2. Working with (2.1) Different Graphics Format 7 17
20 34
Graphics (2.2) Graphics for Web
34
(2.3) Image size, resolution
(2.4) Graphics Editing
- Changing the size and format of image
- Text and selection tool
- Cropping images
3. Internet and (3.1) Internet Technology
Web Tech- An introduction to
nology - web browser, search engine, upload, download, webserver,
URL, home page, web page, website, DNS
- IOT (Internet of Things)
- Cloud Computing
(3.2) HTML
(3.2.1) Creating, opening and formatting HTML Document
- <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, <BODY> (BGCOL-
OR), <P> (ALIGN), <FONT> (SIZE, COLOR &
FACE), <H1> ..... <H6> (ALIGN), <B>, <I>, <CEN-
TER>, <U>, <SUB>, <SUP>, <BR>, <HR>
(3.2.2) Setting marquee - <MARQUEE> (BEHAVIOR, BG-
COLOR)
(3.2.3) Creating Links
- <A> (HREF)
(3.2.4) Inserting Images
-<IMG> (SRC, WIDTH, HEIGHT)
(3.2.5) Working with table
-<TABLE> (BORDER, BGCOLOR), <TD>, <TR>
(3.2.6) Working with forms
- Different form Elements
4. Computer (3.3) CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) 27
Program- Introduction to CSS, CSS syntax, CSS Measuring Units, CSS:
ming
Colors, Backgrounds, Fonts, Text, Images, Links, borders,
margins
(4.1) General Concept
(a) Programing & programer
(b) Programming language
(c) Translator (Compilers and Interpreters)
(d) Algorithm and Flow chant
(4.2) Programming in QBASIC
(4.2.1) Introduction
(a) Features of QBASIC programming
(b) QBASIC interface (Screen, menus, shortcut commands)
(4.2.2) Data types
144 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
(a) Numeric (Integer, Long integer, single precision, double 85
precision)
(b) Varaiables and rules for naming variables
(c) Constants (Literal and symbolic)
(d) Variable Declaration (Implicit and Explicit)
(i) Using type declaration characters (%, &, !, # and $)
(ii) Using DIM AS statement
(4.2.3) Operators, operands & expenssions
(a) Operators and their precedence
(i) Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,\,MOD,^)
(ii) Relational operators (=,>,>,>=,<=,<>)
(iii) Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)
(iv) String Operators (+)
(v) Assignment operators (=)
(b) Expression
(i) Arithmetic expression
(ii) Logical (Boolean expression
(iii) String expression
(4.2.4) Program Statements (use and syntax)
(a) Declaration statement (CONST, DIM, REM)
(b) Assignment statement (LET, SWAP)
(c) Input/Output statement
- CLS, INPUT, LINE INPUT, READ ... DATA, INPUT$,
INKEY$, PRINT, LPRINT, PRINT USING, LPRINT US-
ING, TAB, SPC, LOCATE, DATE$, TIME$
(4.2.5) Program flow and control structures
(a) Sequence Structure
(b) Selection Structure (IF, SELECT statement)
(c) Loop Structure (FOR, WHILE, DO WHILE statements)
(4.2.6) Library Functions
String manipulation functions : (ASC, CHR$, LEFT$, RIGHT$,
MID$, LTRIM$, RTRIM$, VAL, STR$, SPACE$,
STRING$, LCASE$, UCASE$, DATE$, TIME$)
Mathematical Calculation Functions (ABS, COS, SIN, TAN,
GQR, SGN, INT)
(ABS, COS, SIN, TAN, SQR, SGN, INT)
(4.2.7) Arrays (Declaring and Using)
(a) Array Variables
(b) Array elements and subscripts
(c) One dimensional array (Searching, Sorting)
(d) Two dimensional array (general concept)
85
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 145
Grade - X Tentative No.
of Classes
Area Contents
1. Introduction (1.1) Networking & Telecommunications Th Pr
(1.1.1) Introduction to Networks 34
Technology (i) Communication Media (Guided & Unguided Media)
Fundamentals (ii) Elements of Network (NIC Card, Connectors, Hub,
146 Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateway, Repeater, Modem)
(iii) Types of Network
LAN, MAN, WAN
(iv) Network Architecture
Peer-to-peer Network, Client-Server Network,
Centralized Network
(v) Topologies (Bus, Star, Ring)
(vi) Protocols (Definition and Example only)
(vii) Advantages & Disadvantages of Network
(viii) Internet and its services
(1.2) Ethical and Social Issues in ICT
Digital Citizenship, Digital Footprint, IT policy 2072,
Electronic Transaction Act, Opportunities and
threats in Social Media
(1.3) Computer Security
(a) Computer secturity, Information security, security
threats, malicious codes
(b) Security mechanisms
(i) Authentication systems: Password, biometric
(ii) Firewalls
(iii) Cryptography : Encryption, Deryption
(iv) Antivirus software
(v) Backup System
(a) Hardware Security
(i) Regular Maintenance (ii) Insurance (iii) Free from dust
(iv) Fire (v) Thief (vi) Air Condition system (vii)
Power protection device (Volt guard, Spike guard,
UPS)
(1.4) E-Commerce
(i) Introduction (ii) Benefits and Limitations of E-Com-
merce (iii) Types of E-Commerce: B2B, B2C, C2C
(iv) M-Commerce (v) Online Payment
(1.5) Contemporary Technology
Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Real-
ity, E-Governance, Mobile Computing, Internet of
things (IOT)
(1.6) Number ystem
(a) Binary Arthmetic (addtion, Sbstraction, Multiplica-
tion, Division)
(b) Base Conversion (Decimal, Octal, binary and hexa-
decimal)
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
2. Database Man- (2.1) Introduction 17 29
agement System (i) Data and Information, Database Concept, Database 24 37
3. Programming in Management Concept 147
QBASIC (ii) Files, Data type, Record, Table
(2.2) Creating a Database using MS-Access
(i) Creating a new Database
(ii) Creating a new Table by design view, Saving and
creating a Primary key
(iii) Adding and deleting fields
(iv) Editing Field name, Data type, Field size and Index
(2.3) Entering and Editing Data
(i) Adding, Editing, Inserting, Deleting and sorting
records
(ii) Adjusting Column widths and hiding columns
(2.4) Querying Database
(i) Select Query (ii) Update Query (iii) Delete Query (iv)
Insert Query (criteria with maximum two conditions)
(2.5) Creating and using forms
(i) Creating Form by using wizard, Entering and Editing
Data using a from
(2.6) Creating and Printing Reports
(i) Printing the table data, Creating a Report Using the
Report Wizards
((3ii.)1P) rMinotidnuglaarRPeropgorrat mming
(i) Concept of modular programming approach
(ii) Main module, procedure modules (function and sub
procedures)
(iii) Parameters (Concept of Local & Global variables)
(iv) Writing and calling function procedure
(v) Define and call procedures
(FUNCTION... END FUNCTION, SUB... END
SUB,CALL)
(3.2) File processing (file handling)
(i) Data file (sequential only)
(ii) File modes (output, input, append)
(iii) File processing activities
Opening a file
Writing to a file
Reading a file
Appending records to a file
Closing file
Statements and Functions to be covered:
File Input / Output Management statement and functions
(OPEN, CLOSE, WRITE#, PRINT#,INPUT#,INPUT$
LINE INPUT#,EOF,NAME,KILL,
FILES,CHDIR,MKDIR,RMDIR)
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
4. C- Programming 1. Introduction to C-Language Programming 10 19
2. Data types, operators
3. Keywords in C-Language
4. Input /Output using scan f & Print f
5. Writing Programs using IF and looping statements
85 85
%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mof
sDKo6' / lj1fg Pp6f ko| fu] fTds ljifo xf] . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf jm| ddf ;4} flGtssf ;fy}
ko| fu] fTds cEof; ugk'{ g]{ xG' 5 . sDKo6' / lj1fg l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf jm| ddf Pp6f dfq ljlw gckgfO{ w/] }
ljlwx¿ ckgfpgk' g]{ xG' 5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/ lzIf0f ljlwx¿ ckgfpg' ;lsG5 M
— kZ| gf]Q/ tyf 5nkmn ljlw — k|bzg{ ljlw
— ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw — k|ofu] fTds cEof;
— kl/of]hgf sfo{ — :ynut ed| 0f
kl/ofh] gf sfoc{ Gtu{t Databasec tyf Programming df cfwfl/t eP/ lzIfssf] ;xof]udf
Pp6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{'kg]{ 5 . kl/ofh] gf sfos{ f ;fy} To;sf Documentation nfO{ klg k];
ugk{' g{] 5 .
^= d"Nofªg\ k|lj|mof
sDKo6' / lj1fg ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAw d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu lgDgadfl] hdsf tl/sfx¿sf] k|ofu]
ul/g] 5
kZ| gf]Tt/
cjnfs] g
;xeflutf
lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofªs\ g
gful/s zf:q ljifodf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] s] slt l;s] eGg] s/' f kQf nufO{ gl;s]sf] eP gl;s]sf sf/0f
t'?Gt klxrfg u/]/ kg' M l;sfOG5 jf tof/ ul/G5 eg] o:tf] d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ lgdf0{ ffTds
dN" ofª\sg elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g sIffsf7] fdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofs} cleGg cªu\ sf
¿kdf ux[ sfo,{ sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo,{ :ynut cjnf]sg kl| tj]bg nv] g sfo,{ ;fdb' flos sfo,{
;x÷cltl/St lj|mofsnfk, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] ug{
;lsg] 5 . o:tf] dN" ofª\sgsf nflu ljBfyLs{ f] clenv] /fVgk' 5{ . ;f]sf] cfwf/df g} l;sfO cj:yf
olsg ul/G5 / cfjZostfg;' f/ pkrf/fTds l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof ;~rfng ug{'k5{ . ljzi] f
148 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu ljifo lzIfsn] g} pkoS' t k|ljm| of ckgfO{ d"Nofªs\ g ugk'{ g]{
5 . gful/s zf:q ljifodf o; k|sf/sf] dN" ofªs\ g kl| j|mofn] 7n' f] dxŒj /fV5 . lzIfsn] o:tf]
k|sf/sf] d"Nofª\sg hg;' s' } ;dodf klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ugk{' b{5 / ljBfyL{x¿df ;w' f/sf] jftfj/0f
tof/ ul/lbgk' b5{ .
k|ofu] fTds d"Nofª\sg
o; ljifodf If]q / j|md tflnsfdf pNnv] ePcg';f/sf ljifo Ifq] df k|ofu] fTds dN" ofª\sg
u/fpg'kg]{ 5 . lg0ff{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;4} flGts k/LIff / k|ofu] fTds k/LIff lnOg] 5 .
ko| fu] fTds d"Nofª\ssf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf k|lj|mof ckgfpgk' g{] 5 . ko| fu] fTds sfos{ f nflu sfos{ nfk
/ cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
— lglZrt ;doleq dfq dN" ofªs\ g gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f sfo{ / Jojxf/
kl/jtg{ sf] cjnf]sg u/L dN" ofª\sg ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{, xflh/L / ;ljm| otfsf
cfwf/df cª\s kb| fg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
— kT| os] PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf6] f kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf Ifq] ed| 0f u/fO{ dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f ;eI{] f0f sIff sfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ l;hg{ fTds sfo,{ l;kdn" s sfo,{ vfh] dn" s sfo{
cflb / ;f;] uF ;DalGwt ko| fu] fTds k/LIffnfO{ ko| fu] fTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kd| v' cfwf/ dflgg] 5 .
ko| f]ufTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ / Ifq] ed| 0fafkt cª\s k|bfg ubf{ ljBfyLn{ ] /fli6«o dxŒjsf
sfoj{ m| dcGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/]sf jf ofu] bfg lbPsf sfon{ fO{ ;d]t u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
ePsf ljBfyL{ / ax'af}l4stfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ pkoS' t d"Nofªs\ gsf ;fwg, ;|ft] / tl/sf k|of]u u/L
d"Nofªs\ g ug{k' g]{ 5 .
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf{/0f u/s] f p2]Zocg¿' k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clejl[ Q k|fKt u/] gu/s] f] dN" ofªs\ g
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] dN" ofª\sgnfO{ lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg
elgG5 . o:tf] dN" ofªs\ g cfjlws ¿kdf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| fu] fTds tyf cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] %) kl| tzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu %) kl| tzt ef/ 56' \ofPsf] 5 . o; kf7\oj|mdsf]
cg;' r" Lsf ¿kdf dN" ofªs\ g k|lj|mof, cªs\ ljefhg tyf clGtd d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6o« k/LIff af]8{ tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u|8] lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 149
nv] f k/LIf0f
!= kl/ro
dfgj hLjgsf] ljsf;df cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf] dxŒj / cfjZostf /xs] f] 5 . cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf
;+nUg JolSt, Joj;fo tyf Joj;flos ;ªu\ 7gx¿ / ;/sf/Lnufot ;Dk"0f{ lgsfosf nflu nv] f
/fVg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . nv] fnfO{ Jojl:yt 9frfFdf /fVg' cfjZos 5 . n]vf /fVbf x'g ;Sg] uNtL / tL
uNtLnfO{ ;dod} ;'wf/ u/L :yfO{ ¿kdf nv] f /fVgsf nflu nv] f k/LIf0fsf] k7gkf7g lgtfGt h?/L
5 . dfWoflds txdf n]vf k/LIf0f ljifoNffO{ Pl] R5s ljifosf ¿kdf /lvPsf] xf] . /fh] uf/d'vL /
Joj;fokl| t pT;fx a9fpg ;Sg] / cfwl' gs k|ljlw;dt] nfO{ ;d6] b\ } sfof{nodf n]vf /fVg] tl/sf
/ To;sf nv] f k/LIf0f;DaGwL sfox{ ¿sf] j:tu' t ;/ntfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ of] kf7\ojm| d kl/dfhg{
ul/Psf] 5 . Joj;fosf] cfly{s sf/f]af/x¿sf] clen]v tyf clenv] ul/Psf sf/fa] f/x¿sf] nv] f
/fVg] / nv] f k/LIf0f ug]{ ko| fu] fTds tyf hLJfgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] ljsf; u/L ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljifok|ltsf]
?lr, cfjZostf Pjd\ rfxgfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] p2Z] on] o; ljifosf ljifoj:t' tyf lzIf0f l;sfO
lj|mofsnfk 5gf6] ubf{ ljBfyLs{ l] Gbt| l;sfO / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ oy]i6 Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .
o; kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t /xL tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . dfWolds txdf nv] f k/LIf0fsf] 1fg
/ l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ n]vfsf] 1fg, cjwf/0ff / l;ksf] ljsf; x'gk' g]{ cfjZostf dx;;' u/L nv] f
k/LIf0f bj' } ljifonfO{ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 .
nv] fkfngsf] kl/ro, bfx] f]/f] n]vfk0| ffnL, nv] f /fVg] tl/sf, ;xfos kl' :tsf, ;Gtn' g k/LIf0fnfO{ sIff
( sf] n]vf v08df / nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro, lsl;d / tl/sfnfO{ nv] f k/LIf0f v08df /flvPsf]
5 . sIff !) df clGtd vftf tof/, aª} s\ sf] kl/ro, ;/sf/L n]vfkfng nv] f v08df ;dfjz] 5
eg] ;/sf/L nv] f k/LIf0f, nv] f k/LIf0f k|ltjb] g n]vf k/LIf0f v08df ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . sIff
( / !) sf] kf7\o ljifonfO{ cGt/;DalGwt agfpbF } j|mda4 ¿kdf kf7o\ j:tn' fO{ Jojl:yt u/L of]
kf7o\ j|md tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljifodf &% k|ltzt ;4} flGts / @% k|ltzt ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf
o; txsf] cGTodf n]vf k/LIf0fsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf ;Ifdtf xfl;n
ug]{ 5g\M
-s_ nv] f k/LIf0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] 1fg / k|of]u
-v_ n]vf k0| ffnLsf] kl/ro / Joj;flos ;ª\u7gsf] kf| /lDes / k"0f{ clen]v /fVg] tl/sf
150 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
-u_ gk] fndf ;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro / ko| f]u
-3_ a}ªs\ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] kl/ro, ks| f/ / sfo{x¿sf] j0fg{ ug{
-ª_ nv] f k/LIf0f;DaGwL kf| /lDes l;k u|x0f
-r_ ;/sf/L nv] f k/LIf0f kl/ro, tl/sf atfpg / cfjZostfcg';f/ ko| f]ufTds l;k xfl;n
-5_ g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f dfg;uF kl/lrt x'g
-h_ n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtcg;' f/ nv] f;DaGwL ko| f]ufTds l;k tyf nv] f k/LIf0fsf] k|f/lDes 1fgsf
dfWodaf6 cfkm\ gf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ¿kdf kfngf
-em_ nv] fk/LIfssf] sfd, stJ{ o, clwsf/, u'0f / cfjZos ofU] otf;Fu kl/ro / kfngf
#= sIffut l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
!= n]vfzf:q
• nv] fzf:qsf] kl/ro, l;4fGt tyf wf/0ff atfpg
• n]vfljlwsf] kl/ro, dxŒj / p2Z] o atfpg
• n]vf;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnLx¿sf] cy{ atfpg
@= nv] fk|0ffnL / nv] f ;dLs/0f
• n]vfk0| ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg
• Psfx] f]/f] nv] fk0| ffnL / bf]xf/] f] nv] fk|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg
• bfx] f/] f] nv] fk0| ffnLsf] ljj/0f atfpg
• nv] f ;dLs/0fsf ljlw afw] u/L cEof; ug{
#= uf:] jf/f clen]v / vftf
• uf:] jf/f clenv] / vftfsf] kl/ro tyf p2Z] o atfpg
• 8]la6 / j|m]l86 ug{] lgodx¿ atfpg
• kf| /lDes clenv] uf:] jf/f efr} / tof/ agfpg
• vftfdf sf/f]af/x¿ r9fpg / vftf tof/ kfg{
$= ;xfos k'l:tsf / gubL kl' :tsf
• ;xfos k'l:tsf] kl/ro ks| f/ / lgodx¿ atfpg
• vftfx¿df kl| jli6;DaGwL 1fg / ko| f]u
• gub kl' :tsfsf] kl/ro / ks| f/ atfpg
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 151
%= ;Gtn' g k/LIf0f
• ;Gtn' g k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro, kmfObf / k|of]u atfpg
• ;Gt'ng k/LIf0fsf] lx;fa ug{] tl/sf atfpg
^= n]vf k/LIf0fsf] cjwf/0ff
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro, cfjZostf / kmfObf atfpg
• n]vf k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo atfpg
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] cGt/;DaGw Pjd\ leGgtf 5'6o\ fpg
&= n]vfk/LIfs
• n]vfk/LIfssf] kl/ro, of]Uotf / cfjZostf atfpg
• nv] f k/LIfssf u0' fx¿, clwsf/ / bfloTj d"Nofª\sg ug{
*= n]vf k/LIf0fsf tl/sfx¿
• nuftf/ n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro atfpg
• ;fdlos jf clGtd nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro atfpg
• cGtl/d n]vf k/LIf0f, cf+lzs nv] f k/LIf0f / lgoldt nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro atfpg
-v_ sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
!= Joj;flos n]vf
• gfkmf gfS] ;fg lx;fa vftfsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
• gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fa vftf tof/ ug{] tl/sf j0f{g ug{ / ko| f]u ug{
• jf;nftsf] kl/ro, dxŒj atfpg
• jf;nftsf] tof/ ug{] tl/sf j0f{g ug{ / ko| f]u ug{
@= a}ª\s
• aª} \ssf] kl/ro / dxŒj j0f{g ug{
• a}ª\ssf ks| f/, ltgLx¿sf] kl/ro / sfo{x¿ j0f{g ug{
• a}ªs\ vftfsf] kl/ro lbg
• rs] sf] kl/ro, ks| f/ / rs] tof/ kfbf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s/' fx¿ atfpg / k|of]u ug{
#= ;/sf/L nv] fk0| ffnL
• ;/sf/L n]vfk|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg / ljzi] ftf atfpg
152 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
• uf:] jf/f efr} /sf] kl/ro lbg, tof/ ug{ / k|ofu] ug{ 153
• ah6] lx;fasf] kl/ro lbg
• aª} \s gubL lstfasf] kl/ro lbg, tof/ ug{ / ko| fu] ug{
• ;fgf] gubL sf]if, ah]6 lx;fa, df:sj] f/L / vr{sf] kmfF6jf/lsf] kl/ro lbg
$ ;/sf/L nv] f k/LIf0f
• ;/sf/L n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro atfpg
• gk] fndf ;/sf/L nv] f k/LIf0fsf] ;'?jft
• ljsf; p2]Zo / dxŒj atfpg
% gk] fndf n]vf k/LIf0f
• dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{nosf] kl/ro lbg
• sfi] f tyf nv] f lgoGqssf] sfofn{ osf] kl/ro lbg
• dxfnv] f k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] kl/ro
• ;fjh{ lgs nv] f ;ldltsf] kl/ro lbg
• ;fjh{ lgs n]vf ;ldltsf] st{Jo / clwsf/ j0fg{ ug{
^ ef}r/ k/LIf0f
• ef}r/sf] kl/ro, dxŒj / cfjZostf j0f{g ug{
• efr} / k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro, dxŒj cfjZostf atfpg
• vftfx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{] tl/sf j0f{g ug{ / k/LIf0f ug{
• gub, hg/n / vl/b laj|mL vftfx¿ / Jofkfl/s sf/fa] f/x¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{
&= nv] f k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl| tjb] gsf] kl/ro lbg
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl| tjb] gsf] p2Z] o atfpg
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] kl| tj]bg tof/ ug]{ tl/sf j0fg{ ug]{
• n]vf k/LIf0f kl| tj]bgsf cfjZos tŒjx¿sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf] k|ltjb] g tof/ ug]{
* n]vf k/LIf0f dfg
• nv] f k/LIf0f dfgsf] kl/ro lbg
• g]kfn n]vf k/LIf0f dfgsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
$= ljifoj:t'sf] Ifq] tyf jm| d
sIff ( ljifoj:t' kf7\oef/÷ sIff !) ljifoj:t' kf7\oef/÷
Ifq] 3G6L PsfO÷kf7 3G6L
!= !=Joj;flos
n]vfzf:q • nv] fzf:qsf] !% clGtd vftf • clGtd vftfsf] kl/ro @%
• Jofkf/ lx;fa vftf tyf
@= n]vf kl/ro @ a}ªs\ tyf
k0| ffnL / ljlQo ;+:yf gfkmf–gf]S;fg lx;fa
n]vf • nv] fzf:qsf vftf M kl/ro, dxŒj /
;dLs/0f tof/ ug{] tl/sf÷cEof;
l;4fGt tyf • jf;nftM kl/ro, dxŒj /
tof/ ug{] tl/sf÷cEof;
wf/0ff • ;Gtn' g k/LIf0f
jf;nftsf ;fdfgtf /
• n]vfljlwsf] leGgtf
kl/efiff, p2]Zo /
dxŒj
• n]vf;uF ;DalGwt
zAbfjnL
• nv] f k0| fnLsf] !% • a}ª\s tyf ljlQo !)
kl/ro
;+:yfsf] kl/ro / dxŒj
• Psfx] f/] f]
nv] fk0| ffnL / • aª} s\ tyf ljlTto
ljzi] ftf
;+:yfsf] k|sf/x¿,
• bf]xf]/f] nv] fk|0ffnL
/ ljzi] ftf kl/ro / sfo{
• bj' } k0| ffnLlar • aª} s\ vftf / k|sf/
leGgtfx¿
• rs] M kl/ro, ks| f/ /
• n]vf ;dLs/0fsf]
kl/ro, ljlw Pjd\ rs] tof/ kfbf{ Wofg
cEof;
lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿
• rs] cgfb/ xg' s' f
sf/0fx¿
154 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
# uf]:jf/f • uf]:jf/f @) # ;/sf/L • Jofj;flos / ;/sf/L #@
clen]v nv] fk0| ffnL n]vfdf km/s !)
-hgn{ _ / clenv] sf] kl/ro
vftf-nh] /_ $ ;/sf/L • ;/sf/L nv] fk|0ffnLsf]
• uf]:jf/f clens] f] nv] f k/LIf0f kl/ro, p2Z] o Pjd\
ljz]iftfx¿
p2]Zo
• sG] bL| o tyf sfo{
• 8]lj6 / j|m]l86 ;~rfng :t/sf] >:] tf
k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro
ug]{ lgodx¿ / ljzi] ftf
• k|f/lDes • uf]:jf/f efr} /sf] kl/ro
/ cEof;
clenv] ÷ uf:] jf/f
• a}ª\s gubL lstfasf]
clen]vsf] cEof; k/Lro / cEof;
• vftfsf] kl/ro • ;fgf] gubL sf]ifsf]
kl/ro
• vftfdf
• ah]6 lx;fasf] kl/ro
sf/f]af/x¿ • df:s]jf/L / vr{sf]
r9fpg] tl/sf / kmf6F af/Lsf] kl/ro /
cEof;
cEof;
• ;/sf/L n]vf k/LIf0fsf]
$ ;xfos • ;xfos kl' :tsfsf] @) kl/ro
k'l:tsf kl/ro
/ gubL • gk] fndf ;/sf/L n]vf
kl' :tsf • ;xfoskl' :tsfsf] k/LIf0fsf] ljsf;, p2Z] o
ks| f/ / dxŒj
• ;xfos k'l:tsfsf]
lgodx¿ /
cEof;
• vftfdf kl| ji6L
• gub k'l:tsfsf]
kl/ro, ks| f/ /
;fwf/0f gubL
k'l:tsfsf] cEof;
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 155
% ;Gtn' g • ;Gtn' g k/LIf0fsf] !% % g]kfndf • dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] !)
k/LIf0f kl/ro n]vf k/LIf0f sfof{no -sfi] f tyf n]vf
;ªu\ 7g lgoGqssf] Ifq] Lo tyf
^ n]vf • ;Gtn' g k/LIf0fsf] lhNnf sfof{no_
k/LIf0f p2]Zo
• dxfnv] f k/LIfssf]
• ;Gtn' g k/LIf0f sfof{no
tof/ ug]{ tl/sf
/ cEof; • ;fjh{ lgs n]vf
;ldltsf] kl/ro, sfd,
• ;Gt'ng stA{ o / clwsf/
k/LIf0faf6 yfxf
kfpg ;lsg] /
yfxf kfpgg;lsg]
uNtLx¿
• ;dfofh] g / aGbL
• n]vf k/LIf0fsf] !% ^ efr} / • efr} /sf] kl/ro / dxŒj @)
kl/ro k/LIf0f • efr} / k/LIf0fsf] kl/ro
• n]vf k/LIf0fsf] / dxŒj
p2]Zo • gub, ufZ] j/f clenv] ,
• n]vf k/LIf0fsf] vl/b, laljm| vftfx¿
cfjZostf / Aofkfl/s sf/fa] f/
x¿sf] k/LIf0f
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf]
leGgtf
• nv] f k/LIf0fsf]
cGt/;DaGw
& • n]vfk/LIfssf] !) & • nv] f k/LIf0f kl| tjb] gsf] !%
nv] fk/LIfs kl/ro nv] f k/LIf0f– kl/ro, p2Z] o / tl/sf
kl| tjb] g • n]vf k/LIf0f kl| tjb] gsf
• nv] fk/LIfssf]
of]Uotf k|sf/
• nv] f k/LIf0f
• nv] fk/LIfssf • kl| tjb] gsf cfjZos
u0' fx¿
tTjx¿
• n]vfk/LIfssf] • n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|ltjb] g
clwsf/ / bfloTj
tof/ kfg]{ tl/sf
156 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
* n]vf • nuftf/ nv] f @) * n]vf • n]vf k/LIf0f dfgsf] %
k/LIf0fsf k/LIf0f k/LIf0f dfg kl/ro
tl/sfx¿ !#*
• cfjlws tyf $@ • g]kfndf nv] f k/LIf0f
clGtd nv] f !&) dfgx¿
k/LIf0f
!@*
• clGtd n]vf $@
k/LIf0f hDdf !&)
• cf+lzs nv] f
k/LIf0f
• lgoldt n]vf
k/LIf0f
;4} flGts
k|of]ufTds
hDdf
%= lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of
k|Tos] kf7sf] cWofkg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] cge' jnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lzIf0f l;sfO kl| sofnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg'k5{ . lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf tyf axa' fl} 4stf
/ km/s l;sfO IfdtfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg ug'k{ g{] x'G5 .
n]vf k/LIf0f ljifosf] kf7o\ j|md n]vf k/LIf0f bj' } kIfnfO{ ;d6] ]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf]
kf7o\ j|mdn] ;}4flGts Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; ljifosf] 1fg lbgsf nflu lzIfsn]
sIffdf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ l;4fGtsf] 1fg lbgs' f] ;fy} ;f| ]t, ;fwg / cgs' n" jftfj/0f eP;Dd j/k/
/xs] f Joj;fo, Jofj;flos ;ªu\ 7g, ;/sf/L Pjd\ cGo sfon{ osf] e|d0f tyf cjnf]sg u/L nv] f
/fVg] tl/sf / n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl| j|mofnfO{ Jofjxfl/s Pjd\ ko| fu] fTds t/Lsfn] lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;xeflutf Pjd\ ;fd"lxs tyf ;xofu] fTds l;sfOnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg
lbFb} pgLx¿sf] ljifok|ltsf] ?lr Pjd\ Wofgfsif{0f ug{'kg{] 5 .
o; ljifosf] lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo kl/j]z, ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt :j¿k, ljBfyLs{ f] pd]/, tx, ?lr,
km/s l;sfO Ifdtf, ;fdflhs tyf dgfj] 1} flgs k[i7e"ld, ljBfyL{ ;:+ yf, zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf pknAwtf
cflbnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lzIf0f ljlwx¿ 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljifosf] lzIf0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt
ljlwx¿ to ul/Psf 5g\ M
!= 5nkmn ljlw @= JofVofg #= k|ofu] fTds
$= lg/LIf0f %= cjnfs] g ^= sDo'6/÷kl| jlw
&= ;d:of ;dfwfg
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 157
^= dN" ofª\sg kl| jm| of
ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g ;4} flGts / k|ofu] fTds bj' } ¿kdf x'g] 5 . o;df ;4} flGtscGtut{ &% kl| tzt /
k|of]ufTdscGtu{t @% k|ltzt cªs\ ef/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nofªs\ g ubf{ lgdf0{ ffTds / lg0f{ofTds
bj' } ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ug'{kg]{ 5 .
lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofªs\ g
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgcGtut{ k|of]ufTds sfo{ jf kl/of]hgf sfo{, ux[ sfo,{ sIffsfo,{ lj|mofsnfkdf
;xeflutf PJfd\ ;lj|motf cflb cfwf/x¿sf] ko| fu] u/L dN" ofªs\ g ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|of]ufTds dN" ofª\sg
ljBfyL{sf] k|ofu] fTds d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu @% k|ltzt cªs\ ef/ lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5 . ko| f]ufTds
dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f] lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofª\sgsf] ;d]t cfwf/ lngk' g{] 5 .
k|ofu] fTds d"Nofª\ssf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf k|lj|mof ckgfpgk' g{] 5 . ko| f]ufTds sfo{sf nflu sfos{ nfk
/ cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
— lglZrt ;doleq dfq dN" ofªs\ g gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyLn{ ] u/]sf sfo{ / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf]
cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'k{ g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{, xflh/L / ;ljm| otfsf
cfwf/df cªs\ kb| fg ug{k' g{] 5 .
— kT| os] PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf6] f kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf Ifq] ed| 0f u/fO{ dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f ;eI{] f0f sIff sfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ l;hg{ fTds sfo,{ l;kdn" s sfo,{ vfh] dn" s sfo{
cflb / ;f;] uF ;DalGwt ko| fu] fTds k/LIffnfO{ ko| fu] fTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kd| v' cfwf/ dflgg] 5 .
ko| f]ufTds dN" ofª\sgsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ / If]q ed| 0fafkt cª\s k|bfg ubf{ ljBfyL{n] /fli6o« dxŒjsf
sfo{jm| dcGtut{ ;Dkfbg u/s] f jf of]ubfg lbPsf sfon{ fO{ ;d]t u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
ePsf ljBfyL{ / axa' f}l4stfnfO{ Vofn ub{} pkoS' t d"Nofªs\ gsf ;fwg, ;|f]t / tl/sf ko| fu] u/L
d"Nofª\sg ug{k' g{] 5 .
lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg
kf7o\ j|mdn] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f p2]Zocg¿' k ljBfyLx{ ¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ kf| Kt u/] gu/]sf] dN" ofªs\ g
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug]{ lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] dN" ofª\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofªs\ g
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g cfjlws ¿kdf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| f]ufTds tyf cfGtl/s
d"Nofªs\ gsf] @% k|ltzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu &% kl| tzt ef/ 56' \ofPsf] 5 . o; kf7\ojm| dsf]
cg';"rLsf ¿kdf dN" ofª\sg kl| j|mof, cªs\ ljefhg tyf clGtd dN" ofª\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{ tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u|8] lgwf{/0f ug'k{ b{5 .
158 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
kmf6] f]uf| kmL
-5ljsnf_
!= kl/ro
;dosf] kl/jtg{ ;uF } dflg;x¿sf ?lr / cfjZostfx¿df klg kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . kl/jtg{ ;dfh,
1fg, lzIff / zI} fl0fs ljm| ofsnfkdf klg x'g] ub5{ . dfgj ;db' fonfO{ kl/jtg{ sf] hfgsf/L lbg] d"n
dfWod lzIff ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;do;fkI] f agfpg ckl/xfo{ 5 . lzIffsf] d]?b08 kf7o\ jm| d ePsfn]
o;sf] lg/Gt/ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;dfh / b]zsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ub{} ljBfyL{x¿df
Jofjxfl/s 1fg / l;k clej[l¢sf nflu kf7\oj|md pGd'v xg' k' b5{ .
kmf]6f]uf| kmL -5ljsnf_ ljifonfO{ dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_ df Pl] R5s låtLo kqsf ¿kdf ;dfjz]
ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf] cWoog u/]sf ljBfyLx{ ¿ kmf6] fu] |fkmL ljifo;uF kl/lrt eO{ o;df ko| fu] xg' ]
kl| jlwsf] klxrfg / ko| fu] ug,{ pgLx¿df o; ljifokl| t cf:yf xg' sf ;fy} cfTdlge{/tfsf] ljsf; ug{
tyf o; ljifodf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{'sf ;fy} o; ljifodf pRr lzIffsf nflu k"jfw{ f/ tof/ ug]{
p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .
o; kf7o\ jm| ddf dfWolds txsf] kmf6] fu] |fkmL ljifosf txut ;Ifdtf, sIffut l;sfO pknlAw If]q,
jm| d, PsfOcg';f/ lzIf0f 3G6L, zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL, lzIf0f ljlw, d"Nofª\sg of]hgf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . dfWolds txsf] kmf]6fu] f| kmL ljifonfO{ %) kl| tzt ;4} flGts / %) kl| tzt ko| f]ufTds
cªs\ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf
dfWolds txsf] kmf]6fu] f| kmL ljifosf] cWoog k"/f u/k] l5 ljBfyLx{ ¿df lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n x'g]
5g\ M
!= kmf]6fu] f| kmL ljifosf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;jm| dsf] af]w
@= kmf6] fu] f| kmL ljifodf ko| fu] x'g] ;fduL| x¿sf] klxrfg
#= kmf]6fu] |fkmL sfo{;DaGwL l;k ljsf;
$= kmf6] fu] |fkmL sfod{ f k/Dk/fut tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] klxrfg
%= kmf]6f]uf| k|mL k];fk|ltsf] cf:yfdf clej[l4 tyf :jfjnDag
^= ljleGg Ifq] df x'g] kmf6] fu] f| kmLsf] klxrfg / ko| fu]
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 159
#= txut l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
dfWolds tx sIff ( sf] 5ljsnf ljifosf] cWoog k"/f u/k] l5 ljBfyL{x¿df lgDglnlvt l;sfO
pknlAw xfl;n x'g] 5 M
!= kmf6] fu] |fkmLsf] ;ªl\ IfKt kl/ro tyf Oltxf;af/] atfpg
@= kmf]6fu] f| kmLsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] j0f{g ug{
#= Sofd]/fsf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf] ko| fu] ug{
$= kmf6] f]u|fkmLsf ;xfos ;fduL| x¿sf] k|ofu] ug{
%= ljleGg lkmNdx¿ ko| f]u u/L kmf]6fu] f| kmL ug{
^= kmf]6fu] |fkmLsf /;fogx¿sf sfo{ atfpg
& 8fs?{ daf6 ;fbf kmf6] f] agfpg
*= ljleGg ta/n] ;+ofh] g u/L kmf]6fu] |fkmL ug{
(= kmf]6f]uf| kmLsf ;fduL| x¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{
-v_ sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
dfWolds tx sIff !) sf] 5ljsnf ljifosf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿df lgDglnlvt
;Ifdtf xfl;n xg' ] 5 M
!= ljleGg Ifq] df xg' ] kmf6] f]uf| kmLsf] ko| f]u / dxŒj atfpg
@= kmf]6fu] f| kmLsf tŒjx¿ j0f{g ug{
#= ks| fzsf ljleGg ;|f]tdf kmf6] fu] f| kmL ug{
$= Jofj;flos kmf6] fu] |fkmLsf] dxTTj atfpg
%= ljleGg cj;/x¿df kmf]6fu|fkmL ug{
^= ljleGg sDkf]lh;g, k]|mldª cflbsf] k|ofu] ug{
&= k/Dk/fut kmf6] fu] |fkmLsf] dxŒj atfO{ k|of]u ug{
*= kmf6] f] ljZn]if0f ug{
160 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
$= If]q tyf jm| d tflnsf -sIff (_
S.N Sector Explain Theory Practical
1. Introduction to a. Defining Photography 15 10
Photography b. Photography - Technology or
Art?
c. Historical Development of
Photography (Camera Obscu-
ra, Joseph Nicephor, Niepce,
J. M. Daguerre, W. H. Fox
Telbot, George Eastman)
d. Advent of Photography in
Nepal
e. Field and Career in Photogra-
phy
2. Principal of a. General Principle of Photogra- 4 3
Photography phy (How the image is formed
on film or digital sensor)
b. Role of Light in Photography
(mainly focus on Source, In-
tensity and Direction of light)
c. Image recording process
(Silver Halide process of Film
and Electronic process in
Digital Sensor up to digital
conversion)
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 161
3. Camera Equip- a. Camera Introduction (Meaning 15 7
7
ment and derivation of the camera)
b. Development of Camera
(Camera Obscure to Digital
Camera)
c. Types of Camera (on the basis
of recent technology: Com-
pact, Bridge and SLR camera)
d. Mechanism of Point & Shoot
and SLR camera (Describ-
ing anatomy of camera with a
well labeled diagram)
e. Difference in Film and Digital
Camera (minimum four points)
f. Significance of film and digital
camera (Pros and cons of Film
and Digital Camera)
4. Photographic a. Introduction to Lens (meaning, 15
Lens definition and construction of
lens)
b. Principle of Lens and
Light (Convex and Concave
lens, Incident, Reflection and
Refraction theory, Optical
Center, Focus, Focal Length)
c. Types of Lens with its attri-
butes (Camera Lens: Wide,
Standard, Tele lens) (Terminol-
ogy: Prime and Zoom lens)
d. Focus (Auto and Manual)
162 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
5. Conventional a. Analog image recording media 8 5
Photography i. Introduction to Film (mean- 163
ing, structure, format,
sensitivity of the chemical)
ii. Types of Film (Ortho-
chromatic, Panchromatic,
Reversible and Daylight
film)
iii. Film Speed (ASA, DIN
and ISO: Low speed, High
Speed)
iv. Filters for Films (Blue
Filter for Daylight film
and Yellow Filter for
Night Film: 80 series and
81 series filters)
b. Introduction to Film photogra-
phy processing
i. Introduction to Dark-
room (why darkroom is
needed?)
ii. Developing, Stop Bath
and Fixing Chemical
iii. Enlarger and Masks,
Developing Tanks,
Fork, Paper cutter,
Safety light, Tray and
other darkroom instru-
ments)
iv. Types of Printing Paper
(Glossy and Matt Pa-
per)
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
6. Digital Photog- a. Introduction to Digital Process 10 22
4
raphy (Bits, Bytes and Binary Num-
ber and its calculation)
b. Types of Sensor (CCD and
CMOS) - technical differences
c. Introduction to Pixel and it's
importance (Resolution)
d. Practical on Full Auto mode
Photography (Theoretical
backup Practical)
e. Practical on Program mode
photography (Theoretical
backup Practical)
f. Practical Scene Mode (Por-
trait, Landscape, Close up
and Sports mode) (Theoretical
backup Practical)
7. Photographic a. Photography Equipment 3
Equipment and i. Camera
Safety Mea- ii. Flash light
sures
iii. Stand
iv. Exposure meter
v. Battery
vi. Memory Card
vii. Camera Bag
b. Camera safety measure
i. Camera
ii. Battery
iii. Memory Card
iv. Flash Light
v. Camera Stand
vi. Cleaning Kit
164 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
8. Camera Hold- a. Camera holding technique 10 15
22
ing technique i. Horizontal Grip
and Posture Vertical Grip 85
b. Postures
viii. Standing
Posture
ix. Sitting Pos-
ture
9. Photographic a. Rule of third 5
Composition i. Rule of third Vertical
(for close up portrait
concept - Head and
shoulder shot)
ii. Rule of third Hori-
zontal (Landscape,
Cityscape, Town-
scape)
b. Golden Triangle (Single and
Double, Temple, House from
direct from the front)
c. Lead (Road, River or any
long scenery)
d. Block (Framing concept
photography)
85
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 165
sIff !) Explain Theory Practical
S.N Sector
1. Introduction to a. Trends of Photography (Cate- 12 6
Photography gory trends: political, cultural, 10
4
social trends) 10
b. Disciplines of Photography (fo-
cus on “Introductory phase”:
photojournalism, wedding
photography, portrait photog-
raphy, landscape photography,
commercial photography)
c. Photography literacy mission
(what is Visual literacy?)
d. Photography as visual commu-
nication
2. Basic Elements a. Lines 8
of Photography b. Shape
c. Colour
d. Pattern
e. Form
f. Texture
3. ISO a. Genelogy of photography 4
b. ISO and sensitivity of sensor
(Comparative study)
c. ISO Reading and concept of
exposure traingle
d. ISO and its application
4. Concept of a. Introduction to aperture 5
Depth of field b. Meaning of Depth of Field
c. Construction of Depth of Field
d. Factors affecting DOF
166 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
5. Shutter Tech- a. Concept of Shutter 7 10
nology 7
b. Technical procedure of Shutter 8
c. Concept and application of 5
8
Shutter speed
d. Shutter speed for motion photog- 167
raphy
6. Camera Operat- a. Manual Operating System 8
ing System b. Full Auto Operating System
c. Aperture Priority
d. Shutter Priority
e. Concept and Application Pro-
gram mode
f. Scene Mode photography
7. Concept of a. Introduction to light and its 8
White Balence source
b. Theory of White colour and its
balance
c. WB preset in camera
d. Concept of warm and cold
colour
e. Calibrating WB in camera
f. Introduction to Kelvin
g. Application of Preset Manual
8. Focusing a. Focusing Concept 4
b. Auto Focus Technology
c. Focusing Point Concept
d. Manual Focus
9. Composition a. Golden Section 7
b. Golden Mean
c. Diagonal Concept
d. Golden Center
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
10. Basic Commer- a. Concept of Indoor photography 10 15
cial Photogra- (Portrait (single or group) and 4
phy Product photography) 4
85
b. Concept of Outdoor photogra-
phy (Portrait (single or group)
and Landscape photography,
sports photography, daily life
photography, wildlife photog-
raphy)
c. Event photography (meeting,
ritual, festival, wedding pho-
tography)
11. Photography as a. Selecting the visual content of 6
a way to head a photograph
the world b. Selecting the primary content
c. Selecting the secondary content
d. Finding the relation between
the primary content and the
secondary content
e. Identifying the messages of a
given photograph
f. Creating theme of photograph's
theme
12. Technical a. Concept of Sharpness 6
analysis of a b. Concept of Brightness
photograph c. Concept of Hue and its satura-
tion
d. Concept of Contrast
85
168 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of
ljifo lzIfsn] kmf]6fu] f| kmL ljifosf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljleGg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbgk' b{5 .
kf7 k:| t'tLs/0fsf] kf| /De ;fdfGotof 5nkmnaf6 u/fpg'kb{5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkdf
cjnf]sg, k|bz{g, cEof; tyf ko| f]unfO{ kf| yldstf lbgk' b{5 . ljifoj:t' k|:t'ltkl5 ljBfyL{nfO{
g} pbfx/0f vfH] g nufpg'k5{ . ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ?lr / IfdtfnfO{ Vofn u/L sIff jftfj/0fcg;' f/
l;h{gfTds ¿kdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{'kb5{ . ljBfyL{x¿n] l;s]sf s'/fx¿
cfgf] sIffdf, ljBfno, 3/ / ;dfhdf k|of]u ug{] sfod{ f hf8] lbg'kb5{ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ljBfnodf pknAw xg' g;Sg] ;fduL| tyf ;f| t] ljleGg :yfgx¿,
;"rgf ljefu, k/' ftŒj ljefu, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg h:tf ;/sf/L lgsfosf kmf]6f] zfvf tyf :yfgLo kmf]6f]
:6l' 8ofx] ¿df nu]/ ToxfF ko| f]u ePsf ;fduL| , ;~rflnt cGo ljm| ofsnfk tyf ljleGg kmf6] fu] f| kmL;DaGwL
j:t'x¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ kb| z{g ug{ tyf cjnf]sg u/fpg'kb5{ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ sIff jftfj/0fcg';f/ ljleGg lzIf0f ljlwx¿ ko| f]u
ugk{' b{5 .
h:t} M
-s_ kZ| gfQ] / -v_ 5nkmn ljlw
-u_ kb| zg{ ljlw -3_ k|of]ufTds ljlw
-ª_ vf]h ljlw -r_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw
-5_ Ifq] e|d0f ljlw
zl} Ifs ;fduL| x¿
-s_ ljleGg Sofd]/fx¿ -v_ :6'l8of] nfO6
-u_ nf; nfO6 -3_ ljleGg nG] ;x¿
-ª_ 6«fOk8 -r_ PS;kf]h/ ld6/
-5_ lkmN6/x¿ -h_ lkmNdx¿
ljleGg /;fogx¿ -8]enfk] /, lkmS;/ cflb_
-`_ 8fs?{ d ;fduL| x¿ -OGnfh{/, 8e] nf]lkª 6\ofª\s, 6fOd/, 6,]« af6f, lrD6f, ;k] mnfO6, ydf{]ld6/,
kmf6] f] kk] / cflb_
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 169
^= dN" ofª\sg k|ljm| of
kT| o]s kf7 k9fO;sk] l5 lgwfl{ /t txut ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n ePePgg\ egL ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg
ul/gk' b{5 . b}lgs l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfkkZrft\ dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfksf
cfwf/df txcg¿' ksf kZ| gx¿ ;fl] wg'kb5{ . dfWolds txsf] ;4} flGts tyf k|ofu] fTds d"Nofª\sg
x'g] 5 M
lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofª\sg
kmf]6f]u|fkmL ljifosf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ sIff lzIf0f;Fu cfj4 ul/g] 5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofs} cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf ux[ sfo,{ sIffsfo,{ kl/of]hgf sfo,{ PsfO k/LIff,
dfl;s k/LIff h:tf dN" ofª\sg ;fwgsf] k|ofu] ul/g] 5 . o:tf] dN" ofªs\ gsf] clenv] /fVgk' 5{ /
ki[ 7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ;dt] ug'k{ g{] 5 . ljz]if l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{sf
nflu lzIfsn] g} pkoS' t k|lj|mof cjnDag ug{'kg{] 5 .
k|ofu] fTds dN" ofªs\ g
ljBfyLs{ f] k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu %) kl| tzt cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ko| fu] fTds
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf] ;dt] cfwf/ lng'kg]{ 5 .
k|ofu] fTds d"Nofªs\ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf k|ljm| of ckgfpgk' g{] 5 . k|ofu] fTds sfos{ f nflu sfo{snfk
/ cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
— lglZrt ;doleq dfq d"Nofª\sg gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyLn{ ] u/]sf sfo{ / Jojxf/ kl/jtg{ sf]
cjnf]sg u/L dN" ofªs\ g ug'k{ g]{ 5 .
— ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{, xflh/L / ;lj|motfsf
cfwf/df cª\s k|bfg ugk'{ g]{ 5 .
— kT| os] PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf6] f kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf Ifq] ed| 0f u/fO{ dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyL{n] u/s] f ;e{I] f0f sIff sfo,{ kl/of]hgf sfo,{ l;h{gfTds sfo{, l;kd"ns sfo{, vf]hd"ns
sfo{ cflb / ;f];uF ;DalGwt ko| f]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ k|ofu] fTds d"Nofª\sgsf] kd| v' cfwf/ dflgg]
5.
k|ofu] fTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ / Ifq] ed| 0fafkt cª\s kb| fg ubf{ ljBfyLn{ ] /fli6«o dxŒjsf
sfoj{ m| dcGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/]sf jf of]ubfg lbPsf sfo{nfO{ ;d]t u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
ePsf ljBfyL{ / ax'afl} 4stfnfO{ Vofn ub{} pkoS' t dN" ofª\sgsf ;fwg, ;f| ]t / tl/sf k|ofu] u/L
dN" ofª\sg ug'{kg{] 5 .
170 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg
kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zocg¿' k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clejl[ Q k|fKt u/] gu/s] f] dN" ofªs\ g
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug]{ lg0f{o lnOG5 eg] To:tf] dN" ofªs\ gnfO{ lg0fo{ fTds d"Nofªs\ g
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg cfjlws ¿kdf ug{] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| f]ufTds tyf cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] %) k|ltzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu %) k|ltzt ef/ 56' o\ fPsf] 5 . o; kf7o\ j|mdsf]
cg;' r" Lsf ¿kdf dN" ofª\sg k|ljm| of, cª\s ljefhg tyf clGtd d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6o« k/LIff af]8{ tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u]|8 lgwf/{ 0f ugk{' b5{ .
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 171
:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff
!= kl/ro
:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff k|To]s JolStsf] hLjg;uF k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] ljifo xf] . :jf:Yo lzIffn]
:jf:Yos/ hLjgofkgsf nflu :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fg, clej[lQ, l;k / cg'ej cfbfgkb| fg ug{ Pjd
:j:ys/ hLjg cjnDag ug{ dbt u5{ eg] zf/Ll/s lzIffn] v]nsb' / ofu] sf lj|mofsnfksf]
ko| fu] fTds cEof;af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;j+ u] fTds ¿kdf k"0f{ tGb'?:t
/fVg dbt ub{5 . lzIffsf] /fli6o« nIon] lgb]{zg u/]adf]lhd :j:Yo / pTkfbgd'vL gful/s tof/
kfg{ :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] dfWolds txsf] :jf:Yok|ltsf] ;r]ttf ePsf] / :j:YohLjg z}nLsf]
cjnDag ug{] ;Ifdtf ePsf] ;Ifd / pTkfbgd'vL gful/s tof/ ug{ 6j] f k¥' ofpg] lsl;dsf ;}4flGts
/ ko| fu] fTds 1fg / l;k ;ª\u7g u/L of] kf7\oj|md ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
kf| ylds lzIff kf7\ojm| d @)^#, sIff !–# / kf| ylds lzIff kf7\oj|md @)^%, sIff $–% n] :jf:Yo
zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf] ¿kdf sfod u/s] f] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md @)^(,
sIff ^–* sf] kf7o\ j|mdn] cfwf/et" txsf] -sIff ^–*_ :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf]
¿kdf sfod u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L dfWolds txsf], sIff (–!) sf] kf7\ojm| dn] :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s
lzIffnfO{ Pl] R5s ljifosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] dfh} 'bf
kf7\ojm| dnfO{ ;;+ f]wg u/L ;do ;fkI] f ¿kdf ;d;fdoLs ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/L of] kf7\oj|md
tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|mdsf] ljutsf w/] } h;f] ljifo Ifq] nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} :jf:Yo kj| w{g, 1fg]lGbo| , ax[ t\ ofl} gstf lzIff, ljBfno :jf:Yo ;]jf sfoj{ |md, ofu] cflb
ljifoj:t'nfO{ o; kf7o\ jm| ddf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f ;4} flGts, k|of]ufTds / Jofjxfl/s
kIfsf] ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu o; ljifosf] kf7\ojm| dnfO{ %) k"0ffª{ s\ ;}4flGts /
%) k0" ff{ªs\ k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfkdf sl] Gbt| /xg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t o; kf7o\ j|mddf sIff ( / !) df o; ljifosf nflu kf7o\ 3G6L % / jflifs{
sfo3{ G6L !&) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifocGtu{ t ljBfyLs{ f] ?lr, :t/ / pd/] Pjd\ cfwf/et"
txsf] :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|md;uF txut ;ª\ult sfod xg' ] u/L hDdf !! cf]6f ljifout
Ifq] x¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf 5g\ . h;cg;' f/ sIff ( / !) df ;dfjz] ul/Psf lgDgfg';f/sf] ljifoIf]qn]
lgDgfg;' f/sf] l;sfO ;Ifdtfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 M
@= txut ;Ifdtf
sIff ( / !) sf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿df lgDgcg;' f/sf ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n xg' ] 5g\ M
172 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
!= :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo lzIffsf kd| v' cjwf/0ffx¿sf] afw] / :jf:Yo kj| wg{ sf] tl/sf cjnDag
@= dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] kl/ro, dfgl;s c:j:ytfsf sf/0f klxrfg / dfgl;s :jf:Yo kj| wg{
#= dfgj z/L/sf k0| ffnLx¿sf] agfj6, sfok{ l| qmof / ;/' Iff tyf ;/;kmfOdf ;hutf
$= ax[ t\ ofl} gstf lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff tyf dxŒj afw] u/L Jojxf/df pkof]u lszf]/fj:yfsf]
ofl} gstf klxrfg tyf lhDdj] f/L jxg
%= ljBfno :jf:Yo lzIff sfo{j|mdsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿df kl/lrt xg' / ljZni] f0f Pjd\ sfoj{ m| ddf
;xeflutf
^= ;g{] tyf g;g{] /fu] x¿sf sf/0f / nIf0fx¿ klxrfg, ;hu, /fs] yfd / lgoGq0f
^= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo, kfi] f0fsf ljljw kIfx¿sf] afw] / ljZni] f0f
&= zf/Ll/s lzIff / vn] sb' sf] ljsf; jm| dsf] cWoog
*= v]n lj1fgsf ljljw cjwf/0ffsf] cy{ / dxŒjsf] j0fg{
(= vn] sb' sf dfWodaf6 cgz' f;g, ;fdl" xs efjgf, gt] T[ j / ;xsfo{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / ;sf/fTds
;fr] sf] ljsf;
!)= zf/Ll/s tfut, rkntf, ;fdYo{, ;xgzLntf, ;Gtn' g, nrstfsf] ljsf; / v]ndf k|of]u Pjd\
:jR5 / dofl{ bt v]n ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf;
!@= Pyn]l6S;cGtu{tsf ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿sf cfwf/et" l;kx¿ k|bzg{ / vn] kl| tof]lutfx¿
;~rfng, l;ksf] ljsf; / k:| t'lt
!#= v]nsf lgwfl{ /t lgod / cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfngf / vn] kb| zg{
!$= of]usf lgodx¿ kfngf / of]u cEof;
#= l;sfO pknlAw tyf Ifq] / j|md tflnsf
sIff M (
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
! :jf:Yo lzIffsf] != :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo • :jf:Yosf] cy{ / :jf:YonfO{ !)
cjwf/0ff / lzIffsf] cy,{ kl/efiff, ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿
:jf:Yo k|jw{g p2Z] o, dxŒj j0fg{ • :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cy,{
ug{ dxŒj / o;n] :jf:Yodf
@= :jf:Yo lzIffsf] kfg{] ke| fjx¿
• :jf:Yo lzIffsf] dfWodåf/f
dfWodåf/f :jf:Yo :jf:Yo kj| wg{
k|jw{g ug]{ tl/sf
5nkmn ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 173
jm| =;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/÷
3G6L
@ dfgj z/L/ != 1fg]lGbo| sf] agfj6 -s_ 1fg]lGb|ox¿ @)
;+/rgf / lj|mof / sfo{x¿sf] ;lrq -v_ k0| ffnLx¿
lj1fg j0fg{ ug{ • cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnL
@= cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnL, • df;+ kz] L k0| ffnL
df+;k]zL k|0ffnL, kfrg • kfrg k0| ffnL
k0| ffnL / Zjf;kZ| jf; • Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnL
k|0ffnLdf efu lng]
cª\ux¿sf] agfj6
/ sfo{x¿sf] ;lrq
j0f{g ug{
# ax[ t\ ofl} gstf != ofl} gstf lzIffsf] • of}lgstf lzIffsf] !%
lzIff cjwf/0ff / dxŒjkl| t cjwf/0ff, p2]Zo /
;rt] /xL :j:y of}g dxŒj
Jojxf/ sfod ug{] • lszf/] fj:yfsf] of}lgstf
tl/sf j0f{g ug{ / o;sf] Joj:yfkg
@= lszf/] pd/] df ul/g] • lszf/] L cj:yfdf
ljjfx / cfdf aGbf dfl;s ;f| j x'Fbf cfpg]
cfOkg]{ ;d:of klxrfg ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg
/ ;'/lIft /xg] pkfo • Kof8sf] lgdf0{ f, k|ofu]
5nkmn ug{ / Joj:yfkg
#= lszf]/Lx¿sf] dfl;s • lszf/] pd]/df ljjfx,
>fj x'g] an] fdf cfpg] uej{ tL, cfdf aGbfsf]
;d:of / Kof8sf] ;d:of / ;'/lIft /xg]
ko| f]u tyf Joj:yfkg pkfo
ug{
174 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
j|m=;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
$ ljBfno :jf:Yo != ljBfno :jf:Yo • ljBfno :jf:Yo !%
;j] f / kfi] f0f lzIff sfoj{ m| dsf] cy,{ sfoj{ m| dsf] kl/ro,
sfoj{ m| d kl/efiff, cfjZostf cfjZostf / dxŒj
tyf dxŒj 5nkmn • ljBfno :jf:Yo
ug{ sfo{j|mdsf tŒjx¿
@= ljBfno :jf:Yo lzIff • ljBfno :jf:Yo ;j] f
sfo{j|mdsf tŒjx¿M –:jf:YohfrF k/LIf0f-cfvF f,
:jf:Yo ;]jf, ljBfno
kf]if0f sfo{j|mdsf] sfg, d'vsf] :jf:Yo_
j0fg{ ug{ – :jf:Yo ;'/IffTds kIf
#= ;'/Iff lzIff / kf| ylds • kf| ylds pkrf/
pkrf/sf] pkfox¿ ljBfno kf]if0f sfoj{ m| d–
cjnDag ug{ / lbjf vfhf, :j:ys/ vfgf,
kf| ylds pkrf/ ;]jf :j:ys/ vfg] Jojxf/,
k|bfg ug{ ;Gtl' nt ef]hg agfpg]
tl/sf
% /f]u != :jf:Yo / /fu] sf] • :jf:Yo / /fu] sf] !%
cjwf/0ff / :jf:Yo cjwf/0ff,
tyf /f]usf lgwf{/s • :jf:Yo / /f]usf]
tŒjx¿ klxrfg lgwf{/s tŒjx¿
ug{
@= ljleGg ;?jf /f]ux¿sf • s]xL ;g{] /f]ux¿ M
sf/0f, nIf0f rrf{ 8ª] \u', a8k{ \mn,' Oafn] f,
ug{ / /f]syfdsf xfQLkfOn,] Ifo /f]u,
pkfox¿ cjnDag s'i7 /f]u, :jfOgk\mn'
ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 175
jm| =;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/÷
3G6L
^ jftfj/0fLo != jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] • jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo !%
:jf:Yo kl/efiff / dxŒj j0fg{ • kmf]xf]/ dn} fsf]
ug{ Joj:yfkg
@= kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] • zf}rfno lgdf{0f
Joj:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf • kfgL tyf kfgLsf
5nkmn ug{ ;f| t] x¿
#= zfr} fno lgdf0{ fsf] 9frF f • jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f /
;lrq JofVof ug{ ke| fj
$= kfgL tyf kfgLsf
;f|t] x¿sf] juLs{ /0f ug{
%= jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf]
kl/ro, s/0f tyf /
ke| fjx¿ ljZni] f0f ug{
& zf/Ll/s != zf/Ll/s lzIff tyf • zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] !)
lzIffsf] kl/ro vn] sb' sf] kl/ro, kl/ro / cfjZostf
/ p2]Zo / dxŒj j0f{g • g]kfndf zf/Ll/s
vn] lj1fg ug{ lzIff tyf v]nsb' sf]
@= gk] fndf v]ns'bsf] ljsf;j|mddf ljleGg
ljsf;jm| ddf ljleGg lgsfo
lgsfosf] el" dsf – lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw
5nkmn ug{ dGqfno
– o'jf tyf v]nsb'
#= dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf dGqfno
nflu v]nsb' cjwf/0ff – /fli6o« vn] sb' kl/ifb
/ dxŒj rrf{ ug{
– kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|
– lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
• dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf
nflu v]ns'b cjwf/0ff
/ dxŒj
176 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
jm| =;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/÷
* sjfh tyf
3G6L
zf/Ll/s
Jofofd != sjfh tyf zf/Ll/s • kl/ro / cfjZostf !)
( Pyn]l6S; Jofofdsf] cjwf/0ff • sjfhsf sx] L -k|of]ufTds_
;lxt l;k / cEof; cfb]zx¿M
ug{ ;ª\uLtsf] tfndf ;ts{
@= k'/:sf/ tyf kd| f0fkq uf8] fkmf6 bfofkms,{
afofkF ms{, k/' fkms,{ bfofF
u|x0f, l;k xfl;n ug{
3d' , afFof 3'd, ltt/
ljt/ / 56' \l6, k'/:sf/
tyf k|df0fkq lng]
tl/sf
• kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gbn| ]
tof/ kf/s] f] ! b]lv
^ 6a] n g= ;Ddsf
zf/Ll/s Jofofd
!= Pyn]l6S;cGtu{tsf • bf}8 -5f]6f] bf8} , demfn} f @)
ljleGg vn] x¿sf] bf}8_ -ko| fu] fTds_
lgod kfngf u/L l;k • pkm| fO -nªhDk_
/ cEof; ug{
@= Pynl] 6S;cGtut{ sf • km\ ofFsfO -Hofalng y|f_]
ljleGg v]nx¿sf] v]n
d}bfg lgdf0{ f ug{ • v]n lgod / v]n d}bfg
lgdf{0f Joj:yf
• vn] ;~rfng÷
ko| fu] fTds vn]
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 177
j|m=;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
!) vn] != af:s6] an, km6' an • af:s6] an #)
-5 cf6] f vn] dWo] x\ofG8an, df;{ncf6,{ cfwf/e"t l;kx¿ -ko| fu] fTds_
s'g} b'O{ cf6] f /
clgjfo{_ sa8\8L, g6] an – lgodx¿ ÷
v]nx¿dWo] sg' } bO' { – vN] g] tl/sf
cf]6f vn] sf l;kx¿ /0fgLltx¿
k|of]u u/L vn] vN] g / – vn] ;~rfng
k|of]ufTds cEof;
vn] d}bfg tof/ ug{ • km6' an
cfwf/e"t l;kx¿
– lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– v]n ;~rfng ÷
k|of]ufTds cEof;
• xo\ fG8an
cfwf/et" l;kx¿
– lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– vn] ;~rfng ÷
ko| fu] fTds cEof;
• 6a] n 6l] g;
cfwf/e"t l;kx¿
–lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– v]n ;~rfng÷
k|of]ufTds cEof;
178 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
jm| =;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
!! of]u 3G6L
;}4flGts v08 • sa88\ L
ko| f]ufTds v08
hDdf cfwf/et" l;kx¿
– lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– vn] ;~rfng ÷
ko| fu] fTds cEof;
• df;n{ cf6s{ f cfwf/
e"t l;kx¿ -lslsª,
kl~rª, nlsª, 5Ng]
l;k_
!= of]u / k0| ffofd • cf;g !)
cEof;sf lgod / – ;jf;g -ko| f]ufTds_
l;k ko| f]u u/L ;fdfGo – xnf;g
cEof; ug{ . – kbd\ f;g
– ;jfª{ u\ f;g
• ;fdfGo kf| 0ffofd
– :jf;g snf
– skfneftL
– e|fd/L kf| 0ffofd
• ;fdfGo Wofg db' |f,
of]udb' f|
• ljljw
– cUgL;f/ lj|mof, hng]tL
lj|mof
*%
*%
!&)
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 179
sIff !)
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
! :jf:Yo kj| wg{ / != :jf:Yo k|jwg{ sf] • :jf:Yo k|jw{gsf] cy{ / !)
dfgl;s :jf:Yo kl/ro lbO{ :jf:Yo tl/sfx¿–
k|jwg{ sf pkfox¿ − kf]if0f
cjnDag ug{ − zf/Ll/s Jofofd
@= dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] − :j:ys/ afgL Jojxf/
− :jf:Yo ;]jf
kl/ro lbO{ dfgl;s − :jf:ys/
c:j:otf x'g] sf/0f
klxrfg u/L :j:y jftfj/0f -ef}lts,
/xg] pkfo pNn]v ;fdflhs÷cfly{s /
ug{ dgf;] fdflhs jftfj/0f_
• dfgl;s :jf:Yosf]
kl/ro / dxŒj
• dfgl;s :jf:y
JolStx¿sf] ljzi] ftfx¿
• dfgl;s c:jf:ytfsf]
cy{ / sf/0f
• dfgl;s :j:yfsf
;"rsx¿
• dfgl;s :jf:y kj| wg{
ug]{ pkfox¿
@ dfgj z/L/ • d"q k|0ffnL, /St • dq" k0| ffnL @)
;+/rgf / lj|mof ;~rf/ k0| ffnL, u|GyL • /St ;~rf/ k0| ffnL
lj1fg k|0ffnL, :gfo' k0| ffnL • u|GyL k0| ffnL
/ kh| gg k0| ffnLdf • :gfo' k0| ffnL
efu lng] cªu\ x¿sf] • k|hgg k|0ffnL
agfj6 / sfo{x¿sf] − :qL k|hgg k|0ffnL
;lrq j0fg{ ug{ − k?' if kh| gg k|0ffnL
180 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
jm| =;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/÷
#= ax[ t\ of}lgstf 3G6L
lzIff
!= a[xt\ of}lgstf • a[xt\ ofl} gstf lzIffsf !%
lzIffsf tŒjx¿ tŒjx¿
JofVof ug{ / ljjfx • ljjfxkj" { /
k"j{ / ljjfxfQ] /sf] ljjfxf]Q/sf]
of}g ;DaGwsf] c;/ ofg} ;DaGwsf] c;/
Joj:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf / Joj:yfkg ug{]
j0f{g ug{ tl/sfx¿
@= ;/' lIft of}g Jojxf/x¿ • ;'/lIft ofg} Jojxf/
klxrfg ug{ • dlxgfjf/L;DaGwL wfld{s
#= ;dfhdf JofKt ljZjf;, e|d / lgif]w
dlxgfjf/L ;DaGwL • dlxgfjf/L :jR5tf
wfld{s ljZjf;, e|d Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj
/ lgifw] sf] af/]df • gk] fndf dlxgfjf/L
5nkmn u/L ;"rL :jR5tf Joj:yfkgsf
tof/ kfg{ nflu EfPsf ko| f;
$= dlxgfjf/Lsf] :jR5tf
Joj:yfkg ug{] tl/sf
klxrfg ug{ / :yfgLo
;fdu|L k|ofu] u/L
Kof8 tof/ kfg{
%= gk] fndf dlxgfjf/L
:jR5tf Joj:yfkgsf
nflu EfPsf
ko| f;x¿sf] ;"rL
tof/ kfg{
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 181
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
$= ljBfno :jf:Yo != ljBfno dfgl;s ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{s|dsf !%
jftfj/0f jftfj/0fsf] cy{, tŒjx¿
• ljBfno :jf:Yo
/ ;fdb' fo ;xofu] dxŒj / dfgl;s
jftfj/0f / ;fdb' fo
jftfj/0fdf k|efj ;xofu]
− efl} ts jftfj/0f,
kfg]{ tŒjx¿ klxrfg dfgl;s jftfj/0f /
;/;kmfO
ug{ − :jf:ys/ / ;'/lIft
ljBfno jftfj/0f
@= dfgl;s jftfj/0f − ljBfnodf vfgk] fgL
zfr} fno, vn] db} fg
Joj:yfkgsf − ;/;kmfO kIf
− cfk;L ;DaGw
pkfox¿ ckgfpg • cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk /
v]ns'b
#= ljBfno tyf • ljBfno tyf ;fdb' flos
;xofu]
;fdb' flos sfo{s|ddf
;xeflutf / ;xof]u
ug{
$= afndq} L ljBfno
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{
/ :jf:Yo k|jwg{ sf
pkfo cjnDag ug{
ljBfno tyf ;fdb' flos
sfo{s|ddf
− ;xeflutf / ;xofu]
− ;fd'bflos :ynsf]
;/+ If0f / ;kmfOdf
;xeflutf
− ljBfnosf] :jf:Yo
jftfj/0f ;'wf/df
;d'bfosf] ;xof]u
• afnd}qL / ;dfj]zL
jftfj/0f
• ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f
Joj:yfkg
182 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/÷
% /f]u
3G6L
^ kf]if0f / :jf:Yo
!= g;g{] /f]ux¿sf] g;g{] /fu] kl/ro, sf/0f, !%
& v]n lj1fg
kl/ro sf/0f / nIf0f, aRg] pkfo
nIf0fx¿ klxrfg • cjb{' /f]u -SofG;/_
u/L jRg] pkfo • dw'dx]
cjnDag ug{ • d[ufn} f
• bd
• cN;/
• d6' ;' DaGwL /f]ux¿
!= kfi] f0fsf] cy{ / • kfi] f0f -cy{, dxŒj / !%
kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] juL{s/0f_
juLs{ /0f / j0fg{ ug{ – d'Vo kf}li6s tŒjx¿
@= s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f, -sfafx{] fO8]«6\;, k|f]l6g,
nIf0f klxrfg / lrNnf] kbfy{, le6fldg /
aRg] pkfo cjnDag ldlg/nx¿_
ug{ – sk' fi] f0fsf] kl/ro sf/0f,
juLs{ /0f / o;af6 nfUg]
/fu] x¿
!= v]n dgfl] j1fgsf] != vn] dgfl] j1fgsf] kl/ro / !)
kl/ro lbg / dxŒj cfjZostf
j0f{g ug{ @= zf/Ll/s lzIffdf rfn
@= zf/Ll/s lzIffdf lj|mof;uF ;DalGwt dV' o
rfn ljm| of;uF zAbx¿
;DalGwt d'Vo dV' o – nrstf
zAbfjnLx¿sf]
cy{ atfpg / oL – an
zAbx¿nfO{ v]n –;fdYo{
lj|mofsnfkdf ko| f]u – ;xgzLntf
ug{ –;Gtn' g
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 183
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
* sjfh tyf
zf/Ll/s Jofofd 3G6L
( Pyn]l6S; != sjfh tyf zf/Ll/s • sjfh tyf zf/Ll/s !)
Jofofdsf] dxŒj Jofofdsf] dxŒj -k|of]ufTds_
j0fg{ ug{ • ;ªu\ Ltsf] tfndf ;ts{
@= sjfh tyf zf/Ll/s uf8] fkmf6, uf8] f rfn,
Jofofdsf] dxŒj cufl8 a9, l56f] lx8F ,
cEof; ug{ bfofF gh/, afofF gh/,
l;wf gh/, ;nfdL, 6fn] L
c8, bfofF 3d' , afofF 3d' ,
ltt/ ljt/ / 56' l\ 6,
k/' :sf/ tyf kd| f0fkq
lng] tl/sf
• kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ]
tof/ kf/s] f] & bl] v
!@ 6a] n g= ;Ddsf
zf/Ll/s Jofofd
!= Pyn]l6S;cGtut{ sf • nfdf] bf}8, l/n] bf8} @)
ljleGg v]nx¿sf • pk|mfO{ l6k« nhDk, -k|ofu] fTds_
nflu lgod kfngf xfOhDk
u/L l;k kb| z{g ug{ • km\ ofsF fO ;6k6'
@= Pyn]l6S;cGtu{tsf • lgod / d}bfg
ljleGg vn] x¿sf]
vn] d}bfg lgdf0{ f Joj:yfkg
ug{ / kl| tofl] utf • clkml;ol6ª
;~rfng ug{
vn]
;~rfng÷ko| fu] fTds
v]n
184 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
j|m=;= Ifq] ÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
3G6L
!) vn] != elnan, ljm| s]6, vf] • elnan, #)
-ko| f]ufTds_
-kfrF cf]6f vn] dWo] vf,] Aof8ldG6g / cfwf/e"t l;kx¿
sg' } b'Oc{ f6] f g]6an v]nx¿dWo] – lgodx¿
s'g} bO' c{ f]6f vn] sf – v]Ng] tl/sf /
clgjfo{_ /0fgLltx¿
l;kx¿ k|ofu] u/L
v]n vN] g pko'St – vn] ;~rfng ÷
k|ofu] fTds cEof;
d}bfg tof/ ug{ / • lss| 6]
k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng cfwf/et" l;kx¿
ug{ – lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– vn] ;~rfng ÷
k|ofu] fTds cEof;
• vf] vf]
cfwf/e"t l;kx¿
– lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– vn] ;~rfng ÷
k|of]ufTds cEof;
• Aof8ldG6g
cfwf/e"t l;kx¿
– lgodx¿
– vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– v]n ;~rfng ÷
k|ofu] fTds cEof;
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 185
j|m=;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
!! of]u 3G6L
!= of]u / k|0ffofd • g6] an
cEof;sf lgod cfwf/e"t l;kx¿ !)
tyf l;k k|ofu] u/L – lgodx¿ -k|ofu] fTds_
cEof; ug{ – vN] g] tl/sf /
/0fgLltx¿
– v]n ;~rfng ÷
k|ofu] fTds cEof;
• cf;g
– ;jf;g
– a4' f;g
– ahf| ;g
– jqmf;g
– xnf;g
– wg'/f;g
– eh' ªu\ f;g
– ;Ndf;g
– zLiff{;g
• kf| 0ffod
– el:qsf k|f0ffod /
skfneftL k0| ffofd
• Wofgdb' f|
– gfeL rt} Go Wofg
– ljGbs' l] Gb|t Wofg
• ljljw
– clUg;f/ lj|mof
– hngLlt ljm| of
– of]ulgbf|
– skfneftL -;]|rs, aGw,
pT;u{_
186 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
jm| =;= If]q÷PsfO l;sfO pknlAw ljifoj:t' Kff7o\ ef/÷
;4} flGts v08 hDdf 3G6L
ko| f]ufTds v08 *%
*%
$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of !&)
:jf:Yo lzIff JolStsf] b}lgs Jojxf/;uF ;DaGw /fVb5 eg] zf/Ll/s lzIff vn] s'b tyf zf/Ll/s
ljm| ofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . To;n} ] o;sf ljifoj:t'x¿ klg Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds 5g\ . o;y{
sIffsf7] fdf lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof ubf{ ljifoj:ts' f] ks| [ltcg';f/sf] /0fgLlt ckgfpgk' b5{ . Pp6}
ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ klg ljleGg lzIf0f ljlwx¿nfO{ ;lDd>0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . :jf:Yo lzIffsf
clwsf+z ljifoj:t'x¿ lzIf0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd lzIfsn] l;k jf Jojxf/ k|bz{g ugk{' b5{ To;kl5
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg kofK{ t Jofjxfl/s cEof; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ugk{' b{5 . To:t} u/L jf:tljstf
cWoog / zl} Ifs ed| 0f klg o; ljifosf dxŒjk"0f{ lzIf0f tl/sfx¿ x'g o:tf tl/sfx¿ k|ofu] u/]dfq
ljBfyL{x¿sf :jf:Yo Jojxf/x¿ kl/jtg{ xg' ;Sb5g\ / l;k klg clej[l4 xg' ;Sb5 . zf/Ll/s
lzIffdf vn] sf l;kx¿ lzIfsn] kb| zg{ u/]/ bv] fpg'kb5{ To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO klg clgjfo{ ¿kdf
cEof; ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .
o; ljifosf 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffnfO{ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t agfOPsf] 5 . o; ljifosf] kf7o\ jm| dn]
;4} flGts Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿nfO{ ;d6] ]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbgsf nflu ljBfno
jl/kl/sf] Ifq] / j:tx' ¿nfO{ lzIf0f ;fduL| sf ¿kdf ko| f]udf Nofpg'kg{] 5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{
ljBfyLs{ f ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf tyf ax'af}l4stf / km/s l;sfO IfdtfNffO{ ;d]t Wofg ug{k' g{] 5 .
;fy} ljBfyLn{ fO{ 3fS] g,] s07 u/fpg]eGbf klg sfo{ u//] , ko| f]u u/]/, vfh] u//] l;Sg] kIfnfO{ hf8]
ug{'kg]{ 5 . lzIfsn] of] ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿lar 5nkmn u/fpg], ;;fgf kl/of]hgf
sfo{x¿ ug{ lbg], sIffdf ;f]sf] kl| tj]bg k:| t't ug{ nufpg] / vf]hL ug{] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug u/fpg] h:tf
lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ko| fu] df Nofpg ;Sg] 5g\ . zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] ko| fu] fTds l;sfO
;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf v]n db} fgdf nu/] tf]lsPsf] ;fKtflxs kf7o\ 3G6Ladfl] hd
dfly pNnv] ul/Pcg;' f/ dN" ofª\sg ug{k' g{] 5 .
o; ljifodf ljifoj:ts' f] k|sl[ tcg;' f/ lgDglnlvt lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| ofdWo] pkoS' ttfsf] cfwf/df
sg' } klg k|lj|mof ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
-!_ kb| zg{ ljlw (Demonstration Method)
-@_ kl/of]hgf ljlw (Project Work)
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 187
-#_ z}lIfs ed| 0f ljlw (Field Trip)
-$_ k|ZgfQ] / ljlw (Question Answer)
-%_ JofVofg ljlw (Explanation Method)
-^_ el" dsf lgjf{x ljlw (Role Play )
-&_ gf6sLo ljlw (Dramatrization)
-*_ 5nkmn ljlw (Discussion )
-(_ k|ofu] fTds ljlw (Experimental Method)
-!)_ ;d:of cWoog (Case Study)
-!!_ cjnf]sg ljlw (Observation Method)
oL ljlwx¿ s]xL gdg' f dfq xg' \ . :yfgLo kl/j]z, ljifoj:ts' f] ks| l[ t / :j¿ksf cfwf/df lzIf0f
ljlwdf ljljwtf Nofpg ;lsg] 5 . lzIfsn] lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f] pd]/, tx, ?lr,
km/s l;sfO Ifdtf, axa' f}l4stf, ;fdflhs tyf dgfj] 1} flgs ki[ 7e"ld, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, efl} ts ;l' jwf,
l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf cflb ;dt] nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ 5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf]
;xeflutf Pjd\ ;fd"lxs tyf ;xof]ufTds l;sfO / bf}Ft/L l;sfOnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug{k' g{] 5 . lzIfsn]
o; ljifodf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ ljBfyL{ sl] Gbt| ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
To;}n] lzIfsn] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf ljz]if hf8] lbg cfkm"nfO{ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf
k:| tt' u/L pgLx¿nfO{ k|ZgfQ] /, 5nkmn, kl| tjb] g n]vg, cGt/ljm| of tyf cEof;, k|:t'lt cflb
lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg x'g kf| ]T;flxt ug'{kg{] 5 . o;} u/L lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
/fd/| L sn] fO{ pgLx¿nfO{ cK7o\ f/f] k/s] f] 7fpdF f ;xofu] k¥' ofpgs' f ;fy} cfjZostfcg;' f/ yk ofh] gf agfO{
pkrf/fTds lzIf0f k4lt;dt] pkofu] ugk{' g{] 5 . km/s Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{ / axa' fl} 4stfnfO{ Vofn ub{}
pkoS' t l;sfOsf cj;/ / dN" ofªs\ gsf ;fwg, ;f| t] / tl/sf ko| fu] u/L ;xhLs/0f ugk{' g{] 5 .
^= dN" ofª\sg kl| jm| of
P]lR5s :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifosf] kf7o\ j|mddf ;dfjz] ePsf ;Ifdtf, l;sfO pknlAw
/ ltgsf ljifoj:ts' f] cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] dN" ofª\sg ug'{k5{ . dN" ofª\sg ubf{ lgdf{0ffTds /
lg0fo{ fTds b'j} ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'kg{] 5 . o; ljifosf] dN" ofª\sg ;}4flGts / ko| f]ufTds b'j}
¿kdf x'g] 5 . Pl] R5s :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO sIff ( / !) df !)) k0" ff{ª\s 56' \ofOPsf] 5 .
h;dWo] ;}4flGts efunfO{ %) -#* :Jff:Yo / !@ zf/Ll/s_ / k|of]ufTds efu -!@ :Jff:Yo / #*
zf/Ll/s_ nfO{ %) 5'6o\ fOPsf] 5 . ;}4flGts efudf lnlvt k/LIff / ko| fu] fTds efudf ko| fu] fTds
/ dfl} vs k/LIffaf6 k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfadf]lhd xg' ] 5g\ .
188 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofª\sg
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n]
u/]sf sfo{ / ;ljm| otf cjnfs] g tyf xflh/Lsf cfwf/df cª\s kb| fg ug{k' g]{ 5 . ljBfyLn{ ] ;}4flGts
/ ko| fu] fTds v08df k|fKt u/s] f cªs\ nfO{ 56' \6f56' \6} / ljifout sn' k|fKtfªs\ nfO{ cIf/fª\sg
k4ltdf ¿kfGt/ u/L cIf/ u8]| df d"Nofªs\ g ul/g] 5 . o; ljifodf ljBfyL{ pknlAw d"Nofªs\ g ubf{
lgDgfg';f/ lgwf/{ 0f xg' k' g]{ 5 M
-s_ sIffut l;sfO pknlAw cg¿' k ljBfyL{x¿n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;ss] f 5g\ jf 5g} g\
eGg]af/] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf dN" ofª\sg ug{k' g]{ 5 .
-v_ ljBfyL{sf l;sfOsf] :t/ klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf sdL sdhf/] L x6fpg cnu cnu ofh] gf agfO{
;fc] g'¿k pkrf/fTds lzIf0f u/L ;a} ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO ;l' glZrt ug{k' g]{ 5 .
-u_ lgdf0{ ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f ;xhLs/0fdf cfjZos ;w' f/ u/L l;sfOnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpgk' g{] 5 .
-3_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf] oyfy{ ;"rgf ljBfyL{ / cleefjsx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ lbg] / ;'wf/sf nflu
cfjZos ki[ 7kf]if0f tyf k/fdz{ lng]÷lbg] ugk{' g{5] { .
ko| f]ufTds dN" ofªs\ g
ljBfyL{sf] k|ofu] fTds dN" ofª\sgsf nflu %) k|ltzt cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|of]ufTds
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\gsf] ;dt] cfwf/ lng'kg]{ 5 . ljBfyL{sf] k|ofu] fTds
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf kl| jm| ofdf ckgfpgk] g]{ 5 . k|ofu] fTds sfos{ f nflu sfos{ nfk /
cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
• lglZrt ;doleq dfq dN" ofªs\ g gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f sfo{ / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf]
cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ugk'{ g{] 5 .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{, xflh/L /
;ljm| otfsf cfwf/df cª\s k|bfg ug{'kg{] 5 .
• k|To]s PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ jf If]q e|d0f u/fO{ d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kg]{ 5 .
• ljBfyL{n] u/]sf ;e]{If0f sIff sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{, l;kd"ns sfo{,
vf]hd"ns sfo{ cflb / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf]
k|d'v cfwf/ dflgg] 5 .
ko| f]ufTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ / Ifq] ed| 0f afkt cª\s kb| fg ubf{ ljBfyL{n] /fli6o« dxŒjsf
sfo{j|mdcGtut{ ;Dkfbg u/s] f jf ofu] bfg lbPsf sfon{ fO{ ;dt] u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 189
ePsf ljBfyL{ / ax'afl} 4stfnfO{ Vofn ub{} pkoS' t dN" ofª\sgsf ;fwg, ;f| ]t / tl/sf k|ofu] u/L
dN" ofªs\ g ugk'{ g{] 5 . k|of]ufTds dN" ofª\sgnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ 56' 6\ } k|ofu] fTds d"Nofª\sg k'l:tsf ljsf;
u/L ko| fu] df NofOg] 5 .
lg0f{ofTds dN" ofª\sg
kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/s] f p2Z] ocg¿' k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ kf| Kt u/] gu/s] f] d"Nofª\sg
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug]{ lg0f{o lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g cfjlws ¿kdf ug{] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu k|of]ufTds tyf cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] @% kl| tzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu &% kl| tzt ef/ 5'6o\ fPsf] 5 . o; kf7\ojm| dsf]
cg;' "rLsf ¿kdf dN" ofªs\ g kl| jm| of, cª\s ljefhg tyf clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6o« k/LIff af]8{ tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;f]xLcg;' f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ jf u8]| lgwf/{ 0f ug'k{ b5{ .
190 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
uf| dL0f ljsf;
!= kl/ro
gk] fnsf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ g} u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] . g]kfnsf] ufpsF f] ;dl[ 4 g} bz] sf] ;d[l4 xf] . o;y{
o;sf] cjwf/0ff xfdL ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ afw] x'g cfjZos 5 . oxL tYonfO{ xb[ oª\ud u/L
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf; lzIffsf Jofjxfl/s 1fg, l;k / clej[lQ l;sfpg] p2Z] on] of] kf7\oj|md
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
/fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d k|f¿kn] dfu|fdL0f ljsf; sIff ( / !) df P]lR5s ljifosf] ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf
u/s] f] xb'“ f ;f]cg¿' k of] kf7o\ j|md tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljifosf] ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ % / k"0ffª{ s\
!)) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ jm| ddf lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' / If]qx¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf 5g\ M
!= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] kl/ro @= ljsf;sf zJbfjnL
#= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cfjZos tŒjx¿ $= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / el" dsf
%= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf pkfudx¿ ^= g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿
&= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf gLltx¿ *= gk] fndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gf
(=uf| dL0f ljsf;sf gdg' fx¿ !)= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t gS;fªs\ g
o; kf7o\ jm| daf6 ljBfyL{x¿df ufpFsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fdb' flos efjgf ljsl;t x'g ;sf];,\
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfgf] d'n'ssf] jf:tljs ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff ae' \mg ;s"g,\ cfgf] ufpF tyf ;db' fosf
;fdflhs dN" o tyf dfGotf;u“ kl/lrt eO{ Ps nugzLn, stJ{ olgi7, Odfgbf/ / c;n gful/s
agg' ,\ ufpFsf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk;u“ kl/lrt eO{ >dk|lt nugzLn x'g ;s"g\, ufpFsf] hg;ªV\ of tyf
a;fj] f; / dfgj ;dfhdf k/s] f k|efjx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ dn' s' sf] ljsf;df ;xofu] ug{ ;sg' \ ,
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu xfn eO/x]sf ko| f;, gLltut / sfg'gL k|aGwsf] hfgsf/L x'g ;sf];,\ uf| dL0f
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff, ljsf;sf zJbfjnLx¿, cfjZos tŒjx¿, pkfudx¿, uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu
of]hgf,uf| ld0f ljsf;sf gd'gfx¿, u|fdL0f ljsf;sfnflu ;|f]tsf] gS;fªs\ g, g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf
gLltx¿ uf| dL0f ljsf;df o;sf] pRrtd cEof;sf nflu cfjZos 1fg tyf l;k;uF kl/lrt x'g
;sg' , uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cy{ / dxTjsf] af]w ub{,} o;sf If]qx¿ nufot ufpsF f] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo
lgsfosf] e"ldsfx¿sf] af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;sg' \ eGg] p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6
kf7o\ jm| dnfO{ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7\ojm| d aGg ;3fp kU' g] bl] vG5 . kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf] jm| ddf
cge' jL lzIfs, k|fWofks Pjd\ o; Ifq] sf ljzi] f1 / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] /fo;'emfjsf cfwf/ lnPsf]
5 . o;nfO{ :t/Lo / pkofu] L agfpg /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] of] sG]b| ;bj} :jfut ub{5 .
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 191
@= txut ;Ifdtf
o; txsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDgfg'f/sf ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ M
!= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / u|fdL0f ljsf; cGo ;fdflhs lj1fg;Fusf] ;DaGw afw] /
k|:tl' t
@= ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff tyf ljsf;sf zJbfjnLx¿;Fu kl/lrt eO{ afw] ug{
#= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf cfjZos tŒjx¿sf] af]w / k:| t'lt
$= g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / e"ldsf klxrfg
%= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf pkfudx¿sf] ljZni] f0f
^= gk] fndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf Ifq] x¿sf] klxrfg, af]w / k:| tl' t
&= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf ljBdfg gLltx¿sf] ljZni] f0f
*= gk] fndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gfx¿sf] ;dLIff
(= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf gdg' fx¿sf] af] w / k|:t'lt
!)= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;|ft] gS;fª\sgsf] th{d' f / k|bz{ g
#= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf sIffut l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff ( sf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDgfg;' f/sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ M
!= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cy,{ kl/efiff, p2Z] o / dxŒj pNnv] ug{
@= ljsf;sf zAbfjnLx¿ ljsf;, u|fdL0f ljsf;, lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0f d}qL ljsf;, cflys{ jl[ 4,
kl| tJolSt cfDbfgL, /fli6o cfDbfgL, pTkfbg / pTkfbTj, ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf / pBdzLntf sf]
kl/ro lbg
#= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cfjzos tŒjx¿ dfgj ;z+ fwg, k|fs[lts ;|ft] , ljQ / ;ª3;+:yfx¿sf]
j0f{g ug{
$= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf cfjZos tŒjx¿ k|ljlw, ;r" gf kl| jlw / kj" f{wf/x¿sf] j0fg{ ug{
%= u|fdL0f ljsf;df /fHo, dGqnfo, ;ª\3 / kb| z] sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{
^= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf ufpkF flnsf, ufp;F ef / gu/kflnsf / gu/;ef sf] el" dsf klxrfg ug{
*= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfx¿ u'7L, vt] fnf, dn] f kj{sf] e"ldsf ljZni] f0f ug{
(= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf k/Dk/fut ;/+ rgfx¿¿ e]hf, l9s/' L / wd{ esf/Lsf] e"ldsf ljZni] f0f ug{
!)= g]kfndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿ ljB't,\ ;~rf/ / oftfoftsf] cj:yf / dxŒj pNnv] ug{
192 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
!!= gk] fndf uf| Ld0f ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ lzIff ,:jf:Yo, l;k tflnd / /f]huf/sf] cj:yf / dxŒj
pNnv] ug{
!@= uf| dL0f ljsf;df sl[ ifsf] Jofj;foLs/0fsf] e"ldsf klxrfg ug{
!#= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;lso| ;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfg tyf ke| fjsfl/tf pNn]v ug{
!$= uf| dL0f ljsf;df jftfj/0fLo tyf kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf ljZni] f0f ug{
!%= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;;DaGwL ljsG] bL| s/0f / el" d ;w' f/ gLltsf] dV' o ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ug{
!^= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;;DaGwL ul/aL lgjf/0f, sl[ if / ko6{ g gLltsf] dV' o ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ug{
!&= ofh] gfsf] kl/efiff, lsl;d, dxŒj / ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ug{
!*= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf /fli6«o, Ifq] Lo / :yfgLo txsf of]hgfx¿sf] th{d' f / ljZni] f0f ug{
!(= gk] fndf uf| Ld0f ljsf;df ;fdb' flos jgsf] el" dsf kxrfg / gdg' f cEof;x¿sf] pNnv] ug{
@)= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;df ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf klxrfg / gd'gf cEof;x¿sf] pNnv] ug{
@!= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;f| t] sf] gS;fªs\ gsf] cjwf/0ff / cEof; ug{
-v_ sIff !) sf sIffut l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff !) sf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] lgDgfg';fsf l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{] 5g\ M
!= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / Ifq] klxrfg ug{
@= ljsf; / u|fdL0f ljsf;larsf] cGt/;DaGw pNn]v ug{
#= u|fdL0f ljsf; / cGo ;fdflhs lj1fg;uF sf] ;DaGw / leGgtf t'ngf ug{
$= ljsf;sf ;r' s tyf zAbfjnLx¿ cfwf/et" cfjZostf, dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfªs\ , ;dfjz] L
ljsf;sf] kl/ro lbg
%= ljsf;sf ;r" s tyf zAbfjnLx¿ ;xefuLtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dfgtf, ;dfgtf, ;dtf, ;fdflhs
Gofo, cfTd;Ddfg / :jtGqtfsf] kl/ro lbg
^= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf tŒjx¿ klxrfg, cf+sng, pkofu] , vf]h / cg;' Gwfg tyf lgdf{0fsf] kl/ro
/ dxŒj pNnv] ug{
&= gk] fndf uf| dL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿ ;ª\3 / /fHo, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lhNNff
;ef, gukflnsf/ ufpkF flnsf] ke| fj / el" dsf cfod / t'ngfTds kmfObf pNnv] ug{
*= uf| dL0f ljsf;sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] el" dsf klxrfg ug{
(= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / ;db' fodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfg
pNn]v ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 193
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CURRICULUM GRADE 9-10 2076
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