^= dN" ofª\sg k|lj|mof
Jfftfj/0f lj1fg k|ofu] fTds k|s[ltsf] ePsfn] ;4} flGts kIfsf ;fy;fy} k|ofu] fTds kIfsf] klg
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;}4flGtssf] k/LIffsf nflu &% kl| tzt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu @% kl| tzt
cª\sef/ 5'6o\ fOPsf] 5 . ;f] cg;' f/ jflif{s $@ lkl/o8 ko| fu] fTds lj|mofsnfksf nflu 5'6o\ fOPsf]
5 . ;4} flGts / k|ofu] fTds kIfsf] s"n k|fKtfª\sdf cIf/fªs\ g k4ltsf cfwf/df dN" ofª\sg ul/g]
5.
;4} flGts k/LIffsf nflu kZ| g lgdf0{ f ubf{ ;a} PsfOx¿nfO{ ;d6] g\ 'kg{] 5 . k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;a}
PsfOx¿ ;d]6g\ ] u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{k' g{] 5 . ;}4flGts k/LIffsf] cfwf/ lnlvt k/LIff xg' ] 5 .
;}4flGts k/LIffsf nflu @ 3G6f !% ldg6] ;do xg' ] 5 .
k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\gsf nflu lgwfl{ /t lgDglnlvt Ifq] x¿ dWoa] f6 Ps Ps cf6] f sfoo{ fh] gf
ug'{kb{5 .
sIff ( lj|mofsnfk ugk{' g]{ Eff/ -3G6L _
j|m=;= ljifo Ifq]
sfo{ ;+Vof
!= Jfftfj/0fsf] kl/ro –
@= kfl/l:ylts lj1fg • kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] gd'gf tof/ ! @
/ kfl/l:ylts ug]{ -!_
k|0ffnL
#= Gfk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts • jI[ f/f]k0f -@_ $ @±@±@±@≠ *
;f| ]tx¿ / h}ljs • df6f] lgdf0{ f kl| jm| ofsf] gdg' f tof/
ljljwtf -@_
$= jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f • ;d'bfosf] gS;fªs\ g tof/ ug]{ # @±@±@≠ ^
• :yfgLo If]qdf kfgLsf] ;f| ]tdf ePsf]
kb| i" f0f ;DaGwL Ps cWoog
• 3/af6 lg:sg] k|b"if0fsf] ;r" L
tof/ u/L Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿sf]
kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{]
%= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / • lxdgbLdf xl/tu[xsf] ke| fj;DaGwL @ @±@≠$
o;sf] c;/ gdg' f tof/ ug{] -!_
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿sf]
sf]nfh tof/ kfg{] -!_
94 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
^= j}slNks pmhf{ • ;fo} { rn' fs] f] gdg" f tof/ ug{] -!_ @ @±@≠$
• :yfgLo Ifq] df ul/Psf] gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{;DaGwL Ps cWoog -!_
&= jftfj/0f / lbuf] • :yfgLo If]qdf cjnDag ul/Psf] @ @±@≠$
ljsf; jftfj/0fdq} L hLjg k¢lt;DaGwL
36gf cWoog -@_
* Jfftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo • ;fjh{ lgs kfgLsf] ;f| ]tsf] ed| 0f ! @
u/L dfgjLo :Jff:Yodf k/]sf] c;/
;DaGwL k|ltjb] g tof/
( Kff| sl[ ts k|sf]k / • :yfgLo :t/sf klx/f], eI" fo # @±@±@≠ ^
ljkt\ JoJf:yfkg cflb k|fsl[ ts k|sf]ksf] :ynut
cjnf]sg u/L To;sf sf/0f, c;/
/ /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿sf] k|ltjb] g
tof/ ug{]
!) jftfj/0f • OsfS] njn] jif{ e/L u/]sf # @±@±@≠ ^
Joj:yfkg
lso| fsnfkx¿sf] kl| tjb] g tof/L
-;d"x_ Osfu] f8g]{ jf s/;] faf/L
lgdf0{ f -;d"x_
sIff !)
jm| =;= lj|mofsnfk ljifo If]q ug{'kg{] sfo{ Kff7\oef/
;ª\Vof
!= Jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro • sg' } Ps kfl/l:yts k0| ffnL @ @±@ ≠ $
@= kfl/l:ylts lj1fg /
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL cWoog -@_ @±@±@±@
≠*
#= Gf]kfnsf] kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] x¿ / • h}ljs ljljwtfsf] vf]hL -@_ $
h}ljs ljljwtf • l;d;f/ Ifq] sf] kfl/l:ylts
$= jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f k0| ffnLsf] Ps cWoog -@_ @±@±@
• 3/fo;L ljB'th\ Go kmf]x/ # ≠^
-Oj:] 6_ sf] ;r" L tof/
kfg]{ / o;sf] sd ug]{
pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{] -!_
• la;fSt kmf]xf]/ kb| "if0fsf]
Ps 36gf cWoog -@_
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 95
%= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / o;sf] • :yfgLo If]qdf ePsf @ @±@ ≠ $
c;/ ÷ul/Psf jftf/0fdq} L
^= j}slNks pmhf{ cEof;x¿sf] cWoog -@_ @
• j}slNks pmhf;{ DaGwL !
:yfgLo Ifq] df sfo{/t
;+:yfdf uO{ Toxf“ eO/xs] f
ljm| ofsnfksf] k|f]kmfOn tof/
&= Jfftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ # @±@±@
• jftfj/0fdq} L ;r" ssf ≠^
sfof{Gjogsf] k|ultsf]
cj:yfsf] cWoog /
*= Jfftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo kl| tjb] g @±@ ≠ $
• sg' } k;] fut sfo:{ ynsf] @
e|d0f u/L ToxfsF f
hfl] vdx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
u/L ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿sf]
(= Kf|fsl[ ts k|sf]k / ljkb\ vfh] L @±@ ≠ $
• :yfgLo:t/sf klx/f], e"Ifo @
Joj:yfkg cflb Kff| sl[ ts ljkbs\ f]
:ynut cjnf]sg u/L
To;sf] sf/0f / c;/sf]
!)= jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg cWoog @ @±@ ≠ $
• ;kmn jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkgsf 8s'dG] 6/L
kb| zg{ / 5nkmn -@_ $@
hDdf
ko| fu] fTds sfo{af6 ljBfyLx{ ¿df Observation, classification, conclusion drawing,
Identification, verification, report writing and reporting, record keeping, interpretation
h:tf k|ljm| ofut l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ljleGg ko| fu] fTds sfox{ ¿ u/fpg' clgjfo{ xG' 5 .
lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofªs\ g
dN" ofª\sg ubf{ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0fo{ fTds b'j} ljlwx¿sf] ko| f]u ug'k{ g]{ 5 . lg0f{ofTds dN" ofªs\ gsf
nflu ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{ / ;lj|motf
cjnfs] g tyf xflh/Lsf cfwf/df cª\s kb| fg ugk'{ 5{ . ljBfyLn{ ] ;}4flGts / ko| f]ufTds v08df
96 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
kf| Kt u/s] f cª\snfO{ 5'6\6f56' \6} / ljifout s'n kf| Ktfª\snfO{ cIf/fªs\ g k4ltdf ¿kfGt/ u/L
cIf/ u]|8df dN" ofªs\ g ul/g] 5 . o; ljifodf ljBfyL{ pknlAw d"Nofª\sgsf pb\b]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ M
-s_ sIffut l;sfO pknlAwcg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;ss] f 5g\ jf 5}gg\
eGg]af/] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ug{]
-v_ ljBfyLs{ f l;sfOsf] :t/ klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf sdL sdhf]/L x6fpg cnu cnu ofh] gf agfO{
;fc] g¿' k pkrf/fTds lzIf0f u/L ;a} ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug]{
-u_ lgdf0{ ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f ;xhLs/0fdf cfjZos ;'wf/ u/L l;sfOnfO{ ke| fjsf/L
agfpg]
-3_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf] oyfy{ ;r" gf ljBfyL{ / cleefjsx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ lbg] / cfjZos k[i7kfi] f0f
tyf k/fdz{ lng÷] lbg]
lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofªs\ g
kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyLx{ ¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ k|fKt u/] gu/]sf] dN" ofª\sg
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] lg0f{o lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ lg0f{ofTds dN" ofª\sg
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g cfjlws ¿kdf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| fu] fTds tyf cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] @% k|ltzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu &% kl| tzt ef/ 56' \ofPsf] 5 . o; kf7o\ j|mdsf]
cg;' "rLsf ¿kdf d"Nofªs\ g kl| jm| of, cª\s ljefhg tyf clGtd dN" ofªs\ gsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af8] { tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;fx] Lcg;' f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ jf u|]8 lgwf/{ 0f ug{'kb5{ .
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 97
cltl/St ul0ft
!= kl/ro
dfWolds ljBfno txsf] kf7\oj|mddf b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] efudf clgjfo{ /
bf;] |f] efudf P]lR5s ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . Pl] R5s ljifox¿cGtu{ t cltl/St ul0ft
ljifonfO{ P]lR5s k|yddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;jfª{ \uL0f ljsf;sf nflu cGo ljifo
tyf If]qx¿sf] 1fg tyf l;k;u“ } ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿sf] 1fg, l;k, tyf clejl[ Qsf] cfjZostf
kb5{ . cem :ki6¿kdf eGgk' bf{ ljBfyLx{ ¿n] dfWolds txsf] cWoog k/" f ul/;sk] l5 pRr lzIff
cWoogsf ljleGg Ifq] x¿ lj1fg, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f lj1fg h:tf ljleGg k|fljlws tyf
cfk} rfl/s lzIffdf lzIffzf:q, dfgljsLdf ul0ft d"n ljifosf ¿kdf / Joj:yfkg cWoog ug{sf
nflu ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] 1fgsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg,{ ul0ftLo 1fg, l;ksf af/]df yk bIftf cfh{g ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . o;} s/' fnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ dfWoflds txsf] kf7\ojm| ddf P]lR5s ljifosf¿kdf cltl/St
ul0ft ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . pRr cWoogsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, clejl[ Q
tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ul0ftLo ;d:ofnfO{ ;d6] g\ ] u/L o; kf7o\ jm| ddf ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ j|mddf dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_ sf] clgjfo{ ul0ft / tNnf] txdf kf| Kt
u/]sf ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]6\b} dflyNnf] txsf] cWoogsf] kj" fw{ f/sf nflu cfjZos
ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx¿sf] cfh{g dn" tM lzIf0f l;sfOsf
tl/sfx¿ / kf7o\ j:t'sf] k|s[lt;“u ;DalGwt xg' ] x'bF f o;sf nflu sIff lzIf0fdf kl/of]hgf sfo,{
;d:of ;dfwfg, ;d:of cWoognufotsf ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;df txut
p2]Zox¿nfO{ txut ;Ifdtfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{sf ;fy} If]qut ;Ifdtf;dt] ;dfjz] ul/Psf]
5 . o; kf7o\ jm| ddf ul0ftsf lgDglnlvt cf7cf6] f Ifq] sf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf 5g\ M
!= aLhul0ft (Algebra), @= ;LdfGtdfg / lg/Gt/tf (Limit and continuity),
#= d]l6«S; (Matrix), $= lgbz{] fªs\ Hofldlt (Coordinate Geometry),
%= lqsf0] fldlt(Trigonometry), ^= e]S6/ (Vector)
&= :yfgfGt/0f(Transformation), *= tYofªs\ zf:q (Statistics)
plNnlvt Ifq] cGtut{ sf ljifo j:tx' ¿sf] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu sIff ( / !) df k|ltsIff kf7\oef/
!&) 3G6L -!@* 306f / $ jm| l] 86 cfj/_ sfod u/L If]qut ¿kdf;d]t af8“ kmf8“ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;df ljifoj:t'sf] ;Ldf lgwf/{ 0f ul/gs' f ;fy} l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg k|ljm| ofnfO{ a9L
j:t'ut / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ul0ftsf] l;sfO sfo{nfO{ ;s;] Dd ljBfyLs{ f]
b}lgs hLjg;“u ;DalGwt agfp“b} Jofjxfl/s / ko| f]ufTds kIfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk
;~rfng ubf{ ljBfyLx{ ¿df ul0ftk|ltsf] ?lr j[l4 x'guO{ kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f p2]Zox¿
xfl;n x'g ;xofu] kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 .
98 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
@= txut ;Ifdtf
dfWoflds tx -sIff ( / !)_ df Pl] R5s ul0ft ljifosf] cWoog k"/f u/k] l5 ljBfyL{x¿
lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
!= ;DaGw / kmngsf] cjwf/0ff kb| z{g u/L ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
@= >]0fLx¿sf] cjwf/0ff af]w u/L To;;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
#= ;dLs/0fx¿sf] n]vflrqdf k|bz{g / xn
$= kmngsf] ;LdfGt dfg / lg/Gt/tfsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ffsf] k|bz{g
%= dl] 6«S; (Matrix) sf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf lj|mofx¿sf] k|bz{g / k|ofu]
^= lgb]{zfªs\ Hofldltsf cfwf/df laGbk' y, /]vfv08, /]vfsf ;dLs/0fx¿;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfg
&= lqeh' / rte{' 'hsf] Ifq] kmn / jQ[ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgdf lgb{]zfª\s Hofldltsf] k|of]u
*= sf]l0fs gfk, lqsf0] fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf] ;DaGwsf] kb| z{g, k|of]u / ;d:of ;dfwfg
(= lqsf0] fldtLo cgk' ftx¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f/ k|ofu]
!)= eS] 6/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, eS] 6/sf ljm| ofx¿sf] k|of]u, kb| z{g/ s]xL Hofldlt;DaGwL ;fWox¿
;dfwfgdf o;sf] k|ofu]
!!= lgb]{zfª\s / d]l6S« ;sf] k|of]u u/Ls'g} HofldtLo cfs[ltsf] :yfgfGt/0f
!@= Partition values / ljr/0fzLntf (Dispersion) tyf o;sf] u0' ffªs\ sf] JofVof
#= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff ( sf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfox{ ¿df ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
!= ;DaGw / kmngsf] kl/ro lbO{ leGgtf 56' \ofpg/ kmngsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;ªs\ t] df nV] g
@= kmngsf ks| f/ 5'6\ofO{ o;nfO{ ljleGt tl/sf -tflnsf, n]vflrq, ldnfg lrx\g / kmng
d]l;g_ n] JoSt ug{
#= ax'kbLo (Polynomial), kmng -ju{3ftLo, 3g3ftLo tyf 3ftfªs\ $ ePsf_ / ax'kbLo
;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro / juL{s/0f u/LltgLx¿larsf] leGgtf 5'6o\ fpg / ax'kbLosf hf8] /
36fpsf lj|mofx¿ ug{
$= cgj' m| d tyf >0] fLsf 9f“rfcg';f/ ;fwf/0f kb lgsfNg / (Summetion);ª\s]tdf JoSt
ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 99
%= ;LdfGtdfg (limit) sf] -;fª\lVos cgj' |mdaf6, lrqLo cg'j|mdsf cfwf/df, cl;dLt >0] fLsf]
ofu] kmnsf cfwf/df_ ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff lbg / ;ª\st] df n]Vg
^= dl] 6S« ;sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf k|sf/x¿ atfpg
&= dl] 6S« ;sf ljm| of -hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / jm| d kl/jtg{ _ u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
*= d]l6«S; hf8] / u0' fgsf u0' fx¿ atfpg
(= ljGbk' ysf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
!)= lbPsf] cgk' ftsf cfwf/df /]vfv08sf] ljefhg ljGb' kQf nufpg, tT;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ug{ / s'g} laGb'af6 s'g} ;/n /]vfsf] b'/L kQf nufpg
!!= ljleGg :j¿ksf l;wf /v] f;DaGwL ;dLs/0fx¿ kQf nufpg / Pscsf{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
!@= lgbz{] fª\sx¿ k|of]u u/]/ lqeh' / rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
!#= sf]0fx¿sf] gfk (Sexagesimal, Centesimal / Radian) ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
!$= lqsf0] fldtLo cgk' ftx¿sf] ;j;{ ldsf, kl/k/" s sf0] f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
!%= k|fdfl0fs sf]0fx¿(0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) sf] lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿ lgsfNg / tL
cgk' ftx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
!^= eS] 6/sf] kl/ro lbg Pjd\ e]S6/ / :s]n/ kl/0ffdsf] pbfx/0f;lxt leGgtf 56' o\ fpg
!&= eS] 6/sf] lsl;d lrGg / 5'6\ofpg
!*= e]S6/sf] ljm| of -hf]8 / 36fp_ ko| f]u u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
!(= eS] 6/nfO{ :s]n/n] u0' fg u/L b'O{ eS] 6/x¿ ;dfgfGt/ x'g] cj:yf kQf nufpg
@)= :yfgfGt/0fsf] kl/ro / o;sf k|sf/x¿ atfpg
@!= HofldtLo cfsl[ tnfO{ l;wf /]vfdf -/]vf y = x, /v] f y = –x,/]vf x = a / /v] f y = b_
k/fjtg{ u/L n]vflrqdf k:| t't ug{
@@= s]Gb| (a, b) sf] jl/kl/ s'g} laGb' jf j:tn' fO{ ± 90°, 180° /360° df kl/j|md0f u/L
kl| tljDa kQf nufpg
@#= HofldtLo cfs[ltnfO{ lbPsf] gfk / lbzfdf lj:yfkg ug{
@$= s]Gb|laGb' (a, b) af6 sg' } HofldtLo lrqsf] lbOPsf] gfkf]sf cfwf/df lj:tf/Ls/0f tyf
;ªs\ 'rg u/L kl| tljDa kQf nufpg
@%= JolStut / vl08t >0] fLx¿sf rty' f{+zs(Partition values), bzfª\s (Deciles) / ztfz+ s
(Percentiles) kQf nufpg
@^= ljr/0fzLntf (Dispersion) sf] kl/ro lbg
100 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
@&= rty' f+z{ Lo leGgtf(Quartile Deviation) / Mean Deviation form meantyf Mean
Deviation from median / ltgLx¿sf] u0' ffªs\ / :t/LoleGgtf (Standard Deviation)
kQf nufpg.
-v_ sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlJwx¿
sIff !) sf] cWoog k/" f u/]kl5 ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfox{ ¿df ;dy{ x'g] 5g\ M
!= lqsf0] fldtLo cgk' ftnfO{ kmngsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/L lrqfTds / ;fªs\ l] ts ¿kdf JoSt
ug{
@= ;o+ 'St kmng tyf ljk/Lt kmng;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ lrqfTds (Arrow-diagram)¿kdf
k|:t't ug{ / xn ug{
#= axk' bLonfO{ PskbLo jf bO' {kbLon] efu u/L efukmn / z]if kQf nufpg / ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{
$= z]if ;fWo (Remainder Theorem) / u0' fgv08 ;fWo (Factor Theorem) kd| fl0ft u/L
k|ofu] ug{ / ;ª\lIfKt efu ljlwaf6 u0' fgv08 tyf 3g3ft;Ddsf ;dLs/0f xn ug{
%= ;dfgfGt/ tyf u'0ff]Q/ c'gjm| d tyf >0] fLsf ;fwf/0f kb (general terms) ;DaGwL
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
^= ;dfgfGt/Lo tyf u'0ff]Q/ >0] fLsf] of]ukmn;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{
&= ;dfgfGt/Lo tyf u0' ffQ] / dWodf;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ / cGtlgl{ xt ;DaGw
k|dfl0ft ug{
*= n– kb ePsf] kf| s[lts ;ªV\ of, k|fsl[ ts hf/] tyf ljhf]/ ;ªV\ ofn] ags] f >0] fLx¿sf] of]ukmn
lgsfNg
(= /v] Lo tyf ju{;dLs/0f ;dfj]z o'ukt ;dLs/0fsf] nv] flrq / k|lt:yfkg ljlw;dt] sf] k|ofu]
u/L xn ug{
!)= /v] Lo of]hgf (Linear planning) ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
!!= lg/Gt/tfsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff k:| tt' ug{ / ;fªs\ l] ts ¿kdf k|:t't ug{
!@= @@ d]l6S« ;sf] l86/ldgfG6 (Determinant) / ljk/Lt dl] 6S« ; kQf nufpg
!#= dl] 6«S; ljlwaf6 / so| fd/ lgod (Cramer's Rule) af6 bO' { rno'St /v] Lo ;dLs/0f xn
ug{
!$= bO' { ;/n /]vfx¿larsf] sf]0f kQf nufO{ tT;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
!%= ;d3ftLo ju{ ;dLs/0f (Homogeneous equation of second degree) n] lbg] hf]8f
;/n /]vfx¿sf] ;dLs/0f kQf nufO{ tL /]vflarsf] sf]0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 101
!^= ;f]nL / ;dtnLo ;txsf] kl| tR5]bgsf ¿kdf j[Q, Ellipse, Parabola/ Hyperbola aGg]
cj:yfx¿sf] kb| zg{ ug{
!&= j[QnfO{ ;f]nL / ;dtnLo ;txsf] kl| tR5g] sf cfwf/df kl/eflift u/LTo;sf] ;dLs/0f
lgsfNg
!*= sine, cosine / tangent sf] multiple, sub–multiple angle tyf cg'alGwt
;j;{ ldsf;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ -lqsf0] fldtLo ¿kfGt/0fsf cfwf/df_ ;dfwfg ug{
!(= lqsf0] fldtLo ;dLs/0fx¿ xn ug{ -/]vLo / ju{ ;dLs/0fx¿dfq_
@)= lqsf0] fldtLo cgk' ftsf] k|of]u u/L prfO / b/' L ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
@!= bO' { e]S6/x¿sf] Scalar product lgsfnL ltgLx¿larsf] sf0] f / nDa xg' ] cj:yf kQf
nufpg
@@= eS] 6/ ljlwaf6 dWolaGb';q" tyf v08 ;"q (Section formula) kQf nufO{ k|ofu] ug{
@#= e]S6/sf] k|of]u u/L u/L s]xL HofldtLo ;fWox¿ kd| fl0ft ug{
@$= k/fjt{g, kl/jm| d0f, lj:yfkg / lj:tf/Ls/0fdWo] sg' } bO' { cf6] f :yfgfGt/0fx¿sf] ;o+ S' t
:yfgfGt/0fsf ¿kdf k:| t't u/L n]vflrqdf k:| tt' ug{
@%= Inversion transformation, inversion circle sf] kl/efifflbg / lbOPsf] laGb'sf]
inversion kQf nufpg
@^= d]l6S« ;sf] ko| f]u u/L :yfgfGt/0f ug{
@&= cljl5Gg >]0fLaf6 Mean Deviation, Quartile Deviation and Standard Deviation
tyf ltgLx¿sf u'0ffª\s;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
$= ljifoj:ts' f] If]q tyf jm| d
jm| = ;= Ifq] kf7o\ fz+ sIff ( kf7\oef/ kf7o\ f+z sIff !) Kff7o\ ef/
aLhul0ft ;DaGw / kmng kmng (Function) #%
Algebra aLhLo / lqsf]0fldtLo
(Relation an ##
kmngx¿ -uf| km;lxt_
dfunction)
(y = mx+ c; y =
– jm| d hf]8f ax3,a0; y = ax3, a0;
– sf6]{l;og u'0fgkmn y = sin A; y = Cos A;
– ;DaGwsf] kl/ro, ks| f/,
y = tan A, (-2A
;DaGwnfO{ hgfpg]
tl/sf, ;DaGwsf] Ifq] 2) cj:yfsf dfq .
(Domain) /lj:tf/ Ifq] – ;+o'St kmng
(Range) (Composite
Function)
– kmngsf] kl/ro,
;ª\st] ,kmngsf] If]q,
102 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
;xIf]q, k|ltlaDa, k"j{ -bO' {cf6] fsf] dfq_
kl| tlaDa, lj:tf/ If]q, – ljk/Lt kmng
– kmng hgfpg] tl/sf,
kmngsf] k/LIf0f -7f8f] (Inverse Function)
/v] f hfFr_
– kmngsf lsl;d M onto, / lrqfTds (Arrow-
diagram) ¿kdf
into, one–to –one, k|:t't
many to one
axk' bLox¿
axk' bLox¿
(Polynomials)
(Polynomials)
– axk' bLosf ;fwf/0f
– kl/ro / juL{s/0f lj|mofx¿ –;ªl\ IfKt efu
-kmngsf cfwf/df_ ljlw
– axk' bLosf] l8uL| , kd| fl0fs – z]if ;fWo
:j¿k / a/fa/
axk' bLox¿ (Remainder
– ax'kbLosf ;fwf/0f Theorem)/ o;sf]
lj|mofx¿ -hf8] , 36fp / ko| fu]
u'0fg_ – u0' fgv08 ;fWo
(Factor Theorem) /
cgj' |md / >]0fL o;sf] k|of]u
– Z]fif ;fWo / u0' fgv08
(Sequence and Series) ;fWosf] k|of]u
-3 l8u|L;Ddsf]
– cgj' |mdsf] kl/ro / ;dLs/0f xn ug_{
;fwf/0f kb
cgj' m| d / >0] fL
– >]0fLsf] kl/ro /
(Sequence and
(Signma/summation) Series)
;ª\st] sf] k|of]u – cªs\ ul0ftLo cg'jm| d /
>]0fL -kl/ro, ;fwf/0f
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) kb, dWodfx¿, of]ukmn,
klxnf] n cf]6f k|fj[mlts
;ª\Vofx¿sf] ofu] kmn
-hf]/ lahf]/;dt] _
– HofldtLo cg'jm| d /
>]0fL
-kl/ro, ;fwf/0f kb,
dWodfgx¿ ;Lldt
kbx¿sf] of]ukmn_
;/n /v] Lo
of]hgf;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿
(Linear
Programming
Problems)
– kl/ro
– /]vLo c;dfgtfx¿
103
-u|fkmaf6 c;dfgtf;d]t
kQf nufpg_]
– /v] Lo of]hgfaf6
clwstd / Go"gtd dfg
lgwf/{ 0f_
ju;{ dLs/0f / nv] flrq
(Quadratic
equations and
graph)
– ju{ / 3g kmngsf]
nv] flrq
– ju;{ dLs/0fs]f xn
-n]vf lrqåf/f_
– o'ukt /]vLo /
ju{;dLs/0f
(Simultanuous
linear and
quadratic
equation) sf] xn
-nv] flrq / kl| t:yfkg
ljlwåf/f_
@ ;LdfGtdfg / ;LdfGtdfg (limit) sf] !) lg/Gt/tfsf] ;fdfGo !)
lg/Gt/tf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff cjwf/0ff
– ;ªV\ ofx¿sf] ;d"x
Limit and – ;fªl\ Vos cg'j|mdaf6,
continuit – lrqLo cgj' m| dsf cfwf/df, -kf| s[lts ;ªV\ of, k0" f{
;ªV\ of, cg'kflts
y – c;Lldt >]0fLsf] ;ª\Vof,_ df cljl5Ggtf
ofu] kmnsf] cfwf/df
– kmngsf] dfg, jf lg/Gt/tf
– kmngsf] ;LdfGtdfgsf] (continuity) sf] vfh] L
– jf:tljs ;ª\Vofsf]
cjwf/0ff
;dx" df cljl5Ggtf jf
– ;LdfGtdfgsf] ;fª\sl] ts
k:| t'lt lg/Gt/tf
(continuity) sf] vf]hL
– xa sf] cy{ / kl/ro – ljleGg ;ªV\ ofx¿sf]
;dx" df lg/Gt/tf
(Continuity) /
ljl5Ggtf
(Discontinuity) sf]
vf]hL -;ªV\ of /]vf /
/rgfaf6_
– n]vflrqaf6 kmngsf]
cljl5Ggtfsf] vf]hL /
;fªs\ l] ts k|:tl' t
104 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
# dl] 6«S; d]l6S« ;sf] kl/ro, jm| d / @) 2 × 2 dl] 6«S;sf] @)
l86/ldgfG6
(Matrix) cªu\ x¿
2 × 2 dl] 6«S;sf] ljk/Lt
(Components) dl] 6«S; (Inverse of a
d]l6«S;sf k|sf/x¿ M 2 × 2 matrix)
kª\lSt, nx/, z"Go,
juf{sf/, ljs0fL{, :sn] /, d]l6S« ;sf] ljlwaf6 b'O{
PsfO, a/fa/, ;dldtLo, rnoS' t o'ukt /v] Lo
lqe'hfsf/ dl] 6S« ;x¿ ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn
dl] 6«S;sf] hf]8 / 36fp Cramer's rule /
o;sf] ko| fu] -22
dl] 6«S; hf]8sf u'0fx¿ dl] 6S« ;;Dd dfq_
dl] 6«S;sf] j|md kl/jtg{
(Transpose of
matrix)
d]l6S« ;sf] u'0fg
– cr//fzLo u0' fg
– dl] 6«S;x¿sf] u0' fg
– d]l6S« ;x¿sf] u0' fgsf
u0' fx¿ (closure,
associative /
distributive) @%
$ lgb{z] fª\s laGb'ky / o;sf] ;fdfGo #)
Hofldlt b'O{ ;/n /]vfx¿ larsf
kl/ro sf]0fx¿ -;dfgfGt/ /
(Coordinate nDa xg' ] cj:yf;lxt_
Geometry) lbOPsf] cgk' ftdf
/v] fv08sf] ljefhg hf8] f ;/n //]vfx¿
l;wf /]vfsf] ;dLs/0f (Pair of Straight
– cIfx¿;uF ;dfgfGt/ xg' ] Lines) sf] ;dLs/0f
– em' sfj v08 ¿k (Slope – ;d3ftLo ju{ ;dLs/0f
intercept form) (homogeneous
equation of 2nd
– v08¿k (Intercept
degree) n] lbg]
form) /v] fx¿ / ltgLx¿
larsf] sf0] f -nDa xg' ]
– nDa¿k / ;DkftL
(coincident) x'g]
(Perpendicular form) cj:yf;dt] _
– kd| fl0fs ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f zfª\lss Ifq] x¿
(Reduction to the (Conic sections)
standard form) – kl/ro /o;sf k|sf/x¿
– laGb' em' sfj ¿k (Point -;fn] L / ;dtnLo
;txsf] k|ltR5]bgaf6
slope form) dfq_
– bO' { laGb'¿k (Two
Point form)
s'g} laGb' / ;/n
/]vflarsf] b'/L
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 105
lqeh' / rte' '{hsf] Ifq] kmn j[Q (Circle)
-lgbz{] fª\s ko| f]u u/L_ – j[Qsf] kl/efiff -;fn] L /
% lqsf0] fldlt sf]l0fs gfk #% ;dtnLo ;txsf] #%
k|ltR5]bgsf cfwf/df_ !*
Trignomet (Measurement of – jQ[ sf] ;dLs/0f x2 +
ry angles)
y2 = r2,
lqsf0] fldtLocg'kftx¿sf] (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
kl/ro (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y –
lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿sf y1)(y + y2) = 0 /x2
;j;{ ldsfx¿ + y2+2gx + 2fy +c
(sin2+cos2 = 1, =0 :j¿k / tT;DaGwL
;d:ofx¿
sin =tan cflb_ ;DaGwL
cos lqsf]0fldtLo
;j{;dLsfx¿sf]
;d:ofx¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f
¿kfGt/0f
– ckjTo{ (multiple) /
90 , 180, ckjt{s (sub-
270, 360 / multiple) sf]0fx¿sf]
lqsf0] fldtLo cg'kft
(-) sf lqsf0] fldtLo (sin, cos / tan dfq_
cgk' ftx¿
– hf]8, cGt/ / u0' fg
ldl>t sf0] fx¿ (sine /
consinedfq_ sf
(CompoundAngles) ¿kdf JoSt
sf] lqsf]0fldtLo lbOPsf] cg'aGw
cg'kftx¿
(condition)
^ e]S6/ eS] 6/sf] kl/ro / o;sf !@
A + B + C = c sf]
Vector ks| f/x¿ -nx/, kªl\ t, cfwf/df lqsf]0fldtLo
;j{;ldsfx¿ kd| fl0ft
l:ylt, PsfO, z"Go, a/fa/
lqsf0] fldtLo
/ C0ffTds e]S6/_ ;dLs/0fsf] xn -bO' 3{ ft
;Dd_ (02)
prfO / b/' Lsf zflAbs
;d:ofx¿
-b'O{cf6] f pGgtfz+ /
cjglt sf]0f ;dfj]z
ePsf_
eS] 6/x¿sf] :s]n/
u'0fgkmn -dot
product, e]S6/x¿
nDa x'g] cj:yf_
106 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
;dfg / c;dfg eS] 6/x¿ eS] 6/ Hofldlt
e]S6/sf] kl/0ffd / lbzf (Vector Geometry)
eS] 6/sf ljm| ofxx¿ – dWolaGb' ;fWo / v08
– e]S6/nfO{ :sn] /n] u'0fg ;"q (Section
-eS] 6/x¿ ;dfgfGt/ x'g]
formula)
cj:yfx¿_
– e]S6/sf] hf8] / 36fp ;fWox¿
– e]S6/ hf]8sf lgodx¿ – lqe'hsf bO' c{ f]6f eh' fsf]
& :yfgfGt/0f :yfgfGt/0fsf] kl/ro / !* dWolaGb' hf]8\g] /v] f !%
t;] |f] eh' f;Fu ;dfgfGt/
Transfor k|sf/ (Isometric and eO{ cfwf x'G5,
– ;dlåafx' lqe'hsf]
mation nonisometric dfq_ zLif{laGb' / cfwf/sf]
dWolaGb' hf]8g\ ] /v] f
/]vfx¿y = x, y = -x, cfwf/df nDa xG' 5,
– rt'eh'{ sf] e'hfx¿sf
x = a / y = b af6 dWolaGbx' ¿ j|mdzM
k/fjtg{ -uf| km/ ;q" k|ofu] hf]8b\ } hfFbf aGg] rte' h{
u/]/_ ;dfgfGt/ rte' {'h x'G5,
– ;dfgfGt/ rte' 'h{ sf
laGb' (a,b) df kl/jm| d0f s0f{x¿ k/:k/
;dlåefhg xG' 5g\,
90, 180, 360 – cfotsf ljs0fx{ ¿
a/fa/ x'G5g\
– ;dafx' rt'e{'h
(rhombus) sf
ljs0f{x¿ ;dsf]0f
xg' u] /L ;dlåeflht
x'G5g\,
– j[Qfws{ f] sf]0f Ps
;dsf]0f x'G5,
– ;dsf]0fL lqe'hsf]
s0fs{ f] dWolaGb' zLif{
laGb'af6 ;db/' Ldf
k5{ .
k/fjt{g, kl/jm| d0f,
lj:yfkg /
lj:tf/Ls/0fdWo] sg' }
b'Oc{ f]6f
:yfgfGt/0fx¿sf] ;+o'St
:yfgfGt/0f,
Inversion
transformation,
inversion circle,
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 107
-uf| km / ;"qaf6_ d]l6S« ;sf] k|of]uaf6
:yfgfGt/0f
lj:yfkg (translation)
!@ ljr/0fzLntf !@
laGb' (a,b) af6 scale
factor sf] cfwf/df (Dispersion)
HofldtLo lrqsf]
– rt'yf{z+ Lo ljrng /
Enlargement / o;sf] u0' ffªs\
Reduction (;q" / uf| km – dWos leGgtf -dWos /
ljlwaf6_ dlWosfaf6_ / o;sf]
* tYofªs\ zf:q Partition values
Statistics – rt'yfF{zLo dfg u'0ffªs\ -cljl5Gg
(Quartiles) >0] fLsf] dfq_
– :t/Lo leGgtf / o;sf]
– b;f+zLo dfg (Deciles)
– ztf+zLo dfg u'0ffª\s / ljZn]if0f,
(Percentiles) – Coefficient of
variance -cljl5Gg
-j}olSts/ vl08t >0] fLsf] >]0fLsf]dfq_
dfq_
ljr/0fzLntf
( Dispersion)
– rt'yfz{+ Lo ljrng /
o;sf] u'0ffªs\
– dWos leGgtf -dWos /
dlWosfaf6_ / o;sf]
u0' ffªs\ -j}olSts/
vl08t >]0fLsf] dfq_
– :t/Lo leGgtf / o;sf]
u0' ffªs\ -j}olSts/
vl08t >]0fLsf] dfq_
%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of
ul0ft lzIf0fsf] jm| ddf lzIfsn] lzIfs s]lGbt| k|:tl' tnfO{ eGbf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lj|mo l;sfO
ljm| ofsnfkx¿ / kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf cEof;x¿sf] /rgfTds ;dfwfgdf ;xhLs/0fug{'k5{ .
ul0ft lzIf0f l;sfOdf lzIfs, cleefjs, ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] l;s]sf ul0ftLo
1fg tyf l;knfO{ cfkmg\ f] 3/, l5d]s, ljBfno tyf bl} gs Jojxf/df cfOkg{] lj|mofsnfkx¿df ko| f]u
/ cEof; ug{] sfod{ f hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf ljBfyLx{ ¿af6 xg' ] q'l6x¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{] / ;'wf/fTds÷pkrf/fTds pkfox¿ ckgfpg], ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ ul0ftLo ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ pko'St l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ug{k' 5{ . o; kf7\ojm| dn] ul0ftdf sg' } klg Ifq] sf
ljifoj:t' jf ul0ftLo l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] j|mddf ljifoj:ts' f] ddc{ g';f/
lgDglnlvt l;sf? sl] Gb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 M
cfudg tyf lgudg ljlw cj:yf cWoog
kb| z{g ljlw kl/of]hgf sfo{
108 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
vfh] ljlw ;xofu] L ljlw -;dx" df a;]/ sfd ug]{_
ljZn]if0f / ;+Zn]if0f ljlw ;xkf7L l;sfO
;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw kZ| gfT] t/ tyf 5nkmn ljlw cflb
ko| fu] fTds ljlw
^= ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg kl| j|mof
Pl] R5s ul0ft ljifosf] lzIf0fsf] jm| ddf lgDglnlvt p2]Zox¿sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] dN" ofªs\ g
ul/g' cfjZos 5M
tfl] sPsf ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAwx¿ ljBfyLx{ ¿n] xfl;n ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] k/LIf0f
ug{ -cfGtl/s k/LIf0f k4ltsf] k|of]u_
ul0ftsf gof“ kf7 l;Sg cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ eP÷gePsf] hf“Rg
ljBfyL{ :jodn\ fO{ cfkm" n] u/]sf] ku| lt;DaGwL ki[ 7kfi] f0fsf] cj;/ kb| fg ug{
lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fsf] ke| fjsfl/tf;DaGwL k[i7kfi] f0fsf cj;/ k|fKt ug{
ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] pknlAw dfkg u/L ;fx] Lcg';f/ :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{
ul0ftLo l;knfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] cj:yf afw] ug{ cflb
ul0ft lzIf0fsf] jm| ddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofª\sgsf nflu lgDglnlvt d"Nofªs\ g ljlwsf]
ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] 5M
Jojxf/df cfPsf ;'wf/ tyf kl/jtg{ sf] cjnf]sg
sIffsfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x sfod{ f ljBfyLs{ f] ;xeflutf
l;ss] f ul0ftLo l;kx¿sf] Jojxf/df k|of]u
lnlvt sfo{ M sIffsfo,{ ux[ sfo,{ dfl} vs ;fxro{ -5nkmn, jfbljjfb, ;Dafb, k|jrg,
k|bzg{ cflb_
ljifo j:t'sf] If]qcg';f/ sIffut kf7o\ ef/
jm| =;= kf7\oj:ts' f] Ifq] kf7\oef/
sIff ( sIff !)
! aLhul0ft (Algebra) ## #%
@ ;LdfGtdfg tyf lg/Gt/tf (Limit !) !)
and continuity) @) !%
# dl] 6S« ; (Matrix)
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 109
$ lgb{]zfª\s Hofldlt (Co-ordinate #) #)
Geometry) #% #%
!@ !*
% lqsf]0fldlt (Trignometry) !* !%
^ e]S6/ (Vector) !@ !@
& :yfgfGt/0f (Transformation) !&) !&)
* tYofª\szf:q (Statistics)
hDdf
lg0f{ofTds dN" ofª\sg
kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ k|fKt u/] gu/]sf]
dN" ofªs\ g u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] dN" ofªs\ gnfO{
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofªs\ g elgG5 . o; kf7o\ jm| dsf] cg';"rLsf ¿kdf dN" ofª\sg k|lj|mof, cªs\
ljefhg tyf clGtd dN" ofª\sgsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt
ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af8] { tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon] ;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf]
:t/ jf u8]| lgwf/{ 0f ug{'kb5{ .
110 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
sl[ if lzIff
!= kl/ro
kf7\ojm| dsf] ;+/rgfcg';f/ sl[ if lzIffnfO{ dfWolds txsf] sIff ( / !) b'j} sIffdf !)) k0" ff{ª\ssf]
P]lR5s ljifosf] ¿kdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . dfWolds txdf s[lif lzIff ljifo cWoog u/s] f
ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnsf] sl[ if Joj;fo;“u ;fdfGo¿kdf kl/lrt xfp] mg\, s[lifsfod{ f pGgt k|ljlwsf]
cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;fdfGo pGgt k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;s'g,\ pgLx¿df s[lif k];fk|ltsf] cf:yfdf
clej[l4 xf;] \ / sl[ ifdf pRr lzIff xfl;n ugs{ f nflu s[lif ljifodf ;fdfGo k|fl1s k"jfw{ f/ tof/
xf;] \ eGg] p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 .
kf7o\ j|mddf ;dofg's"n kl/jtg{ ug]{ jm| ddf sIff ( / !) df cWofkg eO/x]sf] sl[ if lzIffsf]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfjZos ;dfofh] g u/L o; ¿kdf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ojm| ddf dfWolds
txsf] sl[ if lzIff ljifosf ;fwf/0f p2Z] o, ljlzi6 p2]Zo, ljifoj:t' / o;sf] If]q tyf j|md tflnsf,
PsfOcg';f/ lzIf0f ef/, zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf] ;r" L, lzIf0f ljlwsf] ;ªs\ t] , dN" ofª\sg of]hgfnufot
kl/ro, txut p2]Zo / lzIffsf /fli6o« p2Z] o;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] kf7\oj|md ljzi] ftM
;fwf/0f Joj;flos l;knfO cfwf/ agfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o; kj" {sf] kf7o\ jm| ddf sIff ( / !) b'jd} f clgjfo{ / P]lR5s v08 /flvPsf]df xfnsf] kf7o\ k|md
;/+ rgfdf tL Pl] R5s v08sf sltko If]qx¿ 5'66\ } ljifosf ¿kdf /xs] fn] oxf+ clxn] tL If]qx¿
x6fP/ kl/dfhg{ ul/Psf] 5 .
dfWolds txsf] s[lif ljifonfO{ %) kl| tztsf] ;}4flGts / %) kl| tztsf] ko| f]ufTds kf7\of+zdf
5'6o\ fOPsf] x'“bf ;f]xLcg';f/ lzIf0f sfon{ fO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf
dfWolds txsf] s[lif ljifosf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfod{ f ;dy{ x'g] 5g\ M
-s_ bz] df ljBdfg s[lif Joj;fo tyf s[lif Joj;fo;DaGwL ultljlw / pkofu] sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
-v_ sl[ if Joj;fodf ko| f]u ul/g] ;fwf/0f cfh} f/, Hofjn tyf ;fdu|Lx¿ klxrfg, 5gf]6 / ko| f]u
-u_ sl[ if sfo{;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;ksf] ko| fu]
-3_ s[lif sfod{ f pGgt k|ljlw tyf j}1flgs k4ltsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;fdfGo k|of]u u/L kd| v' s[lif
sfo{sf nflu cfjZos k|ljlw tyf j1} flgs k4ltsf] kl/ro
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 111
-ª_ :yfgLo sl[ if sfo{df bl] vPsf ;fdfGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tyf kl| jlw;DaGwL 1fg tyf l;ksf]
cfbfgkb| fg
-r_ b}lgs hLjgdf ko| f]u ul/g] s[lif pTkfbgsf ;f| ]tx¿ klxrfg
-5_ cfo cfh{g, cfTdlge{/tf / hLjg lgjfx{ sf nflu ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;ksf] ljsf;
-h_ sl[ if k];fk|ltsf] cf:yfdf clej[l4
-em_ s[lifdf pRr lzIff xfl;n ugs{ f nflu kf| l1s k"jf{wf/
-`_ sl[ ifsfod{ f pGgt lapljhg tyf kzk' G5Lsf] pGgt gZn klxrfg
#= sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff ( sf] s[lif lzIff ljifosf] cWoogkZrft\ ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
!= sl[ if lzIff ljifosf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf If]q atfpg
@= afnL lj1fg, jfujfgL, s'v/' fkfng, kzk' fng, df5fkfng, df/} Lkfng, /;] d v]tL / Rofp vt] Lsf]
kl/ro lbg
#= bl} gs hLjgdf ko| fu] ul/g] s[lif pTkfbgsf ;f| ]tx¿ atfpg
$= df;} d tyf hnjfos' f] kl/ro lbg
%= df;} d lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|d'v tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
^= af]6la?jf pTkfbgdf hnjfos' f] k|efj j0fg{ ug{ / hnjfoc' g;' f/ kd| v' s[lifhGo af]6la?jfsf]
5gf6] ug{
&= hnjfoc' g;' f/ gk] fnsf] Ifq] ljefhg ug{ / tL Ifq] df kfOg] kd| v' af6] la?jfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ug{
*= df};dL k|sf]kaf6 afnLgfnLsf] ;/+ If0f ug{] pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{
(= hnjfo" kl/jtg{ sf] kl/ro, sf/0f, o;af6 s[lifdf kg]{ c;/ tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
atfpg
(= df6fsf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
!)= df6fdf kfOg] vlgh kbfyx{ ¿sf] kl/ro lbg
!!= df6fsf] agf]6 tyf ;+/rgf atfpg
!@= df6fdf ePsf ;I" d hLjf0f'x¿sf] gfd / pkofu] atfpg
!#= df6fsf] kf| k] mfOn 56' o\ fpg
!$= ljleGg ks| f/sf df6fsf ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df gk] fndf kfOg] k|d'v df6fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg
!%= df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt ;/+ If0f ug{ / pj/{ fzlSt gfz xg' af6 /f]Sg] pkfox¿ atfpg
!^= df6fsf] cDnLo tyf Iff/Lokgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] tl/sfx¿ atfpg
112 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
!&= eI" fo sf/0f / lsl;dsf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox¿ atfpg
!*= af6] la?jfsf] dxŒj atfpg
!(= af6] la?jfsf cªu\ ÷efux¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbO{ juLs{ /0f ug{
@)= k/fu;]rgsf] kl/ro tyf k/fu;r] g ljlw j0fg{ ug{
@!= af6] la?jfsf] k;| f/0f ljlw j0f{g ug{
@@= af]6la?jfsf] ljsf;df l;“rfOsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj atfpg
@#= ;/n kl| jlw k|of]u u/L df6fdf lr:ofg kQf nufpg
@$= l;“rfOsf ljleGg k|ljlw k|of]u ug{
@%= hnlgsf;sf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf ka| Gw ldnfpg
@^= dnvfbsf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf lsl;d atfpg
@&= sDkf:] 6 dn, uf7] ]dn, u“8o\ f}nflgldt{ dn -Vermicast_, afs] f;] dn, xl/of] dn, lkgf,
af]gldnh:tf sfaf{]lgs dnsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg tyf tof/ u/L k|of]u ug{
@*= af6] la?jfsf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
@(= af]6la?jfdf kd| 'v kf}li6s tŒjsf] sdLsf sf/0f bl] vg] ;fdfGo nIf0fx¿ atfpg
#)= gfO6«fh] g, km:kmf]/; tyf kf]6f;oS' t kr| lnt /f;folgs dnx¿sf] kl/ro tyf plrt ko| fu]
ug{
#!= af]6la?jfsf ;I" d vfBtŒjx¿sf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
#@= PsLst[ vfBtŒj Joj:yfkg (IPNS) sf] kl/ro lbg
##= k|fªu\ fl/s vt] Lsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
#$= s[lif sfos{ f] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
#%= s[lif sfo{sf l;4fGtx¿ -vghf]t ug],{ 8Nnf km'6fpg,] dnvfb ld;fpg], v]t ;Dofpg], l;r“ fO
tyf hn lgsf; ug,{] 5fBfj/0f, uf]8d]n ug{,] df6f] r9fpg,] yf“sf| ] lbg], afnL ;/+ If0f ug,{] sf6\g],
r6' \g], bfOF ug,{] lgkmGg], ;'sfpg], e08f/ ug_{] atfpg
#^= :yfgLo xnf], ljsl;t xnf], -df]N8af]8{ Knf], l8:s Knf_] x/} f] -Harrow_ sfb] fnf], sf]bfnL, v'kL{,
8Nn]7f,] ln“l8Nsf], xª] \uf (Hanga), xl“ ;of, y];| / tyf ljifflbsf] ko| f]u ug]{ :ko]| /, 8:6/, ldS;/sf]
kl/ro lbg / ko| f]u ug{
#&= g;{/Lsf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
#*= g;/{ Lsf nflu 7fps“ f] 5gf]6 ug{
#(= g;{/L Aof8sf] tof/L / lap÷ag] f{ nufpg
$)= ag] f{ ;fg{] tyf ag] f{ pdfg{ jflif{s tflnsf agfpg
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 113
$!= g;/{ Lsf] x/] rfx / la?jf ;/+ If0f ug{
$@= g;/{ Ldf cfjZos lr:ofg sfod /fVg 5fkf] (Mulching) xfNg tyf kf| s[lts ks| f]kaf6 arfpg
5fkf| ] (Shed) xfNg
$#= g;{/L Joj:yfkgdf k|ofu] ul/g] sl[ if cfh} f/sf] gfd eGg / pkoS' t ko| fu] ug{ -KnflG6ª af8] ,{
u|flkm6\ ª gfOkm, al8ª gfOkm, kl|' gª gfOkm, l;sr] / s/f}“tL_
$= sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff !) sf] s[lif lzIff ljifosf] cWoogkZrft\ ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
!= afnL nufpg] ofh] gfsf] kl/ro lbg / dxŒj atfpg
@= l;“rfOo'St / l;“rfO/lxt afnL nufpg] of]hgf tof/ ug{
#= ;3g vt] Lsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
$= PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkgsf] cy{ / dxŒj atfpg
%= afnLk|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg / lsl;dx¿ pNn]v ug{
^= lapsf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
&= lapsf ks| f/x¿ atfpg
*= /fd|f lapsf nIf0fx¿ atfpg tyf 5gf6] ug{
(= lap pkrf/ ug{ / lapsf] cª\s/' 0f k/LIf0f ug{
!)= s[lif Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
!!= nufpg] afnLgfnLcg';f/ 7fp“sf] 5gf6] ug{
!@= sl[ if sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ tyf cfoJoosf] nv] fhfv] f ug{
!#= s[lif ahf/sf] kl/ro tyf s[lif ahf/ ;j] fsf sfox{ ¿ atfpg
!$= afnLlj1fgsf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf If]q atfpg
!%= nufpg] ;docg;' f/ afnLgfnL, kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/Lsf] juL{s/0f ug{
!^= lgDglnlvt afnLsf] v]tL;DaGwL kl/ro† hnjfo†' df6f,] hldgsf] tof/L / dnvfb† lap÷a]gf{
nufpg] ;do, b/ / nufpg] ljlw† pGgt hft† l;“rfO, uf8] d]n / afnL ;+/If0f† afnL leœofpg]
(Harvesting) / e08f/0f ug{] tl/sf pNn]v ug{
-s_ vfBfGg afnL M wfg, ds,} ux'F
-v_ sf;] ]afnL M e6df;, rgf, s]/fp
-u_ tn] afnL M tf/] L, ;o" {dv' L
-3_ cfB} fl] us afnL M pv,' skmL, lrof, cn“r} L, cb'jf
-ª_ kmnk"mn v]tL M cfk“ , :ofp, ;G' tnf, s/] f
114 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
-r_ t/sf/L vt] L M sfpnL, cfn', Kofh / Rofp
-5_ k'ik vt] L M u'nfkm, ;okqL, Unfl8of]n;
!&= s/;] faf/L÷3/af/Lsf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj atfpg
!*= s/;] faf/Lsf] /v] fªs\ g ug{
!(= s/];faf/Lsf] jflif{s of]hgf tof/ ug{
@)= a/;] faf/Ldf afnL nufpg] ljlw (P4 Plantation Technique) af/] atfpg / k|ofu] ug{
@!= afnL ;+/If0fsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
@@= emf/kftsf] kl/ro / o;af6 x'g] xflggfS] ;fgL atfpg
@#= emf/kftsf] lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ atfpg
@$= 9;' L (Fungus), hLjf0f' (Bacteria'), ljiff0f' (Virus) / lgdf6f8] ;\ (Nematodes) sf] kl/ro /
o;sf] ks| fk] n] af6] la?jfdf nfUg] kd| v' /fu] sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf] lgoGq0f ug{] tl/sf pNnv] ug{
@%= af6] la?jfdf nfUg] kd| v' ls/fx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf] lgoGq0f ug{] pkfox¿ atfpg
@^= PsLst[ afnLzq' Joj:yfkg (IPM) sf] hfgsf/L lbg
@&= sl[ if cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf Ifq] atfpg
@*= s[lif k;| f/sf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf Ifq] atfpg
@(= s[lif k|;f/sf tl/sfx¿ atfpg
#)= k/Dk/fut afnLx¿ / s[lif kl| jlw ;/+ If0fsf] dxŒj atfpg
#!= xfdf| s]xL k/Dk/fut afnLx¿ - cGg afnL, t/sf/L afnL, kmnkmn" afnL_ sf] kl/ro lbg
#@= xfdf| sx] L k/Dk/fut s[lif k|ljlwx¿sf] kl/ro -lap /fVg], afnL nufpg], vghft] ug,]{ afnL
;+/If0f ug]{ cflb_ lbg
##= Jofj;flos÷ad] f};dL vt] L kl| jlwsf] kl/ro lbg
#$= lgjfx{ dv' L / Jofj;flos v]tL k|ljlw lar km/s a'‰g
#%= ad] f};dL vt] L kl| jlwsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ Jofj;flos v]tL ug{] tl/sf atfpg
#^= Jofj;flos÷j]df};dL v]tL kl| jlwsf kmfObfx¿ atfpg
#&= xfn Jofj;flos ¿kdf v]tL u/LPsf dV' o dV' o cgfh, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm' n jfnLsf] kl| jlw
Kofsh] l;sfpg
#*= Jofj;flos ¿kdf v]tL ubf{ jLpsf] 5gf]6, e08f/0f, k;| f/0f df6f] tyf dnsf] dxŒj tyf
Joj:yfkg
#(= sx] L Jofj;flos tyf ad] f};dL vt] L ug]{ cfw'lgs k|ljlw -kf]nLk6 (Polypot), Unf; xfp;
(Glass House), uL| g xfp; (Green House) sf tl/sfx¿sf] AofVof ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 115
%= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md
PsfO÷kf7 sIff ( sIff !) kf7o\ ef/
ljifoj:t' kf7\oef/ PsfO÷kf7 ljifoj:t'
-3G6L_ -3G6L_
!= s[lif !=! sl[ if lzIff ljifosf] $ != afnL !=!= afnL nufpg] of]hgfsf] !@
lzIffsf] kl/ro, dxŒj tyf Ifq] ofh] gf kl/ro / dxŒj
kl/ro !=@ s[lif;“u ;DalGwt !=@= l;rF fOo'St / l;FrfO/lxt
;d:ofx¿ afnL nufpg] ofh] gf /
!=# sl[ if lzIffcGtut{ logsf] gdg' f
cWoog ul/g] !=#= ;3g sl[ ifsf] kl/ro tyf
ljifox¿sf] kl/ro dxŒj
-afnLlj1fg, jfujfgL,
sv' /' fkfng, kzk' fng, !=$= PsLst[ afnL Joj:yfkg
df5fkfng / df}/Lkfng_
!=%= afnLk0| ffnLsf] kl/ro /
!=$ b}lgs hLjgdf k|ofu] lsl;d
ul/g] sl[ if pTkfbgsf
;|f]tx¿
!=% ;/' lIft vt] L k|0ffnL /
df6f/] lxt s[lif k0| ffnLsf]
kl/ro
@= df;} d tyf @=! df};d tyf hnjfo'sf] ^ @= @=!= lapsf] kl/ro tyf dxŒj *
hnjfo' kl/ro laplahg @=@= lapsf k|sf/
@=@ df;} d lgwf/{ 0f ug{] @=#= c;n lapsf nIf0fx¿ tyf
k|dv' tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lap 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿
-jiff,{ 3fd, tfkj|md,
xfjf, cfbt{| f, lxpF, afbn, @=$= lap pkrf/sf] kl/ro
cl;gf, t;' f/f,] zLt_ tyf dxŒj / lap pkrf/
ljlw
@=# af]6la?jf pTkfbgdf
hnjfo'sf] ke| fj @ =%= lap cªs\ '/0fsf k/LIf0f
ljlwx¿
@=$ hnjfo'cg';f/
g]kfnsf] Ifq] ljefhg @=^ lap pTkfb kl| jlw
/ tL Ifq] df kfOg] k|d'v
af6] la?jfx¿
@=% df};dL k|sfk] af6
afnLgfnLsf] ;/+ If0fsf
pkfox¿
116 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
#= #=!= df6fsf] kl/ro tyf !$ #= #=!= sl[ if Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro ^
df6f] dxŒj !) s[lif / dxŒj
Joj:yfkg @$
$= #=@= df6fdf kfOg] vlgh #=@= nufpg] afnLgfnLcg';f/ 117
af6] la?jf kbfy{x¿ 7fpsF f] 5gf]6
#=#= df6fsf] agf6] tyf #=#= s[lif sfo{ ;~rfng tyf
;/+ rgf cfoJoosf] n]vfhfv] f
#=$= df6fdf ePsf ;I" d #=$= sl[ if ahf/sf] kl/ro /
hLjf0fx' ¿ sl[ if ahf/sf ;]jfx¿
#=%= df6fsf] :j¿k #= % v]tL nufpg] :yfg
-kf| ]kmfon_ Joj:yfkg
#=^= df6fsf] ks| f/ / #=^ ahf/ Joj:yfkg
g]kfndf kfOg] k|dv'
df6fx¿ $= $=!= afnLlj1fgsf] kl/ro,
afnLlj1fg dxŒj tyf Ifq]
#=&= df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt,
pj{/fzlSt gfz $=@= nufOg] ;docg';f/
x'g] sf/0fx¿ tyf afnLgfnL, kmnk"mn tyf
pj{/fzlSt ;/+ If0fsf t/sf/L afnLsf] juL{s/0f
pkfox¿
$=#= lgDglnlvt afnLx¿sf]
#=*= df6fsf] cDnLo / vt] L;DaGwL kl/ro,
Iff/Lokg tyf o;sf] hnjfo', df6f] / vt] sf]
;w' f/ tof/L, pGgt hft, dnvfb,
lap÷ag] f{ nufpg] ;do, b/
#=(= eI" fo / o;sf] tyf ljlw, l;rF fO, uf8] dn] ,
lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ afnL ;/+ If0f, afnL leœofpg,]
bfOF ug,{] lgkmGg,] ;s' fpg,]
$=!= af6] la?jfsf] dxŒj e08f/0f ug,{]
$=@= af6] la?jfsf cª\u
efux¿ -h/f, sf08,
xfuF f, kft, km" n, tyf
kmnsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro_
$=#= nufOg] ;docg;' f/
af6] la?jfsf] juLs{ /0f
$=$= k/fu;]rg / o;sf]
tl/sf
$=%= lap tyf jfg:kflts
ljlwåf/f af6] la?jfsf]
k|;f/0f
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
vfBfGg afnL M wfg, ds,}
ux'F
sf];]afnL M e6df;, rgf,
s/] fp
t]nafnL M tf/] L, ;o" d{ 'vL
gub]afnL M pv,' skmL,
lrof, cn}FrL, cbj' f
kmnk"mn vt] L M cfkF , :ofp,
;'Gtnf, s]/f
t/sf/L vt] L M sfpnL,
cfn', Kofh, Rofp
ki' k vt] LM u'nfkm, ;okqL,
Unfl8of]n;
%= l;r“ fO %=!= af]6la?jfsf] ljsf;df % %= %=!= s/;] faf/Lsf] kl/ro tyf $
l;rF fOsf] dxŒj
tyf s/;] faf/L dxŒj
hnlgsf; %=@= df6fsf] lr:ofg tyf
lr:ofg kQf nufpg] ÷ 3/af/L %=@= s/;] faf/Lsf] /v] fªs\ g
ljlw
Aoj:yfkg %=#= s/;] faf/Ldf nufOg]
%=#= l;FrfO / l;rF fOsf
kl| jlwx¿ af6] la?jfsf] jflif{s of]hgf
-tflnsf_
%=$= hnlgsf; / o;sf]
dxŒj tyf hnlgsf;sf
tl/sf
^= dnvfb ^=!= dnvfbsf] kl/ro, !@ ^= afnL ^=!= afnL ;+/If0fsf] kl/ro /
dxŒj / lsl;d ;/+ If0f dxŒj
^=@= k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] ^=@= emf/kftsf] kl/ro /
kl/ro / lsl;d o;af6 xg' ] xflggfS] ;fgL
-sDkf]:6 dn,
uf7] ]dn, xl/of] dn, ^=#= emf/kftsf] lgoGq0fsf
kLgf, afg] ldn, pkfox¿
u8F \of}nflgld{t dn,
af]sf;] dn agfpg] ^=$= 9';L, hLjf0f' / efO/;sf]
tl/sf tyf k|of]u ljlw_ ;fdfGo kl/ro / logsf]
k|sf]kn] af]6la?jfdf nfUg]
^=#= af]6la?jfsf] jl[ 4 / kd| 'v /f]ux¿ tyf ltgsf]
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos lgoGq0f
kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf]
kl/ro tyf dxŒj
118 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
^=$= af]6la?jfdf kd| v' ^=%= af]6la?jfdf nfUg] k|dv' !!
kfl} i6s tŒjx¿sf] ls/fx¿sf] kl/ro tyf $
sdLsf sf/0f bl] vg] ltgsf] lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ 119
nIf0fx¿
^=^= PsLst[ afnLzq'
^=%= gfO6f« h] g, km:kmf/] ; Joj:yfkg
tyf kf]6f;o'St k|rlnt
&= /f;folgs dnx¿sf] * &= &=!= s[lif cg;' Gwfgsf] kl/ro,
sl[ ifsfo{sf] kl/ro tyf ko| fu] ljlw sl[ if dxŒj / Ifq]
kl/ro cg';Gwfg
^=^= af]6la?jfsf nflu tyf s[lif &=@= s[lif k;| f/sf] kl/ro,
cfjZos ;I" d k;| f/ dxŒj / Ifq]
tŒjx¿sf] ;fdfGo
kl/ro / dxŒj &=#= s[lif k;| f/sf tl/sfx¿
^=&= PsLs[t vfBtŒj &=$ sl[ if ladfsf] kl/ro
Joj:yfkg
^=*= kf| ª\ufl/s v]tLsf]
kl/ro
&=!= sl[ ifsfo{sf] kl/ro /
dxŒj
&=@= ;fwf/0f sl[ ifsfo{sf
l;4fGtx¿ -vghf]t ug],{
8Nnf km6' fpg,] dnvfb
ld;fpg], ;Dofpg],
l;rF fO tyf hn lgsf;
ug],{ 5fkf] xfNg,] uf8] dn]
ug]{, ps]/f nufpg,]
yfFj|mf] lbg], afnL ;/+ If0f
ug]{, afnL leœofpg,]
e08f/0f ug]{_
&=#= s[lif cf}hf/sf] kl/ro
tyf k|of]u ljlw
-:yfgLo xnf], ljsl;t
xnf] -df]N8af]8{ Knu,
l8:s Knu, l6n/_ x/} f],
sfb] fnf], sfb] fnL, vk' L,{
8Nn7] f,] lnFl8Nsf,] xª] \uf,
xFl;of, ¥ofs -bftF _] ,
y|;] /, :k]|o/, 8:6/,
l;8l8«n, cflb_
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
*= g;{/L *=!= g;{/Lsf] kl/ro tyf !) *=! k/Dk/fut afnLx¿ / s[lif *
Joj:yfkg dxŒj *= kl| jlw ;+/If0fsf] dxŒj
*=@= g;/{ Lsf nflu 7fpsF f] k/Dk/fut *=@ xfd|f s]xL k/Dk/fut
5gf]6 afnLx¿ / afnLx¿sf] kl/ro
*=#= g;{/L Aof8sf] tof/L, k|ljlw • cGg afnL
;+/If0f • t/sf/L afnL
lap÷a]gf{ nufpg] ljlw
/ ;do • kmnkmn" afnL
*=$= ag] f{ nufpg] jflifs{ *=# xfdf| sx] L k/Dk/fut
sfo{tflnsf tyf ag] f{ s[lif kl| jlwx¿sf] kl/ro
;fg{] tl/sf -aLp /fVg], afnL nufpg,]
*=%= g;/{ Lsf] x]/rfx tyf vghf]t ug]{, afnL ;/+ If0f
lj?jf ;+/If0f ug]{ cflb_
*=^= 5fkf] (Mulching_
tyf 5fk|f] (Shed_
*=&= g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf
cf}hf/x¿
(=ldl>t vt] L (=! kl/ro (= (=! kl/ro
* Jofj;flos (=@ Jofj;flos÷jd] f;} dL v]tL *
k0| ffnL (=@ wfg vt] df df5f kfng
tyf k|ljlwsf kmfObfx¿
kl| jlw a]df;} dL (=# s]xL Jofj;flos tyf
v]tL kl| jlw a]df;} dL vt] L ug]{ cfwl' gs
(=# kfv] /Ldf df5f, xf;F
k|ljlwx¿
tyf aªu\ /' kfng k|ljlw
• kfl] nk6 (Polypot)
(=$ plt;af/Ldf cn}rF L • Unf; xfp;
tyf 3f;F ] afnL v]tL (GlassHouse)
• lu|g xfp; (Green
kl| jlw
House)
(=% kmnkm" n vt] L;uF } cb'jf,
a;] f/, ssn{ f] / skmL
vt] L
(=^ ;fdb' flos agdf
hl8a6' L v]tL
(=& s[lif jg vt] L kf| 0ffnL
(Agro-forestry)
120 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
!)=k|fufl/s !)=! kl/ro
v]tL kl| jlw !)=@ kf| ªu\ fl/s v]tL *
k|ljlwsf lz4fGt tyf
kmfObfx¿
!)=# bL3{sfnLg sl[ if
(Sustainable
Agriculture)
!)=$ k|fª\ufl/s v]tLdf
df6f] Joj:yfkg
!)=% k|fªu\ fl/s vt] Ldf dn
Joj:yfkg
!)=^ kf| ª\ufl/s vt] Ldf eml/
Joj:yfkg
!)=& kf| ª\ufl/s vt] Ldf
sL/f Joj:yfkg
!)=* kf| ª\ufl/s vt] Ldf /fu]
Joj:yfkg
&=( IPM / kf| ªu\ fl/s
vt] L
ko| f]ufTds sfo{ *% ko| fu] fTds sfo{ *%
;}4flGts *%
;}4flGts *% hDdf
!&)
hDdf !&)
bi| 6Jo M sIff ( / !) kT| o]ssf nflu s[lif lzIffsf] hDdf kf7o\ 3G6L !&) dWo] *% 3G6L ;4} flGts
/ *% 3G6L k|ofu] fTds sfo{sf nflu 56' \ofOPsf] 5 .
^= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of
ljBfyLx{ ¿sf kj" c{ g'ej;u“ ;Da4 eP/ k|To]s kf7 lzIf0fsf] ;?' jft ug'k{ 5{ . kf7 k:| tt' Ls/0fsf]
kf| /De ;fdfGotof 5nkmnaf6 ugk{' 5{ . lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfkdf cjnfs] g, kb| z{g / k|of]unfO{
k|fyldstf lbOgk' 5{ . ljifoj:t' k|:tl' tkl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ pbfx/0f vf]Hg nufpg'k5{ . ljBfyLs{ f] ?lr
/ IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L sIff jftfj/0fcg;' f/ l;h{gfTds ¿kdf lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk
;~rfng ug{k' 5{ . l;sfOnfO{ afw] df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL k"0ft{ f kb| fg ug{sf nflu kofK{ t cj;/ lbO{
l;hg{ fTds ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{sf nflu :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpgk' 5{ .
lzIf0f ;xhLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ljBfnodf pknAw xg' g;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ko| f]u
;DaGwdf ;fd'bflos ;|ft] x¿ -h:t}M :yfgLo s[ifs;u“ ePsf ;fduL| , glhssf] s[lif ;j] f s]Gb|, pksG] b,|
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 121
s[lif kmfd,{ sl[ if cg;' Gwfg sG] b|_ df ;Dks{ ugk'{ 5{ . o:tf ;fdb' flos ;f| t] x¿sf] ko| fu] ubf{ ;DalGwt
7fpd“ } nu/] ;fdu|L, ltgsf] ko| fu] / ToxfF ;~rflnt cGo lj|mofsnfk tyf ljleGg v]tL ;DaGwdf
cfjZostfcg;' f/ kb| z{g ug]{ tyf cjnfs] g u/fpgk' 5{ .
lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ sIff jftfj/0fcg's"n ljleGg lzIf0f ljlwx¿ k|of]u
ugk'{ 5{ . kb| zg{ , 5nkmn, If]q e|d0f, ko| fu] fTds sfo,{ ;d:of ;dfwfg, kl/of]hgf sfo{, kZ| gfQ] /,
kj| rgh:tf ljlwx¿dWo] sIff jftfj/0f / ljifoj:ts' f] :j¿ksf cfwf/df lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6
ugk'{ 5{ . s[lif lzIff ljifo k|ofu] fTds k|s[ltsf] ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] lzIf0fdf sl[ if ;fdfuL| sf] ko| f]u
klg TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . o; kIfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ dfWolds txsf] sl[ if lzIff ljifosf] lzIf0f
l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos sx] L zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;r" L oxfF k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF plNnlvt
;fdu|Lnufot cGo :yfgLo pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿ klg cfjZostfcg';f/ ko| fu] ugk'{ 5{ . h:t}M
sl[ ifsfo{sf nflu
!= sf]bfnf] @= sfb] fnL #= s6' f ] $= v'kL { %= xl“ ;of
^= 8Nn]7f ] &= sndL s}r“ L *= xª] u\ f (= 8f]sf ] !)= 8fnf]
!!= xnf] hj' f !@= 6o\ fS6/ !#= gfª\nf ] !$= bft] !%= gfDnf]
!^= ln8'Nsf] !&= esf/L !*= 8:6/ !(= :ko] / @)= y]|;/
&= dN" ofªs\ g kl| j|mof
k|To]s kf7 k9fO;sk] l5 lgwf{l/t zI} fl0fs p2]Zox¿ xfl;n eP jf ePgg\ egL ljBfyLs{ f] d"Nofªs\ g
ul/gk' b5{ . b}lgs lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkkZrft\ ul/g] o:tf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgwf{l/t z}Ifl0fs
p2Z] o tyf ;~rflnt lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df sIff jftfj/0fcg'¿ksf k|Zgx¿ ;fl] wgs' f
;fy} ljBfyL{sf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tyf z}lIfs ed| 0faf6 cjnfs] g u/L tof/ kf/]sf k|ltjb] gh:tf sfo{
;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/;dt] lng'kb5{ .
lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofª\sg
s[lif lzIffsf] lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofªs\ gnfO{ sIff lzIf0f;Fu ;Da4 ul/g] 5 . o:tf] dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ l;sfO
;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofs} cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf u[xsfo,{ sIffsfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo{, :ynut cjnfs] g
k|ltj]bg, ;fd'bflos sfo,{ sl[ if sfo{, ;x÷cltl/St sfos{ nfk, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff h:tf
dN" ofª\sg ;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 . o:tf] dN" ofª\sgsf] clen]v /fVg'k5{ / k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df
pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ;d]t ug'k{ g]{ 5 . ljzi] f l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyLs{ f nflu lzIfsn] g}
pkoS' t k|ljm| of cjnDag ug{'kg{] 5 .
122 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
ko| fu] fTds d"Nofªs\ g
ljBfyL{sf] k|of]ufTds dN" ofª\sgsf nflu @% k|ltzt cªs\ ef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ko| f]ufTds
d"Nofªs\ g ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f] lgdf0{ ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] ;d]t cfwf/ lng'kg{] 5 .
k|of]ufTds dN" ofªs\ sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf kl| j|mof ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . ko| fu] fTds sfo{sf nflu sfo{snfk
/ cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
— lglZrt ;doleq dfq dN" ofª\sg gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyL{n] u/s] f sfo{ / Jojxf/ kl/jtg{ sf]
cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªs\ g ug{k' g]{ 5 .
— ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/s] f sfo{, xflh/L / ;ljm| otfsf
cfwf/df cªs\ kb| fg ugk'{ g{] 5 .
— kT| os] PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf6] f kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf Ifq] ed| 0f u/fO{ dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f ;eI{] f0f sIff sfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ l;hg{ fTds sfo,{ l;kdn" s sfo,{ vfh] dn" s sfo{
cflb / ;f;] uF ;DalGwt ko| fu] fTds k/LIffnfO{ ko| fu] fTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kd| v' cfwf/ dflgg] 5 .
ko| f]ufTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ / If]q ed| 0fafkt cª\s k|bfg ubf{ ljBfyL{n] /fli6«o dxŒjsf
sfo{jm| dcGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/s] f jf ofu] bfg lbPsf sfo{nfO{ ;dt] u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
ePsf ljBfyL{ / axa' fl} 4stfnfO{ Vofn ub{} pkoS' t d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg, ;f| ]t / tl/sf k|ofu] u/L
d"Nofª\sg ugk{' g]{ 5 .
sl[ if lzIffsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu lgDglnlvt ;fdu|Lnufot cGo :yfgLo pknAw ;fdu|lx¿ klg
cfjZostfcg';f/ ko| f]u ugk'{ 5{ .
k|of]ufTds dN" ofªs\ g
s[lif lzIffsf] ljbo\ fyL{ pknlAwnfO{ dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ hDdf %) kl| tzt ef/ ko| fu] fTds dN" ofª\sgsf
nflu 56' o\ fOPsf] 5 . o;df ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ko| fu] fTds 1fg, l;k, bIftf h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ x/] L dN" ofª\sg
ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu l;sfOsf] jm| ddf kb| zg{ u/s] f] Jojxf/nfO{ ;dt] Wofg lbOg] 5 .
l;=g=+ k/LIf0fLo If]q cª\s cIf/fª\s jf cGo tl/sf
-s_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ !)
-v_ :ynut cWoog !)
-u_ cWoog kl| tj]bg tof/L !)
-3_ kl| tjb] gsf] k|:tt' Ls/0f %
-ª_ s[lifsf] tYofª\ssf] dfkg cEof; !%
%)
hDdf
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 123
lg0f{ofTds dN" ofªs\ g
kf7o\ j|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] 1fg, l;k, clejl[ Q kf| Kt u/] gu/s] f] d"Nofªs\ g
u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
elgG5 . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g cfjlws ¿kdf ug{] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| f]ufTds tyf cfGtl/s
dN" ofªs\ gsf] %) kl| tzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu %) kl| tzt ef/ 56' o\ fPsf] 5 . o; kf7o\ jm| dsf]
cg;' r" Lsf ¿kdf dN" ofªs\ g k|lj|mof, cªs\ ljefhg tyf clGtd d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsf k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af8] { tyf ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon]
;f]xLcg';f/ k/lIff ;~rfng / ljBfyLs{ f] :t/ jf u|8] lgwf{/0f ug'k{ b5{ .
124 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
lzIff
!= kl/ro
JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6s« f] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ gful/s tof/ kfg{ lzIffsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xs] f] x'G5 .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfkdf :t/Lotf k|bfg u/L zl} Ifs u'0f:t/sf] ;l' glZrttf k|bfg ug{] sfod{ f
lzIffn] ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ bIf gful/s tof/ kfg{ lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff, l;sfOsf
l;4fGt, afnljsf;, kf7oj|md / kf7\ok:' ts, z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf0{ f, zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6, lgdf0{ f
/ ko| fu] , sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg, ljBfno ;d'bfo ;DaGw, c;n lzIfs tyf ljBfyLs{ f rl/q, l;sfO /
pTk]|/0ff h:tf ljifoIfq] ;uF ;DalGwt 1fg, l;k / clejl[ Qsf] ljsf; cTofjZos /xG5 . o;sf ;fy}
zl} Ifs kz| f;g / Joj:yfkg;Fu ;Da4 kIf / xfn;Dd lzIff Ifq] df ePu/s] f k|of;x¿sf af/]df klg
;/fs] f/jfnfx¿ hfgsf/ xb'F f ck]lIft z}lIfs u0' f:t/ xfl;n x'g yk dbt kU' 5 .
dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_ sf] jtd{ fg cj:yfsf] kf7o\ j|mdnfO{ dfly plNnlvt k|dv' kIfx¿sf
cfwf/df kl/dfhg{ u/L o; ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe,{ lzIffsf gjLgtd l;4fGt,
;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff, nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/, zflGt lzIff h:tf kIfx¿;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L of]
kf7o\ jm| d tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf ¿kdf /xs] f txut nDaLo (Vertical)
tyf ;dtnLo (Horizontal) ;Gt'ngnfO{ oyi] 6 ljZn]if0f u/L of] kf7o\ j|md kl/dfh{t ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/dflh{t kf7o\ j|mdsf] ;xL sfofG{ jogaf6 pRr lzIffdf lzIff ljifo lnO{ cWoog ug{ rfxg]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg x'g] 5 . ;fy} lzIf0f k;] fdf ;xefuL x'g rfxg] JolStnfO{ cfjZos kg]{
k];fut ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug;{ dt] o;n] yk pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . of] kf7\oj|md Jofj;flos
ks| [ltsf] ePsfn] ;4} flGts kIfsf cltl/St ko| f]ufTds ljifocg;' f/ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
;~rfng ug'k{ g{] 5 . o;cg;' f/ ;4} flGtssf nflu &% kl| tzt / ko| fu] fTdssf nflu @% k|ltzt
ef/ 56' o\ fOPsf] 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf
dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_ sf] cWoog k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿df lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n
x'g] 5g\ M
!= lzIffsf] cy,{ p2Z] o, ks| f/ / sfo,{ lzIffsf] :j¿k, js} lNks lzIff Pjd\ lzIffdf cfwl' gs lrGtgsf]
JofVof
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 125
@= g]kfnsf jt{dfg ljBfno txdf zl} Ifs p2Z] o / ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro tyf g]kfndf lzIff ljsf;sf
nflu ePsf k|of;x¿sf] pNnv]
#= afnljsf;sf ljleGg cj:yf Pjd\ ltgsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] j0f{g Pjd\ afnljsf;df ke| fj kfg]{
tŒjx¿sf] JofVof
$= kf7o\ j|mdsf] cjwf/0ff, kf7o\ j|mdsf tŒj, lgdf{0fsf cfwf/ Pjd\ ljsf; k|ljm| ofsf] ljZni] f0f
%= cfwf/e"t txsf kf7o\ jm| d, kf7o\ k':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf]
;d'lrt pkofu]
^= zI} fl0fs of]hgfsf] kl/ro tyf ltgsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u
&= k|efjsf/L lzIf0f k|ljm| ofsf nflu pko'St 9ª\un] sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg ug{] l;k ljsf;
*= lzIf0f ljlw, zI} fl0fs ;fdu|L / cfwl' gs lzIf0f k|ljlw / ltgsf] ks| f/sf] kl/ro tyf ltgsf]
5gf6] / k|of]u
(= ljBfyL{ dN" ofªs\ gsf] cjwf/0ff;uF kl/lrt eO{ dN" ofªs\ gsf ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf0{ f / ko| fu]
!)= c;n ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf u0' fx¿sf] ;"rL
!!= ljBfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] cltl/St÷;xljm| ofsnfk klxrfg u/L ltgdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf /
;~rfng
!@= l;sfOsf] cy{ / lgod atfO{ l;sfOdf k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf] af]w / k|:tl' t
!#= pTk|/] 0ffsf] cy{ atfO{ sIffdf pTk|/] 0ff a9fpg] pkfosf] cjnDag
!$= lzIfs lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / dxŒjsf] j0fg{ , cWofkg cgd' ltkqsf] Oltxf; cfjZostf / jt{dfg
Joj:yfsf af/d] f pNn]v
!%= ;dfjz] L lzIff / zl} Ifs ljsG] b|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft\ u/L nfs] tGq, dfgjclwsf/ /
zflGt lzIffsf] k|jw{gdf ;xofu]
!^= ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] cGt/;DaGw pNnv] u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] k'¥ofpg] ljleGg
kIf tyf lgsfosf] e"ldsfsf] JofVof
!&= gk] fndf ljutbl] v clxn];Dd ;~rfng ePsf z}lIfs kl/of]hgfx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgLx¿sf]
of]ubfgsf] rrf{
!*= g]kfnsf z}lIfs kz| f;g;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] k:| tl' t
#= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
dfWolds tx -sIff (_ sf] cWoog k/" f ul/;sk] l5 o; ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿df
;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
126 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
!= lzIffsf] cy,{ kl/efiff, p2]Zo, k|sf/ / sfo{ atfpg
@= gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg z}lIfs ;+/rgf pNnv] ug{
#= g]kfnsf ljBfno lzIffsf /fli6o« / txut p2]Zo pNn]v ug{
$= afnljsf;sf] kl/ro lbO{ jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf] leGgtf 5'6o\ fpg
%= afnljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fx¿dWo] uef{j:yf, gjhft cj:yf / zz} j cj:yfsf] kl/ro /
ljz]iftf pNnv] ug{
^= kf7o\ k:' tssf] kl/ro / c;n kf7o\ k':tssf u0' fx¿ atfpg
&= lzIfs lgbl{] zsf / ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf] dxŒj atfpg
*= zI} fl0fs of]hgfsf] cy{ / cfjZostf atfO{ jflif{s sfo{kfqf,] sfoo{ fh] gf / PsfO of]hgf lgdf{0f
ug{
(= sIffsf7] f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff, To;sf] cfjZostf / dxŒj pNn]v ug{
!)= lzIf0f k|ljm| ofdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg k|sf/sf lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
sIffsf]7fdf ko| f]u ug{
!!= z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| sf] cy{, kl/efiff, dxŒj / k|sf/ atfpg
!@= ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf] cy{ / kl/efiff lbg
!#= d"Nofª\sgsf ks| f/ / ;fwgx¿ pNn]v ug{
!$= c;n ljBfyLs{ f u'0fx¿ atfpg
!%= ljBfyLx{ ¿n] cfÇgf] st{Jo afw] u/L cfrf/ ;lxt+ f;dt] kfngf ug{
!^= cltl/St÷;xlj|mofnfksf] cy{ / k/ro lbg
!&= ljBfnoleq ul/g] cltl/St÷;xsfo{snfkx¿ klxrfg u/L ltgdf ;xefuL xg'
!*= l;sfOsf] cy{ / dxŒj atfO{ o;sf tLg lgodx¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
!(= kl/kSjtf / l;sfOsf] cGt/;DaGw JofVof ug{
@)= lzIfs lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff, cfjZostf, dxŒj j0fg{ u/L lzIfs lzIffsf k|sf/ pNnv] ug{
@!= ;dfjz] L lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff;uF kl/lrt eO{ lzIff / dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/ lzIffsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;xofu] ug{
@@= ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg
@#= ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;DaGw pNnv] u/L ljBfno;Da4 ;ªu\ l7t ;:+ yfsf] kl/ro lbg
@$= ljBfno lzIffdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf pNnv] ug{
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 127
@%= gk] fndf ;~rflnt ljleGg zl} Ifs kl/ofh] gfsf] kl/ro / ofu] bfgsf] j0fg{ ug{
@^= lzIff dGqfno / o;cGtut{ sf sG] bL| o lgsfox¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf sfox{ ¿ ;r" Ls/0f ug{
-v_ sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
dfWolds tx -sIff !)_ sf] cWoog k"/f ul/;sk] l5 o; ljifodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfox{ ¿df
;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
!= lzIffsf] k|sl[ t atfO{ lzIffsf j}slNks Pjd\ lzIffdf cfwl' gs lrGtgsf] JofVof ug{
@= g]kfndf lzIff ljsf;sf nflu lj=;=+ @))& kj" {b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x¿ JofVof ug{
#= afnljsf;df jo} lSts leGgtf 5'6\ofO{ k"j{ afNofj:yf, pQ/ afNofj:yf / of}jgfj:yfsf
r/x0fx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ljz]iftfx¿ j0f{g ug{
$= afnljsf;df ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ pNnv] ug{
%= ljBfno txsf] jtd{ fg kf7\ojm| d 9fFrf Pjd\ cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\oj|md;uF kl/lrt x'g
^= kf7\oj|mdsf] cy{ / kl/efiff lbO{ o;sf tŒjx¿sf] j0f{g ug{
&= kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok:' tssf] ;DaGw atfpg
*= zI} fl0fs ofh] gfsf] kl/ro lbO{ b}lgs kf7ofh] gf / b}lgs sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L ko| fu] ug{
(= k|efjsf/L sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
!)= z}Ifl0fs ;ªu\ 7gsf] kl/ro / ks| f/ pNn]v ug{
!!= cfw'lgs lzIf0f k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt x'g
!@= lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
!#= z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf6] , lgdf{0f / ko| f]u ug{
!$= :yfgLo zI} fl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{
!%= k/LIff / d"Nofªs\ gsf] km/s atfpg
!^= k|Zgkq lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿ / kZ| gsf ks| f/x¿;uF kl/lrt eO{ ltgsf] lgdf{0f / ko| fu] ug{
!&= k/LIff cª\sg, clen]vLs/0f / ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0f / ko| f]usf] dxŒj pNnv] ug{
!*= c;n lzIfssf u'0fx¿ / lzIffsf sfd, st{Jo pNnv] ug{
!(= ljBfnoaflx/ ul/g] cltl/St÷;xljm| ofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf hgfO{ ;~rfng ug{
@)= ljBfno ;d'bfo cGt/lj|mof÷5nkmn sfoj{ |mdsf] cfof]hgf ug{
@!= pTk|/] 0ffsf] cy{ / dxŒj atfO{ l;sfO / pTk]/| 0ffnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿ pNnv] ug{
@@= sIffdf pTk]|/0ff a9fpg] pkfox¿ vf]hL l;sfOsf] ckjfb pNn]v ug{
128 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
@#= gk] fndf lzIfs lzIff / cWofkg cgd' ltkq;DaGwL jtd{ fg cEof; atfpg
@$= lzIfs tflndnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf ko| f]u ug]{ tl/sf atfpg
@%= ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{
@^= nf]stGq, zflGt / ;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt ;as} f nflu lzIffsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj pNn]v
ug{
@&= g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo lzIffsf] cEof; pNn]v ug{
@*= ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljleGg lgsfosf] el" dsf pNnv] ug{
@(= gk] fnsf ljleGg z}Ifl0fs kl/ofh] gfx¿sf] kl/ro / ofu] bfgsf] rrf{ ug{
$= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q tyf j|mdtflnsf
sIff– ( sIff–!) Kff7\oef/
jm| =;= PsfO÷ljifo Ifq] ljifoj:t' Kff7\oef/ ljifoj:t' -3G6L_
!= lzIffsf] kl/ro !=! lzIffsf] cy{ / kl/efiff -3G6L_ !=! lzIffsf] ks| [lt
!=@ lzIffsf] p2Z] ox¿ !=@ lzIffsf j}slNks *
k4ltx¿
!=# lzIffsf ks| f/x¿
-cfk} rfl/s cgf}krfl/s_ * – cy{ / kl/ro
!=$= lzIffsf sfo{x¿ – cgf}krfl/s lzIff
– vn' f tyf b"/ lzIff÷
kqfrf/ lzIff
@= z}lIfs p2Z] o, @=! lzIffsf /fli6o« !=# lzIffdf cfw'lgs
lrGtg
;+/rgf / lzIff p2]Zox¿
@=! g]kfndf lzIff
ljsf;sf @=@ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf ljsf;sf nflu ePsf
ko| f;x¿ k|of;x¿
/ txut p2]Zo M *
– afnljsf; lzIff lj=;=+ @))& ;fnk"js{ f] *
lzIff
– cfwf/et" lzIff -sIff !–%_
lj=;=+ @))& bl] v @)@&
– cfwf/et" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ ;Dd
– dfWolds lzIff -(–!@_ lj=;+= @)@* bl] v
@)$^ ;Dd
– pRr lzIff
lj=;=+ @)$& bl] v
xfn;Dd
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 129
#= Affnljsf; / afn #=! Affnljsf;sf] cy{ #=! Affnljsf;sf] j}olSts
leGgtf
dgf]lj1fg #=@ j[l4 / ljsf;
#=# j[l4 / ljsf;sf] leGgtf ( #=@ kj" { jfNocj:yf (
#=# pQ/ jfNofj:yf
#=$ ljsf;sf ljleGg
r/0fx¿ #=$ ofj} gfj:yf
#=% uefj{ :yf #=% afnljsf;df ke| fj
kfg]{ tŒjx¿
#=^ gjhft cj:yf
#=& zz} j cj:yf #=^ afn dgf]lj1fgsf] cy{
/ kl/efiff
$= kf7\oj|md, $=! Kff7\ok':tssf] kl/ro #=& afn dgfl] j1fgsf]
dxŒj
kf7o\ k':ts / $=@ c;n kf7\ok:' tssf
kf7\o;fdu|L u'0fx¿ $=! kf7o\ j|mdsf] cy,{
kl/efiff
$=@ kf7\oj|mdsf] tŒjx¿
$=# kf7o\ k:' tssf] dxŒj $=# kf7o\ jm| d lgdf{0f kl| jm| of
$=$ lzIfs lgb{l] zsf / ko| f]u ( $=$ kf7\ojm| d / (
$=% ;Gbe{ uG| y ;fduL|
kf7\ok:' tssf] ;DaGw
$=% kf7o\ j|md /
kf7o\ k:' tssf] dxŒj
$=^ ljBfno txsf] jtd{ fg
kf7o\ j|md
%= z}Ifl0fs of]hgf / %=! zI} fl0fs ofh] gfsf] kl/ro $=& :yfgLo kf7o\ j|mdsf]
cy{, cfjZostf /
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfg %=@ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿sf] k|ljm| of
cfjZostf
%=! zI} fl0fs
p2Z] o÷p2Z] osf
k|sf/x¿
Jfflifs{ sfo{kfqf÷] tflnsf ( %=@ bl} gs kf7ofh] gf
Jfflif{s sfoo{ f]hgf
%=# ljBfnosf] b}lgs
PsfO of]hgf sfot{ flnsf lgdf0{ f (
b}lgs kf7ofh] gf %=$ k|efjsf/L sIffsf]7f
Joj:yfkg
%=# sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg
%=% zI} fl0fs ;ª\u7g
cjwf/0ff, cfjZostf /
dxŒj ljifo lzIf0f
ljBfno zflGt Ifq] sIff lzIf0f
axs' Iff, lzIf0f
130 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
^= lzIf0f ljlw tyf ^=! lzIf0f ljlwsf] cy{ / ^=! kl| jlwsf] kl/ro
k|ljlw / zl} Ifs dxŒj
;fduL| ^=@ lzIf0f ljlwsf k|sf/x¿ ^=@ cfw'lgs lzIf0f
kl| jlwx¿
– ljBfyL{sl] Gbt| ljlw ( ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
– lzIfss]lGb|t ljlw
kl| jlwd}qL lzIff (
– ;fduL| sl] Gb|t ljlw ^=# lzIf0f k|ljlw 5gf6]
cfwf/x¿
^=# ljlw 5gf]6sf cfwf/sf
^=$ z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| sf] cy{ ^=$ lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;d:of
kl/efiff / dxŒj / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
^=% z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ks| f/ ^=% z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6,
->Jo, b[Zo, >JobZ[ o_ lgdf0{ f / ko| fu]
&= ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg &=! ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf] cy{ ^=^ :yfgLo zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf]
/ kl/efiff ko| fu]
&=@ dN" ofª\sgsf k|sf/
lgdf0{ ffTds / lg0fo{ fTds ( &=! k/LIff / d"Nofª\sg
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g
&=# d"Nofªs\ gsf ;fwgx¿ &=@ k|Zgkq lgdf{0fsf
– lnlvt cfwf/x¿
– dfl} vs
– ko| f]ufTds &=# k|Zgkqsf ks| f/x¿ (
&=$ dN" ofª\sg Joj:yfkg
*= c;n ljBfyL{ tyf *=! c;n ljBfyLs{ f u'0fx¿
lzIfssf u'0fx¿ –lgoldttf÷pT;'stf÷tTk/tf &=% k/LIff cªs\ g tyf
–nugzLntf clenv] Ls/0f
–cfbf/÷;Tsf/÷;be\ fj &
–;/;kmfO &=^ ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf]
–;dokfngf ljZn]if0f / k|of]u
–cg'zf;g
–/fli6o« efjgf *=! c;n lzIfssf u'0fx¿
*=@ ljBfyL{sf] sfd st{Jo
/ cfrf/;l+ xtf – rfl/lqs u'0f
– k];fut u0' f
– ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ &
*=@ lzIfssf] sfd / stJ{ o
*=# lzIffsf] cfrf/;+lxtf
*=$ lzIfssf k;] fut
;d:of / ;dfwfg
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 131
(= ljBfnodf (=! cltl/St tyf (=! ljBfno ;db' fo
cGt/lj|mof÷5nkmn
;~rfng ul/g] ;xljm| ofsnfksf] cy{ /
(=@ ljBfnoaflx/ ul/g]
cltl/St÷ kl/ro ;xlj|mofsnfk÷cltl/St *
sfo{snfkx¿
;xlj|mofsnfk (=@ ljBfnoleq ul/g] *
– ;fd'bflos ultljlwdf ?lr
;xsfo{snfk tyf cltl/St / ;xeflutf
sfo{snfkx¿ klxrfg / – ;f+:s[lts dn] f, pT;j,
kj,{ cflbdf ;xeflutf
;~rfng
– kl| jlw tyf pks/0fsf]
–uLt, sljtf, jfbljjfb, g[To, ko| fu]
jStT[ jsnf, xflh/ hjfkm
– ;d'bfosf ;ªu\ l7t
–x:tsnf, lrqsnf ;:+ yfx¿df ;xofu]
–zf/Ll/s Jofofd, v]nsb' (=# afnaflnsfdfkmt{
;fdflhs ;rt] gf
–lbj; tyf pT;j dgfpg]
sfo{ !)=! pTk/|] 0ff cy{ / dxŒj
!)= l;sfO / pTk/|] 0ff !)=! l;sfOsf] cy{ / dxŒj !)=@ pTk/|] 0ffsf k|sf/x¿
!)=@ l;sfOsf !) !)=# pTk|]/0ffdf ke| fj kfg{] !)
lgodx¿÷l;4fGtx¿ tŒjx¿
!)=# kl/kSjtf / l;sfO !)=$ sIff lzIf0fdf
pTk]/| 0ff a9fpg]
!)=$ l;sfOdf lzIfs / pkfox¿
ljBfyLs{ f] el" dsf
!)=% l;sfOdf ke| fj kfg{]
!!= lzIfs lzIff !!=! gk] fndf lzIfs tŒjx¿
lzIff÷tflnsfsf] kl/ro
!)=^ l;sfOsf ckjfb
!!=@ lzIfs lzIff÷tflndsf !!=! lzIfs lzIff÷tflndsf]
cjwf/0ff, cfjZostf /
k|sf/ * dxŒj *
– k"j;{ j] fsfnLg !!=@ cWofkg cgd' ltkq
– ;j] fsfnLg !!=# lzIfs tflnd /
sIffsf7] fdf To;sf]
– k'gtf{huL ko| fu]
!!=$ lzIfs tflndsf]
jt{dfg cj:yf
132 dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
!@= lzIff clwsf/ !@= ! ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cy{ !@=! sIffsf7] fdf
/ dxŒj ;dfjz] Ls/0f
!@=@ lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f (
kf7o\ k:' ts / ;Da4 zI} fl0fs – sIffsf7] f Joj:yfkgdf (
;fdu|Ldf ;dfjz] Ls/0f ;dfj]zLs/0f
!@=# ;+ljwfgdf lzIff
!@=$ ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIff – lzIf0f l;sfO kl| j|mofdf
!@=% clwsf/sf ¿kdf lzIff ;dfjz] Ls/0f
– dfgj clwsf/
– afnclwsf/ – ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgdf
– ;as} f nflu lzIff (EFA) ;dfjz] Ls/0f
!#= ljBfno k|zf;g / !#=! ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] !@=@ zflGt / lzIff
;db' fo ;DaGw ;DaGw
!#=@ ljBfno;Da4 ;ª\ul7t % !@=# lzIff / nf]stGq
;+:yfx¿
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt !@=$ lzIff / ;fdflhs
lzIfs cleefjs ;ª3\ Gofo
!#=# ljBfnosf k|sf/x¿
!#=$ ljBfno lzIffdf !@=% k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
cleefjssf] e"ldsf txdf zl} Ifs Joj:yfkg
!#=% ljBfnodf
kw| fgfWofkssf] el" dsf – ljBfno ;w' f/ ofh] gf
– ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ofh] gf
!#=! ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf
ljleGg lgsfosf] e"ldsf
– ufpF / gu/ lzIff ;ldlt
– lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt %
– u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿
– ;db' fodf cfwfl/t
;ª\3;:+ yfx¿
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 133
!$= lzIff kl/ofh] gfx¿ !$=! u|fdL0f ljsf;sf !$=! cfwf/e"t tyf *
nflu lzIff kl/ofh] gf -;]tL *
kl/of]hgf_ k|fylds lzIff
kl/ofh] gf ky| d÷ låtLo
!$=@ k|fylds lzIff !$=@ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/
kl/of]hgf kl/of]hgf
!$=# kf| ylds lzIff ljsf; !$=# ljBfno If]q ljsf;
sfoj{ |md
kl/ofh] gf
!%= gk] fnsf z}lIfs !%= ! lgDglnlvt lgsfosf] !%=! lgDglnlvt lgsfosf]
kl/ro / sfo{
kz| f;g ;Da4 kl/ro / sfo{
lgsfox¿ – lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw – kb| z] / :yfgLo tx
dGqfno – lzIff ljsf; tyf
;dGjo PsfO
– lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t !@ !@
ljsf; sG] b| – ljBfno
– kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| – k|wfgfWofks
– k|fljlws lzIff tyf – ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\
– lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3
– /fli6o« lstfavfgf -lzIff_
– lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
– z}lIfs u0' f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|
– /fli6«o k/LIff af8] { !@* ;}4flGts !@*
;4} flGts $@ ko| f]ufTds $@
k|ofu] fTds !&) hDdf !&)
hDdf
%= lzIf0f ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
dfWolds txsf] Jofj;flos ljifodf kT| o]s kf7sf] ;?' jft ljBfyL{sf k"jc{ g'je;Fu ;Da4 ugk{' 5{ .
o; ljifodf kf7sf] k|:tt' Ls/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotof 5nkmnaf6 u/fpg' /fd|f] xG' 5 . 5nkmndf z}lIfs
;fduL| sf] k|:tl' t, vf]h tyf cg';GwfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . o;sf] ;fy} cGt/ljm| of, kZ| gf]Q/,
;d:of ;dfwfg tyf kl/ofh] gfTds ljlwaf6 lgisif{ lgsfNg] sfo{ ljBfyL{nfO{ clek]|l/t ug'{k5{ .
ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ g} pbfx/0fx¿ vf]Hg nufpgk' b{5 . ljifoj:tn' fO{ ;}4flGts 1fgdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL
ko| fu] fTds tyf Jofj;flos l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;do ;dodf Jojxf/df
ptfg{] cj;/;dt] k|bfg ug{'k5{ . ljBfyLs{ f] ?lr / IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf0{ f,
z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| sf] 5gf]6 lgdf{0f / ko| fu] tyf lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ;4} flGts kIfnfO{ Vofn u/L cEof;
ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ lbg'k5{ eg] l;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ l;hg{ fTds ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{sf nflu :yfgfGt/0f
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg cfjZos x'G5 .
134 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
lglbi{ 6 p2Z] o k|flKtsf nflu l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{] sx] L ljlw oxfF pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF k:| tt' ljlwx¿ gd'gf jf ;ª\s]t dfq x'g\ . ;a} kl/l:yltdf oL ljlwn] dfq k0" f{tf
gkfpg ;S5g\ . To;n} ] ljifo lzIfsnfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f cg'sn" pkoS' t lzIf0f ljlw 5gf]6
ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpg] p2Z] on] dfq lzIf0f ljlwsf] pNnv] ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] k|Tos] lzIfsn] oxfF
pNn]v ul/Psf ljlwnfO{ Pp6f cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnO{ kl/l:ylt cgs' n" lzIf0f ljlw tyf kl| jm| ofsf]
5gf]6 ug{'kb5{ . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug{ pkoS' t xG' 5 M
-s_ k|jrg -v_ kZ| gfQ] / -u_ 5nkmn
-3_ kl/ofh] gf ljlw -ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg -r_ lgb]z{ g vfh] ljlw
-5_ kb| zg{ ljlw -h_ clego ljlw -em_ Ifq] e|d0f ljlw
-`_ cjnf]sg ljlw -6_ 36gf cWoog ljlw
^= d"Nofª\sg kl| jm| of
kf7o\ jm| dsf lglb{i6 p2Z] ox¿ k"/f eP ePgg\ eGg] s/' fsf] nv] fhf]vf ug{] k|lj|mof g} d"Nofª\sg kl| j|mof
xf] . kf7ojm| dsf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ugs{ f nflu ke| fjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;fy} dN" ofª\sg
k|lj|mofsf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xs] f] x'G5 . o;y{ kf7o\ jm| dsf] k"0f{ sfofG{ jogdf d"Nofª\sg k|ljm| of ke| fjsf/L
xg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
ljBfno txdf ljBfyL{ pknlAw d"Nofªs\ gsf nflu lg/Gt/ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0fo{ fTds d"Nofª\sg
k|ljm| ofnfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ cjnDag ug{k' g]{ xG' 5 . k|To]s kf7sf] lzIf0fkZrft\ lgwfl{ /t zI} fl0fs
p2Z] ox¿ xfl;n eP jf ePgg\ egL ljBfyLs{ f] dN" ofªs\ g ul/gk' b5{ . b}lgs l;sfO ;xhLs/0f
ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df sIff jftfj/0fcg';f/sf kZ| gx¿ ;fW] gs' f ;fy} ljBfyL{sf] afndgf]lj1fg
/ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/;dt] lng'kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] d"Nofªs\ gsf] glthfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f
l;sfOdf lg/Gt/ ki[ 7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] ko| fu] ugk{' b{5 . ljBfno txsf]
lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofª\sg ug{ sIffut lzIf0f l;sfOs} cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ux[ sfo,{ sIffsfo,{
ofh] gfsfo,{ ;fd'bflos sfo{, cltl/St ;xlj|mofsnfk, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff h:tf dN" ofªs\ gsf
;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
k|ofu] fTds dN" ofªs\ g
ljBfyL{sf] ko| f]ufTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu @% k|ltzt cªs\ ef/ lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|ofu] fTds
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] ;dt] cfwf/ lngk' g]{ 5 .
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 135
ko| f]ufTds dN" ofª\ssf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf kl| j|mof ckgfpgk] g{] 5 . ko| fu] fTds sfo{sf nflu sfos{ nfk
/ cª\s ljefhg ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
— lglZrt ;doleq dfq d"Nofª\sg gu/L lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfyLn{ ] u/]sf sfo{ / Jojxf/
kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªs\ g ug{'kg{] 5 .
— ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] sfo{ ;~rlosf kmfon -Portfolio_ agfO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfo,{ xflh/L / ;ljm| otfsf
cfwf/df cªs\ k|bfg ug'k{ g{] 5 .
— kT| os] PsfOaf6 sDtLdf Ps Pscf6] f kl/ofh] gf sfo{ jf Ifq] ed| 0f u/fO{ dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] 5 .
— ljBfyLn{ ] u/s] f ;eI]{ f0f sIff sfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ l;h{gfTds sfo,{ l;kdn" s sfo{, vfh] dn" s
sfo{ cflb / ;f;] Fu ;DalGwt k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ k|of]ufTds dN" ofªs\ gsf] kd| 'v cfwf/ dflgg]
5.
ko| f]ufTds d"Nofªs\ gsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ / If]q e|d0fafkt cªs\ k|bfg ubf{ ljBfyL{n] /fli6o« dxŒjsf
sfo{j|mdcGtu{t ;Dkfbg u/]sf jf ofu] bfg lbPsf sfon{ fO{ ;dt] u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 . km/s Ifdtf
ePsf ljBfyL{ / ax'afl} 4stfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ pkoS' t dN" ofªs\ gsf ;fwg, ;f| t] / tl/sf ko| fu] u/L
dN" ofª\sg ug{k' g]{ 5 .
lg0fo{ fTds dN" ofª\sg
kf7o\ jm| dn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf p2Z] ocg¿' k ljBfyLx{ ¿n] 1fg, l;k, clejl[ Q kf| Kt u/] gu/]sf]
d"Nofª\sg u/L To;sf cfwf/df :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{] lg0fo{ lnOG5 eg] To:tf] d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ lg0fo{ fTds
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . o:tf] dN" ofª\sg cfjlws ¿kdf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ko| f]ufTds tyf
cfGtl/s d"Nofªs\ gsf] @% k|ltzt / clGtd k/LIffsf nflu &% kl| tzt ef/ 56' \ofPsf] 5 . o;
kf7o\ jm| dsf] cg';r" Lsf ¿kdf d"Nofªs\ g k|lj|mof, cªs\ ljefhg tyf clGtd dN" ofª\sgsf nflu
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ks| fzg ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljBfno, /fli6«o k/LIff af8] { tyf ;DalGwt cGo
lgsfon] ;f]xLcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ jf u]8| lgwf/{ 0f ug{k' b5{ .
136 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
sDKo6' / lj1fg
!= kl/ro
cfhsf] ou' ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] ou' xf] . ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ cfhsf] ljZj g} Pp6f ljZju|fd
(Global Village) sf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f eO;s]sf] 5 . jt{dfgdf b]z ljsf;sf] kj" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf
;"rgf kl| jlwsf] k|of]u / kxr'F nfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
kl| jlwsf] pRrtd pkofu] u/L o;af6 nfe lngsf nflu k|ydtM o;af/] 1fg xfl;n ug'{kg{] x'G5 .
o;} ;Gbed{ f sDKo6' / lj1fg ljifonfO{ dfWolds tx sIff ( / !) df Pl] R5s ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfjz]
ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf] k"0ff{ª\s !)) /xg] 5 . o; ljifosf] kf7o\ j|mddf sDKo'6/ lj1fgsf ljleGg
kIfx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt efux¿df ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 M
— sDKo6' /sf] cfwf/et" 1fg
— sDKo6' / u|flkmS;
— g6] js,{ OG6/g]6 / j]a kl| jlw
— sDKo'6/ kf| ]u|fldª -QBasic / C-Language_
— 8f6fa;] Dofgh] dG] 6 l;:6d
o; kf7o\ jm| ddf dfWolds txsf] sDKo'6/ ljifosf txut ;Ifdtf, sIffut l;sfO pknlAwx¿, ljifo
j:ts' f] If]q tyf jm| d, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of, ljBfyL{ dN" ofªs\ g k|ljm| of cflb ;dfjz] ul/Psf]
5 . kf7\ojm| ddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;a} ljifoj:tx' ¿ clgjfo{ x'g\ . cfwf/e"t ¿kdf sDKo'6/ ljifo
ko| f]ufTds tl/sfn] cWofkg u/fOg'kg]{ xbF' f o; ljifonfO{ %) k|ltzt ;}4flGts / %) kl| tzt
ko| f]ufTds cª\s ef/df 56' \ofOPsf] 5 . k|of]ufTds ¿kdf cem ;zSt agfpg] p2]Zon] k|Tos]
jif{sf] cGTodf lnOg] jflifs{ k/LIff;Fu} sDtLdf Pp6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ x/s] ljBfyLn{ ] k;] ugk{' g]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf kl/of]hgf sfos{ f] cge' jn] ;}4flGts ¿kdf kf| Kt 1fgnfO{ Jojxf/df
cfjZostfcg;' f/ k|of]u ug{ dbt ldNg] 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf
dfWolds tx -sIff ( / !)_ sf] cWoog k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyLx{ ¿df lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtf xfl;n
x'g] 5g\ M
!= sDKo6' / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;j|md, o;sf] dxŒj / pkofl] utf afw]
@= sDKo'6/nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/df juL{s/0f u/L -cfsf/, 8f6f k|zf]wg Ifdtf cflbsf cfwf/df_
ltgLx¿sf ljzi] ftf tyf k|ofu] ul/g] Ifq] sf af/d] f ljZn]if0f / b}lgs hLjgdf ko| fu]
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 137
#= sDKo6' /df k|of]u x'g] ljleGg xf8j{ o] / tyf ;Ç6jo] /sf af/d] f hfgsf/L
$= PlKns];g ;Ç6j]o/, l;:6d ;Ç6jo] / cflbaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L sg' } lglZrt k|of]hgsf
nflu cfjZos ;Ç6jo] /sf] 5gf]6 ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
%= uf| lkmS; ;Ç6jo] /sf] ko| fu] u/L lrq tyf tl:a/x¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ kl/dfhg{
^= OG6/g]6, ja] k|ljlw / HTML sf] 1fgaf6 j]a ;fO6x¿ agfpg] l;ksf] ljsf;
&= QBasic tyf C-language sf] ko| fu] u/L ;fdfGo k|fu] f| dx¿sf] ljsf;
*= sDKo'6/ g6] jsa{ f/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L g]6js{df kmfOn tyf cGo ;z+ fwg -xf8{j]o/, ;Ç6j]o/_
sf] ko| fu]
(= sDKo'6/ kl| jlwsf] k|ofu] ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljleGg gl} ts tyf ;fdflhs ck/fwx¿af/] ;hu
/xL ;rt] gful/ssf] lhDd]jf/L jxg
!) xf8{j]o/ tyf ;Ç6j]o/ Pjd\ 8f6f ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ cjnf]sg
!!= tTsfnLg ;dodf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf pkof]u ul/Psf ljBt' Lo Jofkf/, ljB'tLo aª} \lsª ;l' jwf
cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ To;sf] ko| fu]
!@= 8f6fa;] dg] h] d]G6 ;Ç6jo] /sf] k|ofu] u/L ;;fgf] PlKns;] g lgdf{0f / k|bzg{
!#= C-Language ;DaGwL cfwf/et" 1fg xfl;n u/L ;fdfGo PlKns];g lgdf{0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf]
ljsf;
!$= sDKo6' / kl| jlwaf/] pRr lzIff xfl;n ugs{ f nflu rflxg] cfwf/et" Ifdtf ljsf;
#= sIffut l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ sIff ( sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff ( sf] cWoogkZrft\ ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
-c_ sDKo'6/sf] cfwf/e"t 1fg
!= sDKo'6/sf] kl/efiff lbO{ bl} gs hLjgdf o;sf] dxŒj / pkofu] Ltfaf/] j0f{g ug{
@= sDKo6' /nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/df juL{s/0f ug{
#= ljleGg k|sf/sf sDo6' /sf ljzi] ftfaf/] j0fg{ ug{
$= sg' k|ofh] gsf nflu sg' k|sf/sf] sDKo'6/ k|ofu] ug'k{ 5{ egL k|:6 xg'
%= sDKo'6/sf dxŒjk0" f{ cª\ux¿ -Ogk'6, kf| ];];, cfp6k'6 / e08f/0f_ sf af/]df j0f{g
ug{
^= sDKo6' / xf8{j]o/sf] kl/efiff lbO{ o;sf ks| f/x¿ -Input, process strorage tyf out-
put devices_ af/] j0f{g ug{
138 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
&= sDKo6' /sf] d8/af8] { tyf dfOj|mfk] f| ];];/sf] sfd atfpg
*= sDKo'6/ d]df]/Lsf ks| f/x¿ / ltgsf lardf leGgtf atfpg
(= ;]sG] 8/L :6f]/h] sf] el" dsf / o;sf k|sf/x¿ 5'6o\ fpg
!)= ljleGg ks| f/sf Ogk6' tyf cfp6k6' pks/0fx¿ af/]df j0fg{ ug{
!!= sDKo6' / ;Ç6jo] /sf] kl/efiff lbO{ o;sf ks| f/x¿af/] j0f{g ug{
!@= ck/l] 6ª l;:6daf/] j0f{g ug{
!#= u|flkmsn o'h/ OG6/km;] / o;sf ljleGg tŒjx¿af/] hgsf/L x'g
!$= kmfOn tyf kmf]N8/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{
!%= cfk] g;f];{ ;Ç6jo] /sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
!^= 8]:s6k / web apps sf af/]df j0fg{ ug{
-cf_ sDKo6' / u|flkmS;
l;sfO ;Ifdtf M uf| lkmS; ;Ç6jo] /sf] ko| fu] u/L cfjZostfcg;' f/ kmf6] fx] ¿sf] ;Dkfbg ug{]
!= ljleGg uf| lkmS; km/Dof6sf af/]df hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{
@= Od]hsf] u0' f:t/, cfsf/ / l/hfn] ';gaf/] yfxf kfpg
#= ja] sf nflu pkoS' t km/Dof6x¿af/] hfGg
$= kmf]6fdf cIf/x¿ /fVg / cfjZostfcg';f/ Od]hnfO{ ;Dkfbg ug{
%= OG6/g]6 kl| jlwsf] kl/efiff atfO{ ko| f]u ug{
^= ja] af| ph/, ;r{ OlGhg tyf upload, download, URL, Home page, website, web
page DNS sf af/] j0f{g ug{
&= HTML sf] ljsf;j|md / pkofl] utfaf/] hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{
*= HTML df ko| fu] ul/g] ljleGg tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
(= HTML Tag x¿sf] k|ofu] u/L ;fwf/0f j]a k]h agfpg
!)= CSS sf] kl/efiff lbg / o;sf] ko| fu] af/] hfgsf/L lng
!!= CSS sf] syntax sf pkof]uLtf atfpg
!@= HTML 8sd' ]G6df CSS nfO{ ko| f]u ug{
-O{_ sDKo'6/ kf| u] f| ldª
!= kf| u] |fd, k|fu] |fd/ tyf k|fu] f| ldª efiffsf] kl/efiff lbg
@= sDkfOn/ tyf OG6/k|]6/sf lar leGgtf 56' o\ fpg
dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 139
#= Algorithm / Flowchart sf] dxŒj yfxf kfO{ To;sf] ko| f]u ug{
$= QBasic kf| ]u|fldª efiffsf ljzi] ftfx¿af/] kl/lrt xg'
%= el] /Pan Pjd\ sG:6fG6x¿sf] kl/efiff hfGg / To;sf] plrt ko| f]u ug{
^= ck/]6/, ck/fG8; / PS;k]|;gx¿sf af/d] f plrt hfgsf/L ug{ / ko| fu] ug{
&= ljleGg ks| f/sf kf| ]uf| d :66] dG] 6;x¿ -Declaration, Assignment, Input / Output
:66] d]G6_ sf af/d] f hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L ltgLx¿sf] plrt k|of]u ug{
*= s'g} kf| ]u|fddf n]lvg] lgb{]zgx¿sf] /fn] jm| daf/] 1fg xfl;n ug{
(= Sequential Structure, Selection Structure tyf Loop Structure sf] syntax x¿
yfxf kfO{ To;sf] cfjZostfcg;' f/ k|ofu] ug{
!)= Library Function sf] kl/efiff lbg
!!= QBasic df pknAw ljleGg Library Function x¿sf] juLs{ /0f ug{
!@= String Function tyf Mathematical Functions x¿sf] k|ofu] ug{
!#= Array sf] kl/efiff lbg
!$= Array variables x¿ agfpg
!%= Array elements / Subscript af/] hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{
!^= One Dimensional Array sf] k|of]u u/L rflxPsf] 8f6fx¿ vfH] g tyf j|md ldnfpg
!&= Two Dimensionsl Array sf af/d] f ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{
-v_ sIff !) sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿
sIff !) sf] cWoogkZrft\ ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
-c_ ;r" gf kl| jlwsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg
!= sDKo'6/ g]6js{sf] kl/efiff lbg
@= g]6js{nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{
#= g]6jlsª{ df k|ofu] xg' ] ljleGg pks/f0f tyf lgodx¿ -Protocols_ af/] kl/lrt x'g
$= g6] js{ 6fk] f]nf]hLaf/] j0fg{ ug{
%= OG6/g]6 / To;df pknAw ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿af/] 1fg xfl;n ug{
^= sDKo6' / tyf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ gl} ts tyf ;fdflhs bfloTjaf/]
hfgsf/ x'g
&= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw gLlt, @)&@ sf af/] 5f6] s/Ldf atfpg
140 dfWolds lzIff kf7\ojm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !)
*= ;fdflhs ;~hfndf xg' ;Sg] vt/f, To;sf nflu ckgfpgk' g]{ ;fjwfgL Pjd\ ;fdflhs
;~hfnaf6 kmfObf lng ;Ifd x'g
(= ljB'tLo sf/fa] f/, l8lh6n gful/stf, l8lh6n km6' lkG| 6 cflbaf/] j0f{g ug{
!)= sDKo6' /nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] tl/sfx¿af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{
!!= xf8j{ o] /, ;Ç6j]o/ tyf 8f6f ;/' Iffsf nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] ljleGg ljlwx¿af/] j0f{g
ug{
!@= OG6/g]6 tyf e-mail ko| fu] ubf{ ;'/lIft xg' ] ljlwaf/] atfpg
!#= ljBt' Lo Jofkf/sf] kl/efiff lbO{ To;sf] ;Defjgfaf/] j0fg{ ug{
!$= ljBt' Lo Jofkf/sf kmfObf tyf o;sf] ;Ldfaf/] JofVof ug{
!%= ljBt' Lo Jofkf/sf ks| f/x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg
!^= dfa] fOn sd;{ tyf cgnfOg e'StfgLaf/] 1fg xfl;n ug{
!&= sDKo'6/ tyf OG6/g6] df xfn k|of]u eO/x]sf gof“ k|ljlwx¿af/] atfpg
!*= Snfp8 sDKo'l6ª, ljB'tLo uegG]{ ;, df]afOn sDKol' 6ª cflbaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
!(= cª\s k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ug{
@)= 8l] ;dn, afOg/L, cS6n / xS] ;f8]l;dn cª\s k0| ffnLdf Pp6faf6 csf{] cª\s k0| ffnLdf
kl/jt{g ug{
@!= afOg/L lx;fa -hf8] , 36fp, u'0fg, efu_ ug{
-cf_ 8f6fa]; Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
!= 8f6fa;] nfO{ kl/eflift ug{
@= 8f6fa;] k|of]u ubf{ xg' ] kmfObfx¿af/] pNn]v ug{
#= 8f6f, OGkm/d];g, clenv] , 6a] n cflbaf/] j0f{g ug{
$= MS- Access df gof“ 8f6fa]; agfpg
%= 8f6fa;] leq 6a] nx¿ agfpg
^= k|fOd/L ls, km/g] -Foreign_ ls agfpg
&= cfjZostfcg';f/ lkmN8 -fields_ x¿nfO{ yk36 ug,{ 8f6f 6fOk, lkmN8 ;fOh cflb
ldnfpg
*= cfjZostfcg';f/ 6]andf 8f6f eg],{ d6] fpg], ;Dkfbg ug{]
(= cgfjZos sf]ndx¿nfO{ n'sfpg,] sfn] dsf] ;fOh yk36 ug{]
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -Pl] R5s_, sIff ( / !) 141
!)= ljleGg Query x¿ -Select, Update, Delete_ cflbsf] k|of]u ug{
!!= kmd{ agfpg] ljleGg ljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{
!@= kmd{sf] ko| fu] u/L 8f6f yKg, xg] {, d]6fpg jf ;Dkfbg ug{
!#= kl| tjb] g agfpg] ljleGg ljlwx¿ Joj:yf ug{
!$= 8f6fa];df pknAw 8f6fx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ k|ltj]bgdf bv] fpg
!%= k|ltjb] gnfO{ 5kfO ug{
-O_ df]8n' / kf| u] |fldª
!= df]8'n/ kf| u] |fldªsf ljzi] ftf / kmfObfx¿af/] pNnv] ug{
@= d]g df8] 'n, Function tyf Sub Procedure x¿ agfpg
#= Pp6f df]8n' af6 csf]d{ f hfg
$= nf]sn / Unf]an e]l/oanx¿af/]
%= df]8n' x¿df value k7fpg] tl/sfx¿af/]
^= Function / Sub procedure sf] k|ofu] u/L k|f]uf| dx¿ agfpg
-O{_ File Handling
!= QBasic df kmfOnsf] kl/efiff atfO{ dxŒjaf/] j0f{g ug{
@= kmfOn vfN] bf k|of]u u/Lg] ljleGg df]8x¿ -Input, Output, Append_ af/] hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{
#= kmfOn vf]Ng, aGb ug{, kmfOndf /]s8x{ ¿ e08f/0f ug,{ cgfjZos /]s8{x¿ d]6fpg
tyf cfjZostfcg;' f/ e08f/0f ul/Psf 8f6f ;Dkfbg ug{
-p_ Introduction to C Programming
!= C-Language sf] kl/ro tyf o;sf ljzi] ftfaf/] j0f{g ug{
@= Data types, operators cflbsf af/d] f hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{
#= Key words in C-program sf af/]df k|of]u ug{
$= Input / Output charactor formating sf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg / ko| f]u ug{
%= It Statement
^= Looping Statement
142 dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !)
$= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / jm| d tflnsf
Grade - IX
Area Contents Tentative No.
of Classes
1. Computer (1.1) Introduction (Importance and modern application areas) Th Pr
Fundamental (1.2) Types of Computers (Digital, Analog & Hybrid)
(1.3) Computer System (Basic Architecture) 33
(i) Input (ii) Process (iii) Output(iv) Storage
(1.4) Computer Hardware
(a) Motherboard
(b) Microprocessor
(c) Memory
(i) Primary (RAM, ROM, Cache Memory)
(ii) Secondary
-Magnetic Storage Device (Tape, Hard Disk, Flash Memory)
-Optical Storage Device (CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD ROM, Blue
Ray Disk etc)
(iii) Units of memory measurement (BIT, Nibble, Byte, KB,
MB, GB, TB, PB)
(d) Input Devices
-Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Track ball, Touch pad, Joystick,
Scanner, Bar Code Reader, Digital Camera, Microphone,
Graphic Digitizer, Touch Screen, QR Code Scanner
(e) Output Device
- Monitor, Printer & its type, Speaker, Graphic Plotter
(1.5) Computer Software
(1.5.1) Types of Computer Software
(a) System Software
(i) Operating System and its functions
Types of OS
- Single User
- Multi User
GUI Environments
- Introduction to GUI Environments (Desktop)
- Concepts of Icon, Windows dialogue box, GUI Controls
- Mouse pointer and its activities
- File and Folder Management
(ii) Language Processor
(b) Application Software
(c) Utility Software
(1.5.2) Introduction Open Source Software
(1.5.3) An introduction to desktop & web apps
dfWolds lzIff kf7o\ j|md -P]lR5s_, sIff ( / !) 143
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CURRICULUM GRADE 9-10 2076
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