Social studies -BOOK 10 Readmore publication

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

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NewS O C I A L
STUDIES

Revised and Updated

10GRADE

Author
Matrika Pd. Lamsal

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First Edition : 2075 BS

Revised and Updated Edition : 2076, 2077 BS

Revised and Updated Edition : 2078 BS

Language Editor Special Thanks to: Layout
Ishwar Mani Lamsal Readmore Desktop
Ganesh Dhakal
Kiran Thapa Krishna Pd. Parajuli
Grishma Rajbhandari Shyam Sunder Lamichhane

Suren Shakya
Tek Nath Poudel
Jagat Prasad Bhattarai

Sanjeev Rai
Dilip Acharya
Badri Bdr. Chauhan
Purshottam Khanal
Som Chaulagain
Prakash Khanal

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About The Book

Social Studies is a graded series of books for school children. The Secondary
Level series consists of two books suitable for class IX and X. This series is prepared especially
for the children of English medium schools of Nepal. It is an appropriately planned graded
series fulfilling the needs of students and teachers in the changing situation of our country
and the world.

Salient features of the book:

The entire curriculum has been divided into 9 units as specified by the Curriculum
Development Centre, Government of Nepal. Each unit consists of lessons covering the
entire curriculum and additional materials.

Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations.
This book includes informative colourful maps of the continents so that students can
easily get information about the physical features and other characteristics of the
continents. Outline maps of all the continents are also included in the book so that
students can evaluate their knowledge themselves.

The related provisions of the Constitution of Nepal, prevailing rules and regulations have
been presented in a simplified manner. New topics like Human Resource Development,
Provinces of Nepal, Sustainable Development, Ongoing Development Projects in Nepal,
Contemporary Development Goals, Universal Brotherhood, Responsibility Towards the
Senior Citizens, Rights of Women and Indigenous Nationalities, Citizen Identity and
Citizenship, Cooperative and Its Economic Importance, Finance Education, Insurance,
Revenue and Tax Collection, Consumers’ Rights, Globalization and Localization, etc have
been given special attention.

The contents of the lessons are simple with lucid language and edited by expert language
editors.

The latest accurate data are included in all the lessons.

These series are appropriately illustrated books reflecting the socio-economic and
cultural side of Nepal.

Special attention has been given to social, ethnic and geographical diversity, gender
equality and secularism.

Sufficient evaluation exercises are given in each and every lesson according to the
objectives of the curriculum. Activities, exercises and enough community and project
works have been given in each lesson.

Key terms have been highlighted in each lesson to make the students understand the
lesson easily.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the principals and teachers who have

recommended Social Studies book to their students and schools. I am

confident that these books will be able to fulfill the objectives set forth by CDC, Government

of Nepal. I highly appreciate the opinion and constructive suggestions from the teachers and

intellectuals.

- Author

Table of Contents

UNIT 1. WE AND OUR SOCIETY Pages

1. Human Resource Development 7
2. Human Development Index and Nepal 13
3. Concept of Regional Development and Federalism 19
4. Provinces of Nepal 25

UNIT 2. DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT

1. Sustainable Development 44

2. Ongoing Development Projects in Nepal 47

3. Infrastructure of Development: Skilled Human Resource and

Employment Opportunity 51

4. Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal 55

5. Formulation of Development Proposal at Local Level 60

UNIT 3. OUR SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS

1. Our National Heritages 64
2. Folk Songs of Nepal 72
3. Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal 76
4. Folk and Classical Dances of Nepal 82
5. Our National Days 87
6. International Personalities 91
7. Universal Brotherhood 95
8. Responsibility Towards the Senior Citizens 98

UNIT 4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

1. Human Trafficking: A Social Problem 102
2. Domestic Violence and Untouchability 106
3. Some Bad Customs 109
4. Roles Played by the International Organizations 112
5. Identification of Social Problems and Problem Solving Skills 116

UNIT 5. CIVIC AWARENESS

1. Legislature 119
2. Executive 125
3. Judiciary 132
4. Constitutional Bodies 137
5. Other Constitutional Commissions 144
6. Political Parties 148
7. Election Process 152
8. Role of Citizens in the Election 159
9. Human Rights and National and International Agencies 162
10. Rights of Women and Indigenous Nationalities 167
11. Citizen Identity and Citizenship 170

UNIT 6. OUR EARTH 175
181
1. Climates of the World

2. Tropical Zone

3. Temperate Zone 189
4. Frigid Zone 197
5. Alpine Climate or High Mountainous Climate 202
6. Climate, Vegetation and Animals in the World 204
7. Effects on Climate and Topographic Diversity on Lifestyle 206
8. North America: Geographical and Natural Environment 208
9. North America: Economic Activities and Social Life 213
10. South America: Geographical and Natural Environment 220
11. South America: Economic Activities and Social Life 225
12. Africa: Geographical and Natural Environment 232
13. Africa: Economic Activities and Social Life 237
14. North America, South America, Africa and Nepal 244
15. Natural Disasters: Earthquake and Tsunami 247
16. Globe, Map and Map Technology 251

UNIT 7. OUR PAST

1. Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement 258
2. A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS) 264
3. Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties 269
4. Political Events from 2017 BS to 2046 BS 273
5. Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System 280
6. Political Events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS 282
7. Political Events after 2062/63 BS 286
8. Social and Economic Achievements After People’s Movement-II 292
9. Causes of the First World War 295
10. Consequences of the First World War 301
11. Causes of the Second World War 305
12. Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal 310
13. Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of
315
Historical Sites and Monuments

UNIT 8. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

1. Current Plan 320
2. Tourism Industry, Its Importance and Prospects 324
3. Water: An Important Source of Energy 331
4. Foreign Employment in Nepal 334
5. Cooperative and Its Economic Importance 338
6. Financial Education 342
7. Financial Instruments 347
8. Insurance 351
9. Revenue and Tax Collection 355
10. Consumers’ Rights 358

UNIT 9. OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND COOPERATION

1. United Nations and Its Organs 363
2. Specialized Agencies of the United Nations 369
3. Nepal’s Role in the United Nations 378
4. Activities of the United Nations in Nepal 381
5. Current Affairs and Their Effects 385
6. Globalization and Localization 389

Additional Learning Materials 392-416

1UNIT WE AND
OUR SOCIETY

Learning achievements

Understand the concept of Human Resource Development,
Be familiar with the concept of Human Development Index (HDI) and identify its

status in Nepal,
Discuss the concept of regional development and federalism, and
Do comparative study of the provinces of Nepal.

Subject matters

Human Resource Development
Human Development Index and Nepal
Concept of Regional Development and Federalism
Provinces of Nepal

6 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

1LESSON Human Resource Development

Introduction

The world is dynamic. It keeps on changing. The process of positive and progressive
change is known as development. Development requires various means and resources.
Among them, the people or group of people with ability and skill is an important
resource. It is called human resource. Various kinds of human resources are required
for development. Manpower like entrepreneur, peasant, businessperson, doctor, engineer,
lawyer, teacher, pilot, administrator, nurse, carpenter, mason, bureaucrat, etc are important
human resources for the economic development and prosperity of the country.

Human resources refer to both general and technical manpower essential for carrying out
any work. It includes the manpower from general labours to highly skilled technicians.
Human resource plays an important role in the economic, social, cultural and scientific
progress of the country. The planning for human resource is made on the basis of work
and need.

Types of human resources

Human resources can be categorized on the basis of skill and term.

a. On the basis of skill

On the basis of skill, human resource is categorized

into three types: unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled.

The manpower, which has not attained any skill but

can contribute in the development of the country,

is known as unskilled human resource. General

labours like sweepers, conductors, etc come under

this category. The manpower, which has attained

some skills but is not an expert, is known as semi-

skilled human resource. Health assistants, co- Doctors
pilot, assistant director who are the assistants of the

experts are the examples of semi-skilled human resource. Similarly, the manpower, which

has attained complete knowledge and skill in a particular field and is an expert, is known

as skilled human resource. Doctors, professors, teachers, engineers, pilots, etc are the

examples of skilled human resource.

b. On the basis of term

On the basis of term or duration, the human resource is categorized into three types:
short term, long term and constant human resource. The human resource prepared for

We and Our Society 7

short term and for specific work is known as Agriculture
short term human resource. For example: the
manpower prepared for harvesting crops and
working as tourist guide in tourism season, etc.
The human resource prepared for long period
service is known as long term human resource.
The police, army, civil servants are the long
term human resources. The meaning of constant
human resources is the manpower who can
contribute for the development throughout
the life once they attain skill and knowledge.
Teachers, doctors, etc are constant human resources.

Preparation of human resource

It takes a long time for the development of science

and technology, establishment of industries,

operation of big projects, etc. So, enough

preparation has to be done before establishing

any infrastructure. It also needs huge investment.

The state has to run various institutions to

prepare long term human resource and projects

for creating job opportunities simultaneously.

The universities also have to produce constant

human resource required in the market regularly.

Along with the universities, there are institutions Establishment of Industry
for providing technical and vocational education

to produce technically skilled manpower. With the management of diverse manpower, we

can develop the country, fulfill the immediate and future needs of the country and make

the living standard of people prosperous. A country’s development status depends upon

its skilled human resources. So, countries like Nepal should focus on production of large

number of skilled human resources. Human resources can be prepared by providing them

various types of trainings and formal education.

Human Resource Management (HRM)

Human resource management is also called personnel management. It is the process of
appointing employees in an organization and developing their efficiency to make them
more responsible and valuable to the organization. Human resource management includes
conducting job analyses, planning personnel needs, recruiting the right worker for the job,
orientation and training, managing wages, providing benefits and incentives, evaluating
performance, resolving disputes, and communicating with the employees at all levels.

The competence of the organization depends on the ability of its employees and their
personal development. So, there is a need of proper human resource management to

8 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

develop the feeling of cooperation among the employees and motivate them to work in
group.

Human Resource Development (HRD)

Human resource development is a part of human resource management. It is the process
of empowering employees of an organization and strengthening their ability so that they
can perform better. It aims at improving skills, knowledge, competencies, attitude and
behaviour of employees of an organization. The purpose of human resource development
is to empower and strengthen the abilities of the employees so that they can give their best
to the organization.

Need of Human Resource Development

There is a great need of human resource development for qualitative output. The following
points justify the need of human resource development:

a. To demand and recruit the manpower on the basis of human resource plan,

b. To fulfill the lack of manpower at the time of need and manage the additional
employees,

c. To increase the productivity of the organization with the proper management of
available manpower,

d. To diversify the work and estimate the need of the employees for various works and
condition of manpower available in the market,

e. To identify availability and possibility of the expert and skilled worker in the country
required for the job, and

f. To increase or decrease the number of workers in the organization by analyzing the
expenditure for labour.

Importance of Human Resource Development

Every organization prepares a human resource development plan for the management of
different level and types of manpower. Human Resource Planning (HRP) is the process
of forecasting future human resource requirements of the organization and determining
as to how the existing human resource capacity of the organization can be utilized to
fulfill these requirements. An organization can get competent manpower from this. The
recruitment of employees and their use, work efficiency of the employee, upgrading of
skill and technology and improvement of the organization play an important role in the
output of the organization. It manages the whole plan; organization, policy making, mutual
cooperation, provision of budget and condition of profit and loss of the organization. The
importance of human resource development has been presented in the following points:

a. It helps in the effective use of the manpower,

b. It facilitates to search manpower for the present and future, and determine the incentive
plan for the manpower,

We and Our Society 9

c. It is useful to motivate the manpower and the organization to achieve the goal,

d. It expands the relationship between human resource working in the organization and
stakeholders, which gives further positive result in the quality of work and internal
management,

e. It is beneficial for the development of leadership, supervision and effective
communication in the organization, and

f. It yields higher productivity from the organization by helping in the utilization of
time, capital mobilization, energy management, achievement of expected goals,
training development and minimization of loss.

Process of Human Resource Planning

Human Resource Planning is a process of forecasting the organization’s demand for and
supply of manpower required in the near future. The process of human resources planning
includes the following actions:
1. Determining the objectives of Human Resource Planning
2. Analyzing current manpower supply
3. Forecasting the demand and supply of Human Resources
4. Analyzing the manpower gaps
5. Employment Plan/Action Plan
6. Training and Development, and
7. Evaluation of Manpower Planning.

Challenges of Human Resource Development and their solution

Challenges Solutions
a. Create employment opportunities in
a. There is lack of required manpower
for development since a large number the country to reduce dependency on
of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled foreign employment.
manpower go abroad for employment.
b. Maintain balance between the
b. It is difficult to manage manpower production of manpower in the country
since the production of the manpower and its demand in the market.
doesn’t match with its demand in the
market. c. Run development activities targeting
the people of remote areas, women,
c. The human resource development Dalit, differently abled, backward area,
of the country has not taken the class and community.
speed as expected since the effort of
development has not reached remote
areas, women, Dalit, differently abled,
backward area, class and community.

10 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

d. The effort of the government for d. Make enough effort to get benefits
human resource development through from the existing active population.
education, health, tourism, etc is not
enough. e. Produce skilled manpower as per the
demand of national and international
e. There is a problem in the development market in the country with the effective
of manpower because of the inability mobilization of internal resource.
to mobilize the available economic
resource. f. Formulate a human resource plan with
long term action plan to overcome
f. There is lack of clear human resource the challenges of human resource
policy in the country. development.

Future plan for the human resource development

The lack of employment opportunity leads to increase in the problem of unemployment.
A large number of manpower goes abroad in search of employment. The human resource
development should concentrate on the production of qualitative and quantitative
manpower that can compete in the global market and fulfill the need of changing situation
of the country. For this, a future plan should be set considering the following long term
vision:

a. To develop the skilled, competent and capable manpower to compete in the national
and international market

b. To maintain balance between demand and supply of manpower

c. To focus on the technical and vocational trainings that creates employment and self-
employment

d. To run integrated programs for the skilled human resource development

e. To increase the efficiency of institutions related to the human resource

f. To prepare and implement the human resource development policy

g. To run programs for developing leadership in the young manpower

h. To maintain coordination between the available employment in the market and the
manpower produced from the educational institutions

i. To develop the ability of targeted group

j. To develop human resource by providing skill and technology to compete in the
foreign and domestic market, and

k. To define the work differently and make education job-oriented.

We and Our Society 11

Activities

With the help of subject teacher, consult with the Chairperson of School Management
Committee and Head Master to find the answer of the following questions. Then write an
article on the topic “Human Resource Development of Our School”.
a. What is human resource development in school?
b. Why should the human resource be developed in school?
c. What plan has been made for the human resource development in school?
d. What manpower plan should be made in future in order to make the school better

than neighbouring schools?
e. What challenges can be met while making the plan for human resource

development in the school? What can be the measures to solve such challenges?

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. Define Human Resource.
2. Name the types of human resource on the basis of skill.
3. Compare between short term human resource and long term human resource in a

sentence.
4. Write the full form of HRM and HRD.

Short answer questions:
1. Write any four characteristics of Human Resource Management.
2. Explain the importance of human resource development.
3. What plan has been made for the human resource development in our country?
4. How should the manpower plan be prepared in order to upgrade our country as a

developed country?
5. What are the challenges in the human resource development in Nepal? How can

they be overcome?
6. Why is it essential to improve the condition of human resource development in

Nepal? Give reasons.
7. Write two differences between Human Resource Development and Human Resource

Management.

Community Work

Meet an intellectual person in your community to ask the following questions and prepare
a report including his/her answer to present in the class:

How many people in your community are involved in an occupation and in which
occupation?

What is the relationship between the human resource of the community and
employment?

In which sector there is lack of human resource?
What should be done to supply sufficient human resource?

12 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

2LESSON Human Development Index
and Nepal

Human Development

Development is evaluated not only by economic advancement but also improvement
in human well-being. Development in health, education, food, clothing, housing, skill,
freedom, opportunity, etc for the improvement in human well-being is called human
development.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI) is the indicator
that shows the level of achievements of progress in
three basic dimensions of human development in a
given country. The three basic dimensions of human
development are: Long and healthy life, knowledge,
and decent standard of living.

In other words, the human development index (HDI) Amartya Sen
is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education
and per capita income indicators, which is used to
rank countries into four tiers of human development
as very high human development, high human
development, medium human development and low
human development.

The Human Development Index was developed
in 1990 AD by Indian economist Amartya Sen and
Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq. Since 1990 AD,
the UNDP has been continuously publishing annual
Human Development Index report.

The three dimensions of human development are Mahbub ul Haq
measured using the following indicators:

a. Long and healthy life (Health) is measured by ‘Life expectancy at birth’,

b. Knowledge (Education) is measured by ‘Average years of schooling in the adult
population’ and ‘Expected years of schooling for school-age children’,

c. Decent standard of living (Income) is measured by ‘Gross National Income (GNI) per
capita (PPP US$)’.

We and Our Society 13

Purposes of measuring human development

Following are the purposes of measuring the human development:

a. To identify the condition of human development
b. To compare and rank the social and economic development of different countries of

the world
c. To identify the areas to be improved in human development
d. To bring improvement in the human development, and
e. To set the future goals of the country and make plans accordingly.

Calculation of Human Development Index

The method of calculation has been revised from time to time since its inception in
1990 AD. According to the new method published on 4th November 2010 (and updated
on 10th June, 2011), HDI is calculated with the help of Life Expectancy Index, Education
Index and Income Index. The HDI value ranges between 0 to 1, where 0 indicates the
lowest HDI and 1 indicates the highest HDI.

Minimum and maximum values fixed for each indicator of the global
HDI

Dimension Indicator Minimum Maximum
Health Life Expectancy (year) 20 85
Education Expected Years of Schooling 0 18
0 15
Standard of living Mean Year of Schooling
Gross National Income per 100 75,000
capita (PPP US$ 2011)

HDI Dimension Index Calculation

Step: 1
Calculation of Life Expectancy Index

Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = Life Expectancy of concerned country–Minimum Life Expectancy
Maximum Life Expectancy–Minimum Life Expectancy

Step: 2
Calculation of Education Index

Mean Year of Schooling of concerned country + Expected Year of Schooling of concerned country
15 18
Education Index (EI) =
2

MYS + EYS
15 18
Or, EI = 2

Step: 3

Calculation of Income Index

Income Index (II) = ln (Gross National Income per capita of concerned country)–ln (Minimum Gross National Income per capita)
ln (Maximum Gross National Income per capita)–ln (Minimum Gross National Income per capita)

14 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Step: 4
Calculation of HDI
Human Development Index = Ö3 (Life Expectancy Index × Education Index × Income Index)

Or, HDI = Ö3 (LEI×EI×II)

Where,

Life Expectancy : Life expectancy at birth

Mean Years of Schooling : Years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in

formal education

Expected Years of Schooling : Total expected years of schooling for children under

18 years of age

Gross National Income per capita : Gross National Income at purchasing power parity

per capita

Example

Calculate the HDI of a country on the basis of the following data:
i. Maximum Life Expectancy = 85 years
ii. Minimum Life Expectancy = 20 years
iii. Maximum Gross National Income per capita = US$ 75,000
iv. Minimum Gross National Income per capita = US$ 100
v. Maximum Expected Years of Schooling = 18 years
vi. Maximum Mean Years of Schooling = 15 years
vii. Gross National per capita of concerned country = US$ 5350
viii. Life Expectancy of concerned country = 65 years
ix. Mean Year of Schooling of concerned country = 4.4 years
x. Expected Year of Schooling of concerned country = 10.7 years

Solution:

Calculating Life Expectancy Index

Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = Life Expectancy of concerned country–Minimum Life Expectancy
Maximum Life Expectancy–Minimum Life Expectancy

= 65-20
85-20

= 45
65

= 0.692

Calculating Education Index

Mean Year of Schooling of concerned country + Expected Year of Schooling of concerned country
15 18
Education Index (EI) =
2

4.4 + 10.7 
= 15 18

2

We and Our Society 15

= 0.293 + 0.594
2
= 0.887
2

= 0.443

Calculating Income Index

Income Index (II) = ln (Gross National Income per capita of concerned country)–ln (Minimum Gross National Income per capita)
ln (Maximum Gross National Income per capita)–ln (Minimum Gross National Income per capita)

= ln (5350)–ln (100) Do you know?
In (75,000)- ln (100)
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index
= 8.584 – 4.605 measuring average achievement in three dimensions of human
11.225 – 4.605 development - a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent
standard of living.
= 3.979
6.620 Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant
could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific
= 0.601 mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout
the infant’s life.
Calculating Human Development Index
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling
HDI = Ö3 LEI×EI×II that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if
prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist
= Ö3 0.692×0.443×0.601 throughout the child’s life.

= Ö3 0.184 Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of
education received by people ages 25 and older, converted
= 0.568 from education attainment levels using official durations of
each level.
\HDI=0.568
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income
of an economy generated by its production and its ownership
of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use
of factors of production owned by the rest of the world,
converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by
midyear population.

Nepal’s status in HDI

Nepal’s status in HDI Year Rank Score

Nepal’s status in HDI in 2020 improved five ranks 2013 146 0.543

to 142 compared to the last year according to the 2014 146 0.543

report published by the UNDP in 2020 AD. The 2015 145 0.548

ranking is out of 189 countries. 2016 144 0.558

Measures to improve the status of 2017 148 0.566
Human Development 2018 149 0.574
2019 147 0.579
Ü Expand health services 2020 142 0.602
Ü Focus in the development of
Ranking Base
education Globally countries are divided in the following four
Ü Modernize agriculture tiers according to their score in Human Development
Ü Extend industries and factories Index:
Ü Develop tourism business
Ü Utilize local resources and means HDI Score Level of Human Development

properly 0.800 and above Very High Human Development
Ü Increase employment opportunity
0.700 – 0.799 High Human Development

0.550 – 0.699 Medium Human Development

Below 0.550 Low Human Development

16 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities

Study the table given below. Discuss in the class and answer the following questions:
HDI of SAARC Countries, 2020

HDI Country Human Life Expected Mean years Gross national
rank Development expectancy years of schooling income
Index (HDI) of (Years) 2019
at birth (GNI) per capita
Value 2019 (Years) 2019 schooling (2011 PPP $ 2019)
(Years)
2019

72 Sri Lanka 0.782 77.0 14.1 10.6 12,707

95 Maldives 0.740 78.9 12.2 7.0 17,417

129 Bhutan 0.654 71.8 13.0 4.1 10,746

131 India 0.645 69.7 12.2 6.5 6,681

133 Bangladesh 0.632 72.6 11.6 6.2 4,976

142 Nepal 0.602 70.8 12.8 5.0 3,457

154 Pakistan 0.557 67.3 8.3 5.2 5,005

169 Afghanistan 0.511 64.8 10.2 3.9 2,229

Note: Values are rounded.

Countries with high HDI 2020

HDI Country Human Life Expected Mean years Gross national
rank Development expectancy years of schooling income
Index (HDI) of (Years) 2019
at birth (GNI) per capita
Value 2019 (Years) 2019 schooling (2011 PPP $ 2019)
(Years)
2019

1 Norway 0.957 82.4 18.1 12.9 66,494

2 Ireland 0.955 82.3 18.7 12.7 68,371

2 Switzerland 0.955 83.8 16.3 13.4 69,394

4 Hong Kong, 0.949 84.9 16.9 12.3 62,985
China (SAR)

4 Iceland 0.949 83.0 19.1 12.8 54,682

Countries with low HDI 2020 Note: Values are rounded.

HDI Country Human Life Expected Mean years Gross national
rank Development expectancy years of income
Index (HDI)
at birth of schooling schooling (GNI) per capita
Value 2019 (Years) 2019 (Years) 2019 (Years) (2011 PPP $ 2019)
2019

185 Burundi 0.433 61.6 11.1 3.3 754

185 South Sudan 0.433 57.9 5.3 4.8 2,003

187 Chad 0.398 54.2 7.3 2.5 1,555

188 Central African 0.397 53.3 7.6 4.3 993
Republic

189 Niger 0.394 62.4 6.5 2.1 1,201

Note: Values are rounded.
Source: Human Development Statistical Update, 2019

We and Our Society 17

a. Which countries have high HDI? Why is there high HDI? Write the reasons.
b. Analyze the status of HDI in SAARC countries.
c. What are the challenges for the countries having low HDI?
d. What should be done to improve in the status of Human Development?

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. What is human development index? How is it expressed?
2. What is the status of Nepal in human development index?
3. Compare Congo and Denmark with Nepal in term of human development index.

Short answer questions:
1. What should be done for the development of Nepal? Suggest any four measures.
2. What are the purposes of measuring human development?
3. Mention the three dimensions of human development? Write the formula to

calculate HDI dimension index.
4. Show the ranking base of the countries according to their score in HDI in a table.

What is the status of Nepal in HDI ranking?
5. Suggest any four ways to improve human development.
6. Calculate HDI of the following countries on the basis of given data:

HDI Country Life Expected years Mean years Gross national
rank expectancy of schooling of schooling income
(Years) 2019 (Years) 2019
72 Sri Lanka at birth (GNI) per capita
131 India (Years) 2019 14.11107 10.63257 (2011 PPP $ 2019)
142 Nepal 12.16229 6.5
154 Pakistan 76.98 12.75613 12,707.36624
169 Afghanistan 69.66 8.27594 5.014 6681.346904
70.78 10.17643 5.158944258 3,456.706213
67.27 5,005.034893
64.83 3.93 2,229.362021

Project Work

Search in the internet about the latest report of the Human Development, collect the
information about it and present in the class.

18 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

3LESSON Concept of Regional Development
and Federalism

Concept of Development

Development is a positive and progressive Fulfillment
change. The ultimate goal of development is to of demands
upgrade the standard of human life. Development
indicates the economic and social progress of the Modern Progress
thought

people. It brings gradual progress in the existing Increase in Concept of Utilization
condition of the country. Development is related productivity Development of social
with the fulfillment of human needs and upgrading norms and
beliefs

the satisfaction level of people since the concept Freedom Self-respect
of development covers the social, economic and Equality
and cultural progress. Human resource plays an
important role in the development and also can Poverty
alleviation

lead the development towards the desired direction.

Various human and natural resources and means are required for the development. Rivers,

land, forest, minerals, etc are the natural resources and means whereas skilled manpower,

technology, trainings, etc are human resources and means. Development covers various

dimensions like rural, urban, community, human resource, economic development,

environment conservation, climate change, administrative improvement, etc.Aplanned and

environment friendly development helps in both environment conservation and fulfillment

of human needs. It fulfills the basic needs of people by which people get the opportunity

to attain and use their civic rights, live a life with dignity and the opportunity for personal

development, social and economic progress. So, development activities should be carried

out for the progress of the country.

Need of Development

Ü To make the human life easy, prosperous and joyful by fulfilling the needs,
Ü To increase the self dependence and competence,
Ü To ensure economic and social transformation, and
Ü To change traditional thought into contemporary.

Concept of Regional Development

This is a concept to develop the country by dividing it into different administrative units.
The concept of regional development is related with strengthening the administration of the
country. The main objective of this concept is fast and easy delivery of service to people.
With the objective of achieving balanced, effective and speedy development in all parts
of the country, the concept of regional development was brought into implementation.

We and Our Society 19

According to this concept, Nepal was divided into 4 development regions in 2029 BS and
into 5 development regions in 2037 BS including Mountain, Hill and Terai regions in each.

KANCHANPUR

D - Dhankuta
T - Terhathum

On the basis of landform, Nepal is divided into 3 geographical regions: Mountain region,

Hilly region and Terai region. It is difficult to run development works in mountain and

hilly region due to difficult topography. The Terai region has plain and fertile land. So, it

is comparatively easier to develop the infrastructures of development in Terai region. With

the objective of developing Remove Regional Decentralization Proportional
all the parts of the country Disparity of Power Development
from the administrative
point of view, Nepal was Strengthen Concept of Regional Simple and Effective
divided into 14 zones and
75 districts on 1st Baishakh, National Integrity Development Administrative Work
2018 BS.
Mobilization of Public Check the
Resource and Means Participation Migration

Federalism

Federalism is an important concept of Increases
decentralization of power. Decentralization political
of power means the delegation of power from participation
centre to the provinces and local level. Thus,
federalism is a system of governance in which Disperses Federalism Improves
power is shared between a central authority and power efficiency
constituent political units.
Helps to Permits
Nepal had been practising unitary form of manage diversity
governance since unification. However this conflict
system was not able to achieve development

20 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

I SuNdurpaDshchim Province C

Provincial Map of Nepal
A

NI
KarnaliHProvince

Gandaki Province

I
IND I AGodawari
Birendranagar WEST BagmatNi Province
JanakpurI
EAST
KANCHANPUR
Pokhara Province: 1

Deukhuri A

N RUPANDEHI NAWAL NAWAELASPTARASI
PARASI
Lumbini Province WEST

D Hetauda

Scale- 1:1,000,000

Provincial Headquarters K - Kathmandu Province: 2 I Biratnagar
B - Bhaktapur
L - Lalitpur A

goals of the country and also seen as an ‘exclusive form of rule’. Federalism is seen as
an inclusive practice for Nepal. So, with the view of proportionate development in all
parts of the country by appropriate distribution and mobilization of resources and reducing
the economic, social and religious discrimination, the country has been transformed into
federal structure. Nepal became a federal democratic republican state since 15th Jestha,
2065 BS. According to the concept of federal system, Nepal has been divided into 7
provinces. Now, each province has a separate government along with a federal government
at centre. There are three tiers of authority: central, provincial and local. From this system,
people can utilize the resources and means of their region, earn income, consume and
participate in the development of their region.

There are two types of federal system: one, by uniting the states like in the US, and other,
by dividing a country into different provinces like in Nepal. At present, about 25 countries
of the world have the federal system. This system is in practice in India, the USA, Canada,
Belgium, Spain, Australia, Ethiopia, South Africa, Switzerland, etc. In this system, states
or provinces are formed on the basis of geography, history, ethnicity and language, region,
population, availability of resource, etc.

Nepal has been divided into 7 provinces on the basis of identity and capability. The
Constitution of Nepal has distributed the state power to central, provincial and local units.
Some of them are presented below:

Federal Powers Provincial Powers Powers of Local Level
Protection of national unity Municipal police
and territorial integrity State civil service and Cooperatives
Relating to national security other government services FM operation

We and Our Society 21

Central planning, central State level electricity, Local development projects and
bank, finance policies, irrigation and water supply programs
monetary and banking, services, navigation
monetary policies, foreign Basic and secondary education
grants, aid and loans State universities, higher
education, libraries, Basic health sanitation
Foreign and diplomatic museums
affairs, international Distribution of land, building
relations and United Matters relating to the ownership certificates
Nations related matters State Assembly, State
Council of Ministers Preservation and development
National transportation of language, culture and arts
policies, management Intra-State trade, State
of railways and national highways, Health services Drinking water, small electricity
highways projects, alternative energy
Management of lands,
land records Local tax

Laws relating to family affairs

Positive Aspects of Federalism

No political system is perfect in itself. Every political system has its positive and
challenging aspects. Some positive aspects of the federal system are:

Ü Maintains close relation between the state and its people,
Ü Settles conflict at local level,
Ü Utilizes means and resources,
Ü Accelerates development activities,
Ü Increases public participation in government activities,
Ü Conserves local and ethnic art, culture and heritages,
Ü Maintains balance in population distribution,
Ü Doesn’t depend upon the centre for everything,
Ü Runs the provinces smoothly even if the central government is dissolved.

Challenging Aspects of Federal System

Besides the good aspects of federal system, it may create some problems and challenges,
like:

Ü Unequal distribution of means and resources between the states may cause unequal
development and misunderstanding among the states.

Ü There may be conflict between the states regarding the use of natural resources of
border areas.

Ü Federal system of government is more expensive; hence there may be lack of sufficient
budget for its successful operation.

Ü There may be misunderstanding between federal government and provincial
government regarding the sharing of power and authorities.

Ü Provinces may demand for a different and a separate state which can threaten the
national security and integrity.

Ü The cultural and ethnic diversity can be a challenge regarding the state language and
maintaining equal recognition to all cultural groups.

22 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities

1. What are the bases for the division of Nepal in federal structure? Meet and consult
with any local or central leader and make a list of the bases for the division.

2. What complications may arise while running the country as per the concept of
federal system? Discuss in pairs and present in the class.

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. Define the concept of development.
2. Write one change occurred in the country after the implementation of federalism.
3. Differentiate between unitary system and the federal system in a sentence.
4. Define federal democratic republican state.
5. Write your opinion for or against on federalism that contributes in the local

development in a sentence.
6. What are the three levels of government according to the Constitution of Nepal?

Short answer questions:
1. Show the various aspects covered in the concept of development in a diagrammatic

form.
2. What can be the bases for the division of a country in federal structure? Give short

introduction to each of them.
3. What are the dimensions of development?
4. What are the matters considered in order to establish federal structure in Nepal?
5. Analyze the positive aspects of federalism.
6. “Federalism has negative accepts too.” Justify this statement.
7. What do the central, provincial and local level and the people have to do for the

successful implementation of federal system in the country? Present their roles.
8. “Federal system maintains close relationship between the government and the

people”. Justify the statement in a paragraph.

Project Work

Search the countries in the world map that have adopted federal system and show their
location.

We and Our Society 23

Province No. 1

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2
Lalitpur
PNroov. i1nce Khumbu Pashanglamu

Location of Province No. 1 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

24

4LESSON Provinces of Nepal

The Constitution of Nepal has executed federalism in the country by making the provision
of seven provinces. Nepal has been declared as a Federal Democratic Republican State. A
short description of the seven provinces of Nepal is presented below:

Province No. 1

Geographical Environment

It lies in the eastern part of Nepal. It covers Mt. Sagarmatha 8,848.86 m (29,031.69 ft)
mountain, hill and Terai region of eastern Nepal.
It has an area of 25, 905 sq. km. i.e. 17.6% of the Area Province No. 1
total area of the country. The highest mountain Population
peak of the world Mt. Sagarmatha, the third 17.6 % (25, 905 sq. km.)
highest peak of the world Mt. Kanchenjungha,
Mt. Choyu, Mt. Makalu, etc lie in the northern 17.12 % (4,534,943
part of this province. Sagarmatha National Park, according to census
Makalu Barun National Park, Kanchenjungha 2068 BS)
Conservation Area also lie in this province. The
rivers like Mechi, Tamor, Arun, Dudhkoshi, etc No. of Districts 14 (Taplejung, Panchthar,
have been supplying water for various purposes. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha,
It consists of sub-tropical evergreen forest in the Tehrathum, Dhankuta,
south, deciduous and coniferous forest in the Bhojpur, Khotang,
hill and higher hill, and tundra vegetation in the Solukhumbu,
northern part. Summer monsoon causes heavy Okhaldhunga, Udayapur,
rainfall in this province. The land in the Terai Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari)
region is plain and fertile.
No. of Local 137 (Rural
Socio-Cultural Environment Levels Municipalities: 88,
Municipalities: 46, Sub-
People belonging to different castes and ethnic Headquarters Metropolitan Cities: 2 and
groups live in the Terai, hilly and mountain region Metropolitan City:1)
of this province. Sherpa, Chhetri, Brahmin,
Meche, Koche, Rajbansi, Lepcha, Limbu, Rai, Biratnagar
etc are the main habitants. According to the
census of 2068 BS, 4,534,943 people (17.12%

We and Our Society 25

of total population of the country) live in this Pathibhara Temple, Taplejung
province. Barahakshetra, Pathibhara, Halesi Halesi Mahadev, Khotang
Mahadev, Chhintang Devi, etc are the major
religious sites. The literacy rate in this province
is also high.

Economic and Development Activities

Food crops like paddy, maize, wheat, etc and
cash crops like jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, etc
are produced in this province. There are many
industries established in its different parts such
as jute mill, sugar mill, cotton cloth industry,
tea industry, etc. This province has a large area
of agricultural region. As a result, it has been
mainly contributing in Gross Domestic Product
from agricultural sector. Biratnagar, Ilam,
Dharan, Okhaldhunga, Gaighat, etc are the main
trade centers. Similarly, tourism, agriculture,
trade, service, etc are the major economic
activities in this province. Mahendra highway,
Mechi highway, etc run through this province.
Because of Purbanchal University and many
other important educational institutions, there is
more literate population in this province.

Province No. 2

Geographical Environment Tea Garden, Ilam

It lies in the middle Terai region of the country. It has covered the plain land from Saptari
to Parsa district. Total area of this province is 9,661 sq. km. i.e. 6.56% of the total area
of the country. Most of this province is plain and has fertile land. Hot temperature, sub-
tropical climate and enough rainfall in summer are the main climatic features of this
province. It consists of more cultivable land compared to other provinces. To the north of
this province, there lies a dense forest in Chure range.

Socio-Cultural Environment

The majority of population belongs to Madhesi community. Yadav, Tharu, Dalit, Muslim,
etc are the castes and ethnic groups living in this province. The languages spoken here

26 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

We and Our Society Province No. 2

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

PNroov. i1nce

Location of Province No. 2

Lalitpur
Khumbu Pashanglamu

27

are Maithili, Bhojpuri, Nepali, Janaki Temple, Janakpur
Bajjika, etc. According to the census
of 2068 BS, a total of 5,404,145
population live here. It is 20.4% of
the total population of the country.
The religious sites such as Ramjanaki
temple, Chhinnamasta temple,
Gadimai temple, etc are located in this
province.

Economic and Development Chhinnamasta Temple, Saptari
Activities
Province No. 2
Many industrial estates and most
of the industries are located in this Area 6.56 % (9,661 sq. km.)
province. So, it is considered more
developed than other provinces. East- Population 20.4 % (5,404,145
west and postal highways contribute according to census
in transportation facility. Industrial 2068 BS)
products, fishery, agricultural
products, etc are contributing a lot in the Gross 8 (Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusa,
Domestic Product of Nepal. More cultivable No. of Districts Mahottari, Sarlahi,
land, trend of foreign employment, production
of food crops and cash crops, etc have allowed Rautahat, Bara, Parsa)
this province to have higher per capita income.
Birgunj, the gateway of the country for foreign No. of Local 136 (Rural Municipalities:
trade also lies in this province which collects Levels 59, Municipalities: 73, Sub-
the highest amount of revenue in the country. Metropolitan Cities: 3 and
Janakpur, Simara, Harioun, Chandranigahapur, Metropolitan City: 1)
Lahan, Rajbiraj, Birgunj, etc are the important
trade centers of this province. Parsa Wildlife Headquarters Janakpur
Reserve and a part of Koshitappu Wildlife
Reserve also contribute in the conservation of
wildlife and tourism development.Agriculture,
tourism, service, trade, manufacturing, etc are
the major occupation of the people in this
province.

Parsa Wildlife Reserve

28 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Bagmati Province Area Bagmati Province
Population
Geographical Environment 13.79 % (20,300 sq. km.)
No. of Districts
Most of the parts of this province are 20.87 % (5,529,452 according to
hilly and mountainous. The Kathmandu No. of Local census 2068 BS)
valley also lies in this province. It has Levels
covered an area of 20,300 sq. km. i.e. Headquarters 13 (Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sindhuli,
13.79% of the total area of the country. Kavrepalanchok, Sindhupalchok,
Gaurishankar, Langtang, Jugal, Ganesh, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhading,
etc are the important mountains present Chitwan, Makawanpur, Bhaktapur,
in this province. Rivers like Trishuli, Lalitpur, Kathmandu)
Bagmati, Bhotekoshi, etc are supplying 119 (Rural Municipalities: 74,
water for various purposes. Kathmandu Municipalities: 41, Sub- Metropolitan
valley and Chitwan are very fertile land. Cities: 1 and Metropolitan City: 3)
Deciduous forest, coniferous forest and
alpine forest are available according to Hetauda
the altitude. Rainfall takes place mainly
during summer. Temperature varies Gaurishankar Himal 7,134 m (23,406 ft)
with altitude.

Socio-Cultural Environment

People belonging to various castes and

ethnic groups are living in this province

with harmonious relation. Bhote and

Sherpa are the main inhabitants of

mountain region whereas Newars are

the major inhabitants of the Kathmandu

valley. Tharu, Magar, Tamang, Jirel,

Brahmin, Chhetri, Dashnami, Dalit,

etc are living in different parts of the

province. According to the census of Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu
2068 BS, a total of 5,529,452 people live

in this province. It is 20.87% of the total population of the country. A unique relationship

can be seen among the people of diverse culture and religion in this province. People from

various parts of the country are living in the Kathmandu valley. Palanchowk Bhagawati,

Dakshinkali, Dolakha Bhimeshwor, Bauddhanath Stupa, Budhanilakantha, Swayambhu,

Pashupatinath, Gosainkunda, etc are the major religious sites located in this province. It is

rich in cultural diversity.

We and Our Society 29

30 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10 Bagmati Province

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

PNroov. i1nce

Location of Bagmati Province

Lalitpur
Khumbu Pashanglamu

Economic and Development Activities Patan Durbar Square, Lalitpur

This is the province having more youth Kathmandu Durbar Square
population hence making the development
of infrastructures more possible here. The Distribution of Melamchi Drinking Water
infrastructures of development like electricity,
drinking water, education, transportation, Machhapuchchhre 6,993 m (22,943 ft)
hydropower, etc are more developed here
than the other provinces. It has made 31
advancement in the educational institutions,
excavation of mines, tourism industries,
etc. Commercialized agriculture, more
opportunity for employment and important
trade centers present here contribute a large
portion in the Gross Domestic Product of
the country. Industrial estates like Balaju,
Hetauda and Patan are located in this
province. The major trade centers of this
province are Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur,
Banepa, Hetauda, Chitwan, Dhulikhel, etc.
Agriculture, tourism, trade, manufacturing,
service, etc are the major occupation of the
people. It is expected that some ongoing
provincial and national development projects
will support further more in the development
of this province. Distribution of Melamchi
Drinking Water has been inaugurated and
expected to solve the problem of drinking
water scarcity in the Kathmandu valley.

Gandaki Province

Geographical Environment

Most of this province is hilly and mountainous.
It has covered an area of 21,504 sq. km. i.e.
14.61% of the total area of the country. The
mountain valleys like Manang and Mustang also
lie in this province. Lumle, a place receiving
highest rainfall in the country and Dana gorge,
the world’s deepest gorge are also located in this
province. Rivers like Kaligandaki, Marsyandi,

We and Our Society

32 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10 Gandaki Province

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

PNroov. i1nce

Location of Gandaki Province

Lalitpur
Khumbu Pashanglamu

Seti and their tributaries have been Gandaki Province
supplying water for various purposes. 14.61 % (21,504 sq. km.)
Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Hiunchuli, Area
Annapurna, Machhapuchchhre, etc Population 9.07 % (2,403,757 according to
are the major mountain peaks of census 2068 BS)
this province. Tilicho, Phewa, Rupa, No. of Districts
Begnas, etc are the lakes adding 11 (Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Kaski,
natural beauty. Due to the difficult No. of Local Manang, Mustang, Parbat, Syangja,
topography, it is difficult to develop the Levels Myagdi, Baglung, Nawalparasi East)
infrastructures here. Most of the land Headquarters
is covered with snow. The agricultural 85 (Rural Municipalities: 58,
land is fewer in this province. Enough Rainfall takes Municipalities: 26, Sub- Metropolitan
place here. The temperature differs from place to Cities: 0 and Metropolitan City: 1)
place according to the altitude. Deciduous forest,
coniferous forest and alpine forest are found from Pokhara
south to north. Tundra vegetation is also found in
the upper part of the mountain region.

Socio-Cultural Environment Muktinath Temple, Mustang

Population density is low in this province.

According to the census of 2068 BS, 2,403,757

population lives here. It is 9.07% of the total

population of the country. Magar, Gurung,

Brahmin, Thakali, Chhetri, Dura, etc are the main

inhabitants of this province. Pokhara University

and various educational institutions have been

providing educational opportunity hence resulting

in increased literacy rate. Galeshwar, Baglung Pokhara Valley
Kalika, Muktinath, Bindyawasini, Manakamana,

Talbarahi, Dhorbarahi, etc are the major religious sites of this province. This province is

forward in health consciousness and sanitation.

Economic and Development Activities

There is a great possibility of tourism development in this province. A good flow of
tourist can be seen in the tourist centers like Pokhara, Bandipur, Gorkha, Manakamana,
Muktinath, etc. There is plentiful possibility of electricity production. Kaligandaki and
Marsyandi hydroelectricity projects are producing and supplying electricity in good
amount. Foreign employment, tourism, agriculture, service, etc are the major occupation
of people. Production of apple in the mountain region and coffee in the hilly region has
made this province popular. There is less agricultural land and less road networks. As a

result it contributes less in Gross Domestic Product from the agricultural sector.

We and Our Society 33

Lumbini Province

Geographical Environment Area Lumbini Province
Population
There is no mountain range in this 15.14 % (22,288 sq. km.)
province. Most part of this lies in Terai No. of Districts
region and rest in hilly region. This 16.98 % (4,499,272 according to
province has an area of 22,288 sq. km. No. of Local census 2068 BS)
i.e. 15.14% of the total area of the Levels
country. It consists of plenty of cultivable Headquarters 12 (Nawalparasi West, Rupandehi,
land. River Tinau, River Rapti, River Kapilbastu, Palpa, Arghakhanchi,
Badhigad, etc are the major rivers of Gulmi, Rukum East, Rolpa, Pyuthan,
this province. Temperature is hot in Daang, Banke, Bardiya)
summer and cold in winter. Enough
rainfall takes place in summer. This 109 (Rural Municipalities: 73,
province experiences sub-tropical Municipalities: 32, Sub- Metropolitan
climate. Satyawati lake, Barakune Cities: 4 and Metropolitan City: 0)
lake and Jagdishpur lake lie here. Deukhuri
Likewise, Dang, Deukhuri, Rampur,
Madi valleys are also located in this
province.

Socio-Cultural Environment

According to the census of 2068 BS, River Tinau
a total of 4,499,272 people live in this

province. It is 16.98% of the total

population of the country. Magar,

Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri, etc are the

main inhabitants in this province.

There is a dense settlement of

Madhesi Community in its southern

part. Plentiful cultivable land is being

utilized. The extending road network

has made the life of people easier.

Lumbini, Bageswari, Thakurdwara, Swargadwari Temple, Pyuthan
Swargadwari, Bhairabsthan, Resunga,

Rurukshetra, Rishikesh Temple, etc are the major religious sites located in this province.

Many industries have been established in Kohalpur, Nepalgunj, Butwal and Bhairahawa.

34 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

We and Our Society Lumbini Province

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

PNroov. i1nce

Location of Lumbini Province

Lalitpur
Khumbu Pashanglamu

35

Economic and Developmental Activities

There is higher possibility of

agricultural development. Some

important irrigation projects are in

progress in this province. Irrigation

projects like Sikta, Babai, Badganga,

Tinau, etc have been assisting in the

increase of agricultural productions.

Butwal, Bhairahawa, Krishnanagar,

Tansen, Lamahi, Nepalgunj,

Kohalpur, Bijuwar, Rajapur, etc are Lumbini, Rupandehi
the important trade centers located

in this province. Bageswari, Thakurdwara, Swargadwari, Bhairabsthan, Resunga, Ridi,

Lumbini, etc are also helping in the tourism development. Nepal Sanskrit University,

Lumbini Bauddha University have been established here to provide better opportunity to

young generations. Jhimruk hydroelectricity project also lies in this province.

Karnali Province Mt. Kanjirowa 6,883 m (22,582 ft)
Phoksundo Lake, Dolpa
Geographical Environment

This province is located in the
mountain and hilly region of western
part of the country. It is extended
in 27,984 sq. km. i.e. 19.01% of
the total area of the country. Here,
the climate is dry and cold. Rivers
like Tila, Bheri, Sani Bheri, Humla
Karnali, etc are supplying water for
irrigation and other purposes in this
province. Similarly, mountains like
Kanjirowa, Danphesail, etc and the
lakes like Rara, Phoksundo lie here.
It consists of a large forest area, wide
grasslands suitable for cattle rearing
and medicinal herbs.

36 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

We and Our Society SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali Karnali Province

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

PNroov. i1nce

Location of Karnali Province

Lalitpur
Khumbu Pashanglamu

37

Socio-Cultural Environment

People belonging to Thakuri, Chhetri,

Brahmin, Dalit caste and ethnic groups

live in this province. According to the

census of 2068 BS, its total population

is 1,570,418 . It is 5.92% of the total

population of the country. Kankre

Bihar, Shey-Gumba, Chandannath,

Deuti Bajai, etc are the important

religious sites located in this province. Kankre Bihar, Surkhet
Various social problems and evils are

still in practice in this province. The Karnali Province
literacy rate is comparatively low. Area 19.01 % (27,984 sq. km.)

Different epidemics cause the death of Population 5.92 % (1,570,418 according to
many people every year. census 2068 BS)
No. of Districts
Economic and Developmental 10 (Rukum West, Salyan, Dolpa,
Activities No. of Local Jumla, Mugu, Humla, Kalikot,
Levels Jajarkot, Dailekh, Surkhet)
There is a great possibility of Headquarters
hydroelectricity production. The wide 79 (Rural Municipalities: 54,
grasslands are suitable for cattle rearing Municipalities: 25, Sub- Metropolitan
Cities: 0 and Metropolitan City: 0)

Birendranagar

and production of medicinal herbs.

Collection of Yarsagumba and other

medicinal herbs, production of apple,

walnut, etc are the major occupation of

the people living in mountain region.

Animal husbandry is popular in the wide

grasslands. The dense forest supplies

the forest products. Despite difficult

topography some highways have

been constructed and some are under Rara National Park
construction. Ratna highway, Karnali

highway, Chhinchu Jajarkot road, etc have made the great change in the transportation

sector in this province. Jumla, Salli Bazar, Dailekh, Chhinchu, Birendranagar, etc are the

major trade centers located here. There is a great possibility of tourism development as

well. Rara Lake, Phoksundo Lake, Shey-Phoksundo National Park, Rara National Park,

etc are the attractive tourist destinations.

38 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Sudurpashchim Province

SuPrdouvripnacsehchim ProKvainrcneali

Lumbini PGroavnindcaeki PBroavgimncaeti
Province Province No. 2

Lalitpur PNroov. i1nce
Khumbu Pashanglamu
Location of Sudurpashchim Province
We and Our Society
39

Sudurpashchim Province

Geographical Environment Mount Api 7,132 m (23,399 ft)

This province is located in the far Sudurpashchim Province
western part of the country. It covers
19, 539 sq. km. i.e. 13.27% of the Area 13.27 % (19,539 sq. km.)
total area of the country. However, the
recently released map of Nepal has Population 9.63 % (2,552,517 according to
covered Limpiyadhura and Lipulek census 2068 BS)
with an area of 460.28 sq. km.
Southern part of it is affected by the 9 (Bajura, Bajhang, Doti, Achham,
hot wind called ‘Loo’ during summer. No. of Districts Darchula, Baitadi, Dadeldhura,
There is enough rainfall during winter
caused by the winter monsoon. Sub- Kanchanpur, Kailali)
tropical evergreen forest in the south,
deciduous forest in the middle and No. of Local 88 (Rural Municipalities: 54,
alpine forest in the north are found Levels Municipalities: 33, Sub- Metropolitan
here. This province consists of three Cities: 1 and Metropolitan City: 0)
geographical regions: mountain
region, hilly region and Terai region. Headquarters Godawari
Api and Saipal are the popular
mountains of this province. To the
southern part of this province, there
is plain and fertile land in the Terai
region and altitude goes on increasing
towards the north.

Socio-Cultural Environment

According to the census of 2068 BS,
a total of 2,552,517 population lives
here. It is 9.63% of the total population

of the country. People belong to

Brahmin, Thakuri, Chhetri, Tharu,

Dalit, etc caste and ethnic groups are Gaura Parva
the main inhabitants of this province.

Badhimalika, Shaileshwari, Urgatara, etc are the important religious sites located here.

This province is rich in culture. Gaura Parva and Deuda dance are the typical culture

of this province and also popular throughout the country. Literacy is comparatively low

40 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

and many communities are trapped by some social problems and evil practices like
Haliya, Deuki, Chhaupadi, etc. Many efforts are being made from governmental and non-
governmental sectors in order to abolish such problems.

Economic and Developmental Activities

There is sufficient production of

food crops in this province. Paddy,

wheat, millet, barley, maize, oilseed,

etc are produced in large scale.

Tanakpur barrage and Pancheshwar

multipurpose project are the ongoing

projects; and West Seti, a project

of national pride is also going to be

implemented. Shuklaphanta and Shuklaphanta National Park
Khaptad National Parks have added

the attraction for tourism development. Dadeldhura, Sanphebagar, Tikapur, Attariya,

Silgadhi, Dhangadhi, Bhimdutta Nagar, etc are the major trade centers located in this

province. Almost all the parts of Terai region is accessed by the road network. There

is easy access to India by road network. Agriculture, service, trade, tourism, etc are the

main economic activities of the people. Some people of this province go to India for

employment as well.

Activities

1. To which province does your village/town belong? What are the features of this
province? Search and present in the class.

2. Do a comparative study of the provinces of Nepal on the following topics and present
the findings in the class:

Geography, population, use of land, road network, hydroelectricity, industries
contributing in GDP, tourist destinations, availability of educational institutions,
condition of human health, etc.

3. Make a table and present the districts belonging to each of the provinces.

We and Our Society 41

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. How can the province having more agricultural land contribute for the development?
2. If a province has more land covered with snow, how can the province take advantage

from it?
3. What effects does a province have in the development if it doesn’t have enough area

for grazing or grassland?
4. Which province has less area of forest? What can be its alternative?
5. Mention any two physical features of the province where you reside.

Short answer questions:
1. Which province has less number of industries? Mention the prospect of development

in that province?
2. List the problems and challenges in the development of Karnali Province and suggest

the ways to solve them.
3. Compare the possibilities of development between Province No. 2 and

Sudurpashchim Province in four points.
4. Prepare an article on the topic “Population and geography can be boon for

development” covering the context of your province.
5. Give a brief introduction of land relief, climate and natural vegetation, life style and

economic condition of your province.

Community Work

Select a major development project of your province. What should be done so that most
of the people can be benefited from that project? Present your suggestions.

42 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

UNIT DEVELOPMENT AND

2 INFRASTRUCTURES
OF DEVELOPMENT

Learning achievements

Present the concept of sustainable development,
Describe the major ongoing projects in Nepal, participate and help in the

operation of the projects,
Mention the need and importance of skilled manpower and employment

opportunity as the infrastructures of development, and
Be familiar with contemporary development goals and draft development

proposal at local level.

Subject matters

Sustainable Development
Ongoing Development Projects in Nepal
Infrastructures of Development: Skilled Manpower and Employment
Opportunity
Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal
Formulation of Development Proposal at Local Level

Development and Infrastructures of Development 43

1LESSON Sustainable Development

Introduction

Sustainable development means the economic development conducted without depleting
natural resources. It has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted
definition is taken from “Our Common Future”, a report of Brundtland Commission.

The United Nations organized an

international conference in Stockholm,

Sweden from June 5th to 16th, in 1972 AD.

It was the UN’s first major conference

on international environmental issues.

The conference was called “The First

United Nations Conference on the

Human Environment (UNCHE)”.

This conference was attended by world

leaders and top environmental scientists. Gro Harlem Brundtland
In 1975 AD, based on UNCHE outcome

and recommendations, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a new

international organization was established. UN General Assembly passed a resolution

in 1983 AD to establish the World Commission on Environment and Development

(WCED). Gro Harlem Brundtland, then the Prime Minister of Norway was appointed

as the Chairperson of this Commission in December 1983 AD. Thus, this commission

is commonly known as the Brundtland Commission. Its mandate was to formulate “A

global agenda for change”. It released a report called “Our Common Future”, also known

as the Brundtland Report, in October 1987 AD. This document defined “Sustainable

Development” as “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

Sustainable Development for Nepal

According to “Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal 2003”, Sustainable
Development for Nepal has been defined as “The over-arching goal of sustainable
development in Nepal is to expedite a process that reduces poverty, and provides to its
citizens and successive generation not just the basic means of livelihood, but also the
broadest of opportunities in the social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological aspects
of their lives”.

44 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Thus, sustainable development refers to such a development that maintains balance
between environment and development, provides continuous benefits and cares about the
bearing capacity of the earth. Similarly, it is the long term development without degrading
environment.

Objectives of Sustainable Development

a. To help in poverty alleviation
b. To conserve the environment effectively
c. To use resources and means carefully
d. To maintain social justice in the sectors of disability, women, and physical impaired,

etc.
e. To attain the high, stable and sustainable economic growth, and
f. To gain human development and progress.

Features of Sustainable Development

a. It helps in the sustainable management of resources and means,
b. It helps to ensure a bright future for the future generation,
c. It focuses on the environment conservation,
d. It helps in the acquisition, mobilization and conservation of resources and means,
e. It pays attention in justifiable distribution of resources and means,
f. It checks the trend of excessive use of resources,
g. It helps to achieve higher and wider economic growth, and
h. It gives priority to the use and promotion of resource that can be recycled, reused and

renewed.

Dimensions of Sustainable Development CONNSEARTVUARTAIOLN

Sustainable development is a multi-dimensional All living things, APPROPREIACTOENDOEVMELICOPMENT
concept of development. It is concerned with resources and life
social, cultural, economic and human aspects of support systems
development. According to UNESCO, sustainable DEMOCRACY
development has four dimensions. They are: social Politics Jobs
dimension, economic dimension, natural dimension POLITICAL Income
and political dimension. Policy SUSTAINABLE
Decision- DEVELOPMENT TS

making

People living
together

Social dimension: It includes the preservation PEACE, SOC IAL RIGH
and promotion of culture and its transfer to
new generation. EQUALITY & HUMAN

Economic dimension: It includes high economic growth and its sustainability.

Natural dimension: It includes the conservation of nature for future.

Political dimension: It includes institutionalization of democracy and political

stability.

Development and Infrastructures of Development 45

Activities

1. Make a report on the efforts made for the sustainable development in Nepal and
present in class.

2. Present a plan to run any one development work ongoing in your community
according to the concept of sustainable development.

3. There may be some ongoing projects in your community which lacks the concept
of sustainable development. Observe them and identify the areas that need to be
reformed.

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. What is sustainable development?
2. What are the four dimensions of sustainable development according to UNESCO?
3. When and which commission brought the concept of sustainable development?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the things to be considered for the sustainable development?
2. “Poverty alleviation is necessary for sustainable development.” How? Clarify in four

points.
3. Mention the objectives of sustainable development in points.
4. What are the aspects to be considered while running the projects according to the

concept of sustainable development?
5. What should Nepal do for the sustainable development?
6. Prepare a dialogue on the topic “Need of Sustainable Development”.
7. What are the problems and challenges of implementation of sustainable development

in Nepal? Write points.
8. “Unmanaged development is destruction”. Discuss this statement in groups and

clarify it with example.

Community Work

Select a small development project running in your community. Prepare a draft of plan to
run that project according to the concept of sustainable development.
Name of the project:
Place:
Objective:
Status of public participation:
Estimated expenditure:
Duration of the project:
Number of beneficiaries:
Possible alternatives not to hamper the environment:

46 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

2LESSON Ongoing Development Projects
in Nepal

Introduction

A speedy, balanced and proportionate development can only be done by running well

managed development programs. Such development programs running with the use of

resources and means and aiming at achieving various goals within a certain period of time

are called development projects. The development projects can be big or small on the

basis of goal, investment, expected result and affected area. They can be run at national

or provincial or local level. The development projects running at national level require

more resources and means, and investment in comparison with the projects running at

provincial and local level. The bigger development projects are run at national level

since many people are benefited from them

and such projects present the identity of the Wider
whole nation. economic

With the objective of achieving the goals growth

of the periodical development projects, the Promotion
of peace
Government of Nepal has prioritized some Achievement Projects of and order
important development projects as “Priority of MDGs National
Projects”or “projects of National Pride” and Priority/Pride Participation,
began to make the distribution of resource Production inclusion
effective. There are 21 projects of National oriented
Pride till 2073 BS. In the fiscal year and gender
2070/71, total number of projects running in employment equality
opportunity

the country was 455 and amongst them 21 Environmental Construction
(6.9%) projects were Projects of National sustainability of physical
Pride. Number of such projects may be property

changed with the change in time and need of

the country.

Projects of National Pride of Nepal

S.N. Projects S.N. Projects

1. Sikta Irrigation Project 2. Babai Irrigation Project

3. Rani-Jamariya-Kularia Irrigation 4. Bheri-Babai Diversion Multi-
Project Purpose Project

5. Budhigandaki Hydropower Project 6. Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project

7. West Seti Hydropower Project 8. Kathmandu-Terai Expressway

9. North-South Karnali Corridor 10. North-South Kaligandaki Corridor

Development and Infrastructures of Development 47

11. North-South Koshi Corridor 12. Mid-Hills Pushpalal Highway

13. East-West Railway 14. Terai Hulaki Marg

15. Pashupati Area Development 16. Lumbini Area Development Project
Project

17. Second International Airport, Bara 18. Pokhara Regional International
Airport

19. Gautam Buddha Regional 20. Melamchi Drinking Water Project
International Airport

21. President Chure-Terai Madhesh Conservation Area Program

Some Projects of National Pride

a. Pokhara Regional International Airport

From this project, it has

been expected that Pokhara

Airport will be upgraded as

Pokhara Regional International

Airport which will ultimately

contribute for sustainable

tourism development. It covers

an area of 3,600 ropanies. The Pokhara Regional International Airport
construction was formally started

at Chhinedanda, Pokhara by putting foundation stone on 1st Baishakh 2073 BS and now it

is under construction by Chinese Company. It has aimed at developing Pokhara as one of

the attractive tourist destinations of the world. The project will construct 2,500 m X 45 m

concrete runway, taxi parking, air traffic control tower, 50 m long air bridge, international

and domestic terminal buildings. After the completion of this project, large airplanes up to

200 seats can take off and land on Pokhara Airport.

b. Mid-Hills Pushpalal Highway

This project has aimed at connecting the mid-

hilly districts with road network which will

ultimately contribute in the development

of tourism, hydroelectricity, agriculture

and other sectors. It has been expected that

it will help in the balanced development

of economic, social, cultural, tourism and

educational sectors of the hilly region. After Mid-Hills Pushpalal Highway
the completion of this project, a 1776 km

long highway will connect Chiyabhanjyang of Panchthar district to Jhulaghat of Baitadi

district. It is under construction with the investment of the Government of Nepal. From

this road network, about 7 million people of 23 districts and 215 villages will be benefitted.

According to the policy of managed urbanization, this road network has also integrated

48 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

the plan of developing 10 towns in different places. About 1517 km road is already in
operation and track opening process is going on in the remaining section.

c. President Chure-Terai Madhesh Conservation Area Program

This project has aimed at solving the problems

seen in Chure region. Its main objective

is to maintain balance in environment and

living standard of people by considering the

biodiversity, geographical, social and economic

aspects. It has covered 12.78% of the total area

of Nepal from Ilam in the east to Kanchanpur

in the west at an altitude of 200-2,100 m. It is

extended in 26 districts. An authorized body

“President Terai Madhesh Chure Conservation President Chure-Terai Madhesh Conservation
Development Committee” has been established
Area Program

at center for this programme. This project runs

various activities like construction and management of permanent nursery, production of

saplings of varieties of plants, control fire in Chure, controlling encroachment of forest

and illegal hunting and exporting, run job oriented afforestation, etc.

d. Budhigandaki Hydropower Project

This is a project concerning with reservoir. It is located at the border of Gorkha and Dhading
district about 80 km west of Kathmandu. Its total estimated cost is Rs. 2,54,95,50,00,000.
This project will be operated, regulated and supervised completely by the Government
of Nepal. World Bank, International Financial Organization, Asian Development Bank,
etc will provide the economic resources. Budhi Gandaki Hydro Project Development
Committee is the proposer of this project. This project will be completed within 8 years
from the beginning of its construction. After the completion of this project, 1,200 megawatt
electricity will be produced and supplied to manage the energy crisis.

e. Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project

This 456 megawatt project is funded by Nepal
Electricity Authority, Nepal Telecom, Citizen
Investment Trust, Rastriya Bima Sansthan,
Employees Provident Fund, civil servants
and general public. As this project is entirely
financed by domestic funds, the electricity
produced by it will be comparatively cheaper.
The hydroelectricity will be generated from
River Tamakoshi at northern part of Dolakha
district. The organization named, “Upper
Tamakoshi Hydroelectricity Limited” was
established in 2063 BS to run the project.

Development and Infrastructures of Development 49

Activities

1. Collect the information about the following projects from various sources and
present in the class.

a. Bheri-Babai Diversion Multi-Purpose Project
b. Second International Airport, Bara
c. Terai Hulaki Marg
d. Pashupati Area Development Project
e. Melamchi Drinking Water Project

2. Collect the progress report of the projects running in the country with the help of
internet or news published in the newspaper. Then present in the class.

Exercise

Very short answer questions:
1. What is a development project?
2. What do you understand by the “Projects of National Pride”?
3. What are the infrastructures of projects? Mention.
4. How many projects have been considered as the projects of national pride?
5. What should be done to complete ongoing projects of Nepal in pre-determined time

frame? Write your views in two points.

Short answer questions:
1. Clarify the importance and need of development project.
2. Why are the projects running in Nepal not completed within the specified period?

Mention the reasons and also list the measures of its solution.
3. What is your opinion about the domestic investment in the projects? Present your

logics.
4. What advantages can the Mid-Hills Pushpalal Highway provide? Write your logics.
5. If you were a member of National Planning Commission, what project would you run

in your province? Why?
6. Clarify the positive effects of a Project of National Pride that is in operation in your

province in four points.

Community Work

Select any one project which can be run in your community or school premises like
Sanitation Project, Waste Management Project, etc. Make a project on the basis of the
following points and implement:

a. Name of the project b. Objective of the project
c. Required materials for the project d. Date to begin and complete the project
e. Required manpower for the project f. Estimated cost for the project
g. Fund

50 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10