LESSON
16 Globe, Map and Map Technology
Globe
Globe is a representation or model of the Earth’s surface in the form of a hollow ball. It
is kept on a frame of iron or wood by leaning at an angle of 66.5°. Its upper side is north,
down side is south, right side is east and left side is west direction. Globes are of two types:
physical and political. Latitudes, longitudes, continents, islands, oceans, seas, mountains,
etc are shown on the globe like in a map. As it is spherical, whole parts of the earth can be
observed properly.
Map
A map is a representation of the earth surface, as a whole or part of it on a plain surface.
Various facts are shown in a map by indicating with legend, colour and shading. Map is
the main base required in the geography. It is important and useful in many sectors like
education, administration, planning, industry, agriculture, trade, transportation, travelling,
warfare, etc. A book containing maps and vital statistics relating to geographical regions
is called Atlas. The science, skill or art of making maps is called cartography. A person
engaged in cartography, or the production of maps is called cartographer.
Types of Map
There are several types of maps. Each shows different information. Most maps include a
compass rose, which indicates which way is north, south, east and west. They also include
a scale so we can estimate distances. Some of the types of maps are:
M Climate map: It gives general
information about the climate and
precipitation (rain and snow) of a N
region. Cartographers use colours to
show different climate or precipitation
zones.
M Economic orresource map: It shows the
natural resources or economic activity
that dominates an area. Cartographers
use symbols to show the locations of
natural resources or economic activities.
M Physical map: It illustrates the Climate Map
physical features of an area, such as the
mountains, rivers and lakes.
Our Earth 251
N N
Physical Map Political Map
M Political map: It indicates state and national boundaries and capital and major cities.
A capital city is usually marked with a star within a circle.
M Road map: It shows highways, roads, airports, railway tracks, cities and other points
of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions.
M Topographic map: It includes contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an
area. Lines that are close together indicate steep terrain, and lines that are far apart
indicate flat terrain.
Elements of Map
A good map contains essential features which are known as elements of map. Scale,
legend, title, north direction, etc are the major elements of map. These elements help to
understand the information.
Scale: Scale is the ratio of distance on map to the actual distance on the ground. For
example: if an actual distance of 5 km is represented on the map by a distance of 1 cm, the
scale is 1 cm = 5 km. There are three ways in which scales are depicted on the map. They
are: Verbal scale, Graphical scale and Representative fraction.
Legend: A map legend is a table or chart included on a map to indicate the meaning of
the map’s varied symbols. It is also called the key of map. Each symbol, shading or colour
gives a definite meaning on the map. For example: a small triangular shape for a mountain
peak, a small black circle for a city.
Colour: Blue colour is used to show water bodies. Green is typically used at lower
elevations, and orange or brown colour indicates higher elevation and white colour
indicates the snow-covered area.
Map Making Methods
There are many ways of making maps. The traditional ways of making maps have been
changed due to the advancement of communication technology. Some of the commonly
used ways of making maps are presented below:
a. Freehand Method: In this method, a map is observed thoroughly and copied on
another sheet.
252 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
b. Carbon Method: A carbon paper is used to make another copy of a map.
c. Tracing Method: A map can be made using glass table. For this, the original map is
stuck on the inner surface and a blank sheet is kept on the outer surface of the glass
table. When, enough light is passed from the bottom of the table with the help of tube
light, the image of the original map is clearly seen and new map can be made on that
blank sheet.
Copy of map can also be prepared by putting tracing paper over the original map and
drawing the map gently with pencil on tracing paper.
d. Photocopy: A map is photocopied in order to produce more similar maps.
e. Square Method: Several vertical and horizontal lines are drawn to make squares on
the original map. Similar lines of the same measurements are also drawn on another
blank sheet of paper and a map is drawn on it focusing on each square.
f. GIS Method: This is a method of making map from computer with the help of special
software. Most of the maps are produced and processed from this method in the world.
g. Template: In this method, a map is cut out and converted into a frame. The frame is
put over the blank sheet and marked slightly with a pencil around the frame. In this
way, a map can be made.
When an outline map is made, various facts should be inserted using appropriate symbols
at right place. As the map is universal language, it should be made using symbols which
are in international practice that all can identify and hence understand the facts.
Modern Practical Map Technologies Global Positioning System (GPS)
Geographical Information System (GIS)
The advancement in science and technology has
brought changes in map making methods too. Various
modern practical technologies for map making are in
use at present. Such technologies have been helping
to produce clean and clear maps in easier way. Some
of modern practical technologies are: GIS and GPS.
a. Global Positioning System (GPS): It is a
system that is used to identify an exact location
on the earth’s surface. The satellites pass on
information through radio signals from space
to GPS receivers on the ground. It provides
information like latitude, longitude, altitude, etc.
This technology is used in airplane, tourism, and
even mapping. The most common application of
GPS is in mapping and surveying.
b. Geographical Information System (GIS): It
is a computer program that is used to capture,
analyze, interpret and store data transmitted from
GPS (Global Positioning System) and make the
Our Earth 253
information available for use. On the basis of information received by GIS, maps are
drawn and processed. GIS makes the information received from GPS more sensible.
Hence, without GIS, GPS would not be used and utilized to its maximum.
Besides these, Google earth and GPS software used in mobile phone and computer are
also the modern sources of geographical information.
A map is also a presentation of the geographical facts. Different facts are presented in a map
by using symbols. Border, geographical structure, altitude, vegetation, settlement, mineral,
forest, population distribution, soil, religious sites, crops and production, infrastructures of
development, etc are the facts that are generally shown in maps.
Freehand Map of Nepal
For drawing a freehand map of Nepal, we should take an outline map of Nepal and a clean
plain white paper. Then, looking at the original map we should try to copy it on the white
plain paper. After practicing several times we will be able to draw without looking at the
map.
N
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm 3 cm 3 cm 2 cm
Scale: 1 cm = 80 km
Steps to Draw an Outline Map of Nepal
1. Draw a rectangle of 10 cm x 6 cm (20 cm x 12 cm for a bigger map).
2. Draw lines 2 cm away from each edge and a vertical line at the middle. These lines
show the corners of our country.
3. Practice drawing the outline map of Nepal several times first looking at the map and
then from without looking map.
4. Show the north direction and write scale on a side of the map. (If the map is drawn in
10 cm x 6 cm, the scale is 1 cm = 80 km and if the map is drawn in 20 cm x 12 cm,
the scale is 1 cm = 40 km)
5. Insert the given facts on the map using appropriate symbols, title and legend.
254 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Which method of map making have you used?
2. Draw a map of Nepal by using freehand method.
3. Which modern practical map technology, mentioned in the lesson do you feel reliable
and why?
4. Have you used Google earth? How does it help to find a place?
5. Show the difference between GIS and GPS.
Exercise
Short answer questions:
1. What is a map? What are the elements of a map? Mention.
2. Give short introduction of Cartographer and Cartography.
3. Write the importance of scale and legend in map work.
4. Write the methods for making maps.
5. How is carbon method different from tracing method?
6. Why photocopy method is called the zero ability method? Present your logic.
7. What kind of information can GPS provide?
8. What are the differences between GIS and GPS maps?
9. “Internet has helped in map works.” Justify this statement.
10. What do you mean by modern practical map techniques? Why are Google earth, GIS
and GPS important in the map making?
Long answer questions:
1. Draw an outline map of Nepal in a rectangle 20 cm x 12 cm and show the provinces
and their headquarters.
2. Draw full page maps of Nepal and insert the following facts using appropriate symbols.
• Siddhartha highway, Api Himal, Cardamom Production area, Birgunj
• Lake Foksundo, River Narayani, Baraha Kshetra, Jumla
• Mt. Ganesh, Koshi Tappu, Muktinath, River Karnali
• Manma, River Kankai, Gadhimai Temple, Banke National Park
• Api, Shuklaphata Wildlife Reserve, River Narayani, Dhankuta
• Shaileswori Temple, Nepalgunj, Madan Bhandari Highway, Pumori Himal
• Mt. Khumbhakarna, Kusma, Chhinnamasta Temple, Khaptad National Park
• Chame, River Tamor, Lake Ghodaghodi, Rajbiraj Airport
• Mt. Everest, Siddharth Highway, Tea Cultivation Area, Birendranagar
Project Work 255
Bring GIS and GPS maps in the class and discuss with friends.
Draw a map of Nepal and show the major cities.
Our Earth
Conventional Symbols Used in Maps
Peak Canal
Mountain Range Dam
LakeQ N North of Map
River International
Bridge Boundary
Pass State Boundary
Road District Boundary
Railways Ropeways/Cable Car
Path Airways
Capital Oil
Town/City
Temple Sea
Church Stupa
Industry
Mosque
Airport
Settlement
256
Protected areas
Waterfall
SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
7UNIT
OUR PAST
Learning achievements
Explain the major political events from 2007 BS to present and their effects in the
social and economic sectors,
Mention the causes and consequences of World War I and World War II,
Analyse the effects of World Wars and role of Nepal and Nepalese in those wars,
and
Explore historical places and participate in the preservation work.
Subject matters
Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement
A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS)
Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties
Political Events from 2017 BS to 2046 BS
Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System
Political Events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS
Political Events after 2062/63 BS
Economic and Social Effects after Peoples’ Movement II
Causes of the First World War
Consequences of the First World War
Causes of the Second World War
Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal
Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of Historical
Sites and Monuments
Our Past 257
1LESSON Revolution of 2007 BS and
Delhi Agreement
Rana Rule in Nepal
After the death of King Pratap Singh Shah, Nepal went through political instability. The
Kings were not capable enough to handle the rule due to their minor age. Consequently,
conspiracies and intrigues started in the courts of the Royal Palace to gain power. Jung
Bahadur exploited this fluid situation in his favor and founded Ranarchy.
Jung Bahadur Rana became the Commander-in-
Chief after the Kot Parva which took place on 2nd
Aswin, 1903 BS. He became the Prime Minister and
Commander-in-Chief after the Bhandarkhal Parva.
After this incident, he exiled Queen Rajyalaxmi. After
Alau Parva, he ousted King Rajendra Bikram Shah
and placed Surendra Bikram Shah on the throne. He
got the title of ‘Shree 3 Maharaja’from King Surendra
Bikram Shah. King Surendra Bikram Shah delegated
all his powers and authorities to him. He established
a roll of succession to his brothers according to
which only Rana family could hold the post of Prime King Surendra Bikram Shah
Minister. All the high-ranking government posts
were reserved for the Ranas. Thus, Rana rule was a family rule. People were completely
deprived of basic rights. There were conspiracies to gain power among the Ranas too. The
whole governing system was at the discretion of the Prime Minister. The country was quite
isolated from the outside world. The Rana Prime Ministers ruled over Nepal for 104 years
as dictators enjoying unlimited powers and authorities. The revolution of 2007 BS ended
the cruel and despotic Ranarchy and introduced democracy in the country.
Causes of the Revolution of 2007 BS
1. Injustice and suppressive rule of Ranas: People were completely deprived of their
basic rights but the Rana rulers and their families were enjoying unlimited power and
authority. The resources were exploited by them. Common people were not getting
justice. Lots of changes were taking place in the world. Dictatorial rules ended in different
countries one after another. But the Rana rulers were not ready to change themselves
according to the need of time. This situation compelled the people to launch revolution for
their rights and justice.
258 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
2. Poverty and unemployment: Majority of population was under poverty line.
Agriculture was the only sector creating employment then. Traditional agriculture was not
enough to sustain life. The industries and factories were not enough to provide employment
opportunity to people. Educational institutions were not enough to provide technical and
vocational education. At the same time, high-ranking government posts were reserved
only for Ranas, and a handful elites belonging to Rana family were enjoying luxurious
life. There was no option except launching revolution against injustice and deprivation.
3. World War II and worldwide wave of democracy: After the end of World War
II, the wave of democracy and independence movement spread all over the world.
Several countries of Asia and Africa got independence from colonial rule. India also got
independence in 1947 AD. The Nepalese soldiers who returned from World War II joined
in Liberation Army of Nepali Congress. The Nepalese students who were in India for their
higher study and participated in Indian War of Independence also returned to Nepal to
fight against the Rana rule. It also helped to add force in the revolution.
4. Establishment of political parties and movement: When Nepalese people realized that
the single effort is not enough to bring the change, they planned to move ahead with group
effort. “Prachanda Gorkha” was the first organization of people which was established in
1988 BS to fight against Rana rule but it could not run its activities effectively. Afterward,
“Nepal Praja Parishad”, a political party was established by Tanka Prasad Acharya
(Chairperson), Dashrath Chand (Vice Chairperson), Ramhari Sharma (General Secretary),
Dharmabhakta Mathema and Jeevraj Sharma (Founder Members) at Ombahal, Kathmandu
on 20th Jestha, 1993 BS. It was the first political party of Nepal. As this political party
added fuel to the fire in the activities against Rana rule, four brave democratic soldiers
(Dharmabhakta Mathema, Shukra Raj Shastri, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Dashrath Chanda)
got martyrdom in Magh, 1997 BS. King Tribhuvan was also tortured by Ranas. So, he also
supported Anti-Rana activities financially and morally. “Jayatu Sanskritam Movement”
was started by the students of Tindhara Pathshala in 2004 BS. The Nepali Congress and
the Communist Party of Nepal were established in 2003 and 2006 BS respectively. The
establishment of political parties and beginning of movement widen the Anti-Rana feeling
in common people.
5. Increase in political consciousness in people: Along with the rise of political
consciousness, common people also joined in different political parties and movements.
Some people had witnessed the democratic movements in other countries like India.
Educational awareness was also increasing gradually in people. These factors too led the
people to fight for democracy.
6. Internal clash among Ranas: There was no unity among the Ranas. Chandra Shumsher
divided the Ranas into ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ classes. ‘C’ class Ranas were not included in role
of succession. So, they also joined in Anti-Rana movements.
Our Past 259
Major events of movement
Bairganiya Conference of the Nepali Congress held
on 11th and 12th Aswin, 2007 BS decided to launch
armed revolution against Rana rule. The movement
was declared on 21st Kartik. At the same time King
Tribhuvan left the palace and went to the Indian
embassy along with his family members. On 23rd
Kartik, 2007 BS, he went to Delhi, India by Indian
Air Force helicopter. Mohan Shumsher, the then
Prime Minister enthroned Gyanendra, the four years
old second grandson of Tribhuvan. He was declared
as the King of Nepal. But this act of Mohan Shumsher
was criticized at national and international level. Mohan Shumsher
At the same time, the liberation army captured
eastern hilly region along with Biratnagar. Thirbam
Malla and Puran Singh were leading the revolution
in Birgunj. During the course of armed revolution,
Thirbam Malla attained martyrdom in battle. Dr.
Kunwar Indrajit (K.I.) Singh was leading the
liberation army in western parts and gained a great
success in Bhairahawa. Suvarna Shumsher and B.P.
Koirala were handling eastern fronts and captured
many places with minor battles or without any battle.
The battle took place in various parts of the country
between People’s Liberation Army and Ranas. The
People’s Liberation Army captured Ilam, Diktel,
Aathrai, Terhathum, Okhaldhunga, Parwanipur, Suvarna Shumsher
Bhairahawa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Doti, Rangeli,
Malangawa, Upardanggadi, Birgunj and Parasi. Similarly, Bhojpur, Khotang, Dhankuta,
Mahotari, Mahinath, Thori, Chitwan, Taulihawa. Pokhara, Gulmi, Syangja, Baglung,
Koilabas, Dang-Deukhuri, Pyuthan, Dadeldhura, Surkhet, Dailekh, Baitadi, Shivaraj
Khajahani, Biratnagar and Sirsiya were captured easily. People’s Government was also
formed in those places. People appealed not to pay tax to Ranas. Soon Ranas were limited
only within Kathmandu valley.
People started to come to the street with various slogans against the Rana regime in
Kathmandu and other places of Nepal. Everywhere people started to oppose the Ranas
day by day. Many people were arrested but the movement spread more effectively. Mohan
Shumsher could not handle the country and requested the Indian government to arbitrate
for a solution. He sent his son Bijaya Shumsher for the negotiation. On the arbitration
260 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
of Indian government King Tribhuvan, Ranas and Nepali
Congress started to negotiate in Delhi. Finally, a tripartite
agreement was signed between Ranas, King Tribhuvan
and Nepali Congress in Delhi on 1st Falgun, 2007 BS (12th
February, 1951 AD). This is called the Delhi Agreement.
This agreement ended the Rana rule in Nepal. After this
agreement, King Tribhuvan returned to Nepal on 4th Falgun
and made a declaration of the establishment of democracy
and the end of the Rana rule in Nepal on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS
(18th February, 1951 AD). In this way, 104 years long Rana
rule came to an end and democracy was introduced in Nepal.
Thus, we observe democracy day on 7th Falgun every year.
Major Conditions of the Delhi Agreement King Tribhuvan
a. Constitution to be formulated by the elected Constituent Assembly,
b. A ten membered interim cabinet to be formed including 5 members from Nepali
Congress and 5 members from Ranas,
c. All the powers exercised by in “Shree 3” to be delivered to the King and the King
Tribhuvan to be the legitimate King of Nepal,
d. Political prisoners, except those who are charged of criminal case, to set free without
any condition, and
e. Agitators to handover their weapons to the government and stop the movement.
Interim Cabinet formed after Delhi Agreement
From Ranas
1. Mohan Shumsher : Prime Minister
2. Babar Shumsher : Defense Minister
3. Chudaraj Shumsher : Forest Minister
4. Nripjung Rana : Education Minister
5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet : Health Minister
From Nepali Congress : Home Minister
a. B.P. Koirala : Finance Minister
b. Suvarna Shumsher : Industry and Commerce Minister
c. Ganesh Man Singh : Transport Minister
d. Bhadrakali Mishara : Food and Agriculture Minister
e. Bharatmani Sharma
After this agreement, the Nepali Congress agreed to stop the movement. But Dr. K. I.
Singh, one of the commanders of Liberation Army in western front disagreed with the
Our Past 261
Delhi Agreement and denied to hand over the weapons to the government. He wanted to
continue the revolution because he didn’t want any presence of Ranas in the government
after the introduction of democracy. Many people had sacrificed their life to end the Rana
rule but after the Delhi Agreement Mohan Shumsher became the Prime Minister of Nepal
again. Hence, he was not satisfied with Delhi Agreement so he did not pay any attention
even to the message of King Tribhuvan and order of new government to stop the revolution.
Later on, a case of treason was filed against him and his movement was suppressed.
Consequences of Revolution
The revolution of 2007 BS was a great achievement in the history of Nepal. The Ranarchy
established by Junga Bahadur after Kot Parva came to an end because of this revolution.
Major consequences of this revolution are presented below:
a. Foundation of Democratic Practice: After the end of 104 years long autocratic family
rule of Ranas, democratic practice introduced in the country. Various sectors of Nepalese
society gradually adopted democratic practices. Democratic practice was clearly felt in
judicial service, public service and political system.
b. Increase in Public Awareness: Nepalese society was far behind in the education in
comparison to the contemporary world during Ranarchy. Only about 2% people were
literate. People were compelled to live in illiteracy and malpractices for more than a
century. Development in education, culture and literature started only after the introduction
of democracy in Nepal.
c. Beginning of Constitutional Process: Constitution is the main law of the country. It
protects the rights of people and distributes the powers to different organs of the state.
Every country wants the written constitution. Before the revolution of 2007 BS, “Nepal
Government’s Legal Act, 2004” was promulgated in 2004 BS but was not implemented.
“Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007”, promulgated after the introduction of
democracy was the first written and implemented constitution in the country. In fact, it
was the beginning of constitutional process.
d. Nepal’s Exposure in International Arena: Before the introduction of democracy in
the country, Nepal was far behind in international arena. Nepal had friendly relation only
with few countries. The Rana government was completely devoted to British government.
But after the introduction of democracy, Nepal adopted non-aligned foreign policy. Nepal
became the member of UNO. The friendly relation was also extended with other countries.
Nepal got exposure in international arena after the revolution of 2007 BS.
e. People’s Participation: People’s participation plays an important role in the
development. Before the introduction of democracy, there was Hukumi rule (dictatorship)
in the country. The role of people was ignored. It was not possible to carry out all the
development works only by the government. But, after the revolution of 2007 BS, people
also participated in various creative and development works.
262 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Conduct a debate program in the class on the topic “Delhi Agreement was right or
wrong”. Note down the opinions of your friends and present in the class.
2. Prepare a poster reflecting democracy day to exhibit in your class.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What was the Delhi Agreement and when was it signed?
2. Who opposed the Delhi Agreement and why?
3. What do you understand by “Hukumi” rule?
4. Was the act of filing case of treason against Dr. K. I. Singh right? Why?
5. How did the establishment of political parties in Nepal help in gaining democracy?
Short answer questions:
1. Explain the causes of the revolution of 2007 BS.
2. “The revolution of 2007 BS had ended the family rule and introduced another
dictatorial rule in the country.” Present your logic in favor or against of this statement.
3. One of the provisions of the Delhi Agreement was “Election of Constituent Assembly
to be held to draft a new constitution”. But it could not be fulfilled before 2072 BS.
Why? Discuss in the class and write.
4. What were the changes seen after the introduction of democracy in 2007 BS?
Prepare a model of email to be sent to your friend mentioning the changes.
5. How do you evaluate the Delhi Agreement of 2007 BS?
6. What were the major provisions of the Delhi Agreement?
7. Evaluate the role of King Tribhuvan in the establishment of democracy.
Long answer question:
Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007 BS and mention its consequences.
Project Work
Make a table and show the dates and events related to Anti-Rana activities and their
effects.
S. No. Date and Event Activity and Effect
Our Past 263
2LESSON A Decade of Democratic Politics
(2007-2017 BS)
Promulgation of “Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007”
According to the Delhi Agreement, a coalition government of Nepali Congress and
Rana was formed. This cabinet passed the “Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007” on
17th Chaitra, 2007 BS. It was the first democratic constitution of Nepal. Some important
features of this constitution were:
There were the provisions to establish legislature of people’s representatives and
directive principles and policies of the state.
Civil rights of the citizen were also defined in this constitution.
There were the provisions of Supreme Court, Public Service Commission and
Advisory Council.
Conflict in Interim Cabinet Chiniya Kaji
The coalition government could not work smoothly as there
was always conflict between Rana and Congress. After the
murder of Chiniya Kaji, a student leader in 2008 BS, Nepali
Congress and Ranas blamed each other. On one hand, Ranas’
intention was to re-establish their old regime and on the
other hand Nepali Congress thought that they couldn’t work
properly until Mohan Shumsher was in power. So, on 25th of
Kartik, 2008 BS, all the cabinet members from the side of
Nepali Congress resigned. Hence, Mohan Shumsher and other
cabinet members from the side of Ranas were also compelled
to resign. As a result, the interim cabinet was dissolved.
Single-Party Government of Nepali Congress
After the resignation of Mohan Shumsher, a 14 member
cabinet was formed by King Tribhuvan under the Premiership
of Matrika Prasad Koirala, the then president of Nepali
Congress on 1st Mangir, 2008 BS. This cabinet had to fulfil
the following responsibilities:
To establish independent judicial department Matrika Prasad Koirala
To implement the provision of Public Service
Commission effectively
To hold the election of Constituent Assembly within the
year of 2009 BS, and
To ascertain the civil rights of the people.
264 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
This government also could not function properly and failed. Due to the following
reasons, the single-party government of Nepali Congress was dissolved:
Various political parties and organizations like Nepal
Praja Parishad, Communist Party of Nepal, etc had
formed a United Democratic Front and were demanding
to form an all party government.
At the same time Dr. K. I. Singh started to revolt against
this government. He was imprisoned in Singh Durbar
under tight security on the charges of dacoit but his
supporters attacked Singha Durbar on 8th and 9th Magh,
2008 BS and freed him. Then, he fled to Tibet.
Bhim Dutta Panta, one of the commanders of the Dr. K. I. Singh
Liberation Army during the revolution was also very
dissatisfied with the acts of this government. So he launched a movement raising
voice for land ownership, welfare of the people and security.
There was conflict within Nepali Congress party. B.P. Koirala was opposing Matrika
Prasad Koirala as he believed a single person should not hold both the posts of Party
Chairperson and Prime Minister at a time.
Advisory Government
King Tribhuvan again formed a five member advisory government on 30th Shrawan,
2009 BS with the intention of direct rule. A provision was made for the five members of the
government to be responsible to the King and the approval of the King, to be compulsory
for the decision of the meeting and its implementation. But this government was also
criticised within the country and by the Government of India as well. Political parties
opposed it. “Peasants Revolt” started in the eastern part of Nepal in the leadership of
Nepali Congress. Government administration could not run properly. So, this government
was also dissolved on 2nd Ashad, 2010 BS.
Sole Government of Nepal Praja Party
After the internal conflict within the party Matrika Prasad Koirala split Nepali Congress
and opened a political party named Nepal Praja Party. King Tribhuvan formed another
cabinet of five members under the leadership of Matrika Pd.
Koirala, the chairperson of Nepal Praja Party on 2nd Ashad,
2010 BS.
Multiparty Coalition Government Tanka Prasad Acharya
Nepali National Congress and People’s Congress also 265
joined in the government of Nepal Praja Party and formed
a multiparty coalition government under the Premiership of
Matrika Prasad Koirala in Falgun, 2010 BS. Tanka Prasad
Acharya and Dilliraman Regmi too joined the government.
This government also could not exist for long period because
Our Past
of the protest on Koshi Project Agreement, entry of Indian Army with weapons in Nepal,
revolt of Bhimdutta Panta and his murder in Dadeldhura on 7th Bhadra, 2010 BS. King
Tribhuvan dissolved this government on 19th Falgun, 2011 BS and started direct rule.
Direct Rule of King Mahendra and Advisory Council
After the death of King Tribhuvan on 30th Falgun, 2011 BS, Mahendra Shah became the
king of Nepal. Immediately after enthronement, King Mahendra formed an Advisory
Council of five members under the Chairpersonship of Gunja Man Singh on 1st Baishakh,
2012 BS and started direct rule in Nepal. It existed till 12th Magh, 2012 BS.
Government of Praja Parishad
On 13th Magh, 2012 BS, another government was formed under the Premiership of Tanka
Prasad Acharya, the president of Praja Parishad. There were 7 members in the cabinet
including 3 independent members. Because of the inability to hold the general election,
extreme economic crisis, efforts to ban on newspapers, etc, the government was dissolved
on 31st Ashadh, 2014 BS.
Government of Dr. K. I. Singh
Dr. K.I. Singh was living a banished life in China. King Mahendra invited him to form
a government. Hence, 11 members government under his Premiership on 11th Shrawan,
2014 BS was formed. But this government also couldn’t exist for long. Due to various
reasons, it was dissolved on 29th Kartik, 2014 BS through the Royal Proclamation of King
Mahendra.
Direct Rule of King Mahendra
King Mahendra started his direct rule from 29th Kartik, 2014 BS to 2nd Jestha, 2015
BS. King Mahendra formed a Constitution Drafting Committee of five members under
the Chairmanship of Bhagawati Prasad Singh including some foreigners on 3rd Chaitra,
2014 BS. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 prepared by this committee was
proclaimed on 1st Falgun, 2015 BS.
Interim Government of Suvarna Shumsher
When the general election was announced to be held on 7th Falgun, 2015 BS, an interim
cabinet was formed under the Chairpersonship of Suvarna Shumsher on 2nd Jestha, 2015 BS.
First general election of Nepal was held from 7th Falgun, 2015 BS. This government was
dissolved on 2nd Jestha, 2016 BS.
First General Election and First Elected Government
First general election of parliament was held from 7th Falgun, 2015 BS for 109 seats.
There were 9 political parties participating in the election. The final result of the election
was announced on 28th Baishakh, 2016 BS. According to the result, Nepali Congress won
74 seats in the election and formed the government. B.P. Koirala became the first elected
Prime Minister of Nepal and Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became the first elected Speaker
of the Parliament. B.P. Koirala formed a 19 membered cabinet on 13th Jestha, 2016 BS.
It was the first elected government of Nepal. He extended his cabinet later on 16th Ashad,
266 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
2016 BS as a 21 membered cabinet. This government existed till 1st Poush, 2017 BS. The
following members were in the first elected government:
1. B.P. Koirala (Prime Minister) 2. Suvarna Shumsher (Deputy PM) 3. Ganesh Man Singh
4. Surya Prasad Upadhyaya 5. Ram Narayan Mishra 6. Kashi Nath Gautam
7. Parashu Narayan Chaudhari 8. Shiva Raj Panta 9. Prem Raj Angdambe
12. Dwarika Devi
10. Surya Nath Yadav 11. Lalit Chand
Thakurani
13. Min Bahadur Gurung 14. Jaman Singh Gurung 15. Netra Bahadur Malla
16. Dr. Tulsi Giri 17. Shiva Pratap Shah 18. Diwan Singh Rai
19. Yognarendra Man Sherchan 20. Tribeni Prasad Pradhan 21. Hira Prasad Joshi
Thus, during the period of 2007 to 2017 BS many governments were formed and dismissed
which created political instability and lawlessness in Nepal.
Chronology from 2007 to 2017 BS
Date (in BS) Events
17th Chaitra, 2007 Cabinet passed the Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007
25th Kartik, 2008 All the cabinet members from the side of Nepali Congress resigned
1st Mangsir, 2008 Single-Party Government of Nepali Congress formed (PM: Matrika
Prasad Koirala)
30th Shrawan, 2009 Advisory Government formed
2nd Ashad, 2010 Advisory Government dissolved
2nd Ashad, 2010 Sole Government of Nepal Praja Party formed (PM: Matrika Prasad
Koirala)
Falgun, 2010 Multiparty Coalition Government formed (PM: Matrika Prasad
Koirala)
19th Falgun, 2011 Multiparty Coalition Government dissolved
1st Baishakh, 2012 Advisory Council formed (Direct Rule of King Mahendra)
12th Magh, 2012 Advisory Council dissolved
13th Magh 2012 Government of Praja Parishad formed (PM: Tanka Prasad Acharya)
31st Ashadh, 2014 Government of Praja Parishad dissolved
11th Shrawan, 2014 Government of Dr. K.I. Singh formed
29th Kartik, 2014 Government of D. K.I. Singh dissolved
29th Kartik, 2014 Direct Rule of King Mahendra started
2nd Jestha, 2015 Interim Government of Suvarna Shumsher formed
1st Falgun, 2015 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal proclaimed
7th Falgun, 2015 First general election of parliament held in Nepal
13th Jestha, 2016 First elected government formed (PM: B.P. Koirala)
1st Poush, 2017 First elected government dissolved
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Activities
1. King Mahendra ruled Nepal directly twice. What were his reasons to rule the country
directly? Discuss in the class.
2. Why Tanka Prasad Acharya was called “A Living Martyr”? Study various materials and
justify it.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. Why was Dr. K. I. Singh called from the banished life and appointed as the Prime
Minister of Nepal?
2. What is general election? Why is it different than election of Constituent Assembly?
3. Who had led the government formed after the 1st general election of Nepal ? What
was the numbers of ministers in the cabinet?
4. What do you mean by Advisory Government? Write the major feature of this
government.
Short answer questions:
1. Write any two main characteristics each of the Interim Government Act, 2007 and the
Constitution of the Kingdome of Nepal 2015.
2. “During the period from 2007 to 2017 BS, there was foreign interest in the politics of
Nepal.” Justify this statement.
3. Who was Bhimdutta Panta? Why did he revolt? Present his contribution.
4. You have studied the activities of government formed during the period of 2007 -
2017 BS. Which government’s functions did you like the most among them? Clarify
yours views in four points.
5. Present any four major events and their respective dates between 2007 - 2017 BS in
a timeline.
Long answer question:
“A decade from 2007 BS to 2017 BS was full of political instability.” Justify the statement
with a list of the names of the Prime Ministers or heads of the government during that
period and reasons behind such frequent changes of government.
Project Work
Mention the major dates and events from 2007 BS to 2017 BS and present in a timeline.
268 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
3LESSON Abduction of Democracy and
Ban on Political Parties
The Coup of 2017 BS
After the general election of 2015, a popular government was Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
formed on the Premiership of B.P. Koirala. People cast their
vote to choose their government for the first time. But King
Mahendra did not like the popularity of that government. He
was a very ambitious king and wanted to rule by himself. So,
using Article no. 55 of The Constitution of the Kingdom of
Nepal, 2015, he dismissed the elected government, suspended
parliament, and imprisoned the Prime Minister on 1st Poush,
2017 BS. He also arrested ministers, political activists, and
leaders and took the sole power in his hand. He banned the
political parties blaming that the misery, sorrow and obstacles
of people remained unchanged, government was unable to
solve the problems of the people and failed to maintain law
and order, national unity and the sovereignty of the country
were in danger, corruption increased, the leaders were more
interested for party and personal matters rather than national
matters and international relation destroyed. This act of King
Mahendra is called the coup of 2017 BS.
Through a proclamation, King Mahendra presented his
justification for his 1st Poush, 2017 BS act as, “Because of B.P. Koirala
the misuse of the authority, corruption has increased; there
is anarchy in the nation, so that national unity is threatened. Random economic decisions
have caused instability. In order to protect national unity, create peace and cooperation
and to save the whole country, we are forced to act according to Article 55 of constitution
and will suspend the cabinet, both houses of parliament and the party system. We will take
sole responsibility as laid down in article 55, until a new system is put in place. With good
wishes and support from all Nepalese good governance will prove to be possible”.
After this, the multiparty democracy established by the sacrifices, blood and sweat of
Nepalese people was abducted by King Mahendra. Thus, 1st Poush is regarded as “Black
Day” in the history of Nepal. After 21 days of this incident, he started party-less autocratic
Panchayat system in Nepal on 22nd Poush, 2017 BS. Nepalese people had to struggle for
30 years to restore democracy.
Socio-economic Achievement from 2007 to 2017 BS
Though the period of 2007 to 2017 BS was full of political instability and tremulous, many
important changes took place in the country. Democratic system was introduced. Literacy
Our Past 269
was about 2% before the establishment of democracy but increased during this period.
The major socio-economic achievements of this period are as follows:
Social achievements
All the forests were nationalized.
Civil Service Act was implemented in 2013 BS.
Common people also got opportunity to go to schools and colleges. English Medium
Schools were opened throughout the country.
Construction of highways started for the development of transportation.
Domestic and International air service began.
Election of Kathmandu Municipality was held.
Friendly relationship with the neighboring countries and various other countries of
the world was established.
Hetauda-Kathmandu ropeway was extended.
Koshi Agreement was signed on 12th Baishakh, 2011 BS and Gandak Agreement was
signed on 19th Mangsir, 2016 BS.
Nepal became the member of United Nations Organization in 2012 BS (14th December,
1955 AD).
Nepal Cultural Council was established for the strengthening of culture.
Nepal got the membership of Universal Postal Union on 26th Aswin, 2013 BS.
Radio Nepal was established on 20th Chaitra, 2007 BS.
Supreme Court was established. Independent and impartial judicial system was
started.
Telephone and Telegram services started in the country.
Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 BS. Similarly, Law College was also
established in Kathmandu.
Economic achievements
A declaration regarding the land was made on 17th Bhadra, 2013 BS that made the
provision of tenants’ right.
Annual budget was presented and published for the first time in Nepal from Shrawan
2008 BS.
Birta Abolition Act was enforced on Poush, 2016 BS.
Five years plan was declared on 22nd Aswin, 2012 BS and implemented from 2013 BS.
It started planned development in Nepal.
Modernization in agriculture and trade diversification began in the country.
Nepal Rastra Bank was established on 14th Baishakh, 2013 BS.
New tax system was implemented.
Uniformity was brought in the use of currency.
Though such socio-economic development activities have taken place, the political
achievement couldn’t take place due to continuous political instability and as a result the
pace of development got slow.
270 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Read the given text and answer the following questions:
The Constitution of the Kingdom of NEPAL, 2015
Article: 55. Emergency Powers
(1) If His Majesty in His discretion is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security or
economic life of Nepal, or any part thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression, or by
internal disturbance, He may by Proclamation in His discretion:
(a) declare that His functions shall to such extent as may be specified in the Proclamation, be
exercised by Him in His discretion;
(b) assume to Himself all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by Parliament or any other
governmental body or authority; and any such Proclamation may contain such incidental and
consequential provisions as may appear to Him to be necessary or desirable for giving effect
to the objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending in whole or in part the
operation of any provision of this Constitution:
a. Mention your opinion and evaluation on the above provision on Article 55 of the
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015.
b. Was it appropriate to formulate and accept this kind of constitution in the
democratic system obtained from the sacrifices of people and in parliamentary
politics? Write.
2. What were the problems raised by the King in the following subjects while banning
political parties?
Subject Problems
Political parties Being power and party oriented
Economic status
International relation
Nationality
Lifestyle of people
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. When was the first general election of parliament held in Nepal? Write full date.
2. What were the reasons mentioned by King Mahendra in his royal proclamation when
he banned the political parties?
3. Why is Poush 1st regarded as ‘Black Day’ in the history of Nepal? Give reason.
4. If you were there on 1st Poush, 2017 BS, how would you react as a citizen on the
prohibition of political parties? What steps would you have taken against that act of
the King?
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Short answer questions:
1. “King Mahendra was an ambitious king.” Present your logics in favour of this
statement.
2. Prepare an article for a newspaper on the changes seen in the field of education,
health and employment after the implementation of five years planning since 2013 BS
till the present.
3. What were the objectives of the prohibition on political parties made by the King?
4. The pace of development was slow between 2007 to 2017 BS. Why? Give reasons.
5. Prepare a dialogue between two friends on the achievement obtained in education
field during 2007 to 2017 BS.
6. What is Birta abolition? Why was it felt necessary at that time?
Long answer question:
Mention the socio-economic achievements made from 2007 to 2017 BS and their effects
in Nepalese society.
Community Work
Meet some senior politicians in your community. Prepare questionnaires and ask what
activities were made during 2007 to 2017 BS. On the basis of answers you noted down,
prepare a report and present in the class.
272 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
4LESSON Political Events from
2017 BS to 2046 BS
After the incident of 1st Paush, 2017 BS, King Mahendra formed a Council of Ministers
under his Chairmanship. On 22nd Paush, 2017 BS, he declared the Panchayat system. He
formed the Panchayat Ministry. Under this ministry, Panchayat Direction Department and
Panchayat Development Department were established to strengthen the Panchayat system.
The country was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts on 1st Baishakh, 2018 BS.
Some Important Events
a. Janakpur Incident: King Mahendra visited Janaki Durgananda Jha
Temple after finishing his trip to eastern part on 9th
Magh, 2018 BS. When King Mahendra was proceeding
to Rangabhumi from Janaki Temple, Durgananda Jha
hurled a bomb at the vehicle in which King Mahendra
was travelling. This incident is called the Janakpur
Incident. For the involvement in this incident, Durgananda
Jha, Arbinda Kumar Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa were
announced capital punishment. On 25th Magh, 2020 BS,
Durgananda Jha was executed whereas Arbinda Kumar
Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa were sentenced to life
imprisonment.
b. Promulgation of New Constitution: To legalize the party-less Panchayat system and
ban on political parties, The Constitution of Nepal 2019 based on Panchayat system was
promulgated by King Mahendra on 1st Paush, 2019 BS. In order to strengthen the Panchayat
system, this constitution was amended three times in 2023 BS, 2032 BS and 2037 BS.
c. Back to Village National Campaign: The first amendment in the Constitution of Nepal,
2019 was made in 2023 BS and a new program was implemented by King Mahendra called
“Back to Village National Campaign” on 1st Poush, 2024 BS to motivate the students,
civil servants and others who were in cities to return to their own villages. A ten point
program was set to raise the living standard of the villagers in this campaign.
d. Jhapa Revolt: Then Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist and Leninist) launched a
revolt for the freedom of poor people and against feudalism in Jhapa in 2028 BS. This
incident is called Jhapa revolt. King Mahendra passed away in the same year on 17th
Magh, 2028 BS.
Our Past 273
e. Sukhani Assassination: Ramnath Dahal, Narayan Shrestha,
Krishna Kuinkel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren Rajbansi who
were involved in Jhapa revolt were arrested on the charge of
Dharma Prasad Upadhyaya’s murder, the then member of National
Panchayat (parliament of Panchayat System) and shot dead by the
then government at the place called Sukhani, Ilam on 21st Falgun,
2029 BS. This incident is called Sukhani Assassination.
Martyrs of Sukhani Assassination
f. Plane Hijack and Fire at Singha Durbar: A plane taken off for Kathmandu from
Biratnagar was hijacked on 25th Jestha, 2030 BS and landed at Forbesgunj, Bihar. There
was an amount of 30 lakhs IC in the plane which was nabbed by the hijackers and then
plane was released. It was the first incident of plane hijack in Nepal. This incident badly
affected the rulers of Panchayat system. Moreover, a fire broke out in Singha Durbar
on 25th Asadh, 2030 BS and many important documents got destroyed. Because of this,
Kirtinidhi Bista was forced to resign from the post of the Prime Minister.
g. Timburbote Incident: The youths were rapidly being organized to launch the
revolution in order to end party-less Panchayat system and restore multiparty democracy.
In 2031 BS, Nepali congress made a secret plan to capture Okhaldhunga. For this, they
established their camp at cave of Timburbote but the secrecy was revealed and Panchayat
government mobilized army force to suppress them. Nepal army attacked the Timburbote
camp and brutally killed Ram, Laxman and other youths. Capt. Yagya Bahadur Thapa
and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested and hanged in 2033 BS. This incident is called
Timburbote Incident.
h. Politics for Development: On 26th Mangsir, 2032 BS, the Constitution of Nepal
2019 was amended for the second time and a new slogan was brought called “Politics
for Development”. This amendment made ‘Back to Village National Campaign’ as the
constitutional organ.
274 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
i. National Reconciliation Policy of B.P. Koirala: B.P. Koirala returned to Nepal from
exile in India with the new policy “National Reconciliation Policy” on 16th Poush, 2033 BS.
It was the policy of finding the middle ground with monarch and regressive force.
j. Murder of Ratna Kumar Bantawa: Panchayat government was continuing the series
of murder. On 27th Chaitra, 2035 BS, Ratna Kumar Bantawa, a potential communist leader
was shot dead at Imang (near Deumai River) of Ilam. Similarly, Rishiraj Devkota (Ajaad),
and Jay Govinda Shah were also killed by the Panchayat government.
k. Referendum: Referendum is a democratic way of taking public opinion in which every
adult citizen of a country is asked a straight forward question or has to choose between two
alternatives about any important national issue.
On 22nd Chaitra, 2035 BS (April, 1979 AD), TU students
organised a huge procession against the death sentence to
former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and
tried to deliver the letter of condemnation to the Embassy
of Pakistan in Kathmandu. But the police stopped them
on the way and Lathi charged them. Many students were
injured. After this incident, student organizations started Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
united movement against the Panchayat government.
Initially their demands were related to education but the government did not pay attention.
Later on, movement was continued against the political system and political parties
also joined them. Huge demonstrations were organized throughout the country. The
Panchayat government tried to suppress it but agitation increased day by day. So, on 10th
Jestha, 2036 BS, King Birendra declared a referendum. In the referendum of 2036 BS,
people were asked to choose one out of two options. They were:
a. Reformed Panchayat system
b. Multiparty Democratic System
The poll for the referendum was held on 20th Baishakh, 2037 BS. Party-less Panchayat
system won the referendum with 10% more votes. The result of the referendum gave
a mandate to the King to continue the Panchayat system with some reforms. After that
referendum, the election of National Panchayat (parliament of that time) was held in
2038 BS and Surya Bahadur Thapa became the Prime Minister.
a. Piskar Assasination: On 1st Magh, 2040 BS, while a cultural program was running at
Piskar Mahadev in Sindhupalchok district, the police surrounded the site and shot dead
Ile Thami, Bir Bahadur Thami and other many innocent children. Dozens of people were
arrested and tortured. This incident is called Piskar Assassination. After this incident, vote
of no confidence was launched in National Panchayat by the then members of parliament.
Our Past 275
Surya Bahadur Thapa was removed from the post of Prime Minister and Lokendra Bahadur
Chand was appointed the new Prime Minister.
b. Satyagraha and Bomb Blast: On 10th Jestha, 2042 BS, Ramraja Prasad Singh
Nepali Congress launched a civil disobedience movement
(Satyagraha), a non-violent movement throughout the
country. But at the same time, a political party called
Janabadi Morcha led by Ramraja Prasad Singh exploded
bombs in various important cities of the country including
the royal palace of Kathmandu on 6th Asadh, 2042 BS
demanding republicanism in the country. The Panchayat
government passed a new law and Ramraja Prasad Singh,
Laxman Prasad Singh, Prem Bahadur Bishwakarma and
others were announced death penalty. It obstructed the
movement and Nepali Congress withdrew the Satyagraha.
c. People’s Movement of 2046 BS: The Movement
launched to restore multi-party democracy from 7th
Falgun, 2046 BS to 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS for 49 days in the
leadership of Ganeshman Singh was People’s Movement
of 2046 BS. It is popularly known as People’s Movement
I nowadays.
Causes of People’s Movement
Panchayat government had an undemocratic nature.
People were deprived of human rights and fundamental
rights.
Corruption, smuggling and other activities increased Ganeshman Singh
in the country.
Panchayat system was failed to bring reforms in the country.
So, in order to release the people from such condition, Nepali Congress and the United
Left Front (Samyukta Bammorcha) took a historical decision to launch a united people’s
movement.
A national conference of Nepali Congress was held from 5th to 7th Magh of 2046 BS at the
residence of Ganesh Man Singh. The leaders of the United Left Front and various political
parties of India participated in that conference. The Indian leaders promised to give full
support to the mass movement for the restoration of democracy and human rights in Nepal.
The Nepali Congress and United Left Front started united mass movement from 7th Falgun,
2046 BS. Ganesh Man Singh was declared the commander of the movement. Students
276 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
played a vital role in that movement. Similarly lawyers, doctors, professors, teachers,
businessmen, etc involved in the movement and held a huge demonstration in various
parts of the country. Civil servants also joined this movement. Strikes, demonstrations,
disobedience of laws and rules, stopping tax payment, etc were observed throughout
the country. The students and police clashed in Patan, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur,
Pokhara, Hetaunda, Janakpur, Biratnagar, etc. Many people got martyrdom. Lots of people
were injured in clash with the police. Media like newspapers also played a vital role by
publishing news in favour of the movement. Many people and political activists were
imprisoned. The autocratic Panchayat government tried to suppress the people. To stop the
movement, King Birendra, dissolved the government of Marich Man Singh and Lokendra
Bahadur Chand was appointed as the Prime Minister. But the movement continued in full
swing.
At last, seeing no way out to that grim situation,
King Birendra invited the leaders of the
movement like Ganesh Man Singh, Krishna
Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala, Sahana
Pradhan and Radha Krishna Mainali for
negotiation on 26th of Chaitra, 2046 BS. The
leaders reached an agreement to lift the ban on
political parties. At 11:00 PM on 26th Chaitra,
2046 BS, a message was broadcasted in Radio
Nepal and Nepal Television. It read that a ban Sahana Pradhan
on political parties had been removed from the
Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS. The leaders declared the end of mass movement and it
marked the restoration of democracy in Nepal.
Consequences of the People’s Movement of 2046 BS
End of autocratic Panchayat system and restoration of democracy,
Interim government was formed from
among the leaders of the various
political parties,
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal
2047 BS was promulgated,
Absolute monarchy was changed into
constitutional monarchy,
Election of parliament was held and People’s Movement-I
people got opportunity to choose
their government by themselves.
Our Past 277
Chronology from 2017 to 2046 BS
Date (in BS) Events
22nd Poush, 2017 Declaration of Panchayat System
1st Baishakh, 2018 Country was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts
9th Magh, 2018 Janakpur Incident
1st Poush, 2019 Promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal - 2019 BS
1st Bhadra, 2020 New Muluki Ain was announced
Durgananda Jha was executed for the involvement in Janakpur
25th Magh, 2020 Incident
First amendment of the Constitution of Nepal-2019 BS
4th Magh, 2023 Jhapa Revolt
2028 King Mahendra passed away.
17th Magh, 2028 Sukhani Assassination
21st Falgun, 2029 Division of Nepal into four development regions
2029 Plane hijacked in Nepal
25th Jestha, 2030 Fire took place in the Singha Durbar
25th Ashad, 2030 Timburbote incident
2031 Second amendment of the Constitution of Nepal-2019 BS
26th Mangsir, 2032 Declaration of Referendum by King Birendra
10th Jestha, 2036 Poll of the referendum held
20th Baishakh, 2037 Third amendment of the Panchayati constitution adopting the
proposed reformations
1st Poush, 2037 Election of National Panchayat held and Surya Bahadur Thapa
became Prime Minister
2038 Piskar Assassination
Election of National Panchayat held and Marich Man Singh
1st Magh, 2040 Shrestha became Prime Minister
Satyagraha movement launched by Nepali Congress
2042 National conference of Nepali Congress was held
People’s Movement was started
10th Jestha, 2042 End of People’s Movement, restoration of multi-party democracy
5th-7th Magh, 2046
7th Falgun, 2046
26th Chaitra, 2046
Activities
1. Along with the beginning of Panchayat system, many incidents of murder took place.
Why? Give reasons.
2. Mention the important political events happened in Panchayat system along with
their respective dates.
278 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. When was Panchayat system declared by King Mahendra?
2. What was Janakpur Incident? When did it take place?
3. Which district is related with the Timmurbote massacre?
4. What is referendum? When was it declared in Nepal for the first time?
5. What were the people asked in the referendum of 2036 BS and what was its result?
6. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa? Why do the Nepalese politicians remember him
even today?
7. What kind of movement is Satyagraha movement? Why was it withdrawn?
8. Who was Ramraja Prasad Singh?
9. When did the People’s Movement of 2046 BS begin and end?
Short answer questions:
1. Prepare a timeline including any four dates and events happened from 2017 BS to
2046 BS.
2. Why weren’t Nepalese people satisfied with Panchayat system? Write any four
reasons.
3. Why was referendum held in Nepal? Explain.
4. Prepare a pie chart based on the following result of referendum:
a. Reformed Panchayat System 24,33,452 votes
b. Multi-party system 20,07,965 votes
c. Invalid 3,72,069 votes
5. Discrimination on the basis of caste was made illegal by the Muluki Ain which was
enforced on 1st Bhadra 2020 BS. But it still exists in our society. How can you involve
yourself to end racial discrimination completely? Prepare a plan.
Long answer questions:
1. Introduce the following incidents in short:
a. Jhapa Revolt b. Sukhani Assassination
c. Timburbote Incident d. Piskar Assassination
2. Describe the causes, major events and consequences of the People’s Movement
2046 BS.
Community Work
Meet a senior citizen of your community and ask about the important events happened
from 2017 BS to 2046 BS and their effects in the community. On the basis of his/her
answer, prepare a model of news.
Our Past 279
5LESSON Causes of the Rise and Downfall
of Panchayat System
Panchayat system was a party-less autocratic political system. King Mahendra abducted
the democracy on 1st Poush, 2017 BS and started Panchayat system on 22nd Poush,
2017 BS. It lasted for about 30 years and ended by People’s Movement of 2046 BS on 26th
Chaitra, 2046 BS. There were many causes of its rise and downfall. Some major causes
are presented below:
Causes of the Rise of Panchayat System
Although democracy was introduced in Nepal by ending the Ranarchy in 2007 BS,
people could not get full rights. Instead, it legitimated another family rule in the form
of Monarchy.
Formulation of constitution from elected constituent assembly and implementation of
Delhi Agreement were not made.
Kings concentrated only in acquiring power and confusing people.
Political parties were lacking enough experience and maturity.
King Mahendra did not have faith on democracy and was ambitious to be a powerful
King.
The parliamentary system was new for Nepal.
There was illiteracy, lack of political consciousness, breakage in political parties,
foreign interest and interference, corruption and slowness in the administration, etc.
Causes of the Downfall of Panchayat System
Panchayat System was fully centralized unitary system run from the center.
It was an autocratic rule and the lower bodies had to obey everything ordered from the
higher bodies.
Freedom, fundamental rights and human rights were hindered.
There was dissatisfaction in people against the Panchayat system because the literacy
and awareness was increasing in people.
Those who oppose the bad works of the government used to be suppressed.
Corruption increased, the executers of this system were more active to get power
rather than public and national issues.
Political parties got united against Panchayat system and agreed to launch movement
from 7th Falgun, 2046 BS against it.
People also supported the political parties. They involved in the movement. There
was strike everywhere. Ultimately, King Birendra made a proclamation on radio at
11:00pm on 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS and declared the end of Panchayat system and
restoration of democracy.
280 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Make a table and show the causes of the rise and downfall of Panchayat system.
2. Although the Panchayat system was an autocratic system, there were some
noteworthy works. Search such works from different sources and present in the
class.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What was Panchayat system?
2. When did Panchayat system start and end?
Short answer questions:
1. Write a letter to your friend highlighting the causes of the rise of Panchayat system.
2. What were the development activities of Panchayat system? Write in points.
3. What should be done so that we don’t need to lose democracy and can move ahead
towards economic progress? Write in points.
4. What did Panchayat Rulers do to sustain the rule?
Long answer questions:
1. The democracy obtained by Nepalese people in 2007 BS suffered from various crises
and was weakened time and again. Why it happened? Explain.
2. Explain the causes of the rise and downfall of Panchayat system.
Community Work
Invite some intellectual personalities as speaker and conduct an interaction program
about the physical and education reform of your school. Present the conclusion of the
interaction program in the class.
Our Past 281
6LESSON Political Events from
2046 BS to 2062 BS
As a result of 49 days long People’s Movement (7th Falgun, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
2046 BS to 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS), the party-less autocratic
Panchayat system ended and democracy was restored. After
the success of the mass movement, all the Panchayat related
organizations were dissolved. An interim government was
formed under the chairmanship of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
(leader of Nepali Congress) involving the representatives of
political parties who participated in People’s Movement, the
persons nominated from the King and independent personalities.
This interim government was entrusted two major tasks. They
were:
a. To make new constitution based on multiparty democracy
b. To conduct the election of parliament
A Commission for the Constitution Reform Suggestion was Bishwanath Prasad
formed to draft a new constitution under the chairmanship Upadhyaya
of Bishwanath Prasad Upadhyaya, the then chief justice of
Supreme Court. Accordingly, the commission prepared the draft
of the constitution and submitted to the King. King Birendra
promulgated and enforced The Constitution of the Kingdom of
Nepal-2047 on 23rd Kartik, 2047 BS. This constitution clearly
mentioned that the sovereignty of Nepal is vested in the Nepalese
people. Besides this, the provisions of parliamentary system of
government, constitutional monarchy, adult franchise, human
rights and multiparty democratic system were guaranteed by
this constitution.
According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2047, Girija Prasad Koirala
election of parliament was held on 29th Baishakh, 2048 BS and
Nepali Congress won with majority. Under the Premiership of
Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepali Congress formed a government.
But it could not work for full term due to internal conflict in the
party. So, the parliament (Pratinidhi Sabha) was dissolved and
Mid-term Election (Madhyavadhi Nirbachan) was held on 29th
Kartik, 2051 BS.
No political parties got clear majority in the Mid-term Election. So CPN (UML) formed
the minority government on the Premiership of Manmohan Adhikari as it was the largest
282 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
party in the parliament. After nine months, this government
also failed as vote of no confidence (Abiswasko Prastab) was
passed against this government. Now, a coalition government
was formed under the Premiership of Sher Bahadur Deuba
including Nepali Congress, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and
Sadbhabana party.
On 1st Falgun, 2052 BS, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Manmohan Adhikari
started armed revolution from Rolpa with the demand of the
end of monarchy and oppose of the constitution. Slowly it
started to affect every nook and corner of the nation which
ultimately spread throughout the country. At the same time,
the Royal Massacre took place on 19th Jestha, 2058 BS which
liquidated King Birendra and his family. Gyanendra Shah
ascended the throne as the new King.
Direct Rule of King Gyanendra Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
On 18th Asoj, 2059 BS, King Gyanendra dismissed Prime
Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and seized all power in his
hand using article 127 of the Constitution of the Kingdom
of Nepal-2047. He appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand and
Surya Bahadur Thapa as the Prime Minister respectively.
This act of king was criticised by the people throughout the
country. Due to extreme pressure from the people, the king
appointed Sher Bahadur Deuba as the Prime Minister. But on
19th Magh, 2061 BS, the king detained all political leaders
including Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and formed
the government under his own chairmanship.
Peoples’ Movement II (2062/63 BS)
The political parties were angry with King Gyanendra for
his 19th Magh’s act. It was strongly criticised and opposed
by the then CPN (Maoist) which was in armed revolution.
Seven parties’ alliance and CPN (Maoist) signed a 12 point
understanding in Delhi on 7th Mangsir, 2062 BS and agreed to
launch People’s Movement against the existing government
peacefully. Accordingly, the people’s movement started
on 24th Chaitra, 2062 BS. The government made attempts
to suppress the revolution by imposing ban on all political Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
activities, demarcating sensitive places as ‘prohibited areas’ and imposed curfew. However
people poured into the street, shouted slogans, clashed with the police and violated the ban
of the government. Government could not maintain peace and security. King could not
continue his direct rule any more. So, after 19 days movement, he made a proclamation on
11th Baishakh, 2063 BS and declared the returning of sovereignty and the royal power to
the people. This movement is called People’s Movement-II.
Our Past 283
Causes of the People’s Movement-II People’s Movement-II
King Gyanedra’s high ambition,
12 point understanding between Seven Parties’
Alliance and then CPN (Maoist) to launch
People’s Movement against the King’s rule,
Consciousness developed in people about their
rights, and
Anti-democratic nature and activities of the
then government, etc.
After the royal proclamation of 11th Baishakh, the movement was stopped. Parliament
(Pratinidhi Sabha) was reinstated and a coalition government of seven parties was formed
under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala.
Chronology from 2046 to 2062 BS
Date (in BS) Events
6th Baishakh, 2047 Formation of eleven members interim government under the
premiership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
16th Jestha, 2047 Formation of a Commission for the Constitution Reform Suggestion
to draft a new constitution under the chairmanship of Bishwanath
Prasad Upadhyaya, the Chief Justice of Supreme Court
23rd Kartik, 2047 Promulgation of The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047
by the King Birendra
29th Baishakh, 2048 General Election held and new government was formed under the
premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala
29th Kartik, 2051 Mid-term election held
13th Mangsir, 2051 Formation of minority government under the premiership of
Manmohan Adhikari, the Chairperson of CPN (UML)
25th Bhadra, 2052 Formation coalition government under the premiership of Sher
Bahadur Deuba
1st Falgun, 2052 CPN(Maoist) started armed revolution
20th Baishakh and Parliamentary election held in the country
3rd Jestha, 2056
19th Jestha, 2058 Royal massacre in Narayanhiti palace which liquidated the King
Birendra and his family.
19th Magh, 2061 King Gyanendra took power in his hand
7th Mangsir, 2062 Signing on 12 points understanding by Seven parties’ alliance and
CPN (Maoist) in Delhi to restore the democratic system
24th Chaitra, 2062 People’s Movement was launched
11th Baishakh, 2063 House of Representatives was reinstated, People’s Movement
ended and democracy (Loktantra) was restored
284 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Prepare a chart including the major incidents of 19 Days People’s Movement and
present in the class.
2. Present the major political and historical events from 2046 BS to 2062/63 BS in a
timeline.
3. Discuss about the changes brought in the country by the people’s war of Maoist
launched from 2052 BS?
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by interim government?
2. Write any one difference between armed revolution and mass movement.
3. When did the People’s Movement of 2062/63 BS begin and end?
4. What was the main objective of People’s Mass Movement-II?
5. What were the major tasks entrusted to the interim government formed after the
people’s movement of 2046 BS.
Short answer questions:
1. Mention any four strong aspects of the political changes happened from 2046 BS to
2062/63 BS.
2. List the causes of the People’s Movement 2062/63 BS.
3. Mention the similarities and differences between the achievements of the people’s
movement of 2046 and 2062/63 BS.
Long answer questions:
1. Four great movements and two armed struggles took place from 2007 to 2062 BS.
What should be done to protect the achievements of the movements and let economic
development progress?
2. Compare between the People’s Movement of 2046 BS and People’s Movement of
2062/63 BS in terms of objectives, achievements, leadership and duration.
Community Work
Meet a politician and ask about his/her contribution and involvement in the
establishment of Loktantra in the country in 2062/63 BS. Then, prepare a report and
present in the class.
Our Past 285
7LESSON Political Events After
2062/63 BS
After the royal proclamation of 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS, dissolved parliament (House of
Representatives) was reinstated and democracy was restored. On 15th Baishakh, 2063 BS,
the meeting of reinstated House of Representative was held and after that new government
under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala was formed. On 4th Jestha, 2063 BS,
the meeting of House of Representative made a Historical Declaration of House of
Representatives. The major points of the declarations were:
1. All the Powers regarding legislature of Nepal shall be exercised by the House of
Representatives.
2. The House of Representatives shall, as per necessity, specify the procedures for
moving to the path of Constituent Assembly.
3. All the executive powers of Nepal shall be vested on the Council of Ministers. “His
Majesty’s Government” shall be referred as “Government of Nepal” from now
onwards.
4. The title “Royal Nepal Army” shall be changed to “Nepal Army”.
5. Chief of the Army Staff of the Nepalese Army shall be appointed by the Council of
Ministers.
6. The power to make, amend and repeal laws regarding the succession to the throne
shall be vested on the House of Representatives.
7. The private property and income of His Majesty the King shall be taxable pursuant
the law.
8. A question over the acts performed by His Majesty may be raised in the House of
Representatives and in court.
9. The existing “national anthem” shall be changed by making alternative arrangement.
10. Nepal shall be a secular state.
11. The legal arrangements of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-1990 and other
prevailing laws, with this declaration, shall be void to the extent of inconsistency.
12. Any difficulty that may arise while implementing this declaration shall be removed by
a decision of the House of Representatives.
The House of Representatives made Comprehensive Peace Agreement
unanimous decision to hold the election of
Constituent Assembly, to negotiate with the
CPN (Maoist), to make interim constitution,
etc. Eight Points Agreement was reached
between (CPN) Maiost and Seven Political
Parties on 2nd Ashad, 2063 BS. Comprehensive
286 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Peace Agreement was signed between Declaration of Republic of Nepal
(CPN) Maoist and the Government of
Nepal on 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS and 10
years long people’s war launched from
2052 BS was ended. On the consent of
(CPN) Maoist and Seven Political Parties,
the Interim Constitution of Nepal-2063
was promulgated on 1st Magh, 2063 BS as
a document of political consensus.
The election for Constitution Assembly was held
on 28th Chaitra, 2064 BS and the first meeting
of Constituent Assembly declared Nepal as
Republican State on 15th Jestha, 2065 BS and ended
centuries-long monarchy. After this declaration,
the then King Gyanendra made a public address
and left the throne voluntarily. Then, Dr. Ram
Baran Yadav, the leader of Nepali Congress
was elected as the first President of Nepal on 6th
Shrawan, 2065 BS. Similarly, Puspa Kamal Dahal Declaration of Constitution of Nepal
(Prachanda), the leader of the largest party (CPN,
Maoist) in Constituent Assembly became the first Prime Minister of Republic of Nepal
on 31st Shrawan, 2065 BS. But, the country’s political situation started to deteriorate and
political turmoil continued. After Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), Madhav Kumar Nepal
(on 11th Jestha, 2066 BS), Jhalanath Khanal (on 23rd Magh, 2067 BS) and Dr. Baburam
Bhattarai (on 12th Bhadra, 2068 BS) became the Prime Ministers of Nepal.
The Constituent Assembly was dissolved on 14th Jestha, 2069 BS without completing
its major task i.e., writing constitution in the country during the premiership of Dr.
Baburam Bhattarai. The four years long effort of political parties to maintain consensus,
collaboration and unity was not effective enough for the formulation of constitution from
the Constituent Assembly.
Constitution could not be formulated from the Constituent Assembly-I due to the following
reasons:
Disagreement of political parties on several issues,
Crisis of understanding, beliefs, maturity, experience, feeling of responsibility, etc in
political parties,
Interest of political parties on forming and dissolving the government rather than
drafting constitution,
Negligence of political parties to the mandate and spirit of people’s movement and
power game.
Our Past 287
After the resignation of Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, an Interim Election Council of 10 ex-
government officials was formed under the chairmanship of the then Chief Justice
Khil Raj Regmi on 1st Chaitra, 2069 BS. It became successful to hold the election of
Constituent Assembly-II. Finally, after the election of Constituent Assembly-II held on
4th Mangsir, 2070 BS, Nepali Congress and CPN-UML emerged as the 1st and 2nd largest
parties respectively in the Constituent Assembly-II. Sushil
Koirala, the leader of Nepali congress was elected as the
Prime Minister of the country right after the formation of
Constituent Assembly-II on 27th Magh, 2070 BS.
After many serious dialogues, the political parties agreed Dr. Ram Baran Yadav
to promulgate the new constitution. The great earthquake (The first President of Nepal)
of 12th and 29th Baishakh, 2072 BS caused the loss of
lives and properties in 14 districts. In such disastrous Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli
situation, the political parties got united for the rescue (The Prime Minister of Nepal)
and reconstruction forgetting their self-contradiction. It
also created an environment to realize the need of unity
for the formulation of constitution and nation building.
Hence the constitution drafting process speeded up. Some
of the agendas were kept undecided as it is to decide
in future by agreement. According to the commitment
made between political parties, the date to promulgate
constitution was fixed. In the meeting of the CA held
on 3rd Ashwin, 2072 BS, the Constitution of Nepal was
promulgated by the then president Dr. Ram Baran Yadhav.
The government requested the Nepali citizen to welcome
constitution with great celebration and enthusiasm all
over the country. Along with the promulgation of the
Constitution, Nepal entered into new era and the dream of
Nepali people for 65 years was materialized.
Right after the promulgation of the constitution, the
country had to suffer from unofficial blockade. After that
new cabinet was formed under the premiership of the
Chairperson of CPN (UML) Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli
(K.P. Oli) on 24th Ashwin, 2072 BS. Still there are some
constitutional issues to be addressed for the practical
implementation of federalism in Nepal.
According to the constitutional provision, the election Bidhya Devi Bhandari
of President and Vice-President was held. Bidhya Devi (The President of Nepal)
Bhandari was elected as the first woman President
in the history of Nepal on 11th Kartik, 2072 BS. It is a
288 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
great achievement for Nepalese women in regards of
empowerment. Similarly, Nanda Bahadur Pun was
elected as Vice-President on Kartik 14th, 2072 BS. The
Constituent Assembly-II was converted into Legislative
Parliament as it completed its job of writing constitution.
A new cabinet was formed under the premiership of
the Chairperson of CPN (Maoist Centre) Pushpakamal
Dahal on 19th Shrawan, 2073 BS. The first phase of local
election was held on 31st Baisakh, 2074 BS. Then Sher
Bahadur Deuba was appointed as 40th Prime Minister of
Nepal on 23rd Jestha, 2074 BS. During his Primership, the Nanda Bahadur Pun
second and third phase of local election was held on 14th (The Vice-President of Nepal)
of Ashad and 2nd of Ashwin, 2074 BS respectively. The
historical election of Federal and Provincial level was conducted in two phases. The first
phase was held on 10th of Mangsir 2074 BS in 35 districts of hills and mountains and the
second phase of election was held on 21st Mangsir, 2074 BS in remaining 42 districts.
Similarly, the election of National Assembly was held on 24th of Magh, 2074 BS.
Immediately after the completion of all level of election, K.P. Oli was appointed 41st Prime
Minister of Federal Government of Nepal on 3rd of Falgun, 2074 BS. Krishna Bahadur
Mahara was elected as the Speaker of House of Representatives on 26th Falgun, 2074 BS,
Ganesh Timilshina was elected as the Chairperson of the National Assembly on 30th
Falgun, 2074 BS and the President of Nepal Bidhya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the
President of Nepal on 29th Falgun, 2074 BS. The Vice-President Nanda Bahadur Pun was
also re-elected as the new Vice-President of Nepal on 4th Chaitra, 2074 BS.
Chronology after 2062/63 BS
Date (in BS) Events
4th Jestha, 2063 Historical Declaration of House of Representatives
5th Mangsir, 2063 Signing on Comprehensive Peace Agreement
1st Magh, 2063 Promulgation of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063
28th Chaitra, 2064 Election of the Constituent Assembly I
15th Jestha, 2065 Nepal was declared as Republican State
6th Shrawan, 2065 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav elected as the First President of Nepal
Pushpakamal Dahal elected as the First Prime Minister of
31st Shrawan, 2065 Republic of Nepal
New cabinet formed under the premiership of Madhav Kumar
11th Jestha, 2066 Nepal
Formation of Jhalanath Khanal led government
23rd Magh, 2067 Formation of Dr. Baburam Bhattarai led government
12th Bhadra, 2068 Constituent Assembly I dissolved
14th Jestha, 2069
Our Past 289
1st Chaitra, 2069 Formation of Interim Election Council under the Chairmanship
of the Chief Justice-Khil Raj Regmi
4th Mangsir, 2070 Election of Constituent Assembly II held
27th Magh, 2070 Formation of Sushil Koirala led government
12th and 29th Baishakh, Great earthquake hit, huge loss of lives and properties
2072
3rd Ashwin, 2072 Constitution of Nepal promulgated
24th Ashwin, 2072 New government formed under the premiership of K.P. Oli
11th Kartik, 2072 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as President of Nepal
19th Shrawan, 2073 New cabinet formed under the premiership of the Chairperson of
CPN (Maoist Centre) Pushpa Kamal Dahal
31st Baishakh, 2074 First phase local election
23rd Jestha, 2074 Sher Bahadur Deuba became Prime Minister
14th Ashad, 2074 Second phase of local election
2nd Ashwin, 2074 Third phase of local election
10th Mangsir, 2074 First phase of general election of Central and Provincial
Parliament in 35 districts
21st Mangsir, 2074 Second phase of general election of Central and Provincial
Parliament in 42 districts
24th Magh, 2074 Election of National Assembly
3rd Falgun, 2074 K.P. Oli appointed as 41st Prime Minister of Nepal
29th Falgun, 2074 The President Bidhya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the new
President of Nepal.
4th Chaitra, 2074 The Vice-President Nanda Bahadur Pun was re-elected as the
new Vice-President of Nepal.
9th Magh, 2076 Election of National Assembly for one-third members.
12th Magh, 2076 Agni Prasad Sapkota elected on new Speaker of House of Representatives.
5th Poush, 2077 President Bidhya Devi Bhandari dissolved House of Representatives
on the recommendation of Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli and fixed
date for the election to be held on 17th and 27th Baishakh, 2078 BS.
11th Falgun, 2077 The Supreme Court reinstated the dissolved House of Representatives.
Activities
1. “The political condition after the People’s Movement 2062/63 was unstable.” Discuss
about its causes and consequences in the class.
2. Why was the government formed under the Chairmanship of Chief Justice Khil Raj
Regmi? Mention the achievements of that government.
290 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What was the Historical Declaration of House of Representatives?
2. When was the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between the CPN (Maoist)
and the Government of Nepal?
3. What is Constituent Assembly?
4. When was the Constitution of Nepal promulgated through Constituent Assembly?
Short answer questions:
1. Constitution could not be formulated from the Constituent Assembly-I? Why?
Mention the reasons.
2. “The present constitution of Nepal is a document of consensus.” Justify this statement.
3. Show the major political events occurred after 2062/63 BS in a timeline using
appropriate scale.
4. Mention the reasons behind the establishment of republicanism in Nepal.
5. Present the list of major similarities and differences between the Panchayat period
and 2059-2062 BS period in Nepal.
6. Differentiate between republicanism and monarchism in four points.
Long answer questions:
1. Were the wills and aspirations of people fulfilled after the People’s Movement-II?
Present your logics.
2. General elections, referendum and election of Constituent Assembly have been
conducted in the history of Nepal. Now, mention the years in which they were held
and show them in a timeline.
3. List out any four changes seen in the country after People’s Movement 2062/63 BS.
Project Work
Consult any political personality or use internet or read books to find out the facts about
the People’s Movement-II and achievements obtained from it. Include the obtained
opinion and your conclusion and then prepare a report on the basis of following sub-
titles.
a. Title
b. Introduction
c. Objectives
d. Methodology
e. Findings
f. Conclusion and suggestion
Our Past 291
8LESSON Social and Economic
Achievements After People’s
Movement-II
With the aim to restore people’s right over the state authority, People’s Movement-II
was launched for 19 days from 24th Chaitra, 2062 BS to 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS. This
movement restored democratic system in the country. Many political incidents occurred
after this movement. Lots of social and economic changes were made.
Social Achievements Proportional Affirmative
Inclusiveness Action
End of
Social Evils Social End of
Increase in Achievements Discrimination
Awareness
Improved lifestyle
M Proportional inclusiveness: Principle of proportional inclusiveness was adopted. It
brought all the citizens of backward class, region, caste, language, gender, etc into the
mainstream of development. It also ensured the participation of such citizens in the
state affairs by ending all kinds of discrimination and oppression.
M Affirmative Action: A provision of special privileges and opportunities has been made
for the women, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Dalit, persons with disability and
people from backward region on the basis of percentage. They are also provided with
reservation in services and facilities to be provided by the state. It is to compensate
them for past injustices.
M End of discrimination: The custom of discrimination on the basis of caste, religion,
language, region, gender, etc has been eliminated. The discrimination in the name of
so-called upper caste and lower caste is now almost ended. Women have now reached
at the highest positions of the state affairs. Madhesi people, who were backward
regionally, have now reached in the level of ruling and access.
M Improved lifestyle:After the success of People’s Movement-II, development activities
have been operated smoothly because the existing conflict came to the end and peace
has been restored. Rapid development of education, employment, communication,
transportation, etc has made the lifestyle of people easier and comfortable.
292 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
M Increase in awareness: The level of people’s awareness has increased all of a sudden.
Literacy has increased more than 65%. People have become conscious about their
health. They are capable enough to identify the corruption and complain against it.
M End of social evils: People have now started to be united for the development and
prosperity of the community and nation rising above their political thought, caste,
religion or any other matter. Cooperation, teamwork and friendship are rapidly
increasing among the people which ultimately contributed in eradicating the evil
practices from the society.
Economic Achievements
Economic Achievements
Reduction in Increase in Increase Increase in
Poverty Economic in Foreign Employment
Growth Rate Investment Opportunity
M Reduction in poverty: Poverty alleviation projects are running in various parts of the
country by different donor countries and agencies. Remittance is increasing day by
day. Foreign employment is gradually being managed. Periodic plans are in operation
in the country. Consequently, the rate of poverty is decreasing and economic condition
of the country is improving than before.
M Increase in economic growth rate: After the People’s Movement-II, the country has
made economic progress. Top priority has been given for the rapid economic growth
by the government. Economic growth rate is gradually increasing. Big development
projects are running in various parts of the country.
M Increase in foreign investment: The end of conflict and restoration of peace opened
the door to foreign investment. Many multinational companies are interested to invest
in Nepal. Non-resident Nepalese are also investing in many sectors in the country.
BIPPA and other agreements on transportation, cooperation, grant, etc have been
made with various countries.
M Increase in employment opportunity: New destinations for the foreign employment
have been identified. Increasing service sectors like private schools, colleges, banks,
etc are providing job opportunities to people. The government has brought various
schemes related to self-employment.
Our Past 293
Activities
1. What economic changes have been made in your family within last 5 years? Make a
note and present in the class.
2. Discuss in the class about the social and economic achievements observed after the
People’s Movement-II.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by political change?
2. What was the main achievement of People’s Movement-II? Write in a sentence.
Short answer questions:
1. Present the social and economic achievements after the People’s Movement-II in a
table.
2. Make a list of the positive changes occurred in your community after People’s
Movement-II.
3. “Political change according to the will and aspiration of people brings social and
economic changes in the country”. Present your logics in the form of an article for a
newspaper.
Long answer question:
Compare the social and economic achievements of the political changes occurred from
2007 to 2017 BS and after 2062/63 BS.
Project Work
What social and economic changes were made in your community after 2046 BS? On
the basis of your observation and the consultation with a local senior citizen, prepare a
report.
294 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
9LESSON Causes of the First World War
Introduction
The most expensive and bloody war till now which broke out from 28th July, 1914 AD
to 28th June, 1919 AD is known as the First World War. It was fought for 1,565 days. It
was a terrifying war in which almost all countries of the world were involved directly or
indirectly against their rival groups and destroyed huge amount of lives and properties
worldwide. In the First World War, military alliances were formed. France, Britain, Russia,
Italy, Belgium, China, Japan, USA, etc were in an alliance called Allies Power whereas
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc were in another alliance called Axis Power.
The Major Causes of the First World War
1. Groupism of European Countries: After the
unification of Germany, Otto Von Bismarck became
the Chancellor of Germany in 1870 AD. He adopted
a policy of imperialism and annexed two important
provinces of France called Alsace and Lorraine
in 1871 AD. It sowed the seed of rivalry between
these two countries. Frence felt much humiliated
for losing those territories to Germany. At the same
time, Bismarck thought that France could attack on
Germany any time to take back Alsace and Lorraine.
So, to protect Germany from French attack and isolate
France, Bismarck signed a secret agreement with
Austria-Hungary in 1879 AD and Italy in 1882 AD.
This is called Triple Alliance. After the downfall of Otto Von Bismarck
Bismarck in 1890 AD France also got chance to go
against Germany. As a result, France also signed a secret treaty with Russia in 1894 AD
and Britain in 1904 AD which is known as Triple Entente. Thus, European powers were
divided into two strong hostile groups. There was suspicion, fear and political tension
among the members of these rival alliances. Their activities spread jealousy and hatred
against each other, which led to the outbreak of the First World War.
2. Extreme Nationalism: Nationalism is very important for the progress and prosperity
of the nation. It reflects pride, loyalty and devotion of citizens to their nation. But, if
nationalism is used for self-interest, it can be a curse to nation and humanity. Loving the
nation more than enough and underestimating other is known as extreme nationalism or
ultra nationalism. In this, people always think that their country, whether right or wrong,
Our Past 295
is greatest of all. They even don’t accept the existence of others. After the unification of
Germany and Italy, an extreme nationalism developed in European countries. Germans
used to think that they were superior to others. The British thought of themselves as
someone born to rule. French wanted to take revenge upon Germany. This feeling of
extreme nationalism spread to other nations as well. It also caused the outbreak of the
First World War.
3. Militarism: After the formation of two hostile alliances, both the groups felt insecure
and increased the military strength. Powerful countries of Europe like England, France,
Germany, Italy, etc spent a huge national income in military expenses. Compulsory military
services were imposed on people. War materials were produced in the factories. Scientists
were engaged to develop new weapons. There was competition between Germany and
England to increase naval forces. For every ship Germany built, England would build two
ships. Such a race could end only in a war.
4. Imperialism and Colonialism: Imperialism is domination and colonialism is rule by
one country over other. After industrial revolutions, the industrial countries of Europe
needed markets to sell their products and to acquire raw materials for their industries.
They started to search for new places in different parts of the world. Many countries of
Asia and Africa were colonized by England and France. Spain and Portugal colonized
South America. Similarly, Netherlands, Denmark, etc also had their colonies in different
parts of the world. After the unification of Germany and Italy, they also became imperialist
countries and joined in the race of making colonies. Every country wanted to extend its
empire which created tensions and rivalries among European nations.
5. Character of William II: German emperor
William II was very arrogant and proud. He wanted
Germany to be almighty in the world. He believed
in the policy of “World power or Downfall”.
He was not ready to make any compromise in
international affairs. He wanted to have his own
way in every case. He wanted to dominate England
anyhow. His view was to accept all his demands
by Englishmen rather than fight against him. It
created tension between England and Germany.
6. Role of Newspapers: The newspapers
published from Europe during that time used to
inflame nationalistic feeling by publishing fake
news. Instigating, imaginary and misleading
news awakened the feeling of revenge. German William II
newspapers used to publish news against British.
They used to provoke the unnecessary propaganda and misinterpret the situation. The
newspapers of Austria and Serbia were also having ill-intention and prejudice with each
296 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
other. They often created conflicts and poisoned the public thoughts against each other. ItNorway
increased the war sentiment in people.Sweden
7. Balkan Crisis: Before the First World War many countries of Balkan region like Greece,
Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, etc were under the rule of Turkey
which was called the Ottoman Empire. Turkey had imposed suppressive rule over the
Christian people of this region. They wanted independence from Ottoman Empire. So, the
four Balkan countries: Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro formed an alliance called
Balkan League and made an agreement to launch war against Turkey, get independence
and divide the land obtained from Turkey equally. Thus, Balkan League attacked Turkey
in 1912 AD and was defeated easily because it was too weak to protect its territory. Hence
Turkey was called the “Sick Man of Europe” in those days. In course of the war, Balkan
League and Turkey signed a treaty in London that made the countries of Balkan League
independent from Turkey. Albania was declared a new Balkan country, and remaining land
was divided among the countries of Balkan League. It is called the First Balkan War.
But, Bulgaria was dissatisfied with Serbia while dividing the obtained land. Germany
and Austria agitated Bulgaria. Hence, Bulgaria attacked Serbia in 1913 AD. This is called
the Second Balkan War. In this war, Serbia was supported by other countries of Balkan
League and Bulgaria was defeated. Serbia became a big country. Such crisis in Balkan
region increased the war sentiment and became one of the causes of the First World War.
8. Rebellious Feeling of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The two provinces of Turkey located
at Balkan region: Bosnia and Herzegovina were given to Austria-Hungary by the Congress
of Berlin in 1878 AD. However, Austria-Hungary was given the right merely to occupy
and govern over them and not to annex them. The sovereignty of the Sultan of Turkey was
Denmark
N
Netherland
Our Past Central Powers
Allied Power
Neutral Nations
Minority groups in
Austria-Hungary
297
maintained over them. But Austria-Hungary annexed them in 1908 AD. This brought forth
bitter protests from Serbia. A strong agitation started in Serbia to separate these provinces
from Austria-Hungary and unite them with Serbia. The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina
were more anxious for their independence from Austria-Hungary than for their union with
Serbia because they were Serbia origin and their culture, language and lifestyle were same
as Serbian. However, they were willing to accept help from Serbia in its efforts to become
independent. Thus, the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina formed a spy organization
called “Black Hand Society” or “Unity or Death” to revolt against the seize of Bosnia
and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. As Serbia was supporting them, the rivalry between
Austria-Hungary and Serbia became very strong and by 1914 AD it resulted into a war.
9. Immediate Cause: The assassination of
Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife Sophie Chotek was the
immediate cause of the First World War.
On 28th June, 1914 AD when the Austrian
crown prince Archduke Ferdinand and his
wife Sophie Chotek visited Bosnian capital
Sarajevo, a nineteen years old Bosnian
student named Gavrilo Princep assassinated
this couple, shooting from nearby. He was
the member of Black Hand Society, a secret
organization formed by Serbian youths to Assassination of Austrian heir
take revenge with Austria-Hungary for their
occupation over Bosnia-Herzegovina. The relation of Austria and Serbia was already bad,
this event made their relation even worse. Austria blamed Serbia for this murder. On the
instigation of Germany, the emperor of Austria Francis Joseph sent an ultimatum letter
containing twelve points demand to King Peter of Serbia on 23rd July, 1914 AD whose
answers had to be replied within 48 hours. There were two major demands: to suppress
the Black Hand and to permit Austrian official to supervise the suppression. On 25th July,
1914 AD, Serbian King Peter replied it stating that they could fulfil eleven demands. He
stated for the last one demand that they could suppress the Black Hand but would not
permit the Austrian officials to supervise it. Austria-Hungary outraged by the reply of
Serbia, made a military attack against Serbia on 28th July, 1914 AD. Russia sent troops to
support Serbia while Germany declared war against Russia. France and England declared
war against Germany and Austria. Thus, the First World War began.
Chronology of the First World War
Date (in AD) Events
28th July, 1914
The emperor of Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph declared war against
Serbia and Austria-Hungarian army bombarded on Serbian capital
city Belgrade.
298 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
29th July, 1914 Russian government ordered its army to protect Serbia. Russia also
entered into war.
30th July, 1914
Germany pressured Russian Emperor Tsar Nicolas-II to get back its
1st Aug, 1914 force.
3rd Aug, 1914 Germany declared war against Russia as Russia did not bring its force
back and France ordered its force to support Russia.
4th Aug, 1914
12th Aug, 1914 Germany declared war against France. German troops entered
20th Oct, 1914 Belgium to attack France. Britain pressurized Germany to bring its
24th May, 1915 force back.
15th Oct, 1915
27th Aug, 1916 Britain declared war against Germany as it did not bring its force
28th Aug, 1916 back from Belgium.
6th April, 1917
7th Aug, 1918 Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary.
9th Nov, 1918
28th June, 1919 First Battle of Ypres began and many soldiers died in the war of
Belgium city, Ypres.
Italy declared war against Austria-Hungary
Britain declared war against Bulgaria.
Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary.
Italy declared war against Germany.
USA declared war against Germany.
Black Day of German force as it was loss-oriented.
German Emperor Kaiser William II fled to Holland to take asylum.
Paris Peace Conference, Versailles Treaty and end of the war.
Activities
1. Unhealthy competition, jealousy, revengeful and negative thought, etc are the
clearly seen as the causes of the First World War. These are also the obstacles in
the personal development. Such elements should be removed from our mentality.
Discuss with the friends and list the measures to remove such elements.
2. How can the conflict and tension be prevented? Discuss and write the measures.
Our Past 299
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What were Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?
2. What was Ottoman Empire?
3. Which country was called the “Sick man of Europe” before the First World War and
why?
4. What was Balkan League? Why was it formed?
5. What was the immediate cause of the First World War?
6. When did the First World War break out and end?
Short answer questions:
1. How did groupism invite the First World War?
2. Differentiate between Nationalism and extreme nationalism.
3. Write the basic difference between Imperialism and colonialism.
4. How was the character of Kaiser William responsible for the outbreak of the First
World War?
5. How did the First World War break out? Explain.
6. If you were the Serbian King Peter, what and how would you reply to the threatening
of Austro-Hungarian King and why?
7. Show the major events of the First World War in a time line.
Long answer question:
What was the First World War? Describe any six causes of the First World War.
Project Work
Make a table as given below and mention the persons, their posts and places mentioned
in the lesson.
Person Post Place/Country
Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor Germany
William II
Tsar Nicolas-II
Francis Joseph
Sophie Chotek
300 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
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