Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 101 First Aid a. Quickly move the casualty to a cool place. Remove as much as outer clothing as possible. b. Wrap the casualty in a cold, wet sheet (cloth) and keep the sheet wet until temperature falls to 37.5ºc (99.5ºF). If no sheet is available, fan the casualty or wet with cold water. c. Once the casualty’s temperature meets to normal, replace wet sheet or cloth with dry one. d. If the temperature rises again, repeat all the aforementioned cooling actions. Warning If the casualty becomes unconscious, quickly take or send his/her to the hospital or health post. f) Frost Bite -lxp“n] vfg'_ Frost bite is seen in winter season causing low temperature. It freezes the tissues of extremities usually the lips, fingers and toes due to low temperature. It may damage the tissues permanently in severe cases. It usually occurs in freezing or cold and windy condition (cold wave). The Tarai region of Nepal has risk of frost bite in winter season. Prevention Do not move out of home in cold wave. Wear warm clothes, gloves, cap and mufflers. Drink the warm and hot milk and soup. First Aid Warm the affected part with your hands, in your lap or casualty’s arm pit. Avoid rubbing the affected area. Place the affected part in warm water at around 40ºc (104ºF). Dry carefully and apply a light dressing of fluffed-up, dry gauze bandage. A victim of frostbite
102 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Support the affected limb to reduce swelling. Take or send casualty to the hospital or health post. g) Knocked-out Tooth Sometimes permanent tooth is knocked out. The chewing of hard and strong food substances, dental injury and road accidents may cause knocked-out tooth. It causes panic in gums and jaws. Bleeding and headache may occur due to knocked-out tooth. First Aid i. Rinse the mouth with clean, warm and salty water up to five- seven minutes. ii. Examine the bleeding. If continues, put the sterile gauze or roll of cotton into the socket. iii. Take or send casualty with knocked-out tooth to the hospital or dentist. h) Altitude Sickness (Nepali Name: n]s nfUg') The sickness caused by lack of oxygen while scaling very high hills and mountains is called altitude sickness. The problem may be observed from the altitude of 3,000 meter from the sea level. There is insufficient amount of oxygen above the 5, 000 meter altitude. The availability of oxygen declines as increment of altitude. In this condition, the cells and tissues are unable to gain proper amount of oxygen which depletes the utilization of body energy. It hampers the normal performances of the body causing various symptoms. Therefore, mountaineers carry the oxygen cylinder on their back for sufficient supplement of oxygen in high altitude. Altitude Sickness A child after the extraction of upper tooth
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 103 Sign and Symptoms Nausea Vomiting Headache Weaknesses Breathlessness Unconsciousness Safety Measures i. Never climb the mountain alone. ii. Carry the proper logistic goods i.e. food, clothes, sleeping bag, etc. while climbing. iii. Use the oxygen cylinder as well as garlic in high altitude. iv. Avoid the climbing if symptoms of altitude sickness observe. First Aid i. Lower the casualty from the altitude. ii. Keep the casualty at comfortably and wrapped with warm clothes. iii. Use the Gamow Bag, if available. iv. Do not supply anything to drink in case of vomiting. Provide hot drink items i.e. tea, coffee, etc. to the casualty when vomiting controlled. v. Inform the rescue team, police or army to rescue the casualty. Key Points All the accidents are sudden events. Most of the accidents are caused due to carelessness, ignorance and haste of the people. We should apply safety measures to prevent accidents. The prime objective of the first aid is to save the life of the injured person. The DR-ABC method co-operates to initiate the appropriate first aid service and examines if the casualty is alive or dead. A manual or guide is essential for the proper handling of the first aid kits.
104 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Do not do a finger sweep of the mouth to remove the foreign body because it may forward it towards the throat. The unconsciousness, fainting and casualty due to extreme heat of the sun are known as heatstroke. Choking is a blockage of the airway (windpipe) by food or other foreign objects that prevents a person from breathing effectively. Mostly infants and children can suffer by choking hazard. The injured person or patient must be sent to the hospital or health post immediately after the provision of the first aid. The sickness caused by the lack of oxygen while scaling very high hills and mountains is called altitude sickness. A. Complete the following statements with suitable words. 1. All the accidents are _____________ events. 2. _____________ can be minimized by our own efforts. 3. First aid is an immediate _____________ to a victim at the spot. 4. Burn is caused by _____________ heat. 5. _____________ can block the nose and airways. 6. Choking may appear to the people of _____________ . 7. The body temperature rises above 40°c (104°F) in _____________ . 8. All the users of road must follow the traffic _____________ and _____________ to prevent the road accidents. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. Define first aid in your own words. 2. Write a preventive measure to the accident. 3. Who is a first aider? Define. 4. State the method to check the condition of an injured person. 5. What is mouth-to-mouth respiration? Define. 6. State the conditions to use cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). 7. Define heatstroke in your words. 8. What is frost-bite? Define.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 105 9. What is choking? Define. 10. What is altitude sickness? Define. 11. Why should we not include the medicines in the first aid box? Give a reason. C. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. What are the objectives of the first aid? 2. Explain DR-ABC method in detail. 3. Write the procedures of mouth-to-mouth respiration. 4. What are the step by step procedures of cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? 5. Make a list of any five first aid kits with their uses. 6. Mention the preventive measures against accidents. 7. What is the first aid to foreign body in eyes? Write. 8. State the first aid techniques to foreign body trapping in nose. 9. What is the first aid to foreign body in the ear? Mention. 10. Enlist the first aids against the choking. 11. Mention the symptoms that help to identify the heatstroke. 12. Prepare a set of the first aids to heatstroke. 13. What are the preventive measures to frostbite? State. 14. Discuss the first aid techniques to casualty of frostbite and write. 15. What are the preventive measures to road accidents? Write. 16. What are the first aid techniques to a road accident casualty? Write. 17. Give the first aid techniques to the knock- out tooth. 18. What are the preventive measures to altitude sickness? Write. 19. Illustrate the first aid techniques to save the casualty of altitude sickness. D. Give the appropriate reasons. 1. We should not rub our eye in the presence of foreign body in it. 2. Do not do a finger sweep of the mouth to remove the foreign body. 3. We should not include the medicines in the first aid box.
106 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 4 RISK MANAGEMENT AT SCHOOL 4.1. Introduction A risk is caused by any danger or disaster in the surroundings. The dangerous situation or disasters are always destructive to the human beings. The land, building, physical infrastructures and lives get damaged from disasters. The livelihood becomes miserable. The consequence or damage caused by disasters and dangerous situations is risk or risky situation. Earthquake, flood, landslide, thunder, storm, radiation, fire, road accidents, etc. are some examples of disaster. These disasters do not destroy lives and properties only. The probable factor of risk is ignorance of human beings toward the danger. 4.2. School and Risk The school is a sensitive zone of the community. The structures of a school are for children, teachers and workers and therefore should be safe. The structures of a school include offices, classrooms, library, laboratory, auditorium, cafeteria, bathrooms, playground, garden, parking zone and other places. Every corner of the school must be safe to all. The academic building of a community school (Kaski) and students Thunder in Kathmandu valley
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 107 The school may remain at risk. The finding of probable risks in the school is a primary act to have a safe living in school. The risks that a school may be prone to are listed below. Electric shock Chemical Hazard Cut / Wound / Injury Sprain / Cramp Insect Bite Firing Foreign body in ear, nose and eye RTA (Road Traffic Accident) Lightning and Thunder 4.3. Identification of Safe Zone and Mapping at School The school is a form of various structures. The teachers, students and other working human resource of school must have proper knowledge and information about safe zone of school. The regular interaction, discussion and meeting should be arranged on this issue. The chart, display board and map representing risk free area should be placed at different corners of the school to give the message. The visitors can also receive the message for their personal safety. The evacuation map and disaster calendar are other basic requirements to be displayed in the school premises. Identification of Safer and Unsafe Location inside a building to be safe from earthquake and similar risk
108 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The playground and other similar open spaces are comparatively safer at the time of emergency in the school. The ladder, bathrooms, window, ceiling, area around the electric devices and circuit are unsafe zone inside the buildings. The door, table area and the area under the beam are safe. Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Hazard Earthquake Inquiry Comm. Disease Faints Chemical Hazards Animal Bite R.T.A. Food Poisoning Firing Electric Shock Lightning and Thunder Insect Bite (Bee/Hornet) Months at Risk Risk Free Months Disaster calendar (SOS Herman Gmeiner School, Bharatpur, Chitawan) Evacuation Map at the schools
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 109 4.4. Prevention of Risks at School and Home The risks are preventive and controllable. The school and home should be safer for living. There are some techniques which can keep our school and home a safer place. They can reduce the risk. Install the retrofitting technology in school building, house and other construction against earthquake. Train local people for quick rescue after disaster such as earthquake, thunder, firing, etc. Install the reliable security system at school building and house such as fire extinguisher, earthing device, MCB, etc. Manage the emergency exit point in the classroom, library, office and other places of school building. Manage the emergency exit point in the rooms, rooftop and other places of the houses. Install the siren devices in school and different locations of the community to announce the notice of risk / danger. Handle the chemical substances and electric devices carefully at home and school. Manage the logistic devices for the rescue operation in emergency. Clear the bushes, shrubs, drainage and hole around the school and house. It supports to control insect bite, snake bite and jackal’s attack. Fire extinguisher, Earthing device and Siren
110 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Key Points A risk is a result of any danger and disaster. Land, building, physical infrastructures, assets and lives get damaged from the disasters. The ignorance of human beings is probable factor of risk. The structures of a school are for children, teachers and workers and thus should be safe. The structures of school include offices, classrooms, library, laboratory, auditorium hall, cafeteria, bathrooms, playground, garden, parking zone and other places. Every corner of the school must be safe for all. The school and home should be safer for living to all. A. Find the right answers from the given alternatives and circle (O) each of them. 1. What is the device that gives the signal of an emergency condition? Siren Call Bell Horn (Vehicle) 2. What is the safer zone at the time of earthquake? Canteen Assembly Hall Playground 3. Which is the more dangerous at the time of thunder and lightning? Tree Tallest Tower Telephone Set 4. MCB controls the overflow of _____________ . Water Supply Wind Electric current B. Write short answers to the following questions. 1. What is risk? Define. 2. Give any four examples of risk that may be seen at home. 3. Give any four examples of risk that may be seen at school. 4. What is safe zone at school? Define. 5. Name the technology that prevents the damage of earthquake.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 111 6. Name the technology that is against thunder and lightning. 7. What is the importance of evacuation map? 8. What is fire extinguisher? Define. 9. Mention any four frequent risks that appear in your school. C. Write long answers to the following questions. 1. What are the techniques to prevent the risky condition at home? Write. 2. What are the techniques to prevent the risky condition at school? Write. Project Work a) Prepare an evacuation map for your school and display at various locations. b) Prepare a disaster calendar for your school and display at various locations. c) Organize a discussion panel about the following traffic signs, their uses and need in the school to minimize risks.
112 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 5 DISASTER AND SAFETY 5.1. Introduction Earthquake, flood, landslide, drought, glacial lake outburst, thunder, storm, radiation, fire, etc. are natural and artificial disasters. These disasters not only destroy lives and assets but also have high probability to harm the health and lifeline facilities in the community. Disaster management reduces the risk of disasters and destruction. 5.2. Safety from Disasters Safety is a basic element of life and health. We can prevent and minimize the risk by obeying the safety measures. Safety is being away from any kind of risk or risky activities and disasters. a) Fire A house on fire Fire is a natural and artificial disaster. Fire traps forests, houses, cottages and other assets. Prolonged dryness, windy weather, discarded cigarettes,
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 113 fire crackers, leakage of electric current, cooking gas and unsafe storage of fuel brings the risk in all seasons. Fire-brigade, fire extinguisher, use of water stream and fire fighting team can control the burning fire. Safety measures Keep the fire materials such as match box and lighter very safely. Store kerosene, petrol, diesel, cooking gas (LPG) and acid at safe place. Combustible materials and inflammable substances should be out of children’s reach. Electric wiring and appliances should be checked regularly and MCB must be installed. Earthing system should be installed at the buildings. There should be provision of fire extinguisher at the buildings. People should get the training of fire fighting. If you are at risk, please dial the emergency call numbers for immediate support and rescue. b) Storm / Wind Wind and storm are powerful wave of air. They cause heavy damages in the community. The destruction of physical properties, casualties and fatalities are caused by wind and storm in summer. The windy weather of summer causes mass destruction. Trees, electric pole, cable, tower and building fall down in storm. The soil, dust, roofs and truss fly in the air. Hit of storm (Tornado) in Bara -2019 AD
114 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Safety measures Stay inside the home while wind and storm occur. Do not take the shelter below the electric pole, tower and tall trees. Avoid the downed electric / telephone pole, cable, tower and tall trees. Do not take the shelter around the power station. Turn off the power supply at home, office and working station. Do not use cell phone, telephone and electrical appliances. Do not touch and operate electrical appliances. If you are at risk, please dial the emergency call numbers for immediate support and rescue. c) Earthquake The shaking of the surface of the earth resulting from the movement of crust plates that creates seismic waves is called earthquake. The seismological studies clarify that entire region of Nepal is highly prone to earthquake. Himalayan region of Nepal remains in active seismic zone. Damaged base of The Dharahara, Kathmandu
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 115 Earthquake damages human lives, assets and physical infrastructure. It breaks water damp, collapses the land, hill, mountain, power station and nuclear power plant causing flood, landslide and nuclear leakage. Preparedness for Earthquake i. Before an Earthquake Install the Retrofitting Technology in the house and building. Consult the engineers to select the construction site and design any structure. Make a discussion at home to identify the safe and unsafe spaces inside and outside the home. Gather survival materials and prepare “Earthquake GO BAG”. This is also known as emergency bag. Attain the knowledge of the first aid. Safe & Unsafe Space inside the house Earthquake Go Bag ii) During Earthquake Do not lose confidence. Remain calm, self-controlled and rush to safe space. If you are inside the house and building Do not panic and run. Reach a near by door, window, table and bed. Protect head and neck. Perform your drop, cover and hold method. It is also known as duck hold method.
116 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Do not jump out from the windows, balconies and ventilation. If you are on the ground floor then rush out from the house as soon as possible. A simple skill to be self-protected during earthquake If you are outside the house and building Stay away from electric wire, transformer, big tree, tower and vehicle and move to an open space. If you are driving a vehicle, stop driving and rush toward an open space. iii) After Earthquake Report instantly to rescue operation team, police and army. Be cautious about possible aftershocks. Do not panic or create panic. Do not play any role to spread or subscribe to rumors. There is a group of people in the image. Please, observe their activities and write in 2/3 sentences what they are doing. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ 5.1
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 117 d) Flood and Landslide The excessive flow of water in the river, stream, rivulet and creek is called flood. Flood increases the level and volume of water. Heavy rainfall and outbreak of water reservoir cause flood. Landslide, destruction of land, settlement and physical construction are consequences of flood. Tarai region of Nepal is more prone to damage of flood. Photo: Flood in river and Landslide in hilly region of Nepal The slide down of huge mass of land and rock is called landslide. Landslide collapses the sloppy and loose land. Hilly and mountain regions are at risk of landslide. Heavy rainfall, loose land, deforestation, unscientific technology of harvesting and random development activities are the causes of landslide. Preparedness for Flood and Landslide: i) Before Flood and Landslide: Plant trees at bare land, cliff, sloppy land and bank of river and stream. Build embankment at river side, stream and loose land. Do not make houses and buildings on the land having loose geostructure and at river side. Install the siren technology at the river and hill side with probability of landslide. Organize meeting, seminar, discussion and campaign about the prevention and preparedness of flood and landslide. Manage the logistic materials viz. rope, life jacket and boat for rescue.
118 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) ii) During Flood and Landslide: Keep the children, sick, disabled and aged person at safe place. Counsel the victim of disaster. Manage the first aid to the injured persons. Report instantly to rescue operation team, police and army. 5.3. Safety at Home and School Safety measures are set of precautions against the accidents /risk. We have separate safety measures at home, school and road. i) Safety Measures at Home a. Keep the inflammable substances for example: match box, lighter, kerosene, petrol, etc. very safely and out of children’s reach. b. Turn off the gas cylinder and stove after use. Check the gas equipment such as gas cylinder, geyser, stove, etc. regularly. c. Check the electric circuit and appliances regularly. d. Do not attempt to maintain and repair the electric appliances yourself while they are operating. e. Do not allow the children to play at open terrace, railing, ladder, escalator, rooftop and balcony of the building. f. Do not keep the floor, kitchen, ladder and bathroom wet and slippery. g. Do not play with sharp things i.e., blade, knife, sickle, etc. h. Maintain proper lighting system at every corner of the house and building. i. Do not close the window, door and ventilation completely while using heater, oven and gas geyser. j. Keep all the medicines, pesticide and insecticides at right places safely. k. Fill up the trench and canal around home and building. ii) Safety Measures at School Safe environment is necessary in school premises to save the children from injuries. Teachers, children and others must be aware at office, classroom, library, laboratory, assembly hall, playground, parking stand and
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 119 the cafeteria of school. The following safety measures can be applied to prevent the accidental cases in the school: Photo: Firefighting preparedness in a school of Chitawan Pass in queue while going to classroom, library, laboratory and bathroom. Stop playing on the windows and door. Stop running inside the classroom. Operate the apparatus safely in the laboratory. Avoid unsafe touch with switch board, wire, fan and other appliances. Do not climb on the tree, wall, pole and bar of swing and do not jump from there. Discourage the children to play inside the classroom and at ladder, parking area, door and window. Install the fire extinguisher in the buildings. Manage proper lighting and ventilation system inside the buildings. Fire Extinguisher
120 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Do not keep the floor, ladder, laboratory and bathroom wet and slippery. Organize the preparedness classes or trainings on safety and rescue in the school. ii) Safety Measures on the Playground The playground of school is more prone to accidents. The schools can make playground safe for the children. The following safety measures can be applied to prevent the injuries in the school’s playground: Observe the playground before use and discard the foreign bodies from the ground. Check the sports materials before use and discard the defective ones. Encourage the students to use safety materials before playing. Maintain sports discipline in the playground. Make the playground grassy or bushy. Use the separate playground for kids and seniors. Manage the security wall / fence and parking zone at the playground. Key Points Earthquake, flood, landslide, drought, glacial lake outbrust, thunder, storm, radiation, fire, etc. are natural and artificial disasters. Safety means being away from any kind of risk or risky activities and disasters. Fire is a natural and artificial disaster. Wind and storm are powerful wave of air that causes heavy damages in the community. The shaking of the surface of the earth resulting from the movement of crust plates that creates seismic waves is called earthquake. Safe environment is necessary in school premises to save the children from injuries. The playground of school is more prone to accidents. Flood increases the level and volume of water. Heavy rainfall and outbreak of water reservoir cause flood. The slide down of huge mass of land and rock is called landslide.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 121 A. State whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Earthquake, flood, landslide, drought, glacial lake outbrust, thunder, storm, radiation, fire, etc. are natural disasters. 2. Safety measures are set of precautions against the accidents /risk. 3. Fire brigade can control burning of all sources. 4. MCB is a device that controls the high flow of electric current at home and buildings. 5. Drop, cover and hold on method is associated with safety from earthquake. 6. Landslide, destruction of land, settlement and physical construction are consequences of flood. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is the meaning of safety? Write. 2. What is earthquake? Define. 3. What is storm? Define. 4. What is fire extinguisher? Write. 5. What is flood? Define. 6. What is landslide? Define. C. Answer the following long questions. 1. What are the appropriate safety measures to be safe from earthquake? Write. 2. Mention the preventive measures to control fire. 3. State the safety measures to be safe from wind and storm. 4. What type of the safety measures do you apply to control accidents in your home? 5. What are the safety measures to control accidents in school playground? 6. Make a list of actions that should not be done during earthquake. 7. State the safety measures to be safe from flood and landslide. 8. Make a list of actions that should not be done during flood and landslide.
122 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Practical Work a) Organize a drill on drop, cover and hold on method of earthquake in your class or school. Disaster management team (DMT) or Health and Physical Education (HPE) department of your school may facilitate you. b) Organize a fire-fighting drill to control fire as emergency preparedness. Please, remember these Hotline Numbers for Emergency Service inside the country. Name of Service Provider Hotline Numbers English g]kfnL Nepal Police Hotline Service g]kfn k|x/L x6nfOg ;]jf 100 Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal Hotline Service ;z:q k|x/Lan g]kfn x6nfOg ;]jf 1114 Nepal Red cross Society Hotline Service g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L x6nfOg ;]jf 1130 Fire brigade (Municipality / Rural Municipality) cfÇgf] gu/kflnsf jf ufpFkflnsfsf] af?0f oGq ÷ bdsn .............?
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 123 SEXUAL AND 5 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Menstruation and Hygiene 2 Contraception and Means Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours)
124 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 1 MENSTRUATION AND HYGIENE 1.1. Reproductive Health Reproductive health includes the betterment of all male and female reproductive organs, system and their process. It deals with the soundness of whole reproductive system, its organs and proper functions. It focuses on woman’s health. It is said that reproductive health provides proper and complete security to pregnant, postnatal woman and the infant. 1.2. Menstruation and Process A periodic discharge of blood and mucus from the vagina of female body every 28 days is called menstruation. This process is also termed as menses. This process commences from the age of 9-11 years and pauses at 45-55 years. So, menstruation covers 11 to 55 years in the life of female. Menstruation is purely natural and biological process of female body that cleans the internal reproductive organs. The female hormones have a great role in menstruation process. There are many stigmas, myth and practices in the family and community toward menstruation process. In normal condition, the ovary releases an ovum at once every 28 days. This process is called ovulation. Ovulation appears on the 14th day of menstruation. The released ovum is transmitted to fallopian tube and prepares for fertilization. If the fertilization process does not occur then ovum dies within few days (3 days). The wall of uterus starts to become thick and blood capillaries break. It causes bleeding. The blood discharges through the vagina taking away dead ovum, mucus, tissues and other wastes. This process is called menstruation and goes on 4-6 days. The excessive, less and prolonged bleeding are general problems associated with menstruation. Menstruation Process / Period
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 125 Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and vaginal infection are also common problems for women. It includes pain at abdomen, waist, backbone, chest, breast, mood off / anxiety, irritation, aggression and similar problems. The best preventive measure is taking adequate rest and using medications under prescription of the medical persons in severe cases. Facts you need to know about menstruation 1. Menstruation is a normal process. 2. Menstruation is not a sickness. 3. Girls can have irregular cycles in their first few years of menstruation. 4. Girls experience many changes around the time they get their first period. 5. Menstruation does not have to be a secret so there is no need to be ashamed. 6. Sometimes menstruation can be painful. 7. Exercise is really good for girls, no matter which time of the month it is. 8. A girl’s body will be healthy if she practices good hygiene during her period. a) Benefits of Menstruation Process The uterus and vagina become clean and well along with menstruation process. The uterus starts to recover the ovulation and appropriate condition for the development of fertilized ovum (zygote). This entire process is observed every 28 days in a cyclic order. b) Care in Menstruation Personal cleanliness is more essential during menstruation than maintaining your rituals and customs. Follow the following ideas to care during this process: a. Take a bath regularly. b. Change your inner body garments daily. c. Use the sanitary pad and change when it gets wet. d. Do not perform heavy works. e. Take rest if needed. f. Drink plenty of water, milk and juice daily.
126 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) g. Consume more nutritious food than the usual quantity. h. “Don’t be ashamed if something seems wrong. Get help.” We should eat nutrient foods during Menstruation periods Let's discuss openly with our friends, sisters and family about menstruation Menstruation and Care: Messages Issued for the Public Interest 1.3. Menstrual Hygiene and Sanitary Items Menstrual hygiene is a prime action under personal hygiene against the infection of the venereal organs. The proper menstrual hygiene can assure the fresh mood, power and will to the menstruated girl / woman. They can involve in their regular activities and functions without any hesitation. A girl’s body will be healthy if she practices good hygiene during her period. a) Sanitary Pad, Use and Dispose The use of sanitary pad / napkin is a primary action to maintain menstrual hygiene. The pad absorbs the vaginal discharge containing blood, mucus, tissues and other wastes. The low-quality products of sanitary pad cannot have such benefits. The sanitary pads have different forms. The homemade, commercial, biodegradable and non-biodegradable are common types for sanitary pads. The eco-friendly (biodegradable) sanitary pads should be chosen. Disposable and Eco - friendly Sanitary Pad
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 127 The use of non-biodegradable sanitary pads should be discouraged. These pads are difficult to dispose and remain in environment for long time. The randomly discarded sanitary pads are being great environmental hazard (pollution) in the world. The large quantities of used sanitary pads are thrown into the community everyday. The used sanitary pads should be collected in a bin or zone for the safe disposal. The disposable sanitary pads cannot go for re-use and long-term use. The used pad must be replaced after 3-4 hours of use even when they are notwetted. The use of hot-water to clean the vulva is also beneficial. The wholebody bath is the best practice for the cleaning. The reusable menstrual cup is also available. The use of menstrual cup for long time is unhygienic and causes risk of infection i.e., Candida (fungal infection). b) Making of Reusable Sanitary Pad We can prepare the safe and comfortable sanitary pad of different sizes. These homemade sanitary pads are reusable and cheap. We can use soft and strong cotton clothes for the production. Each piece of sanitary pads should have at least three layers. Less number of layers may be insufficient to prevent the leakage of blood. The sponge can be used to make the product reliable. Please write a short introduction to this machine with its advantages. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 1.1 Menstrual Cup
128 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 1.4. Queries at Adolescence Stage and Self Control The adolescence stage is a transitional phase of an individual. The adolescents are emotional, highly sensitive and active. They have boundless queries on various issues of health, life and society. The parents, teachers and all stakeholders should be conscious about their queries and matter of interest. They have widened queries and interest on love-affair, sexual and reproductive topics. They are highly excited to know about sexual intercourse, hand sex, physical changes, pregnancy, abortion, audio / video materials and contraceptive devices. The adolescents feel the attraction toward someone, their love, relation and marriage. They should be aware of their interests, emotion and future consequences of their activities. They may involve in sexual and cyber related crimes, if there is lacking of self-control in young stage. Key Points Reproductive health means the betterment of all male and female reproductive organs, system and their process. A periodic discharge of blood and mucus from the vagina of female body every 28 days is called menstruation. During ovulation, the ovary releases an ovum. Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common problem that includes pain at abdomen, waist, chest, breast, mood off / anxiety, irritation, aggression and similar problems. Personal cleanliness is more essential during menstruation than maintaining the rituals and customs. Menstrual hygiene is a prime action under personal hygiene against the infection of the venereal organs. The disposable sanitary pads cannot go for re-use and long-term use that must be replaced after 4-6 hours of use even if they are dry. The menstrual hygiene day falls on the 28th of May every year. A girl’s body will be healthy if she practices good hygiene during her period. The adolescence stage is a transitional phase of an individual. The adolescents have boundless queries on various issues health, life and society.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 129 A. Tick the right answer from the alternatives. 1. The world menstrual hygiene day falls on ______________ a. May 28 ( ) b. February 26 ( ) c. April 1 ( ) 2. A disposal sanitary pad can serve ____________ hours only. a. 3-4 ( ) b. 6-8 ( ) c. 8-10 ( ) 3. The life span of an ovum is _________day. a. 3 ( ) b. 4 ( ) c. 2 ( ) 4. There are high chances of involvement in sexual and cyber related crimes, if there is lacking of self-control in________________. a. childhood ( ) b. young stage ( ) c. old stage ( ) 5. The released ovum is transmitted into _________________. a. vagina ( ) b. cervix ( ) c. fallopian tube ( ) B. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is reproductive health? Define. 2. What is menstruation? Define. 3. What is ovulation? Define. 4. What is pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)? 5. State the benefits of menstruation. 6. What is menstrual hygiene? Define.
130 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 7. What is zygote? Write. 8. What are the types of sanitary pads? Mention. 9. Why is non-biodegradable sanitary pad an environmental burden? C. Answer the following long questions. 1. Explain the menstruation process. 2. What are the ways to care during menses? 3. What are the safe disposal methods of sanitary pad? Write. 4. Discuss the queries of adolescents in detail. 5. Draw a diagram to show the menstruation process. 6. “Don’t be ashamed if something seems wrong. Get help in menstrual problem.” What is the sense of the statement? Write clearly. Project Work Please, write a short conversation or song on the topic of menstrual hygiene and its practices in the community.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 131 LESSON 2 CONTRACEPTION AND MEANS 2.1. Introduction Contraception means prevention of conception by using any device or without using any device. It helps to control unwanted pregnancy and birth. It also helps to create small and happy family. The devices / means that are used for the contraceptive purpose are contraceptive means. There are several methods of contraception. These methods are mainly available in two forms (natural and artificial). i. Natural Method ii. Permanent Method iii. Temporary Method i) Natural Method a) Rhythm This method is also known as calendar method. It is not necessary to use any contraceptive device during sexual intercourse to prevent conception under this method. It is based on menstruation cycle of female body. The first eight days and last ten days of menstruation are considered as safe (infertile) period. There is no ovulation during safe period in the female body, so no chance of conception. Menstruation Cycle and Safe Period
132 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) The following information can be drawn from the above chart: SN Menstruation Cycle Total Days Periods 1 Days: 1st -7th 7 Safe (infertile) Period 2 Days: 8th -19th 12 Fertile Period 3 Days: 20th -28th 9 Safe Period b) Withdrawal Method This method is only outer ejaculation of semen from the penis. The penis is taken out from the vagina during the sexual intercourse before the ejaculation. So, it is also called coitus interruption method. Withdrawal method prevents the entering of sperm into the uterus. It is less reliable and inconvenient method. This is a traditional method of contraception. ii) Temporary Method There are several contraceptive devices available for men and women. These contraceptives are used for certain periods as per the need. a) Temporary Contraceptive – Male i) Condom Condom is a rubber tube that prevents discharge of semen into vagina during sexual intercourse. It is most common and secured device for contraception. It is used on penis. It is the only method that can prevent sexually transmitted diseases or infections (STD / STI). Dhal, Panther, Jodi, Kama sutra, etc. are some market names of condoms. Condoms (Male)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 133 b) Temporary Contraceptives – Female There are various choices for female. They can select any appropriate temporary device as per the need and interest. i) Femidom It is female condom that is designed for female. It is used inside the vagina through vulva. Male Condom Female Condom ii) Pills Pills are oral tablets. They are found in the form of Nilocon White and Sunaulo Gulaf. They interrupt the release of ovum from ovary and prevent conception. The two-colored tablets are available in a sheet. They are white and gray. It must be used as per doctor’s advice. It has 99 percent success rate. Pills (Oral tablets) iii) IUD (Intra-Uterine Device) This device is inserted into uterus. A doctor or trained person can serve it. The most common device is Copper T. It has T- shaped plastic rod where copper wire is wrapped. The copper wire treats with sperm and makes it inactive. It works for 10 years and can be
134 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) removed easily if pregnancy is desired. Loop and spiral are other products of IUD. Copper T Inserted Copper T iv) Foam Tablet Foam tablet is available in the name of Kamal Chakki in Nepali market. It is used into cervix about 10-15 minutes before sexual intercourse. It melts and forms coat of foam to prevent passing of sperm. v) Depo-Provera Depo-Provera is an injection that must be injected quarterly or in the interval of three months. It is used into the arm within seven days of menstruation. It is also given into the muscle of thigh. It suppresses the ovary and ovum release is stopped. It also makes the mucus in the cervix thick so that sperm cannot enter into uterus. Its market name is Sangini. Please, study the poster of a contraceptive and answer the given questions. a. Name of the contraceptive: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ b. How many months can a single dose serve? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 2.1
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 135 vi) Implant Implant is one of the most effective and popular reversible contraceptive methods offering both convenience and a high degree of reliability up to five years. Two small, thin and flexible rod-shaped capsules are implanted under the skin of upper arm. It works by inhibition of ovulation and thickening of the cervical mucus, which thus becomes impermeable to sperm. It should be inserted within 7 days after the onset of menstrual or immediately or within 7 days after abortion. Please, collect the tutorial video of contraceptives and display in the AV classroom for the discussion. 2.2 vii) Diaphragm Diaphragm is a rubber cap that is inserted into the cervix of uterus. It blocks the passage of sperm. Diaphragm viii) Vaginal Cream The chemical substances can be used instead of foam tablets. These are available in the form of cream, paste, gel, etc. It is applied into vagina before sexual intercourse and it kills the sperm to prevent conception. An implant
136 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) iii) Permanent Method Vasectomy, laparoscopy and minilap are permanent methods of contraception for both male and female. Vasectomy is adopted as male sterilization while laparoscopy and minilap are for female. a) Vasectomy (Male Sterilization) A minor operation is done in vasectomy. The vas deferens are cut and tied by using sterilized fiber or thread to block the flow of sperm from testes. b) Laparoscopy & Minilaparotomy (Female Sterilization) A minor operation or surgery is done in these methods of contraception. These both methods block the fallopian tube of uterus. Both fallopian tubes are tied up by using sterilized thread or fiber in laparoscopy. Minilap (short form) is slightly different from laparoscopy. The fallopian tubes are cut and tied up in minilap. These methods prevent the flow of ovum from ovary to fallopian tubes. Tubal Ligation: Laparoscopy (down) and Minilap (above) Vasectomy
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 137 1.5. Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion The pregnancy is a fertility process. The woman has first right to decide to be pregnant. The pregnancy without woman’s interest and need is called unwanted pregnancy. Sometimes, it may include the pregnancy without couple’s interest. An abortion is a removal of an embryo or fetus. It is also a termination of pregnancy. The abortion must be taken as physical and medical requirements under doctor’s prescription. The personal interest of a woman is also an important aspect as far as abortion is concerned. Abortion is a complicated and risky practice. It is one of the major public issues. Unsafe abortion may lead a pregnant woman to death easily. Unsafe abortion also causes infection, excessive bleeding, anemia and infertility. So, it must be done at an authentic hospital, health post and clinic with the support of recognized doctors and trained or skilled health workers. In Nepal, abortion was legalized in 2002 AD. According to Abortion Law 2002 couples or women can abort the gestation of three months or 12 weeks only on request and up to 18 weeks’ gestation in cases of rape or incest. Please make a list of recognized health institutions of your community that offers the service for the safe abortion. 2.2 Key Points Contraception means prevention of conception by using any device or without using the device. Condom is the only method that can prevent sexually transmitted diseases or infections. The socio-cultural background plays the crucial role to share and manage sexual and reproductive issues. Abortion is an extraction of an embryo or fetus from the uterus. The unsafe abortion means the abortion undertaken at unauthorized hospitals, health center, medical center and by such medical practitioners. According to Abortion Law 2002 couples or women can abort the gestation of three months or 12 weeks only on request and up to 18 weeks’ gestation in cases of rape or incest.
138 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) A. Complete the following statements with correct words. 1. Vasectomy is a male _____________ . 2. _____________ and _____________ methods block the fallopian tube of female body. 3. Calendar method is based on _____________ . 4. _____________ is inserted into uterus. 5. _____________ works for 5 years. B. Answer the following short questions. 1. Define contraception. 2. What is vasectomy? Define. 3. What is laparoscopy? Define. 4. What is minilap? Define. 5. Show the difference between vasectomy and minilap. 6. Name the only one contraceptive that prevents STD. 7. What is a diaphragm? Write. 8. What are natural methods of contraception? 9. What are permanent methods of contraception? 10. What are any four temporary methods of contraception? 11. What is the meaning of unwanted pregnancy? Write. 12. What is abortion? Define. 13. Write any two risks of unsafe abortion. 14. Define unsafe abortion. 15. Write short notes on: a. Femidom b. IUD c. Pills d. Foam Tablet
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 139 16. Complete the following table with the necessary information: SN Contraceptives Market Name or Product 1 Condom 2 Pills 3 Depo-Provera 4 Foam Tablet 5 IUD C. Answer the following long questions. 1. Give the introduction to rhythm method. 2. Write about withdrawal method. 3. List out temporary contraceptives designed for women. 4. What is the working process of Depo-Provera? Write. 5. What is the working process of an implant? Write. Practical Work / Field Visit Visit any hospital, health post, health center or medical clinic of your area and describe its facilities and services on reproductive health and contraception.
140 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) PART 2 PHYSICAL Education Estimated Teaching Hours: 32 Hours (Working Hours)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 141 PHYSICAL EXERCISE 6 AND DRILL Unit COURSE CONTENTS: Lesson Topics 1 Physical Exercise 2 Drill / March Estimated Teaching Hours: 6 Hours (Working Hours)
142 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) LESSON 1 PHYSICAL EXERCISE 1.1. Introduction Physical exercise is one of the major parts of physical education. Any bodily activity that enhances the performances of both body and its parts is called physical exercise. It enhances physical fitness, agility and keeps us healthy. We must perform physical exercise regularly at proper time and proper place. We studied about various exercises in previous grades. Now we read some more exercises in this grade. a) Warm up Exercise This exercise activates our body and prepares us for sports and games. They are helpful to minimize the injuries while playing. Some warm up exercises are as: 1. Jogging (Still) i. Stand in an attention position. ii. Jump slightly maintaining balance between the left leg cum right hand and right leg cum left hand. Look straight forward while making the body loose. iii. Jump and count 1, 2, 3 up to 16. iv. Raise your hands above the head after counting 16. v. Jump and count up to 32. vi. Put your hands down slowly and limit the jumps and get the recess at 32nd counts. Children and Exercise Still Jogging
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 143 2. Knee Exercise (Rotation) a. Stand in attention position. b. Slightly bend your knees. c. Fix your both palms on the knees. d. Bow your body to the front. e. Rotate your knees left to right and right to left. f. Continue rotation up to 10 times. 3. Exercise of Chest, Shoulder, Waist and Arm a. Stand in attention position on the floor or mat. b. Touch your toes with fingers tips bending your body at waist. c. Reverse into attention position after a while. d. Continue this cycle up to 10 times. The warm up exercises jumping, skipping, running backward, ankle rotation, stepping, shoulder rotation, hip rotation, neck rotation, etc. are also beneficial to us. These differ as per the type of the sports and games. Please, make a plan to commence various warm up exercises and discuss in the class. 1.1 b) Cooling Down Exercise After exercise, the blood in the body is heavy in all the extremities and heart rate is usually elevated. Cool-down activities focus on slow movements and stretching the body and parts, allowing the heart rate to return to normal after vigorous activity. It gives the improved flexibility to the stretched body to work. A cooling down exercise: Single Knee to Chest Stretch Knee Rotation A position of Chest, Shoulder, Waist, and Arm
144 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) Key Points Physical exercise enhances physical fitness, agility and keeps us healthy and mentally fit. Warm up exercise activates our body and prepares us for sports and games. Jogging refreshes the body and mind. The warm up exercises jumping, skipping, running backward, ankle rotation, stepping, shoulder rotation, hip rotation, neck rotation, etc. are also beneficial to us. Cool-down activities focus on slow movements and stretching, allowing the heart rate to return to normal after vigorous activity. Cool-down activities also help to prepare the children for the transition back into the classroom setting. The purpose of the cool down is to return the heart rate close to resting. A. Answer the following short questions. 1. What is physical exercise? Define. 2. What is the process to perform knee exercise? Write the steps. 3. For what game does knee exercise help the players? 4. Why do we perform warm up exercise before playing? Give any two reasons. 5. Name any two warm up exercises. 6. Write any two advantages of exercise. 7. What is cool-down exercise? Define. 8. Write an advantage of cool-down exercise.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 145 LESSON 2 DRILL / MARCH 2.1. Introduction Drill (Nepali translation: Kawaz) is one of the major parts of military life. Nowadays, it is also a part of physical activity for school children, scout and national function. Drill can be defined as an action to perform collective tasks in disciplinary ways. It is performed by troops and is similar to parade. Drill marked by Nepalese Defense Force at Tundikhel in Kathmandu Nepali Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force (APF) Nepal exhibit drill to celebrate democracy day, republic day, military day, police day and other nationwide ceremonies at Tundikhel, Kathmandu and public can watch the ceremony. Schools also organize drill to celebrate Parents’ Day, annual sports meet and national days. Drill adjusts us in group and enhances our social behaviors. Drill is instructed and commanded by a drill commander. We learned and practiced drill without using any musical instrument in standard VI. We learn and practice it Drill preparation by students of a school in Kathmandu
146 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) by using drum or drum set in this standard. The players or students must exhibit their drill by following the rhythm of drum. The typical Nepali musical instrument Madal can also be used in drill. The use of drum or Madal makes the drill attractive. Madal (L) and Drum Set (R) Drill adjusts us in group and enhances our social behaviors. Drill is instructed and commanded by a drill commander. There are three stages to perform drill. They are: i) Instruction: It is an overall briefing of drill actions and its performance. It is initiated by the drill commander. ii) Command: It is given by the drill commander to start all the drill actions. iii) Action: It is a presentation of drill actions on the ground. 2.2. Drill Commands Let’s learn about some drill commands and go for action. 1. Cover Up 2. Stand at Ease 3. Attention 4. Right Turn 5. Left Turn 6. About Turn 7. Mark / March Time
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 147 8. Halt 9. Forward March 10. Eyes Right 11. Eyes Front 12. Dismiss 13. Disperse 1. Cover Up It helps to manage the students on the ground. You may be familiar about it because it is also a regular event of your school’s assembly. All the students must stand in line in ascending order of their height. It makes the drill very well-organized. It can be performed in the beginning and interval of the drill as per need. There are some steps to perform cover up. A group of school boys performing cover up i. The leader of each line puts both hands on the waist. ii. Stretch your hands forward but never touch the friend standing at your front. iii. Both hands must be parallel with each other and to the ground. Both palms face the ground. iv. Straighten your body and look at the head of the friend standing in front.
148 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 2. Attention Attention is the first action to all the drills. The body becomes straight up in this position. On the commander’s command, we must keep both of our hands on the side line of body with fists. The heels are joined and form a 30-degree angle. Look straight ahead. Shut up your lips and take full breath. 3. Stand at Ease You may be familiar with this command. You get a chance for regular practice in your school assembly. There are some steps to perform at Stand at Ease. i. Stand in attention position. ii. Raise your left foot about 15 to 20 cm above the ground then slam or knock the ground quickly and keep on the left side 28 to 30 cm away from the right foot. iii. Keep both of your hands at the backside over the belt area and overlap both palms crossing the thumbs. iv. Step ii and iii must be practiced simultaneously. v. Make your body up right and keep both arms on the backside. vi. Hold this position until attention command is given. Stand at Ease (front view) Stand at Ease (back view) 4. Right Turn Right turn is a 90-degree turn to the right. It is done by rotating on the right heel rightward. The left leg is then brought up to be parallel to the ground and slammed onto the ground in the position of attention. This motion is done at a particular fixed point in attention position. The trunk must be straight up but there should be no motion of hands. They must be kept at side line of the body.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) 149 Observe the morning and evening assembly of your school and write about cover up, attention, stand at ease and mark time in short. You can also discuss among friends before writing. 2.1 5. Left Turn Left turn is a 90-degree turn to the left. It is done with a rotation on the left heel leftward. The right leg is then brought up to be parallel to the ground and slammed down onto attention. This motion is done at a particular fixed point in attention position. The trunk must be straight up and there should be no motion of hands. They must be kept at side line of the body. Figure 9: Steps of Left Turn 6. About Turn About turn is a turn of 180 degree to the right to face the opposite direction. A 180-degree turn to the right is done as an exaggerated version of the right turn. It is a180-degree turn to the right done by rotating on the right heel. The left leg is then brought up to be parallel to the ground and slammed onto the ground in the position of attention. This motion is done
150 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - Book 8 (Approved by CDC) at a particular fixed point maintaining attention position. The trunk must be held straight up. Although, there is no gesture of hands they must be kept at side line of the body. Figure 10: Steps of About Turn 7. Mark Time This command is also called march time. This is essentially a stationary march with the knees coming up parallel to the ground or the foot dangling (hanging) six inches off of the ground. It starts from attention position. On the commander’s order, the students start with the left leg followed by the right one. The thigh should be lifted coming parallel to the ground. Students can count “Left Right Left Right..........…..” along with gestures of left and right legs. It can go for some time until the Halt is given by the commander. Build up the groups of 5 to 7 friends. Stand in a file separately and practice the left, right and about turn. 2.2 8. Halt It is rest for the march. This command is given by the commander while the right leg is lifted. Students shout Check after this command and knock the ground by the right leg. They further shout 1 and 2 and come on attention position by knocking the left and the right legs on the spot or ground.