CURRICULUM GRADE 9-10 2076

!)= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs / gl} ts ;'wf/sf Ifq] x¿cGtu{t ljsf;sfnflu ;femf /fli6o«
;f]r cjnDag ug{

!!= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu >dkl| tsf] ;Ddfg / cfTd lge/{ tfd'vL ;f]rsf] ljsf;df ;'wf/ ug{
!@= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts l:yt/tfsf] dxŒj pNnv] ug{
!#= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;fdl" xs ;f]rsf] ljsf; / :j;+:slt[ sf] ;Ddfg / ;lso| tfsf] dxŒj /

cfjZostf klxrfg ug{
!$= gk] fnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf ljsf;sf nflu plNnlvt l;4fGtx¿ pNnv] ug{
!%= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu PsLst[ uf| ld0f ljsf;, ;fdbflos u|fdL0f ljsf; / u|fdL0f hLljsf]kfhg{ sf]

ljBdfg cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug{
!^= gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljBdfg cfjlws of]hgfsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg
!&= gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljBdfg sfoj{ m| d / kl/ofh] gfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
!*= kl/of]hgf rjm| sf] kl/ro / dxŒj pNnv] ug{
!(= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cGt/f{li6o« cEof;x¿ -aª\unfb]zsf] gdg' f_ sf] ljzif]tfx¿ klxrfg / ;dLIff

ug{
@)= gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df cfgf] ufpsF f] ¿k/]vf (Village profile) th'{[df ug{

$= ljifo j:ts' f] If]q / j|md

l;=g ljifo sIff ( sIff !)
! u|fdL0f • uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cy{ • uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / If]q
• uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] kl/efiff • ljsf; / uf| dL0f ljsf;
ljsf;sf] • u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] p2]Zo • u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cGo ;fdflhs lj1fg;uF sf]
kl/ro • u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] dxŒj
• ljsf; ;DaGw
@ ljsf;sf • u|fdL0f ljsf; • cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
zAbfjnLx¿ • lbuf] ljsf; • dfgj ljsf; ;r' sfª\s
• jftfj/0f dq} L ljsf; • ;dfjz] L ljsf;
• cfly{s jl[ 4 • ;xeflutf
• k|ltJoflSt cfDbfgL • ;dfjz] Ls/0f
• /fli6o« cfDbfgL • ;dfgtf
• pTkfbg / pTkfbsTTj • ;dtf
• ;fdflhs n]vfhfv] f • ;fdflhs Gofo
• pBdzLntf • cfTd;Ddfg
• :jtGqtf

194 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

# u|fdL0f u|fdL0f ljsf;sf tŒjx¿ uf| dL0f ljsf;sf tŒjx¿

ljsf;sf • dfgj ;z+ fwg • klxrfg

cfjZos • kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t • cfs+ ng

tŒjx¿ • ljQ • pkofu]

• ;ª3;+:yfx¿ • vf]h

• kl| jlw • cg;' Gwfg / lgdf0{ f

• ;r" gf kl| jlw

• kj" f{wf/x¿

-ahf/, ;db' fo, pkef]Stf ;dx' ,

:jo;\ ]jsx¿_

$ g]kfndf u|fdL0f • ;ª3\ gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;df ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf]

ljsf;df • dGqfno e"ldsf

;/sf/L • k|b]z -;ª\3, dGqfno, lhNnf ;dGjo kl/ifb,

lgsfox¿sf] • gu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsf_ sf] ke| fj,

el" dsf • ufpFkflnsf e"ldsf, cfod / t'ngfTds kmfObf

% u|fdL0f u|fdL0f ljsf;sf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfx¿ uf| dL0f ljsf;df ;ªu\ 7Lt ;+/rgfx¿

ljsf;sf • u7' L • ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

pkfudx¿ • vt] fnf • u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿

• d]nf kd{ • cGt/fli6o u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿

• eh] f • gful/s ;dfh

• l9s'/L • /fhgl} ts bnx¿

• wd{ esf/L • ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿

^ g]kfndf uf| dL0f g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ck]lIft u|fdL0f ljsf;sfnflu ;fdflhs / gl} ts

ljsf;sf ;'wf/sf Ifqx¿ ;w' f/sf Ifq] x¿

kj" f{wf/x¿ • ljB't, ;~rf/, oftfot, lzIff, • ljsf;sf nflu ;femf /fli6«o ;f]r

:jf:Yo, ;Lkdn" s tflnd / /fh] uf/ • >dk|ltsf] ;Ddfg

• sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f • cfTdlge/{ tfdv' L ;fr]

• ufdL0f ljsf;sf ;+:yfx¿sf] • /fhgLlts l:y/tf

k|efjsfl/tf • ;fd"lxs ;f]rsf] ljsf;

• jftj/0fLo tyf k|fsl[ ts k|sfk] / • :j;:+ sl[ tsf] ;Ddfg/ ;lj|motf

hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f

dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 195

& gk] fndf u|fdL0f • ljs]GbL| s/0f gLlt • gk] fnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt lgb]z{ s

ljsf;sf • e"ld;w' f/ gLlt l;4fGtx¿

gLltx¿ • ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt • ;fdb' flos u|fdL0f ljsf;

• s[lif ljs; gLlt • cfwf/et" cfjZostf

• ko6{ g gLlt • PsLst[ u|fdL0f ljsf;

• Uff| dL0f hLljsf]kfhg{

* uf| dL0f • of]hgfsf] kl/ro, lsl;d, dxŒj / uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gf

ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx¿ • cfjlws ofh] gf

nflu of]hgf • u|fdL0f ljsf;sf ofh] gfsf tx • sfo{jm| d

M/fli6«o, Ifq] Lo / :yfgLo • kl/ofh] gf

• kl/ofh] gf rj|m

( uf| dL0f g]kfndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf gd'gf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cGt/f{li6o« gdg' f / cEof;x¿

ljsf;sf cEof;x¿ u|fdL0f n3'ljQ -aªu\ nfbz] sf] gdg' f_

gdg' fx¿ • ;fdb' flos jg

• ;xsf/L

!) uf| dL0f ;|f]t gS;fª\sg ufpFsf] ¿k/v] f (VIllage Profile)

ljsf;sf nflu • cjwf/0ff • c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿, x'nfs, kx| /L

;|f]t gS;fª\sg • c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿ rf}sL, v]tLofU] o hdLg, hªu\ n, d7 dlGb/,

• xn' fs vfn] f gfnf / kfv] /L, ;8s / af6f3] f6f] /

• kx/L rf}sL 3/ w'/Lx¿

• vt] LofU] o hldg • hg ;fª\lVos ljj/0f –sn' hg;ª\Vof,

• hª\un hfltut ljj/0f, hghfltut ljj/0f,

• d7 dlGb/ dlxnf, k'?if ljj/0f, ckfªt\ f ljj/0f, clt

• vf]nf gfnf / kf]v/L lk5l8Psf] ljj/0f_

• ;8s / af6f3] f6f] • ;fdb' flos ljsf;sf k|of;x¿ M ;/sf/L

• 3/ w/' Lx¿ cflb u}/;/sf/L , gful/s ;dfh, /fhlglts bn,

;db' foåf/f ;~rflnt ;:+ yfx¿ .

ljifoj:t'sf] PsfOut kf7o\ ef/ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

j|m=;+= ljifoj:t' kf7\oef/ -sIff (_ kf7o\ ef/ -sIff !)_
!= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] kl/ro ( (
@= ljsf;sf zAbfjnLx¿ @) @)
#= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cfjZos tŒjx¿ !* !*
$= g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf !& !&

%= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf pkfudx¿ !$ !$

196 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

^= g]kfndf g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿ !& !&
&= gk] fndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf gLltx¿ @) @)
*= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gf @! @!
(= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf gdg' fx¿ !@ !@
!) u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;|ft] gS;fª\sg @@ @@
!&) !&)
hDdf

^= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of

uf| dL0f ljsf; ljifo ufpsF f] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fGb{le{s ljifo xf] . o; ljifosf]
l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk ubf{ ;4} flGts ljifoj:tn' fO{ ljBfyLs{ f] Jofjxfl/s hLjg;Fu hf8] ]/ ugk{' b{5 .
lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkdf :yfgLo zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf] ko| f]u u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;lj|mo ;xefuLtfdf
hf]8 lbgk' b{5 . ljifoj:t' cg;' f/ :yfgLo :t/df cWoog e|d0f u/fP/ k|ToIf cjnfs] g u/fpg ;s]df
l;sfO lbuf], Jofjxfl/s, k|efjsf/L xG' 5 . o;df pNnv] ul/Psf ljifo j:t'x¿sf] cWoog cWofkg
u/fpFbf ;a} If]qnfO{ plQs} dxŒj lbg'kg]{ xG' 5 . ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'sf] PsLs[t ¿kdf ;xhLs/0f
u/fO{ ljifo j:ts' f] 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . o; ljifon] afn aflnsfdf ;4} flGts
/ Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] dV' o p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . To;n} ] uf| dL0f ljsf; ljifodf l;sfO
;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljleGg ks| f/sf ljBfyL{ s]lGbt| lzIf0f ljlwx¿ k|of]u ugk{' 5{ . h:t} M

-s_ kZ| gf]Q/ ljlw -v_ k|bzg{ ljlw -u_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw -3_ 5nkmn ljlw -ª_ cjnfs] g ljlw
-r_ vf]h ljlw -5_ clego ljlw -h_ kl/ofh] gf ljlw -em_ Ifq] ed| 0f ljlw -6_ cfudg ljlw -7_
;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg ljlw cflb .

pkoS'{ t ljlwx¿ pbfx/0f dfq xg' \ . o; ljifodf oxL ljlw g} k|efjsf/L xG' 5 eGg] xb' }g . :yfgLo
kl/j]z, ljifo j:t'sf] k|sl[ t / :j¿ksf cfwf/df l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf ljljwtf Nofpg ;lsg] 5 .
uf| ld0f ljsf; ljifosf] l;sfO ljm| osnfkdf ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ;d]t ko| f]u u/L l;Sg ;Sg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ugk{' g]{ 5 . lzIfsn] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f] pd]/, tx, ?lr, ax' afl} 4stf, dgf]lj1fg,
;fdflhs k[i7e"ld, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf] pknAwtf cflbnfO{ ;dt] Wofg lbg'kg]{ 5 .
;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf Pjd\ ;fd"lxs tyf ;xofu] fTds l;sfOnfO{ kf| ]T;fxg ugk'{ g{]
5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ufxf| ] cK7\of/f] k/s] f] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] sdL sdhf/] LnfO{ /fd/| L
sn] fO{ lzIfsåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{'kg{] 5 . ljBfyLx{ ¿ l;h{gf / kl| tefsf e08f/ xg' \ . To;}n]
pgLx¿sf k|ltef k|ikm'6gsf nflu pkoS' t jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug'{kg{] 5 . lzIfsn] Pp6f ;xh stf{sf
¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg ;xofu] k'¥ofpgk' g{] 5 . plNnlvt ljlwx¿sf cltl/St syf
syg dl:tis dGyg, sfoz{ fnf ljlw, k|jrg ljlw, ;j]{ ljlwh:tf ljlwx¿ klg cfjZostfcg';f/
ko| fu] ug{k' g{] 5 .

dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 197

^=dN" ofª\sg kl| jm| of

kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zo cg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k tyf clej[lTt kf| Kt ug{ ;s] ;sg] g\
eGg] s/' f kQf nufpg] dxŒjk"0f{ ;o+ Gq d"Nofªs\ g xf] . ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] dN" ofª\sg ubf{ ;jk{ |yd ck]lIft
p2]ZonfO{ Wofg lbgk' b{5 . d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿ ljsf; ubf{ klg p2]Zocg'¿k l;sfOsf] ;a}
:t/nfO{ ;d6] g\ k' b5{ . u|fdL0f ljsf; ljifodf ;fdfGotof lgdf{0ffTds / lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg k4lt
cjnDag ugk'{ b{5 .

lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofª\sg

u|fdL0f ljsf; ljifodf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] s] slt l;s] eGg] s/' f kQf nufO{ gl;ss] f] eP l;Sg g;Sgs' f
sf/0f tTsfn kQf nufO{ kg' l;sfOG5 eg] o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g kl| j|mofnfO{ lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofªs\ g
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg sIffsf]7fdf sIffut lzIf0f l;sfOs} cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf ux[ sfo{,
sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;fdb' flos sfo{, ;x÷cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff
h:tf d"Nofªs\ gsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] u/L ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] clen]v
/fVgk' 5{ . ;f]sf] cfwf/df g} l;sfO cj:yf olsg ul/G5 / cfjZostfg';f/ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ugk'{ 5{ . ljzi] f l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu ljifo lzIfsn]
g} pko'St kl| j|mof ckgfO{ dN" ofª\sg ug'k{ g]{ 5 . u|fdL0f ljsf; ljifodf o;ks| f/sf] d"Nofªs\ g
kl| jm| ofn] 7n' f] dxŒj /fVb5 . lzIfsn] o:tf] k|sf/sf] d"Nofªs\ g hg;' s' } ;dodf klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ugk{' b5{ / ljBfyLx{ ¿df ;w' f/sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ul/lbg'kb5{ .

lg0f{ofTds dN" ofªs\ g

kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ kf| Kt u/] gu/]sf] dN" ofª\sg
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{] lg0f{o lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
elgG5 . o; kf7o\ jm| dsf] cg';"rLsf ¿kdf dN" ofª\sg k|ljm| of, cª\s ljefhg tyf clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf
nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{ tyf ;DalGwt
cGo lgsfon] ;fx] Lcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u|8] lgwf/{ 0f ug'{kb{5 .

198 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

Pl] R5s lj1fg

!= kl/ro

kf| s[lts 36gf tyf dfgj hLjgsf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ j1} flgs l;4fGt, lgod tyf tYoåf/f lgb{l] zt
xG' 5g\ . t;y{ ljBfno :t/bl] v g} afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ o:tf 36gf / ljm| ofsnfkx¿kl| t cle?lr hfut[
u/fO{ lj1fgsf cfwf/et" 1fg (knowledge), l;k (skills) / clejl[ Q (attitude) sf] ljsf; u/fpg'
pko'St xG' 5 . To;n} ] lj1fgnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] clgjfo{ / dxŒjk0" f{ ljifosf ¿kdf cªu\ Lsf/
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lj1fgk|lt ljzi] f ?lr /fVg] / eljiodf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifo lnO{ cWoog
ug{ OR5's ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu lj1fgsf ljleGg Ifq] sf yk ljifoj:tx' ¿ ;d6] g\ cfjZos x'G5 .
t;y{ o:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lj1fg ljifo lnO{ pRr cWoogsf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ / cfwf/et" 1fg kb| fg
u/L tof/ ug{ sIff ( / !) df Pl] R5s lj1fg ljifosf] of] kf7\oj|md tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;af6
ljBfyLx{ ¿df j1} flgs ljZni] f0f (scientific analysis) sf] l;k cleb[l4 eO{ eljiodf pgLx¿sf]
kl/j]z ;'xfpbF f] j1} flgs cGj]if0f (scientific research) df ;xefuL x'g] hfu?stf kb} f x'g] cfzf
/flvPsf] 5 . P]lR5s lj1fg ljifosf] cWoog cWofkg sfo{ ljBfno txdf lj1fgsf] lj:tfl/t :j¿k
xf] . o; kf7\oj|mddf lj1fgsf lgDg If]qsf ljleGg ljifoj:tx' ¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 .
 ef}lts lj1fg
 /;fog lj1fg
 hLj lj1fg
 e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg

lj1fg ljifo lzIf0f lj|mofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L / kT| oIf cge' j (hands-on experience) oS' t u/fpg
ko| f]ufTds lzIf0fsf nflu @%% kf7\oef/ 56' o\ fOPsf] 5 . t;y{ o; kf7o\ jm| daf6 dfWolds :t/sf
ljBfyLx{ ¿n] lj1fgsf ;}4flGts 1fg k|fKt ug{‘sf ;fy} Jofjxfl/s k|of]u / ltgdf /xs] f j1} flgs
l;kx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

@= txut ;Ifdtf

dfWolds txdf Pl] R5s lj1fg ljifo cWoog k/" f ul/;sk] l5 ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt s/' fdf ;Ifd xg' ]
5gM\

!= lj1fg tyf kl| jlw ljifodf pRr cWoogsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/sf] kf| lKt

@= j1} flgs wf/0ff, l;4fGt / lgodx¿sf] cfwf/et" 1fg kf| Kt u/L To;sf] ko| fu] åf/f j1} flgs
clej[lTt (scientific attitude) sf] ljsf; u/L j1} flgs cGji] f0f / lrGtg ug{ pGdv'

dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 199

#= jtd{ fg kl/jz] df 36]sf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf] j1} flgs JofVof / ljZni] f0f
$= j1} flgs vfh] , cg';Gwfg / ljZni] f0fsf dfWodaf6 b}lgs hLjgdf pkofu] L xg' ] lj1fg kl| jm| ofut

l;ksf] ljsf;
%= bl} gs hLjgdf cfOkg{] ljleGg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f / ;d:of ;dfwfg
^= ljleGg j}1flgs l;4fGt, lgod tyf tYox¿nfO{ k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfkx¿af6 kd| fl0ft u//] x]g{

p4t
& dfgjLo ultljlwaf6 jftfj/0fdf kfg{] c;/x¿sf] Go"gLs/0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ pGdv'

#= l;sfO pknlAw

-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿

efl} ts lj1fg

-c_ Ifq] M an / rfk
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M an / rfk;u“ ;DalGwt lgod / l;4fGtsf] ae' mfOsf] JofVof / kb| zg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO ! an
!= ult, kj| ]u, Ogl;{of / ansf] Jofjxfl/s ko| fu] j0fg{ ug{
@= rfnsf] ;dLs/0f kd| fl0ft ug{ / ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{
#= df]dG] 6dsf] l;4fGt pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
$= Simple pendulumsf] kl/efiff lbg / k|ofu] u/L bv] fpg
PsfO @ rfk
%= xfO8«fl] ns k;|] sf] sfo{ l;4fGt JofVof ug{ / ;fwf/0f ko| f]uaf6 kb| z{g ug{
^= rfk / pmWj{rfksf] JofVof tyf kb| z{g ug{ / pmWjr{ fksf] ;"q kl| tkfbg ug{
&= pqg], 8A' g] / p8g\ ] k|lj|mof JofVof tyf k|bz{g ug{
-cf_ Ifq] M zlSt
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M zlStsf ljleGg :j?kx¿sf] ks| f/, kl| jlw / ko| fu] ;DaGwL] a'emfOsf] kb| zg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO # pmhf{
*= ;o" d{ f zlSt pTkGg x'g] k|lj|mof -Go"lSno/ k|ltljm| of;lxt_ JofVof ug{

200 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

(= ;f}o{ pmhf{ kl| jlwsf] JofVof / o;sf] ;fdfGo k|of]u ug{
!)= jfo' pmhf{ kl| jlwsf] JofVof / o;sf] ;fdfGo k|ofu] u/L b]vfpg
PsfO $ tfk
!!= ydfd]{ 6] «L (thermometry) sf] JofVof / ko| f]u ug{
!@= b}lgs hLjgdf tfksf] c;/ pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
!#= tfkLo k|;f/0f (thermal expansion) k|sf/x¿ / cfk;L ;DaGw JofVof u/L kb| zg{ ug{
PsfO % k|sfz
!$= k|sfzsf] cfjt{g ljR5]bg ljm| of kb| z{g Pjd\ JofVof ug{
!%= k|sfzsf] k0" f{ cfGtl/s k/fjt{gsf] JofVof / k|bz{g ug{
!^= kfgL / sfFrsf] l/oflS6eOG8]S; k|of]ufTds ¿kdf kQf nufpg
!&= Real / apparent depth sf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ug{ / o;sf ;fwf/0f ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn

ug{
If]q M wf/f ljBt' \ / rD' asTj
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M ljBt' \ / o;df k|of]u x'g] ;ªs\ t] x¿, cf]xdsf] lgod JofVof, rD' asLo an/v] f,
cjkft sf0] f, lbskft sf]0fsf] kl/efiff, JofVof / a'emfOsf] kb| zg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO ^M wf/f ljB't\ / rD' asTj
!*= l:y/ ljB't\ (static electricity) / wf/f ljBt' \ (current electricity) lar pbfx/0f;lxt

leGgtf 5'6\ofpg
!(= rD' asLo an/v] fx¿sf ljz]iftfx¿ JofVof ug{ / k|of]ufTds ?kdf kb| zg{ ug{
@)= cjkft sf]0f / lbskft sf]0fsf] kl/efiff lbg / logLx¿sf] dfg kQf nufpg] tl/sf atfpg
@!= ;fn] f/ ;]nsf] agfj6 / sfo{ k0| ffnL k|:tt' ug{

/;fog lj1fg

-O_{ Ifq] M efl} ts /;fog
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf, Uof;F sf lgodx¿, /f;folgs ;dLs/0f / ljBt' Lo /;fogsf]
ae' mfOsf] kb| zg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO & M kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf
!= cfO;f6] K;, cfO;f]af/ / cfO;f6] fG] ;sf] cjwf/0ff atfpg

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 201

@= 8fN6gsf] kf/df0fljs l;4fGt JofVof ug{
#= /b/kmf8] {sf] kf/df0fljs agf]6 / o;sf] ;Lldttf JofVof ug{
$= afx] / (Bohr)sf] cfwf/df tŒjx¿sf] kf/df0fljs /rgfsf] j0f{g ug{
PsfO *M Uof;F sf lgodx¿
%= UofF;sf lgodx¿ JofVof ug{ (Boyle's law, Charle's law, Combined gas law, Graham's law).
PsfO (M /f;folgs ;dLs/0f
^= /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofsf] k|sf/ / dxŒjsf] JofVof ug{ / ;Lldttf atfpg
&= /f;folgs kl| tljm| of xg' sf nflu rflxg] cj:yf kb| z{g ug{
*= bfx] f]/f] / Psfx] f/] f] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof /f;folgs ;lds/0f;lxt JoSt ug{
(= kl| tlj|mofdf pmhf{ kl/jtg{ kl| j|mof JofVof ug{
!)= clS;8];g / l/8S;g k|ltljm| ofsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
PsfO !)M ljBt' Lo /;fog
!!= ljBt' \ ljR5b] s (electrolyte) / ljBt' \ cljR5b] s (non electrolyte) lar pbfx/0f;lxt km/s

5'6o\ fpg
!@= ljBt' \ ljR5b] s (strong electrolyte) tyf ckljB't\ laR5]bs (weak electrolyte) sf pbfx/0fx¿

lbO{ leGgtf 56' \ofpg
!#= cfof]gLs/0fsf] cf/xl] go;sf] l;4fGt JofVof ug{ tyf OnS] 6«f]nfO6 / wfts' f] ;r' fnstflar

leGgtf 56' o\ fpg
!$= ljB't\ n]kg, ljBt' \ z'4Ls/0f / ljB't\ 6fOlkªsf] ko| f]u;lxt JofVof ug{
-p_ If]q M sfa{lgs /;fog
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M hl} js /;fogdf sfag{ sf] ljleGg u'0fx¿sf] a'emfO JofVof / sfag{ af6 ag]sf sx] L
ofl} usx¿ agfpg] ljlw, u'0fx¿ / pkof]lutfsf] a'emfOsf] k|bz{g
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !!M sfal{ gs /;fog
!%= sfal{ gs (organic) / csfal{ gs (inorganic) /;foglar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg
!^= sfa{lgs (organic) ofl} usx¿sf gfd (IUPAC k|0ffnL;lxt) n]Vg / ltgsf ks| f/x¿sf] JofVof

ug{
!&= sfa{gsf] ;o+ H' otf rf/ x'g] s/' f sf/0f;lxt JofVof ug{ (tetracovalency of carbon) .

202 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

!*= Catenation, Functional group, Homologous series sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
!(= s]xL xfO8f« s] fag{ x¿ -h:tM} Alkane, Alkene / Alkyne_ tyf ltgaf6 ags] f sx] L ofl} usx¿

-h:t}M Alcohol / Carboxylic Acid) agfpg] ljlwx¿, ltgsf efl} ts Pjd\ /f;folgs u0' fx¿ /
pkofl] utfx¿ j0f{g ug{
-pm_ If]q M wft' lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M wft' lj1fg, wft' k|zf]wgsf ;fdfGo klj|mof / kmnfd / tfdfsf] k|zf]wgsf] a'emfOsf]
kb| z{g
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !@M wft' lj1fg
@)= wft' lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg
@!= vlgh / wft'lar km/s 56' \ofpg
@@= wft' kz| fw] gsf] ;fdfGo kl| j|mofx¿sf] r/0fa4 ¿kdf JofVof ug{
@#= kmnfd / tfdfsf] k|zf]wg ljlwsf] j0fg{ ug{

hLj lj1fg

-C _ If]q M kl/rofTds hLj lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf MhLj lj1fgsf] kl/ro, If]q / zfvf, hLj lj1fg / cGo lj1fgsf] cGt/;DaGwsf]
ae' mfOsf] JofVof
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !#M hLj lj1fgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj
!= hLj lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ljljw If]qsf] j0f{g ug{
@= hLj lj1fgsf] dxŒj JofVof ug{ / o;sf] cGo lj1fg;“usf] cGt/;DaGw k:| tt' ug{
-P_ If]q M hLjsfi] f lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M sfi] f / sfi] fsf cjojx¿sf] kl/ro, sfo{x¿ klxrfg tyf k|bz{g
PsfO{ !$ M sf]if lj1fg
#= hLjsf]ifsf ljleGg c:yfoL Pjd\ :yfoL cjojx¿sf] agf6] ;lrq j0fg{ ug{
$ hLjsf]ifsf ljleGg efux¿sf] sfo{x¿ atfpg
-P]_ If]q M hLj / hLjg k|lj|mof

dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 203

l;sfO ;Ifdtf M ;"Id hLjx¿sf] agfj6, tLaf6 x'g] /fu] / aRg] pkfox¿, km'n gkmN' g] la?jf
-:kfO/fu] fO/f_ sf] hLjg rjm| , 9f8 gePsf] k|f0fL -kf/fd]l;odsf] hLjg rjm| _ sf] ae' mfO k|bz{g tyf
jg:klts lkmlhof]nfh] L -c:df]l;;, 6«fGl;k/;] g, sf]ifLo Zjf; kZ| jf;, h}ljs ljm| ofsnfksf] ae' mfOsf]
JofVof / kb| z{g
PsfO{ !% M hLj / hLjg kljm| of
%= ;I" d hLjlj1fgsf] kl/efiff / dxŒj atfpg
^= efO/;, JofS6]l/of, kmGhfO{ / k|f6] f]hfc] fsf] :jefj, ltgsf sf/0f x'g ;Sg] Ps Ps cf]6f /fu] x¿

tyf /f]syfdsf] pkfox¿ j0f{g ug{
&= ODol' g6L / EoflS;g;] gsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
*= :kfO/fu] fO/f / kf/fd]l;odsf] agf]6 / hLjgrj|m JofVof ug{
(= la?jfx¿df xg' ] c:df]l;; / 6«fGl;k/];g k|lj|mofsf] kb| z{g / dxŒj JofVof ug{
!)= sfi] fLo Zjf;k|Zjf; / h}ljs ljm| ofsnfksf] j0f{g ug{
-cf]_ Ifq] M jz+ f0f'jm| d / j|md ljsf;
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M jz+ f0f' lj1fg, j|mfd] fh] d, l8= Pg= P= / cf/= Pg= P, j+zf0f' u0' fx¿ / ljljwtfsf]
ae' mfOsf] kb| z{g
PsfO{ !^ M jz+ f0f'j|md / jm| d ljsf;
!!= jz+ f0f' lj1fgsf] kl/ro / tt\;DaGwL zAbfjnLx¿ atfpg
!@= l8= Pg\= P= / cf/\= Pg=\ P= larsf] km/snfO{ ;lrq atfpg
!#= Darwin sf] l;4fGtsf] JofVof ug{
-cf}_ If]q M kfl/l:ylts lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M hnLo, :ynLo jg:klt / hgfj/x¿sf] cgs' n" tf, u'0fx¿ tyf kfl/l:ylts k4lt,
hLj ;db' fo / hLj hg;ª\Voflarsf] cfGtl/s cGt/;DaGw / kxf8sf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] a'emfOsf]
k|bz{g
PsfO{ !& M kfl/l:ylts lj1fg
!$= hnLo / :ynLo hgfj/ / jg:kltx¿sf] cgs' "ntf j0f{g ug{
!%= kfl/l:ylts lj1fg / kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] JofVof ug{
!^= hl} js ;db' fo / hLj hg;ª\Vofsf] cGt/;DaGw atfpg
!&= kxf8sf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] j0fg{ ug{ / cfgf] glhs}sf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] cWoog u/L

k|ltjb] g k;] ug{

204 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

-c_+ If]q M Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf MhLj lj1fgsf] Jofjxfl/s ko| fu] sf] kb| zg{
PsfO{ !* M Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg
!*= gk] fndf ckgfOPsf kz'kfng -ufO{, afv|f / s'v'/f_ sf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
!(= gk] fnsf] hªu\ ndf kfOg] ljljw r/fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{
@)= jftfj/0fLo ko{6g -eco-tourism_ sf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg

e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg

-c_ If]q M e" lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M e"ues{ f] kl/ro / dxŒj, hLjfjzi] fsf] k|sf/ / dxŒj, r66\ fgsf ks| f/ / aGg]
kljm| of, kxf8 aGg] kljm| ofsf] ae' mfOsf] kb| z{g
PsfO{ !( M k[YjL
!= eu" e{sf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
@= hLjfjzi] f aGg] k|ljm| of, o;sf] k|sf/ / dxŒj atfpg
#= r66\ fg aGg] kl| jm| of, o;sf ks| f/ / pkofu] sf] j0f{g ug{
$= :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] r66\ fg -kq]÷cfUg]o÷kl/jltt{ r6\6fg_ sf] k/LIf0f ug{
%= kxf8 aGg] k|lj|mofsf] JofVof ug{
^= Geochronology sf] kl/ro lbg
-cf_ Ifq] M cGtl/If lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M cGtl/If lj1fgsf] ae' mfOsf] k|bzg{ / k[YjLsf] pTklQ, ;o" {sf] pTklQ, tf/fsf]
ljsf;, sfnf] l5b,| Go'6g :6f/sf] ae' mfOsf] kb| zg{
PsfO{ @) M ax| \df08
&= cGtl/If lj1fg (astronomy) sf] Oltxf; / ljsf; jm| dsf] JofVof ug{
*= kY[ jL / ;"os{ f] pTklQaf/] j0fg{ ug{
(= ;fo} { d08n aGg] k|lj|mof JofVof ug{
!)= tf/fsf] ljsf; (evolution of star) kl| j|mof JofVof ug{
!!= sfnf] l5b| (black hole) / Go6' g :6f/ aGg] k|lj|mof atfpg

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 205

sIff !)
sIff !) sf] P]lR5s lj1fg cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M

ef}lts lj1fg

-c_ If]q M an / rfk
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M e]S6/ / :sn] ;s{ f] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof, hf]8, 36fpm / kmT' sg] ult, centripetal

/ centrifugal, u?' Tjsf] s]Gb, u'?Tjfsif{0f Ifq] sf] ae' mfOsf] kb| z{g

PsfO !M an
!= e]S6/ (vector) / :s]n/ (scalar) sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
@= e]S6/ (vector) / :sn] / (scalar) sf] hf]8 / 36fpnfO{ ul0ftLo ¿kdf JoSt ug{
#= kmT' sg] ult (escape velocity) sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
$= Centripetal / centrifugal ansf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/efiff lbg, kb| z{g ug{ / bl} gs hLjgdf

logLx¿sf] pkof]u j0fg{ ug{
% u'?Tjsf] sG] b| (center of gravity) sf] JofVof tyf k|bz{ g ug{ / c;/x¿ atfpg
^= u?' Tjfsif0{ f Ifq] OG6]lG;6L (gravitational field intensity) sf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ug{ / o;;“u

;DalGwt s]xL ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{
PsfO @M rfk
&= t/n kbfys{ f] rfk (liquid pressure)sf] JofVof ug{ / o;;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
*= ;tx tgfj (Surface tension) sf] kl/efiff lbg / k|bz{g ug{
(= Viscosity sf] JofVof ug{ / t/n kbfys{ f] viscosity kQf nufpg
!)= ONofl:6Ll;6L (elasticity) sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
!!= ONofl:6s lnld6sf] (elastic limit) sf] uf| kmåf/f JofVof ug{
-cf_ Ifq] M zlSt
l;sfO ;Ifdtf
ljleGg zlStsf ;f| ]tx¿sf] kl| jlw / k|ofu] sf] a'emfOsf] kb| zg{ tyf n]G; / ljleGg ks| fz ;DalGwt
oGqx¿sf] agf6] , sfo{ / pkof]usf] ae' mfOsf] k|bz{g / kf]n/fOh;] gsf] JofVof
PsfO #M pmhf{
!@= hn ljBt' \ pTkfbgsf] l;4fGt / pkof]u atfpg
!#= ljleGg k|sf/sf] h}ljs OGwgsf] kl/ro, pkofu] j0f{g ug{

206 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

!$= las| ]6 / jfof] Uof“; agfpg] kl| jlw atfpg / pkofu] ug{
!%= g]kfndf kfOg] pmhf{sf j}slNks ;f| t] x¿ pkofu] ug]{ tl/sf k|:t't ug{
PsfO $M tfk
!^= Latent heat sf] kl/ro lbg / j0f{g ug{
!&= tfksf] ;dLs/0fsf] JofVof ug{ / ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{
!*= Caloriemetry sf] kl/ro lbg / JofVof ug{
PsfO %M ks| fz
!(= nG] ;sf] ks| f/, zlSt (Power), lj:tt[ Ls/0fsf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{ / ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug{
@) afOgfsn' /, 6/] l] :6«on 6]ln:sfk] sf] agf]6, sfo{ / pkof]u atfpg
@!= sDkfp08 dfOjm| f:] sf]ksf] agf]6, sfo{kl| j|mof / pkofu] atfpg
O_ Ifq] M wf/f ljB't\ / rD' asTj
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M kbfyd{ f x'g] r'DasLo u0' f, ljB't\ rD' asLo pkkfbg tyf ljBt' Lo pks/0fx¿sf]
a'emfOsf] k|bz{g / JofVof
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO ^M wf/f ljBt' \ / r'DasTj
@@= kbfyd{ f xg' ] rD' asLo u'0fx¿ JofVof / juL{s/0f ug{
@#= ljBt' \ rD' asLo pTkfbg (Electro magnetic induction) sf] JofVof / kb| z{ g ug{
@$= kmf/f8s] f] lgod (Faraday's Law) JofVof ug{
@%= Diode, Resistor , Transister sf] kl/ro lbg
@^= ljB't\ 8fOgfdf] (Dynamo), h]g/6] / (Generator) sf] sfo{ l;4fGt / pkofu] j0f{g ug{
@&= Motor effect JofVof ug{ / k|bzg{ ug{
@*= 6f« G;kmd{/sf] l;4fGt / sfo{ JofVof ug{

/;fog lj1fg

-O_{ Ifq] M efl} ts /;fog
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M
df]nsf] cjwf/0ff, SjfG6d gDa/sf] a'emfOsf] JofVof / 3fn] df /xs] f] ofl} ussf]

uf9fkg;DaGwL ko| f]u k|bzg{ , k]l/ofl] 8s Eofl/o;gsf] ae' mfOsf] kb| zg{ tyf pH / pOH

sf] ae' mfOsf] JofVof / t6:yLs/0f k|ltlj|mofsf pkof]lutfsf] ae' mfOsf] kb| z{g

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 207

l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO & M kf/df0fljs ;/+ rgf
!= kf/df0fljs ef/, cf0fljs ef/ / mole concept sf] JofVof ug{
@= Avogadro's number / Quantum number sf] JofVof ug{
#= Normality, Molality, Molarity, gms/litre / k|ltztnfO{ JofVof u/L s]xL of}lusdf logLx¿sf]

dfg kQf nufpg
PsfO *= kl] /ofl] 8s tflnsf / kl] /of]l8s lgod
$= s, p, d, f sf cfwf/df tŒjx¿sf] OnS] 6«fl] gs ljGof; n]Vg
%= s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgLx¿sf] u'0f j0fg{ ug{
^= ;o+ H' otf / ljljw ;o+ 'Hotf (Variable valency) sf kl/efiff lbg / tŒj / ¥ofl8sn (Radicals)

sf ;o+ H' otf nV] g
&= Ionization potential, Electron affinity / Electronegativity sf] JofVof ug{
PsfO (=s]ldsn alG8ª / /f;folgs u0fgf
*= Sigma (θ) / Pie (π) bond / Co-ordinate bond sf] j0f{g u/L oL bond x¿ ePsf ofl} ussf

u0' fx¿ JofVof ug{
(= Pef]uf8f« s] f] lgod Avogadro's law / /f;folgs u0fgf (Chemical Arithmetic) sf] JofVof / ;/n

ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug{
PsfO !)= ljBt' Lo /;fog
!)= Ionic product of water sf] j0f{g ug{
!!= PH, POH, PH meter / PH range sf] JofVof / o;;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
!@= lg/fs/0f kl| tljm| ofsf] pkof]lutf atfpg
-p_ Ifq] M sfa{lgs /;fog
l;sfO ;Ifdtf Mk|fªu\ fl/s kl| tljm| of x'bf x'g] s]xL cfwf/e"t s/' fx¿ / lgodx¿sf] j'emfOsf] JofVof
/ kb| z{g
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !!M sfal{ gs /;fog
!#= sfal{ gs k|ltljm| of (sublimation, addition and elimination reaction) x¿sf] ko| f]ufTds¿kdf

k|bzg{ ug{ / logsf] Jofjxfl/s pkofu] j0f{g ug{

208 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

!$= Electrophiles, nuclecophiles sf] kl/efiff lbg / logsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug{
!%= Markovnikov's / Sayt zeff's rule sf af/] j0f{g ug{
-pm _ Ifq] M csfa{lgs /;fog
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M cfNdfl] god,rfb“ L / ;'gsf] k|zfw] gsf] a'emfOsf] j0f{g / ldl>t wft' / PdfNudsf]
pbfx/0fsf] a'emfOsf] k|bzg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿

PsfO !@M wft' lj1fg
!^= cfNdf]lgod, ;'g / rfb“ Lsf] Metallurgical process sf ;fwf/0f r/0f / logLx¿sf] cDn;u“ sf]

kl| tljm| ofx¿ ;dLs/0f;lxt JoSt ug{

hLj lj1fg

-C_ Ifq] M kl/rofTds hLj lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf Msx] L h}ljs c0f'x¿sf] kl/ro / dxŒjsf] a'emfOsf] kb| z{g
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !#= hl} js c0f' lj1fg
!= s]xL hl} js /;fogx¿M sfafx{] fO8«]8, kf| l] 6g, lnlk8, OGhfOd, / Gol' Sns Pl;8sf] cfjZostf

atfpg
@= sfaf]x{ fO8]«8, kf| l] 6g, lnlk8, OGhfOd / Gol' Sns Pl;8sf] ;f| ]tx¿ tyf dfgj z/L/df pkofl] utf

j0fg{ ug{
-P _ Ifq] M hLjsf]if lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf Mjg:klt / hgfj/ tGt'sf ks| f/, Ps bnLo / bO' { bnLo la?jfsf h/f sf08sf] agf]6
/ sf]if ljefhgsf] lrq;lxt ae' mfOsf] kb| zg{
l;sfO pknlAwx¿
PsfO !$= hLjsfi] f lj1fg
#= hgfj/ tGt'x¿sf] k|sf/x¿ / sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g ug{
$= Monocot / Dicot la?jfsf h/f / sf08sf] agf]6 cjnfs] g u/L j0fg{ ug{
%= Somatic cell, dfO6fl] ;; sfi] f ljefhgsf] lrq;lxt j0f{g ug{ / To;sf] dxŒj atfpg
^ Germ Cell, ldof]l;; sfi] f ljefhgsf] lrq;lxt j0fg{ ug{ / To;sf] dxŒj atfpg

dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 209

-P]_ Ifq] M hLj / hLjg kljm| of
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M
9f8 ePsf hGt' -d';f_ sf] ljleGg k0| ffnLx¿sf] a'emfO / kmN' g] lj?jf -wfg_ sf] kl/ro / hLjg kljm| of
tyf dq" k|0ffnLsf] a'emfOsf] k|bzg{ / gnL/lxt u|GyLsf] k|0fnLsf] / c;/sf] ae' mfOsf] JofVof
PsfO{ !% M hLj / hLjg kljm| of
&= d;' fsf] ljleGg hLjg k|ljm| of, -vfB k|0ffnL, Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnL, d"q k|0ffnL_ sf] j0f{g ug{
*= kmn' km'Ng] la?jf -wfg_sf] agf6] / hLjg k|lj|mof JofVof ug{
(= gnL/lxt uG| yL / tL u|GyLx¿af6 lgisf;g x'g] xdf]g{ sf sfo{ / c;/x¿sf] af/]df JofVof

ug{
-cf]_ If]q M jz+ f0fj' m| d / jm| dljsf;
l;sfO ;Ifdtf Md0] 8nsf] k|of]u / l;4fGtsf] ;lrq a'emfO, jm| f]dfh] fd] , ;S] ; ln8s\ ]h, sexlinked
inheritance / hD' Nofxfsf] a'emfOsf] kb| zg{
PsfO{ !^ M jz+ f0f'j|md / jm| dljsf;
!)= d]08nsf] 8fOxfOla|8 jm| ;;DaGwL k|ofu] / l;4fGt ;lrq j0f{g ug{
!!= Sex linked Inheritance / h'DNofxf aGg] kl| j|mof j0f{g ug{
-cf_} If]q M kfl/l:ylts lj1fg
l;sfO ;IfdtfM l;d;f/, sx] L hl} js klj|mofx¿sf] a'emfO{sf] kb| zg{
PsfO{ !& M kfl/l:ylts lj1fg
!@= l;d;f/ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] j0f{g ug{
!#= hLj e–" /;fog rqm -clS;hg, sfag{ / gfO6«\f]hg rj|m_ sf] JofVof ug{
-c_+ Ifq] M Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf sx] L lj1fg -/St ;d"x, /Strfk, P]lG6afof]l6s, o'l/s Pl;8,
sf]n:] 6f« ]n, cªu\ k|Tof/f]k0f_ ae' mfOsf] k|bzg{
PsfO{ !* M Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg
!$= cª\u k|Tof/f]k0fsf] kl/ro lbg / cªu\ kT| of/f]k0f ug]{ tl/sf JofVof ug{
!% pRr /St rfk, pRr sf]n]:6«fn] , Uric Acid sf] c;/ / lgbfgsf pkfox¿ atfpg
!^= Anti biotic medicine sf] kl/ro atfpg / JofVof ug{
!&= /St ;dx" 56' o\ fpg] tl/sf JofVof ug{

210 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg

-c_ Ifq] M e" lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M gk] fnsf] efu} les{ 8fOe;g{ , g]kfnsf lxdfnodf kfOg] r6\6fg, vlgh / k|Tof/f]k0f
ae' mfOsf] kb| zg{
PsfO{ !( M kY[ jL
!= g]kfnsf] efu} le{s 8fOe;{gsf] JofVof ug{
@= g]kfnsf] lxdfnodf kfOg] r66\ fg / vlghx¿sf] kl/ro lbg / logLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] JofVof

ug{
#= g]kfndf kfOg] hLjfjzi] fsf] kl/ro lbg
$= r6\6fgsf] cfo' kQf nufpg] tl/sf (Uranium, carbon dating) sf] JofVof ug{
%= es" Dk / k[YjLsf] ef}ules{ ljm| oflar cGt/;DaGw atfpg
-cf_ Ifq] M cGtl/If lj1fg
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M cGtl/If ofqfsf] Oltxf; / ljsf;, cGtl/If b/" bz{s oGq, /fzLd08n / Knfg6] f]l/od
a'emfOsf] k|bzg{
PsfO{ @) M ax| d\ f08
^= Space mission sf] Oltxf; / ljsf;sf] j0f{g ug{
&= cGtl/If b"/ bzs{ oGqsf] ko| f]u ug{
*= /fzL d08nsf] gdg' f lgdf0{ f ug{
(= Knfg6] f]l/od / o;sf] pkofl] utf j0fg{ ug{ / Knfg]6f]l/odaf6 vuf]nLo lk08x¿ cjnfs] g u/L

tYox¿ ;ª\sng ug{

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 211

$= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q, jm| d / lj:tt[ Ls/0f

zfvfM ef}lts lj1fg

Ifq] sIff ( kf7o\ ef/ sIff !) kf7\oef/

;}= k|= ;=} k|=

!= an / != an &! != an & !

rfk -s_ ult, k|j]u, Ogl;{of, an -s_ eS] 6;{ / :sn] ;{ -cfwf/et" hf8]

-v_ rfn;DaGwL ;dLs/0f / 36fp_

-u_ lnlgo/ dfd] ]G6sf] l;4fGt -v_ k'mTsg] ult
-3_ ;fdfGok]G8'nd(Simple
-u_ ;]lG6l« k6n / ;]lG6«o'un an
Pendulum)
-3_ u'?Tjsf] sG] b|

-ª_ u?' Tjfsif{0f If]q OG6G] l;6L

@= rfk % @ @= rfk ^#

-s_ xfO8«fl] ns k;]| -s_ t/n kbfy{df rfk
-v_ ;tx tgfj (Surface
-v_ t/n kbfy{df rfk /
tension)
pWj{rfk

-u_ pqg,] 8'Ag] / p8\g] -u_ le:sfl] ;6L

-3_ Onfl:6l;6L / uf| km

zlSt #= pmhf{ %@ #= pmhf{ %@

-s_ zlStsf] ;|f]t ;o" { -s_ hn zlSt -k|ljlw / ko| fu] _

-v_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ -k|ljlw / -v_ hl} js OGwg -la|s]6 / afof]

k|ofu] _ Uof“;_

-u_ xfjf phf{ -k|ljlw / -u_ g]kfndf kfOg] pmhfs{ f js} lNks

ko| fu] _ ;f| t] x¿

$= tfk $@ $= tfk $!

-s_ tfk / tfkj|md -s_ Nof6]G6 tfk

-v_ tfksf] c;/ -v_ Sofnfl] /d]6«L

-u_ tfksf] k;| f/0f -u_ tfk ;dLs/0f -ul0ftLo ;d:of_

%= k|sfz &# %= k|sfz &@

-s_ cfjtg{ sf] lgod -s_ n]G; -;fdYo{ / DoflUglkms];]g_

-v_ k0" f{ cfGtl/s k/fjtg{ -v_ 6/] l] :6«on 6]ln:sfk]

-u_ lkH| daf6 xg' ] ljR5b] g -u_ sDkfpG8 ;"Idbzs{ oGq

-3_ l/|oflS6e OG8]S; -3_ afOgf]sn' /

-ª_ jf:tljs / cjf:tljs

ulx/fO

212 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)

^=wf/f &= ljBt' \ / rD' asTj !! # &= ljB't\ / rD' asTj !) $
ljBt' \ / -s_ l:y/ ljB't\ /
rD' asTj -v_ wf/f ljBt' \ -s_ r'DasLo kbfys{ f] u0' f / ljB't\
-u_ kf]6]lG;on km/s
On]S6«f]dfl] 6e kmf];{ rD' asTj
-3_ ljBt' \ cj/f]w
-ª_ cfx] dsf] lgod -v_ ljB't\ rD' asLo pkkfbg
-r_ r'DasLo an/]vf
-5_ lbskft / cjkft sf]0f -u_ 8fof8] , /]l;:6/, 6f« lGh:6/
-3_ ;fn] f/ ;n]
-3_ hg] ]/]6/ / 8fOgfdf]

-ª_ df6] / OkmS] 6

-r_ 6«fG;kmd/{

#( !# #( !#

zfvfM /;fog lj1fg

If]q sIff ( kf7o\ ef/ sIff !) kf7\oef/

;=} k=| ;}= k=|

!= ef}lts /;fog != kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf ^! != kf/df0fljs ;/+ rgf ^ @

-s_ cfO;f6] K;, cfO;fa] f/ / -s_ kf/df0fljs ef/,

cfO;f]6fG] ;sf] cjwf/0ff cf0fljs ef/, dfn] sf]

-v_ 8fN6G;sf] kf/df0fljs l;4fGt cjwf/0ff

-u_ /b/kmf8] s{ f] kf/df0fljs agf6] / -v_ SjfG6d gDa/

o;sf] ;Lldttf -u_ uf9fkg -gdf{ln6L,

-3_ afx] / (Bohr) sf] kf/df0fljs df]nfl/6L, uf| d÷ln6/,

agf]6 / o;sf] ;Lldttf kl| tzt

@= Uof;“ sf l{godx¿ ^@ @= k]l/ofl] 8s tflnsf / ^ @

-s_ AjfON;sf] lgod k]l/of]l8s lgod

-v_ rfN;s{ f] lgod -s_ d]G8lnkm / cfw'lgs

-u_ ;+o'St Uof“;sf] lgod k]l/of]l8s tflnsf
- s, p, d, f sf] cjwf/0ff /
-3_ uf| xdsf] lgod

ljz]iftf _

-v_ k]l/of]l8s tflnsfsf]

pkofl] utf

-u_ cfkmafp] sf] l;4fGt

-3_ OnS] 6«f]g ljGof;

-ª_ ;+oh' tf / ljljw

;o+ 'htf

dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 213

-r_ k]l/of]l8s e]l/o;g

-5_ k/df0f'sf] cfsf/,

cfofg] fOh;] g kf6] l] G;on,

On]S6«f]lgs Plkmlg6L,

On]S6f« g] u] ]6]le6L

#= /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ( # #= s]ldsn alG8ª / & @

-s_ /;folgs kl| tlj|mofsf k|sf/x¿ /f;folgs u0fgf

-;o+ fh] g, ljR5b] g, lj:yfkg, -s_ afOlG8ªsf ks| f/

t6:yLs/0f, pTk|]/sLo k|ltlj|mof, -cfof]lgs, sf]Eofn]G6,

clS;8];g kl| tj|mof, l/8S;g sfc] l8g6] _

kl| tlj|mof, k|sfzLo /;fogLs -v_ l;Udf / kfO aG8

kl| tlj|mof, kf]lndf/] fOh];g, ljBt' Lo -3_ Pef]Uof8«fs] f] lgod

/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof, xfO8«fn] fOl;; -ª_ /f;folgs u0fgf
kl| tljm| of • CNaaOCls, fM] aggfC]6 l2,
-v_ /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofsf] dxŒj /

;Lldttf • CHHH22O, 4,sOf] 2a, gNf6] NH23,,
-u_ /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofsf nflu
• O3 / SO3 sf]
cfjZos cj:yfx¿
-3_ bf]xf/] f] / Psfx] f/] f] /f;folgs agf6]

kl| tlj|mof
-ª_ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf pmhfs{ f]

kl/jt{g

-r_ clS;8];g / l/8S;gsf af/]

k/' fgf wf/0ff / On]S6«fl] gs wf/0ff

$= ljBt' Lo /;fog % # $= ljB'tLo /;fog %#

-s_ On]S6f« n] fO6;\ / ggO\ n]S6f« n] fO6\; -s_ kfgLsf] cfofl] gs

-v_ s8f / g/d On]S6«fn] fO6;\ pTkfbg
-u_ cfof]gLs/0fsf] cf/x]lgo;sf] -v_ pH / poH sf]

l;4fGt kl/ro / o;sf ul0ftLo

-3_ OnS] 6«f]nfO6\; / wfts' f] ;'rfnstf ;d:of
-ª_ ljBt' \ z4' Ls/0f, ljB'tLo n]kg / -u_ pH ld6/ / pH /]Gh

ljBt' Lo 6fOlkª -3_ lg/fs/0f k|ltlj|mof /

o;sf] pkofl] utf -df6fsf]

k/LIf0f, cDnLokgfsf]

pkrf/, sL/fsf]

6f]sfOsf] pkrf/ cflb_

214 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

@= sfa{lgs %= sfa{lgs /;fog * # %= sfal{ gs /;fog *@

/;fog -s_ sfa{lgs / csfal{ gs /;fog -s_ sfal{ gs kl| tlj|mof

-v_ sfa{lgs of}lussf ks| f/x¿ (sublimation,

-u_ sfa{gsf] rf/ ;+oH' otf addition and

-3_ Sofl6g];g elimination reaction)

-ª_ cfO;f]d]l/Hd -v_ On]S6f« k] mfON; /

-r_ kmª;\ gn ;d"x Go'lSnofk] mfON;

-5_ ;dfg >]0fL -u_ dfsfe]{ \lgsf]E;sf] lgod

-h_ ;fwf/0f gfds/0f (IUPAC) -3_ ;+oS' t h]kmsf] lgod

-cNs]g, clNsg, cNsfOg, cNsfx] n

/ sfaf{]hfOlns Pl;8_

#= csfal{ gs ^= wft' lj1fg % ! ^= wft' lj1fg %!

/;fog -s_ wft' lj1fgsf] kl/ro -s_ cfNdf]lgod, rfb“ L

-v_ vlgh / wfts' f] cjwf/0ff / / ;g' sf] kl/ro,

leGgtf kz| fw] g, logsf efl} ts

-u_ wft' k|zf]wg lj1fgsf] ;fdfGo / /f;folgs u0' fx¿

kl| jm| ofx¿ tyf pkof]lutfx¿

-3_ kmnfd / tfdfsf] kz| f]wg ljlwx¿ -v_ ldl>t wft' / PdfNud\

/ u0' fx¿

#( !# #( !#

zfvfM hLj lj1fg

Ifq] / PsfO sIff ( kf=ef sIff !) kf=ef

;=} k|= ;} k|=

!= hLj != hLj lj1fgsf] kl/ro #! != hl} js cgl' j1fg #!

l j 1 f g s f ] -s_ hLj lj1fgsf] Ifq] h}ljs u'0fx¿ – sfaf]x{ fO88«] , k|f]l6g,

dxŒj -v_ hLj lj1fgsf] dxŒj lnlk8, OGhfOd / Gol' Sns Pl;8sf]

-u_ hLj lj1fg / cGo kl/ro tyf dxŒj

lj1fglarsf] cGt/;DaGw

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 215

@= sf]if @= hLj sfi] f lj1fg & # @= sf]if / tGt' ( #
#
lj1fg -s_ hLj sfi] fsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro -s_ k|f0fL tGtx' ¿ -Olky]lnon, @

-v_ kf| ]sfof{]l6s / os' fof]{l6s ;o+ f]hg tGt', df;+ k];Lo tGt'

hLj sf]if tyf :gfo' tGt'_ sf] agf6] tyf

-u_ sfi] fLo agf]6 sfo{x¿

i. sfi] fLo OGSNo';g -v_ Ps bnLo / bO' { bnLo

ii. sf]ifLo cufg{ N] ;x¿sf] jg:kltsf] h/fsf] agf}6

kl/ro tyf sfo{x¿ -u_ Ps bnLo / bO' { bnLo

 dfO6f]jmfl] G8«of, ufN] uL jg:kltsf] sf08sf] agf6}

al8;, OG8f]Khlds TofGbf| , -3_ sfi] f ljefhg / dxŒj

/fOaf];fo] , ln;f];fo] , Knfli68 -PdfO6fl] ;;, dfO6fl] ;; /

;]G6«f;] f]d ldof]l;;_

 Go'lNso; -Gol' Nsof]n; /

j|mf]dfh] f]d_

 j|mf]df]hfd] / hLg

#= hLj / #= hLj / hLjg rqm !! # #= hLj / hLjg kl| jm| of !)

hLjg kl| jm| of -s_ ;I" d hLjlj1fgsf] kl/ro, -s_ 9f8 ePsf hGt' -d;' f_

AofS6l] /of, efO/;, kmGhfO{ kfOg] :yfg, kfrg k0| ffnL,

/ k|f]6fh] fc] fsf] agf]6 tyf tL Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL tyf d"q

hLjaf6 x'g] /f]u tyf aRg] kh| gg k|0ffnL

pkfox¿ -v_ k'mn k"mNg] la?jf -wfg_ kfOg]

-v_ ODo'lg6L (Immunity) / :yfg, agf]6 / hLjg rqm

EoflS;g;] g -u_ u|GyL k|0ffnL

-u_ km" n gkm' Ng] la?jf–  cfGtl/s u|GyLo

:kfO/fu] fO/fsf] hLjg rjm| -OG8f]j|mfg] fn] fh] L_ k0| ffnL

-3_ 9f8 gePsf] kf| 0fL – tyf c;/ / clgoldt

kf/]dl] ;od kfOg] 7fp“, agf6] ke| fj

tyf kh| gg kl| j|mof

-ª__ jg:klt lkmlhof]hfn] L –

c:dfl] ;;, 6f« Gl;k/;] g

-r_ sfi] fLo Zjf;k|Zjf;

$= j+zf0f'qmd $ j+zf0f'qmd ^ @ $ jm| d ljsf; ^

tyf jm| d -s_ jz+ f0f' lj1fgsf] kl/ro tyf -s_ d]08nsf] ko| f]u M 8fOxfOlj|8

ljsf; ;DalGwt zAbsfz] jm| ;

-v_ jm| fdf]hfd] sf] agf]6 -v_ nª} \lus k|zf/0f -;]S; lnª\s

-u_ jz+ fg' / jz+ f0f' kbfy{ – Ogx]l/6G] ;_

l8 Pg P / cf/ Pg P sf] -u_ h'DNofxf

kl/ro tyf agf]6

-3_ 8flj{gsf] l;¢fGt

216 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

%= kfl/l:ylts %= kfl/l:ylts lj1fg ^ @ %= kfl/l:ylts k¢lt / hl} js % @
kl| j|mof @
lj1fg -s_ kfl/l:ylts lj1fg / k¢lt !#
-s_ kfl/l:ylts k4lt– l;d;f/
-v_ hnLo / :ynLo jg:klt tyf -v_ hLj e/" ;fog rj|m
-clS;hg, gfO6f« h] g / sfa{g
kf| 0fLx¿sf] cgs' n" tfsf
rj|m _
u'0fx¿

-u_ hLj ;db' fo / hLj hg;ªV\ of

larsf] cfGtl/s / cGt/;DaGw

-3_ kxf8sf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL

^= Jofjxfl/s ^ Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg ^ @ ^= Jofjxfl/s hLj lj1fg ^
-s_ /St ;d"x #(
hLj lj1fg -s_ g]kfndf x'g] kzk' fng -v_ /Strfk
-u_ PlG6afof]l6s
-ufO,{ afvf| / s'v/' f kfng_ -3_ ol' /s Pl;8
-ª_ sf]n:] 6«f]n
-v_ gk] fndf kfOg] hªu\ n / -r_ cª\u kT| of/f]k0f

k5+ Lx¿ !#

-u_ jftfj/0fLo ko6{ gsf]

cjwf/0ff / dxŒj

#(

zfvfMe" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg

Ifq] / PsfO sIff ( kf=ef sIff !) kf=ef

;=} k|= ;}= k=|

e" lj1fg != kY[ jL ^ @ != kY[ jL ^@

-s_ eu" es{ f] kl/ro / dxŒj -s_ g]kfnsf] efu} le{s 8fOehg{

-v_ hLjfjz]if o;sf] ks| f/ / (N-S, E-W)

dxŒj -v_ gk] fndf kfOg] hLjfjz]if

-u_ r6\6fg aGg] kl| j|mof -vlgh -u_ r66\ fgsf] cfo'

/ wfp vlgh_ -3_ es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf6] g

-3_ r6\6fgsf] k|sf/ / k[YjLsf] efu} les{

-ª_ kxf8 aGg] k|ljm| of (fold,

fault)

-r_ Geochronology

cGtl/If @= a|x\df08 % ! @= a|x\df08 %!

lj1fg -s_ cGtl/If lj1fgsf] Oltxf; / -s_ cGtl/If ofqfsf] Oltxf; /
ljsf;jm| d ljsf;

-v_ k[YjLsf] pTklQ -v_ cGtl/If b/" bzs{ oGq

-u_ ;"o{sf] pTklQ -u_ /fzLd08n

-3_ tf/fsf] ljsf; -3_ Knfg]6fl] /od / o;sf]

-ª_ sfnf] l5b| (black hole) / pkofu]

Go'6g :6f/

!! # !! #

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 217

%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of (Learning Facilitation Process)

dfgjn] cfgf] hLjg sfndf cfgf jl/k/L xg' ] jtfj/0f / cge' jaf6 ;"rgf kf| Kt u/L 1fg lgdf{0f
ub{5 . lj1fgn] ;+;f/df x'g] ;a} kl| j|mofsf] sf/0f yfxf kfp5“ . sg' } klg j:ts' f] cWoog ug]{ /
a'‰g] tl/sf JolStlkR5] km/s km/s xG' 5 . lj1fg Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ vfh] sf] ljifo xf,] h;df tYok"0f{
ljifox¿ ;dflji6 ul/G5 . jf:tjdf lj1fg gof“ j:ts' f] cg;' Gwfg, ;h[ gfTds /rgfTds tk{msf]
k':6ofOnfO{ al' emG5 . s'g} j:ts' f] af/d] f c?nfO{ a'emfpg] dfWod lzIf0f xf] . lzIf0f ljlw kT| o]s
lzIfsdf csf{] lzIfseGbf km/s x'G5 . o:t} kT| os] ljBfyL{ csf{] ljBfyL{;u“ km/s x'G5 . lzIf0fnfO{
ke| fjsf/L agfpg of u'0ffTds glthf kf| Kt ug{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf x'G5 . lzIf0f
ljlwn] ljBfyL{df ;dembf/L, lj|mofTds ;f]rfO{ tyf k|ofu] fTds l;k / clej[lQsf] ljsf; ub{5 .
lj1fg ljifosf] cWoogsf] s'g} ;Lldttf xb'“ g} . k|To]s PsfOsf] cfcfgf] ljz]iftf xG' 5, To;n} ] sg' }
vf; PsfOsf nflu sg' } vf;lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpgk' g{] x'G5 . s]xL PsfOx¿df ;o+ 'St ¿kdf ljleGg
ljlwx¿ klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 . lzIfsn] sg' } klg lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'eGbf klxn] lgDglnlvt s'/fdf
Wofg lbg' /fd|f] xG' 5 .
-s_ sIff sf7] fsf] jftfj/0f
-v_ ljBfyL{sf] ljifoj:'t;u“ sf] cle?lr
-u_ ljBfyL{sf] a‰' g] Ifdtf
-3_ cfk"mn] /f]hs] f] ljlwx¿af6 cWofkg ;kmn xg' ] ljZjf;
-ª_ ljBfyL{df l;h{gzLn ?kdf ljrf/ ug{] / ;xofu] ug{] efjgf
-r_ ljBfyL{df n's]sf] l;Sg], ug{] / a'‰g] Ifdtf k:| km' /0f
-5_ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g] j:t'x¿ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|of]u
lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfknfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg lgDglnlvt ljlwx?sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ JofVofg ljlw (Lecture method)
-v_ 5nkmn ljlw (Discussion method)
-u_ kb| zg{ ljlw (Demonstration method)
-3_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw (Question answer method)
-ª_ :ynut cWoog (Field study)
-r_ k|of]ufTds ljlw (Experimental method)
-5_ cjnfs] g ljlw (Observation method)
-h_ n3'kl/of]hgf ljlw (short project method)
-em_ cGj]if0f ljlw -Enquiry method)

218 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

-`_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw (Problem solving method)
-6_ :of6n] fO6 ljlw -Satellite mathod_
dfly plNnlvt lzIf0f ljlwx¿ ljifoj:ts' f] k|s[lt / kl/l:yltcg;' f/ k|ofu] ug'k{ 5{ . :yfgLo kl/j]z,
jftfj/0f / z}lIfs ;dfu|Lsf] pknAwtf cflbsf cfwf/df pkoS'{ tafx]ssf cGo lzIf0f ljlwx¿ klg
ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

k|of]ufTds sfo{ (Experimental work)

o; sfo{sf] nflu sn" kf7o\ 3G6Lsf] @% k|ltzt ;do lbgk' b5{ . k|of]ufTds sfos{ f] nflu ljBfyLx{ ¿df
j1} flgs kl| jm| ofut l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ lgDglnlvt ks| f/sf ko| fu] ufTds sfox{ ¿ u/fpg' clgjfo{ xG' 5 M
-s_ cjnf]sg (Observation)
-v_ juL{s/0f (Classification)
-u_ ;dx" Ls/0f (Grouping)
-3_ sf/0f (Reasoning)
-ª_ k:| tt' Ls/0f (Interpretation)
-r_ lrqfª\sg (Drawing)
-5_ k|ltjb] g (Reporting)
-h_ klxrfg (Identification)
-em_ kd| fl0ft (Verification)
-`_ cgd' fg (Inferring)
-6_ eljiojf0fL (Perdiction)
-7_ ;fduL| sf] ;ªs\ ng (Material collection)
-8_ clen]vg (Record keeping)
-9_ JofVof (Description)
-ª_ pks/0fx¿sf] ;r+ fng (Handling apparatus)

^= dN" ofª\sg kl| jm| of (Evaluation process)

ljBfyLx{ ¿n] kf7o\ jm| ddf lglb{i6 p2Z] o tyf l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf] ;Dk0" f{ z}lIfs pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f
ug{] dfWod g} d"Nofªs\ g xf] . o;af6 lzIfsn] cfk"mn] l;sfPsf] s/' f -l;sfO pknlAw_ xfl;n eof]
jf ePg eg] yfxf xG' 5 . lj1fg ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAw dN" ofª\sgsf nflu ;}4flGts k/LIff /
ko| f]ufTds k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;4} flGts kIfsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
ljifout 5nkmndf ;xeflutf, u[xsfo,{ k|Zgf]Tt/, ko| fu] fTds lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf, k|ofu] fTDs

dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 219

ljm| ofsnfksf clenv] x¿ / ljleGg lsl;dsf k/LIffx¿ cflbsf] k|of]u ugk'{ 5{ . o; ljifodf &%
k"0ffª{ s\ sf] ;}4flGts k/LIff / @% k0" ffª{ \ssf] k|ofu] fTds k/LIff xg' ] 5 .

;}4flGts k/LIff (Theory Test)

;}4flGts k/LIffsf nflu &% k0" ff{ªs\ sf] cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

qm=;+= ljifo Ifq] cªs\ -kl| tztdf_ cªs\ ef/
!= efl} ts lj1fg #)=^ @#
@= /;fog lj1fg #)=^ @#
#= hLj lj1fg #)=^ @#
$= cGtl/If tyf e"–lj1fg *=@ ^
!)) &%
hDdf

ko| f]ufTds k/LIff (Practical Test)

k|ofu] fTds kIfsf] dN" ofªs\ gsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/x¿ lng'kb{5 M

-s_ lrqfªs\ g÷gfdfª\sg÷;ªs\ ng Pjd\ lbOPsf j:t'÷rf6÷{ lrq cjnfs] g / klxrfg tyf
nIf0fx¿sf] j0fg{

-v_ :ynut ed| 0f k|ltj]bg nv] g

-u_ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f

-3_ n3' kl/ofh] gf sfo{

-ª_ df}lvs k/LIff tyf clenv]

k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] nflu @% k0" ffª{ s\ sf] cªs\ ef/ lgDgcg;' f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

qm=;=+ ljifo cªs\ ef/
!= lrqfªs\ g÷gfdfª\sg÷nIf0f j0f{g %
@= k|ltjb] g %
#= ;fdu|L lgdf0{ f %
$= n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ %
%= dfl} vs÷clenv] %
@%
hDdf

220 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

sIff ( / !) sf] cªs\ ef/ kf7o\ ef/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

qm=;+= ljifo cª\s ef/ -k|ltztdf_ kf7\o ef/ -3G6Ldf_ sIff !)
sIff ( sIff !) sIff ( ;4} flGts ko| fu] fTds
;4} flGts k|of]ufTds &%% @%%
!= ef}lts lj1fg #) #) &%% @%% #( !#
#) #( !# #( !#
@= /;fog lj1fg #) #) #( !# #( !#
#( !# !! #
#= hLj lj1fg #) !) !! #
!@* $@
$= cGtl/If tyf !) !)) !@* $@
e–" lj1fg

hDdf !))

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk M sIff ( / !)

Kfo| f]u g+ Kf|ofu] sf] gfd Kf|ofu] g+ Kf|ofu] sf] gfd

Effl} ts lj1fg M sIff ( Effl} ts lj1fg M sIff !)

! Oscillation k|bz{g ug{ / Simple pendu- ! ;l] G6lk6n / ;]lG6km\ou' n ansf] k|bzg{ ug{

lum sf] Oscillation ;do kQf nufpg

@ pqg] / 8A' g] ljm| of ko| fu] 4f/f b]vfpg @ t/n kbfys{ f] rfk k|bz{g ug{ / s'g} ef8F fd] f

t/n kbfy{ /fVbf pSt ef8F fdf kg{] rfk kQf

nufpg

# t/n kbfyd{ f j:t'sf] pmWj{rfk kQf nufpg # le:sf]l;6L kb| zg{ ug{

$ ;fo} p{ mhf{ k|ljlwsf] lrqfª\sg4f/f kb| z{g ug{ $ ;/km;] 6]G;g k|bz{g ug{

% Jffo' pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] 4f/f b]vfpg % hnljB't\ pTkfbg kl| jlwsf] -lrq4f/f_ k|bzg{

ug{

^ Tffk4f/f j:ts' f] k;| f/0f xg' ] lj|mofnfO{ k|bz{g ^ ljs| 6] ÷jfofU] oFf; pTkfbg kb| zg{ -lrqfªs\ g_

ug{ ug{

& a/kmnfO{ ttfO{ tfksf c;/x?sf] ko| f]uåf/f & Sofnf]l/d6] Lsf] l;4fGt ko| fu] u/L wft'sf]

kd| fl0ft ug{ 8NnfnfO{ kfgLdf /fVbfsf] tfkj|mddf ePsf]

cGt/ kQf nufpg

* lkH| d4f/f ks| fzsf] ljR5b] g k|lj|mofsf] * 6]ln:sf]ksf] gd'gf tof/ ug{

k|bzg{ ug{

( Kf"0f{ cfGtl/s k/fjt{g ljm| ofnfO{ ko| fu] fTds ( lbOPsf] nG] ;sf] Ifdtf kQf nufpg

¿kdf k|bzg{ ug{

!) cj/fw] sf] kb| z{g ug{ !) df]6/ Okm]S6 k|bz{g ug{

!! rD' asLo an/]vfx? kmnfdsf] wn' f] ko| fu] !! ljBt' \ rD' asLo pTkfbg kb| zg{ ug{

u/L kb| z{g ug{

dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 221

!@ ;fn] f/ ;n] sf] agfj6 / sfo{ k|ljm| ofsf] !@ h]g/] ]6/sf] gdg' f agfpg

lrqfªs\ g ug{

!# ;fwf/0f dfOj|mf]:sfk] tof/ u/L kb| z{g ug{ !# :6]k ck / :6k] 8fpg 6«fG;kmd{/sf] gd"gf

lgdf0{ f ug{

/;fog lj1fg M sIff ( /;fog lj1fg M sIff !)

!$ /b/kmf8] {sf] cNkmf /] :s]/]l6ª k|of]usf] rf6{ !$ !) k|ltzt (w/v) concentration ePsf]

tof/ kfg{ Vffg] g'gsf] 3f]n agfpg

!% UofF;sf] cfotgnfO{ rfkn] c;/ kfg{] lj|mofnfO{ !% SjfG6d gDa/nfO{ rf64{ f/f b]vfpg

k|bz{g ug{

!^ Tffkn] Uof;sf] cfotgnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ljm| ofnfO{ !^ ckmjfpsf] l;4fGtcg;' f/ tŒjx?sf] On]S6fl] gs

k|b{zg ug{ ljGof; ug{

!& /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf pTk]|/ssf] c;/sf] !& ljljw ;o+ 'Hotf xg' ] tTjx?sf] OnS] 6«f]g ljGof;

kb| z{g ug{ -KClO3 dfq} / KClO3 / MnO2 ug{
sf] k|ltlj|mofåf/f_

!* cDn / Iff/sf] k|ltlj|mofaf6 nj0f agfpg !* S,p,d,f cfwf/df d'Vo tŒjx?sf] On]S6fg]

ljGof; ug{

!( /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofdf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx?- !( Vffgg] 'g, DofUgl] ;od Snf]/fO8, SoflN;od

tfk÷3f]n÷;txsf] Ifq] kmn_ sf] k|bz{g ug{ cS;fO8, kfgL, cf]hf]g, ldyg] sf] agf]6sf] lrq

tof/ ug{

@) ;"rfnstf ljlwåf/f OnS] 6«f]nfOl6; / @) l;Udf / kfO jG8 aGg] ljm| ofnfO{ rf64{ f/f k|:tt'

ggO\ nS] 6f« n] fO6L; kb| zg{ ug{ ug{

@! tfdfsf] ljBt' \ n]kg kl| tlj|mof k|bz{g ug{ @! pH sf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df cDn, Iff/ /

nj0fsf 3f]nx¿sf] pH sf] kl/df0f kQf

nufpg

@@ kfgLsf] ljBt' \ ljR5b] g lj|mofnfO{ k|ofu] åf/f @@ df6fsf] pH kl/df0f kQf nufpg

bv] fpg

@# sfa{lgs ofl} ussf] pDng] / kUng] ljGb' @# kfgLsf] cfof]lgs pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljm| ofnfO{ k|bz{g

csfa{lgs of}lussf] eGbf sd xg' ] ljm| ofnfO{ ug{

k|bzg{ ug{

@$ sfal{ gs of}lusx¿ kfgLdf 3'Nb}gg\ t/ @$ Dffsf{]elgsf]E;sf] lgodnfO{ lrqfªs\ gåf/f k|:t't

csfa{lgs of}lusx? kfgLdf 3'N5g\ eGg] ug{

s'/fnfO{ kb| z{g ug{

@% sfa{lgs ofl} ussf] 3gTj csfal{ gs of}lussf] @% sfa{lgs kl| tlj|mof ks| f/x?nfO{ lrqfª\sgåf/f

eGbf sd xg' ] s'/fnfO{ kb| zg{ ug{ k:| tt' ug{

@^ Tffdfsf] eGbf kmnfdsf] ljm| ofzfLntf a9L x'g] @^ Pn'ldlgod, rfbL / ;g' sf] kz| f]wg ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{

lj|mofnfO{ kb| z{g ug{ lrqfªs\ g ug{

222 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)

hLj lj1fg M sIff ( hLj lj1fg M sIff !)

@& hLj lj1fgsf] cGo lj1fg;uF sf] cGt/ ;DaG- @& sfafx]{ fO8]6, kf| l] 6g, lnlk8, OghfOd / Gol' Sno;

wnfO{ lrqfªs\ g ug{ Pl;8sf] ;+/rgfsf] lrq sf/] L cfjZostfsf] ;"rL

tof/ ug{

@* Jfg:klt / hGts' f]ifsf] c:yfoL :nfO8 tof/ @* jg:klt tGt'x¿, Ps bnLo tyf b'O{ bnLo h/f /

u/L kb| zg{ u/L lrqfªs\ g ug{÷jg:klt sf08x¿sf] :yfoL :nfO8x¿ cjnfs] g u/L ljleGg

/ hGts' fi] fsf] :yfoL :nfO8 cjnfs] g u/L tGt'x¿ 56' o\ fpg

lrqfªs\ g ug{

@( Kff| ]sfof]{l6s / os' fof{l] 6s hLj sf]ifsf] @( kf| 0fL tGtx' ¿ – d]l/:6d]l6s, df+;k;] Lo, ;o+ fh] g /

lrqfª\sg ug{ :gfo' tGt'x¿sf] :yfoL :nfO8x¿ cjnf]sg u/L

ljleGg 5'6o\ fpg]

#) dfO6f]sfl] G8o« f, ufN] uL al8h, Gol' Sno;, #) ldofl] ;; sf]if ljefhgsf] df]8n] tof/ ug{

Knf:6fO8sf] cjnf]sg u/L lrq sf]g{

#! c:df]l;; ljm| ofnfO{ k|bz{g ug{ #! :tgwf/L hGt' -d';f_ sf] lr/kmf/ u/L cfGtl/s

agf6] tyf kfrg k0| ffnLsf] cjnf]sg ug]{

#@ :kfO/fu] fO/fsf] cjnfs] g u/L lrqfªs\ g ug{ #@ Wffgsf] hLjgkl| jm| ofsf] lrqfªs\ g ug{

## Kff/fdl] ;odsf] cjnfs] g u/L lrqfª\sg ug{ ## dfgj d"q k|0ffnLsf] lrqfªs\ g ug{

#$ l8PgP / cf/Pg Psf] df]8n tof/ u/L kb| zg{ #$ Df]08nsf] 8fOxfOlj|8 s|;sf] k|of]unfO{ lrqfª\sg

ug{ ug{

#% jm| fd] f]hfd] sf] agf6] nfO lrqfª\sg ug{ #% Hf'DNofxf aGg] kl| j|mofnfO{ lrq4f/f k|:t't ug{

#^ hnLo k|f0fL Mdf5fsf] cjnfs] g u/L lrq;lxt #^ l;d;f/ kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ lrqfª\sg ug{

hnLo cg's'ntfsf u0' fx¿ tof/ ug{

#& hnLo jg:klt xfOl8n« f, o'nf]l8ofsf] cjnfs] g #& sfa{g / gfO6fh] g rj|mnfO{ lrqåf/f k:| tt' ug{

u/L lrqfªs\ g u/L u0' fx?sf] ;r" L tof/ ug{

#* s'v'/fkfngsf] cjnf]sg u/L s'v/' fkfng ug]{ #* /Strfk-;fdfGo, pRr / Gog' _ gfKg] kl| jm| ofnfO

kl| jlwsf] lrqfª\sg ug{ k|bzg{ ug{

#( ufOkfng÷afvf| kfngsf] cjnf]sg u/L o;sf] #( cªu\ k|Tof/fk] g ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ lrq4f/f k:| tt' ug{

dxŒjnfO{ ;"rLj4 ug{

e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg M sIff ( e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg M sIff (

$) :yfgLo If]qdf kfOg] r66\ fgsf] k/LIf0f $) Efs" Dk / Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf6] gsf] gd"gf kb| zg{ ug{

(tests) / klxrfg (identification) M /sls6

tof/ ug{ -r6\6fg, cfUg]÷kl/jltt{ h6\6fg_

$! glhsaf6 bl] vg] rlDsnf] tf/fx¿ / u|x¿sf] $! cfsfz uªu\ fsf] df]8n] lgdf0{ f ug{

cfsfzLo gS;f tof/ ug{

$@ Tff/fsf] hLJfgrj|msf] rf6{ tof/ ug{ $@ dxŒjk"0f{ tf/fd08nsf] :s]r tof/ ug{

dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 223

lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg

kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f p2Z] ocg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ k|fKt u/] gu/s] f] d"Nofª\sg
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg
elgG5 . o; kf7o\ j|mdsf] cg';"rLsf ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg k|ljm| of, cªs\ ljefhg tyf clGtd dN" ofªs\ gsf
nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6o« k/LIff af8] { tyf ;DalGwt
cGo lgsfon] ;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u|8] lgwf/{ 0f ug'k{ b5{ .

224 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)