Madhyama (Ma), Panchama (Pa), Dhaivat (Dha), Nis ãda (Ni), Sadja (Sa) which comprise a musical scale in classical music. 2. Alankar: An alankar is any pattern of musical decoration in which a musician or vocalist creates within or across tones. 3. Thaat -yf6_: A Thaat (thãt) is a parent scale in the eastern music. The concept of the thaat is not exactly equivalent to the western musical scale because the primary function of a thaat is not as a tool for music composition, but rather as a basis for classification of rags. The ten thaats are Bilawal, Kalyan, Khamaj, Bhairav, Poorvi, Marwa, Kafi, Asavari, Bhairavi and Todi. 4. Rag -/fu_: A rag is a collection of pitches, kind of like a scale or mode in Western music. Alsorãg is a unique and central feature of the classical music tradition and as a result has no direct translation to concepts in classical European music. 5. Note: In music, a note is a symbol denoting a musical sound. Notes can represent the pitch or pitch class and duration of a sound in musical notation. Music notes are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. The two clefs that are primarily used are the treble clef and bass clef. 6. Scale: In music theory, a scale is any set of musical notes ordered by fundamental frequency or pitch. A scale ordered by increasing pitch is an ascending scale and a scale ordered by decreasing pitch is a descending scale.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 235 7. Classical Music -zf:qLo ;+uLt_: The classical music tends to mean music that will not be forgotten soon after it is written, but is likely to be enjoyed by many future generations. This was originated at northern region of Indian subcontinent from the Carnatic music and includes seven basic notes. 8. Modern Music -;'ud÷cfw'lgs ;+uLt_: Aadhunik Geet meaning “modern song” is a genre of Nepali music, which emerged in the 1950s and derives its influence from folk, classical, western music and gajals. 9. Folk Music -nf]s ;+uLt_: The type of traditional and generally rural music that originally was passed down through families and other small social groups. Typically, folk music, like folk literature, lives in oral tradition; it is learned through hearing rather than reading. 10. Sthayi -:yfoL_: Sthayi is an initial phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition in the music. 11. Antarā -cGt/f_: Antarã means ‘within’ is the equivalent of a verse / rhyme in classical music. It is actually another name for various stanzas in a song. 12. Mukhara -d'vf/f_: Mukhara is just a colloquial spoken term for Sthayi. 13. Alaap (/æˈlɑːp/) -cnfk_ : Alaap is the opening section of a typical classical performance or singing. It is a form of melodic improvisation that introduces and develops a rag.
236 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Please, read or play the following fabulous Nepalese folk duet song and do the task given. 1.1 Song: -jgdf sf“8f 5 -nf]s bf]xf]/L uLt_ Vocal -:j/_: Bhagawan Bhandari, Raju Pariyar& Laxmi Neupane Music & Lyric -/rgf tyf ;+uLt_: Bhagawan Bhandari Album -uLlt ;+u|x_: Banma Kanda Chha ltdL w/fg d ePF lrtjg ufx|f] eof] lbg /ft latfpg jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 d eP lrtjg uf/f] eof] lbg /ft latfpg jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ?Fb} ?Fb} a:of5' w/fg ltd|} lk/n] hfG5sL k/f0f jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 a:of5' w/fg ltd|} lk/n] hfG5sL k/f0f
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 237 jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ltd|} ofbn] ;'Sof] Hofg klg slt ;w}F ;Dem]/} /f]O/fg] jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ;'Sof] Hofg klg slt ;w}F ;Dem]/} /f]O/fg] jgdf sfF8f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 ltdL ptf d otf Hofg t 6f9f 5 t/ la/fgf] g;Dem dfof uf9f 5 Task For You ! a. Antara : .............................................................................................. b. Mukhara : .............................................................................................. c. Sthayi : ..............................................................................................
238 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 1.3. Singing: Class Song -sIffut uLt_ The class song should be sung in the beginning of the class everyday. The lyric of the class song of Grade 8 is given below. Read the patriotic song and practice to sing in group or solo format. You can use clap or any instruments for the singing. Please, do not forget to record your performance in MP3 or MP4 format. Vocal -:j/_: Shramik Baral, Ganesh Gyawali, Diwakar Dhungel, Subash Chandra Dhungel, Ganesh Prasad Bhattarai Music -;+uLt_: Deepak Jangam Song: 6]Sg] wtL{ a:g] -sIffut uLt_ 6]Sg] wtL{ a:g] cf]t ld7f] xfjfkfgL o} df6fdf k'mN5 kmN5 xfd|f] lhGbufgL :jfjnDaL kfOnf xfd|f, hfFul/nf xft l;h{gfsf] lap 5g{ x'G5g\ Pj}m ;fy g]kfnL xf] gfd xfd|f] Odfg xf] wg k|j[mltsf] uf}/jn] :jfledfgL dg cfF6 u/] g;lsg] j]mxL sfd x'Gg sd{zLn aGof}F eg] cK7\of/fn] 5'Gg j'mgf j'mgf hufP/ r]tgfsf] bLk ;a}lt/ k}mnfpF5f}F xfdL cfÇg} l;k Listen a Nepali modern song and rehearse the song to sing. You can consult book, website and your music guru for the rehearsal. 1.2
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 239 Key Points Music is a fusion of lyrics, rhythm and instruments. Music extends boundless pleasure, recreation and power in the life. The right music does not ensure entertainment only; it also acts as a therapy to activate people. A. Answer the following short questions. 1. Why is music important in our life? Write. 2. What is classical music? Define. 3. What is folk music? Define. 4. Who are the authors of class song of Grade 8? 5. Define the following terms: a) Thaat b) Sthayi c) Antara
240 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 2 PLAYING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 2.1. Scale of Music A scale in music is a sequence of notes played in ascending or descending order with a specific interval structure. There are many scales in music. Some are extremely common and fundamental, like the major scale or minor scale. a. Major Scale The major scale is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales, it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note. Major scale formula (W-W-H-W-W-W-H) 1. A whole step up from F is G. 2. A whole step up from G is A. 3. A half step up from A is Bb. 4. A whole step up from Bb is C. 5. A whole step up from C is D. 6. A whole step up from D is E. 7. A half step up from E is F. Singing and Playing: Kandara Band, Pokhara
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 241 b. Minor Scale A minor scale is a seven-note musical scale that features a minor third scale degree (also known as a flat third). The sound of the minor scale can evoke sadness, oddness and suspense. Minor chords and minor-key music use notes from a minor scale. The step pattern for the natural minor scale is as follows: Root note (C), whole step, half step, whole step, whole step, half step, whole step, whole step to octave note (C). Minor scale formula The combination of notes is called the minor scale. The minor scale is created with a formula, just like the major scale. The formula for the minor scale is whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole. a. Practice both scales of music according to the instructions provided by your music guru. You can choose any musical instrument. b. What are your best songs? Write their lyrics as script and play major or minor or both scales for your practice. The instrument is your own choice. c. Collect some chords and mention their formula to play the guitar or the harmonium. 2.1
242 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 2.2. Musical Instruments There are five main instrument families: string, woodwind, brass, keyboard and percussion based on structure. According to classical music, The following are also popular group of music. a) Sur Baja (Instrument) and Practice The word Swar (meaning notes) is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Svar’, which means sound. There are different forms of sound. However, the sound which is soothing to ear and which is musical is known as swaras or sur. Sur Long Name Sa Shadaj Re Rishabh Ga Gandhar Ma Madhyam Pa Pancham Dha Dhaivat Ni Nishad ;f /] u d k w lg ;f Sur is swar or musical notes, (SA re GA ma pa DHA ni SA). Harmonium, key-board, bansuri, murali, sarangi and guitar are some examples of sur baja. Harmonium is major sur instrument and guitar can be used for both sur and taal. Sur Baja: Guitar and Harmonium
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 243 a. Choose either a guitar or a harmonium and play it. b. Write the correct holding method of guitar in your words. c. Sketch the map of harmonium for the finger placement and practice to play it. 2.2 b) Tal Baja (Instrument) and Practice The taal or tal is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabala (small drums). It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections within the pattern. The first beat of the cycle is known as sam. It marks the beginnings and ends of improvisations so it is often accented. There are the following four main taal in classical music: 1. Teen Taal – 16 Beats 2. Dadara – 6 Beats 3. Kaharawa – 8 Beats 4. Roopak – 7 Beats There are many musical instruments as tal baja. Tabala is a main instrument for tal. Madal, damaha, damphu, jhyali (cymbal) and dholak are other popular musical instruments for tal. Hand claps (Taali) is also used for the tal. Tal Baja: Damaha, Tabala and Dholak i. Select any taal baja as per your interest and practice playing it with your favorite song. ii. Play the harmonium instrument and practice the following tal sargam (sur) of classical music. 2.3
244 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) rf/ dfqfsf] cf/f]x – ;f – – – . /] – – – . u – – – . d – – – . k – – – . w – – – . lg – – – . ;f+ – – – . cj/f]x – ;f+ – – – . lg – – – . w – – – . k – – – . d – – – . u – – – . /] – – – . ;f – – – . tLg dfqf cf/f]x – ;f – – . /] – – . u – – . d – – . k – – . w – – . lg – – . ;f – – . cj/f]x – ;f+ – – . lg – – . w – – . k – – . d – – . u – – . /] – – . ;f – – . b'O{ dfqfsf] cf/f]x – ;f – . /] – . u – . d – . k – . w – . lg – . ;f+ – . cj/f]x – ;f+ – . lg – . w – . k – . d – . u – . /] – . ;f – . Ps dfqf cf/f]x – ;f /] u d . k w lg ;f+ . cj/f]x – ;f+ lg w k . d u /] ;f . 2.3. Tal (Beat) Practice There are varieties of tal in classical music. Teen Tal (16 Beats), Dadara (6 Beats), Kaharawa (8 Beats) and Roopak (7 Beats) are the main tal in classical music of the eastern world. We can practice these tal by playing any tal musical instrument. You can select your favorite songs of any genres for the practice of: Dadara (6 Beats), Kaharawa (8 Beats), Roopak (7 Beats), Jhaptaal (10 Beats), Jyhaure (6 Beats), Khyali (4 Beats), Samala (4 Beats) and Selo (4/8 Beats) Tin Tin Na 0 2 3 Dhi Na 4 5 Dhi Na 6 7 RUPAKTAL
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 245 Task 1: Jhyaure Tal The jhyãure songs use the jhyãure poetic meters and variations of the following jhyaure tãls (for the mãdal): Fast Jhyauretãl Bol Ghin Ti Na Ghin Na || Beat 1 2 3 4 5 6 || Strong Beats X (X) || Slow Jhyauretãl Bol Ghin Ghin Tang Khat Ghin Tang || Beat 1 2 3 4 5 6 || Strong Beats X (X) || Task 2: ;'g syf Pp6f uLt (Cinema: ;fOgf]) Tal : Kaharawa, Scale: D Minor Vocal -:j/_: Danny Denzongpa Music -;+uLt_: Ranjit Gajmer, Lyrics -/rgf_: Kusum Gajmer & Danny Denzongpa :yfoL – u /] ;f – – – – – – – – – – – – lg ;f ;f k lg ;f /] d ;f k d – ;f k d – – d u /] kd kd /] /] – – – – – – – – ;f lg;f /];f lg lg ;f /]/] ;f u/] ;f ;f – u/] ;f ;f k cGt/f ..M ;f /] u d ;f /] d kd kd u/] ;f k w k w ;f /] u k d /] du du /];f ;f ;f ;f bf];|f] cGt/f klg o:t} u/L ahfpg]
246 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Task 3: Harmonium (Sur Practice) Ps cf/f]x ;f;f /]/] uu dd kk ww lglg ;f+;f+ cj/f]x ;f+;f+ lglg ww kk dd uu /]/] ;f;f . b'O{ cf/f]x ;f;f/] /]/]u uud ddk kkw wwlg lglg;f+ cj/f]x ;f+;f+lg lglgw wwk kkd ddu uu/] /]/];f . tLg cf/f]x ;f/]u /]ud udk dkw kwlg wlg;f+ cj/f]x ;f+lgw lgwk wkd kdu du/] u/];f . rf/ cf/f]x ;f/]ud /]udk udkw dkwlg kwlg;f+ cj/f]x ;f+lgwk lgwkd wkdu kdu/] du/];f . kf“r cf/f]x ;f/] ;f/]u /]u /]ud ud udk dk dkw kw kwlg wlg wlg;f+ cj/f]x ;f+lg ;f+lgw lgw lgwk wk wkd kd kdu du du/] u/] u/];f . Task 4: Modern Song (Samala Beat) Title : ;a}n] lbg] p:t} x'G5 dfof, Lyrics -/rg_: Surendra Rana Vocal -:j/_: Tara Thapa, Music -;+uLt_: Ram Thapa
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 247 Song: ;a}n] lbg] p:t} x'G5 dfof F Gm ;a}n] lbg] p:t} x'G5 dfof Bb C7 F t/ d gf}nf] k|Lt lbG5' F Dm F ltdLnfO{ g} ;DemL–;DemL /r]sf] Bb F d'6' e/Lsf] rf]vf] uLt lbG5' F G F elGbgF d ltdLnfO{ G F l6k]/ cfsfzsf] h"g lbG5' F Bb F a? uLt cfsfzdf ;w}F u'lGh/xg] F Gm F oxL uLtsf] dL7f] w'g lbG5' F G F elGbgF d ltdLnfO{ G F lhGbuLel/ g} ;fy lbG5' F Bb F a? dg cfsfzdf ;w}F v]ln/xg] F Gm F oxL uLtsf] Gofgf] efj lbG5'
248 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Task 5: Modern / Classical Song (Guitar Chord) Title : l;l/df l;/L gL sfG5f Lyrics -/rg_ ÷ Music -;+uLt_ : Dharma Raj Thapa Vocal -:j/_: Narayan Gopal & Gyanu Rana Album : Gyanu Rana Ka Lok Geet Song: l;l/df l;/L lg sfG5f G#................................................................ l;l/df l;/L lg sfG5f atf;} rNof] . Fm.....................C#........G#.......................... afa/L k'mnsf] jf;gf ;'g d]/f] lg/dfof .. G#........................................................... dfofn' cfof] lg sfG5f kmfn / xfGb} . Fm................C#......G#........................... gaf]n] klg xfF;g ;'g d]/f] lg/dfof .. G#................................................................ 9'ª\ufsf] 5fgf] lg sfG5L l6gsf] 5fgf] . Fm.....................C#................G#......................... gf}tn] 3/sf] afxf;Dd ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#.................................................................... ltd|f] / xfd|f] lg sfG5L e]6 / 3f6}df . Fm.....................C#.................G#........................... of] dfof n}hfpF sxfF;Dd ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#...............Fm..................C#..............G#... psfnL Hofgsf] s] lr;f] kfgL uf]ug kftn] lkpFnf . Narayangopal
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 249 G#.................Fm.................C#..............G#... km'n ufF;]/ b]ptfnfO{ lbpFnf hLjg sNnfO{ lbpFnf .. G#...................................................................... af9Ldf cfof] lg sfG5f d:of{ª\bL u+uf . Fm....................C#..........G#........................... jfl/ x} lkkn kf/L a/ ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#............................................................. gd/L afFr] lg sfG5f sfnn] ;fFr] . Fm....................C#.............G#.......................... Tof] dfof nfpFnf hgde/ ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#.................Fm.....................C#...........G#... lbg / e/L 3fF;} / sf6\of] sf]O/fnf] / 6fFsL . G#..................Fm..................C#...............G#..... cfFwL / a}F; o;} / uof] cfwL /x\of] vfnL .. G#.............................................................. 3fF;L / sf6\of] lg sfG5L uf]ug 8fnL . Fm.....................C#...........G#......................... ;]lknf] 7fpFdf ;fk xf]nf ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#.............................................................. af]n]/ dfq} lg sfG5L s] kmfObf x'G5 . Fm...............C#............G#......................... l/;fgL eP dfkm xf]nf ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. G#.......................................................... dfofn' cfof] lg sfG5f kmfn / xfGb} . Gyanu Rana
250 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Fm..............C#.................G#.................. gaf]n] klg xfF; g ;'g d]/f] lg/dfof .. ltd|f] / xfd|f] lg sfG5L e]6 / 3f6}df . of] dfof n}hfpm sxfF;Dd ;'g d]/L lg/dfof .. ;'g d]/L lg/dfof, ;'g d]/L lg/dfof, ;'g d]/L lg/dfof ... Task 6 ________________________________________________ Please, practice other tal (beat) of music. You can find chord (notation) and many tutorial videos in the internet as open sources. 2.4. Local Folk Instruments There are numerous folk instruments that can be widely used for the sur and tal in Nepalese music. Harmonium, murali, bansuri, khainjadi, damphu, damha, sarangi, sanahi, etc. are some examples of such folk instruments. Let’s learn and practice these folk instruments. a. Madal -dfbn_ Madal is the major folk instrument of tal (beat). It is a musical landmark of folk music of Nepal. This percussion folk instrument has been widely used in folk, classical, pop, rock and movie songs. It has been using in Indian music as well bollywood film industry. The beats of madal are Ti, Tang, Na, Pak (left beat) and Ka, Ghin, Dhin (right beat). Beating Tyamko Madal, Tal Instrument