10LESSON Consequences of the
First World War
Introduction
The First World War was the greatest disaster in the history of mankind till then. 36 nations
of the world participated directly and many other countries were involved indirectly. The
war was fought on land with tanks and cannons, on oceans with ships and submarines, and
on air with aeroplanes. This war caused unbelievable loss of life and property.
The Major Consequences of the First World War
1. Versailles Treaty and Seed of the Second Versailles Palace
World War: On 28th June, 1919 AD a treaty
was signed between Allies and Germany
in Versailles palace of France which ended
the First World War formally. This treaty
is called Versailles Treaty (Paris Peace
Treaty). In this treaty Germany was treated
very rudely. As this treaty was one-sided and
insulting, it left negative effects. According
to this treaty, Germany had to lose 13% of
its land and 6 million people.
Major provisions of this treaty
a. War guilt (crime): According to the article 231 of Versailles Treaty, Germany was
declared war criminal and had to take responsibility of all damages made by the war.
b. Loss of German territory: Germany had to give Alsace and Lorraine to France, Eurpen-
Malmedy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, and Polish Corridor and Danzing to
Poland. All the German colonies were given to the Allies. The regions including Saar were
kept under League of Nations.
c. Military Restrictions: Germany had to keep its army 10 km away from the border
of Rhineland and it was kept under Allied power for 15 years. Germany was allowed to
keep only 100,000 soldiers. New recruitment in the army, air force, etc was restricted.
Germany was not allowed to keep more than 6 warships. Germany was prohibited from
manufacturing warships, tanks and airplanes.
d. Compensation: Germany had to pay £660 million all at once to Allied Reparations
Commission. Coal production area of Saar was to be given to France for 15 years.
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2. Unprecedented Loss of Life and Destruction of First World War
Properties: About 65 million armed
soldiers were involved in this war.
Among them 9.2 million were killed
and about 29 millions were injured or
missing. Many beautiful cities, modern
factories, costly bridges and large vessels
were destroyed. Production decreased
and many countries of the world suffered
from economic crisis.
3. Downfall of Monarchical Feudalism and Establishment of Republicanism: As the
result of this war many absolute monarchies of Europe collapsed and democracy and
republicanism replaced them. The monarchies of Germany, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and
Turkey collapsed. Republican forms of government were established in Germany, Austria,
Russia, Finland, Ukraine, etc. Hungary was separated from Austria. The emperor was
abdicated. Bolshevik revolution took place in Russia and the rule of the Tsar ended and
communist system of government was established in 1917 AD.
4. Formation of the League of Nations: League of Nations
The most significant contribution of the
First World War was the establishment
of the League of Nations. It was the first
global organization. It was formed on the
10th January, 1920 AD according to the
idea of the then US President Woodrow
Wilson. Its headquarters was in Geneva.
67 nations of the world had become its
members. It functioned effectively till
1939 AD. The main objectives of this
organization were:
a. To prevent the world from world war
b. To settle the dispute peacefully, and
c. To develop international understanding and disarmament.
5. Rise of New Countries and Change in World Map: After the First World War, some
countries like Czechoslovakia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Albania, etc emerged and changed the
political map of the world.
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6. Rise of Dictatorship: It is true that the First World War ended absolute monarchism
and replaced it by republicanism but it also caused the rise of dictatorships like Nazi ruler
Adolf Hitler in Germany, Fascist Benito Mussolini in Italy, General Francisco Franco, etc.
They remained in power by exploiting the people and murdering the opponents.
7. Worldwide Economic Crisis: During the First World War, a large number of youths
were killed. It created the scarcity of active human power to work in industries and factories;
production decreased which resulted in the economic crisis worldwide. The world started
suffering from starvation, inflation, unemployment and price hiking. It resulted into the
extreme economic recession in European countries in 1930 AD.
8. Social Changes: During this war most of the European countries had compulsory army
training. When men were engaged in war, women came forward to work in offices and
factories. They worked confidently and became conscious of their rights. Later on women’s
right movement took place in Europe and they were given the voting and other rights. The
war changed religious orthodoxy of European people and they become secular. Factory
laws were passed and trade unions were established in many countries of the world.
Role of Nepal in the First World War
Chandra Shumsher was the Prime Minister of Nepal during the
First World War. Nepal was an ally of Britain in this war. Nepal sent
7,500 Nepalese troops under the command of Babar Shumsher on
behalf of British government. Later on, other soldiers were also
sent by Chandra Shumsher, under the command of Gen. Padma
Shumsher, Tej shumsher and Keshar Shumsher. New recruitment
also continued as war continued. A total of 16,544 Nepalese
soldiers fought in support of British at that time. At the same time,
Nepal provided one million pound to the British as support in the
war.
Nepalese force exhibited extra-ordinary bravery and made the Victoria Cross
British win many difficult wars. So, the enemy also praised the
bravery of the Nepalese soldiers openheartedly. Many Nepalese soldiers were awarded
with the most reputed Victoria Cross and Military Cross by British government and also
provided one million rupees annually to Nepal as a mark of gratitude. Chandra Shumsher
was given the title of General of British Army. German emperor Kaiser William II had
once said about the bravery of Nepalese soldiers, “I can send my army to fight any troops
of the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldiers”.
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Activities
1. Collect the photographs of the dictators emerged after the First World War and
prepare their short biography.
2. Prepare a timeline including the major events and dates of the First World War.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What is meant by dictatorship?
2. What was Treaty of Versailles? When was it signed?
3. What was the League of Nations? When was it formed?
4. “I can send my army to fight any troops of the world, but my heart shivers when I
hear the name of Gorkhali soldiers.” Who said this statement and why?
Short answer questions:
1. What were the military restrictions imposed over Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?
2. Mention the role of Nepal and Nepalese soldiers in the First World War.
3. Show the following historical events of the First World War in a timeline with a
suitable title and scale:
Date Event
28th July, 1914 AD Austria declared war against Serbia
28th August, 1916 AD Italy declared war against Germany
6th April, 1917 AD The USA declared war against Germany
28th June, 1919 AD Treaty of Versailles singed and end of the First World War
4. Make a list of the consequences of the First World War.
5. The data given below is the number of the deaths of soldiers in the First World War
from different countries. Prepare a bar-graph on the basis of this statistic.
Country No. of Deaths
Italy 650,000
Germany 1,773,000
Bulgaria 875,000
USA 116,516
Romania 335,000
6. How is it proved from the incidents of the First World War that the feeling of revenge
cannot solve the problem? Present your logics.
7. How did the Versailles Treaty sow the seed of revenge in Germany?
Long answer question:
Mention the consequences of the First World War and describe any five of them.
304 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
LESSON
11 Causes of the Second World War
Introduction
The most devastating war that started on 1st September, 1939 AD and spread worldwide
and ended on 12th September, 1945 AD causing huge loss of lives and properties is known
as the Second World War. During the Second World War, the European powers were
divided into two rival camps which were called Allies Power and Axis Power. Britain,
France, Russia, the USA, etc fought from the side of Allies and Germany, Italy, Japan, etc
fought from the side of Axis power.
The Major Causes of the Second World War
1. Violation of Versailles’s Treaty by Germany: After
the end of the First World War, this treaty was signed
between Allies and Germany in the Versailles palace of
France. It is said that defeated Germany accepted this
treaty with a knife at its throat. It was an imposed treaty.
It contained the most humiliating terms for Germany.
Germany was forced to accept the responsibility of the
First World War. All German colonies and large portion
of German territory were confiscated. German army
was disarmed and it was reduced to one lakh soldiers.
Germany was banned to manufacture weapons and had
to pay 660 million pounds as the compensation of war.
Germany was ill treated in Europe. Foreign forces were
deployed in Germany to compel it follow the treaty.
Such humiliation could not be forgotten by German
people and wanted to take revenge of it. This feeling of Adolf Hitler
revenge led to increase in support for Adolf Hitler who
started to violate the Paris Peace Treaty (Treaty of Versailles) one after another after he
came to power and paved the way for the Second World War.
2. Failure of the League of Nations: After the First World War, the League of Nations
was established on 10th January, 1920 AD to prevent the world from world war. It was
established according to the idea of the then US President Woodrow Wilson. But the USA
never took the membership of the League of Nations. Lacking the support of the USA
the League of Nations became weak. On the other hand, the permanent members of the
League of Nations started violating its principle and policy. Japan invaded Manchuria
in 1931 AD. Japan quitted the membership of the League of Nations in 1933 AD.
Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936 AD. Germany quitted League of Nations in 1933 AD and
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annexed Austria in 1938 AD and Czechoslovakia in 1939 AD. Russia got control over
Finland. But, the League of Nations could neither control the war nor take necessary
action against their act. The failure of the League of Nations became the cause of the
Second World War.
3. Rise of Dictators: After the First World War, Adolf Mussolini
Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, General
Francisco Franco in Spain, etc emerged and started to
exercise the dictatorship. They adopted the policy of
“Might is Right” in the internal politics. Likewise, they
increased militarism and demonstration of weapons
to challenge and threaten the other countries. They
even spread the slogans of extreme nationalism. Hitler
suspended the constitution and took all the state powers
in his hand. He made compulsory for youths to join in
army. Such activities weakened the democratic system
in the world and became the cause of the Second World
War.
4. Unholy Alliances of the Nations: To stop the spread of communism in Europe from
Russia, Japan and Germany signed a treaty in 1936 AD called Anti Comintern Pact. In
1937 AD, Italy also joined in Anti Comintern Pact and it was called Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis. Japan wanted to suppress the spread of communism in China through this Axis.
After the formation of Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, they started to extend their empire. USA,
Britain and France did not pay interest in their invasions thinking that they will help to
stop the spread of communism. But the Axis started to fulfil their interest and threaten
the world peace. On the other side France, Britain, Romania, Yugoslavia and USA made
another group. Soon, Russia too joined them and thus Second World War broke out.
5. Fear of Communism and the Policy ofAppeasement: Vladimir Lenin
When the First World War was going on, communism
was established in Russia after the October Revolution SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
of 1917 AD. That revolution overthrew the Czar and
brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin,
to power. As Russia made progress through this system
within a short period, its influence spread in the world.
France and Britain were unhappy. Britain was afraid of
losing its supremacy. Thus, Britain adopted the policy of
appeasement to avoid war with Nazi Germany and Fascist
Italy by taking no action to prevent Italy’s invasion of
Ethiopia or Germany’s annexation of Austria wishing
that the alliance of Germany attack on Russia and make
Russia lose its power. France also supported Britain in
this act.
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6. Spanish Civil War: A Civil War broke out in Spain
in 1936 AD. It was the war between the Republicans and
Conservatives. So, General Francisco Franco mobilized
army to suppress the movement. Italy and Germany
supported him. They also got a golden opportunity to
test the military power and ability of their weapons. As a
result, General Franco got the victory and was involved
in the alliance of Germany against communism. It also
added the war sentiment of Axis power and thus the
Second World War broke out.
7. Economic Crisis: The First World War brought severe
economic crisis worldwide. People were suffering from
lots of problems like unemployment, inflation, shortage
of food, etc. The life of people was very difficult. Such General Francisco Franco
difficulties increased dissatisfaction and frustration
among the common people. Agricultural production decreased, poverty increased and
industries were almost closed. On the other hand, the unemployed youths were involved
in the military and armament. It also invited the Second World War.
8. Immediate Cause: Attack on Poland: In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Danzig and Polish
Corridor from Poland. These territories were given to Poland according to the Treaty of
Versailles from Germany. Hitler wanted these parts so as to have access to Baltic Sea.
But Poland denied. At the same time, Hitler signed a treaty with Russia on 23th August,
1939 AD called Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and both the countries agreed to
divide Poland and annex its parts in their countries. They also agreed not to attack each
other for ten years. On 1st September, 1939 AD, Hitler of Germany invaded Poland by
making sudden attack from both land and air. This sudden attack was called “Blitzkrieg”
which means “Lightening War”. Britain and France warned Germany to stop the attack
immediately but Germany refused. Then, Britain and France jointly declared war against
Germany on 3rd September, 1939 AD. Thus the Second World War broke out.
Chronology of the Second World War
Date (in AD) Events
Germany attacked Poland and beginning of the Second World
1st September, 1939 War
Britain and France declared war against Germany
3rd September, 1939 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway
9th April, 1940 Japan joined Axis power
30th April, 1940 Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
10th May, 1940 Germany attacked France
17th May, 1940 Italy declared war against Britain and France
10th June, 1940
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10th July, 1940 Britain started taking part in war
28th October, 1940 Italy attacked Greece
6th April, 1941 Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece
21st April, 1941 Greece surrendered
22nd June, 1941 Germany attacked Russia neglecting the treaty
1st September, 1941 Italy attacked Egypt
7th December, 1941 Japan attacked American ship with bombs at Pearl Harbour
8th December, 1941 America declared war against Axis Power
27th February, 1942 Ocean war at Java
4th May, 1942 Coral Ocean war
4th June, 1942 Battle of Midway
8th September, 1943 Italy Surrendered
25th August, 1944 Allies made Paris free
17th January, 1945 Russia invade Warsaw
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt died and Harry S. Truman
12th April, 1945 elected as the President
Mussolini murdered
28th April, 1945 Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide
30th April, 1945 German finally surrendered at Rheims
7th May, 1945 America dropped atom bomb named Little boy in Hiroshima,
Japan
6th August, 1945 America dropped second atom bomb named Fat man in
Nagasaki, Japan
9th August, 1945 Japan surrendered and the Second World War ended
12th September, 1945
Activities
1. Why did Japan and Italy join Axis Power in the Second World War though they were
in Allies Power in the First World War? Search the reasons from Internet or other
sources and discuss.
2. How did the American policy of neutrality cause the outbreak of the Second World
War? Discuss in the class.
3. A journalist asked the great scientist Albert Einstein what kinds of weapons would be
used in the Third World War. Albert Einstein replied, “I don’t know about the Third
World War but if Fourth World War takes place stone weapons will be used”. What
meaning is implied here by Albert Einstein?
308 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What is meant by the Policy of Appeasement?
2. When did the Second World War break out and end?
3. What is the difference between Communism and Imperialism?
4. What was Anti-Comintern Pact? What was its objective?
5. What was Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis?
6. What was the immediate cause of the Second World War?
7. When and why did the USA join in the Second World War?
Short answer questions:
1. “If the Treaty of Versailles was fair, the Second World War would not have occurred.”
How do you justify this statement?
2. Why is the economic crisis considered as a cause of the Second World War?
3. “The Second World War was the war created by Hitler.” How? Clarify with facts.
4. How did the dictatorship of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco result to the outburst of the
Second World War? Discuss.
5. Germany seems guilty for the outbreak of the Second World War. Were the countries
which imposed the most humiliating Treaty of Versailles not responsible for that?
Justify your answer.
Long answer questions:
1. How were Britain, Russia and France responsible for the outburst of the Second
World War? Give reasons for each of them.
2. List the causes of the Second World War and explain any three of them.
3. ‘The consequences of the First World War were the causes of the Second World War.’
Justify this statement.
Community Work
British was adversary of Nepalese during the Anglo-Nepal War but became friend of
Nepal in First and Second World War. Similarly, Nepalese fought against Japan, Germany
and Italy in the battlefield in the Second World War but now they are good friends of
Nepal. Thus, today’s enemy can be a friend tomorrow. Taking a similar incident as an
example in your community or family, prepare a story based on it.
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12LESSON Consequences of the Second
World War and Role of Nepal
Introduction
The Second World War was more
disastrous than the First World
War. It was fought in Europe,
Asia and Africa. Besides the
use of modern and sophisticated
weapons of war, the most
destructive atom bombs were
dropped which killed thousands
of innocent civilians. The world
witnessed unprecedented loss of
life and property.
The Second World War began after Germany attacked Poland on 1st September, 1939 AD.
At the beginning, Germany got victory one after another. The countries of Allies power
like France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, etc were
defeated by Germany by June, 1940 AD. On the other hand, Japan conquered East Asia,
South East Asia and reached up to India. The USA requested Japan to stop its expansion
but Japan denied it. So, the USA stopped exporting Iron to Japan. Then, on 7th December,
1941 AD Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, Hawaii island of America. This is called Pearl
Harbour Event. After this, the USA joined in the Second World War from the side of Allies
power. After the involvement of the USA in war, the Axis power started to lose the war.
Hitler committed suicide. Germany was divided into East Germany and West Germany.
But Japan alone continued the war with forty nations. America dropped atom bombs
in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August respectively. On the 12th September,
1945 AD Japan surrendered and the Second World War ended.
The Major Consequences of the Second World War
1. Polarisation and Cold War: After the end of the Second World War, the USA (United
States of America) and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) emerged as most
powerful countries. Most of the European countries became weak in economy and military
strength but the USA made economic progress by exporting war materials to European
countries. As the loss in military of the USA was comparatively less than others, it emerged
as powerful country. On the other hand, the USSR had a huge military strength, its political
power spread in the world. But, there was political and ideological difference between
these two countries as the USA was capitalist country and the USSR was a communist
country. It resulted into the division of the world into two blocs. The communist countries
310 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
of the east were under Soviet bloc whereas the capitalist countries came under the US
bloc. This is called polarisation. There started unhealthy competition between communist
east and capitalist west. There was criticism, jealousy, tension and hatred between them
but war could not be declared due to the balance in power. Such, hostile but non-violent
relation between the former Soviet Union and the United States, and their respective allies
is called the cold war. It remained from around 1946 to 1989 AD.
2. Great loss of life and property: The Second World War was an extremely destructive
war in the human history. In this war, many modern Weapons of Mass Destruction
(WMD) like chemical weapons and atom bombs were used which killed 20.2 million
people whereas 30.4 million people were injured. Many developed cities, industries and
factories were destroyed. Cultivable lands were converted into deserts. Millions of people
became homeless and compelled to live a life of refugee. In term of property, trillions of
dollars was lost in the war.
3. Establishment of Competitor Organizations
for Economic Reconstruction: Most of the
countries of Europe were destroyed during
the Second World War. Their economy was
paralysed. At the same time communism was
spreading in Europe. To prevent the spread
of communism, the USA and West European
countries established NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) in 1949 AD. It was an Marshall Plan
international organization established to promote
mutual defences and collective security. US Secretary of State, George Marshall prepared
a plan to provide economic aid to the European countries. This is called Marshall Plan.
On the other hand, the Soviet Union and East European countries established an organisation
called “Warsaw Pact Organization” in 1955 AD. With the objective to provide economic
assistance to its member countries, an organization was established in the leadership
of Molotov, the Foreign Minister of Russia. This organization was called “Council for
Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON)”. It was also called the “Molotov Plan”.
4. End of Colonialism and Wave of National Movements: Due to involvement in the
Second World War, the imperialist countries of Europe became weak. They could not
have control over their colonies. The national movements against colonialism spread over
Afro-Asian countries. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Egypt, etc. were emancipated
from the yoke of British colonialism. French colonies like Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
also became independent. Similarly, Indonesia got freedom from the colonial rule of
Netherlands. Gradually, the wave of independence swept over the world.
5. Establishment of the United Nations Organization: The United Nations Organisation
was the most important result of the Second World War. To protect the mankind from the
suffering of wars, the world leaders of that time made lots of efforts to stop the war. The
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leaders of Allies power held a meeting at London and issued a declaration on 12th June,
1941 AD. It is called London Declaration. This declaration appealed for the end of the
war, and international cooperation and peace. On 14th August, 1941 AD, US President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prepared a joint
declaration in a battle-ship in Atlantic Ocean for the World Peace. It is called Atlantic
Charter. Likewise, San Francisco Conference held from 25th April to 26th June, 1945 AD
finalized the concept of the United Nations Organization. After signing by 51 nations
on the charter, United Nations Organization was established formally on 24th October,
1945 AD. The major objectives of the establishment of UNO were:
M To maintain international peace and security,
M To develop friendly relations among nations,
M To achieve international co-operation in solving various problems, and
M To promote and respect for human rights, dignity and freedom.
Non-Aligned Movement and Third World
After the end of the Second
World War, the Cold War started
between the major power blocs. N
Some neutral countries that
were not formally aligned with
or against any major power
bloc formed an organization The “three worlds”
called Non-Aligned Movement. of the Cold War era.
Third World
It was founded at Belgrade in Second World
1961 AD. The founding fathers First World
of the Non-Aligned Movement
were Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia,
Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known
as ‘The Initiative of Five’. They advocated a middle course for the states in the Developing
World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. As of 2018, there are 120
member states in this organization.
During the Cold War, the countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the
Communist Bloc were defined as Third World. The United States, Western European
nations and their allies represented the First World, while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba,
and their allies represented the Second World.
Role of Nepal in the Second World War
During the Second World War Juddha Shumsher was the Prime-Minister of Nepal. He
declared an increase of one thousand soldiers in each regiment in the British force. Besides
this, he sent eight thousand troops in India under the command of Bahadur Shumsher. During
the time of war, about one lakh Nepalese were recruited by British in India. Altogether
250,000 Nepalese soldiers participated in this war on behalf of British government. Among
them 7,544 were killed or disappeared and 23,655 were injured and many of them became
312 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
disabled. The Nepalese troops fought bravely and
earned the reputation of ‘Brave Gorkhali’. They
fought in Myanmar, Greece, Lebanon, Cyprus, Italy,
Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Singapore, and Malaysia and
so on. Some of the Nepalese were awarded the
supreme Medal of Britain “Victoria Cross” and
“Military Cross”. Juddha Shumsher was awarded
the full honorary General of British army for the
Nepalese help to British in this war. The British
government paid 33.3 million rupees to Nepal as a
mark of gratitude and also promised to continue the payment of one million rupees every
year to Nepal. Those soldiers who participated in this war got the opportunity to see the
development in the world and helped to end the Rana rule in Nepal.
Victoria Cross Winner Nepalese From Left to Right: VC Agamsing Rai, VC Ganju
Lama, Late King Birendra, VC Bhanubhakta
Victoria Cross or VC is the highest Gurung and VC Ram Bahadur Limbu
military award of UK. It is awarded for
gallantry “in the face of the enemy” to
members of the British armed forces. It
was introduced on 29th January, 1856 AD
by Queen Victoria. Nepali Gurkhas have
won thirteen Victoria Crosses, including
countless other military awards. The
following are the Gurkha VC holders
whose bravery, gallantry and loyalty
have established Gurkhas as the most
formidable soldiers:
S.No. Name Place Date
1. Rifleman Kulbir Thapa France 25/26th September, 1915 AD
2. Subadar Lal Bahadur Thapa Tunisia 5/6th April, 1943 AD
3. Havildar Gaje Ghale Burma 27th May 1943 AD
4. Rifleman Tul Bahadur Pun Burma 23rd June, 1944 AD
5. Naik Agamsing Rai Burma 26th June, 1944 AD
6. Rifleman Ganju Lama Burma 12th June, 1944 AD
7. Rifleman Thaman Gurung Italy 10th November, 1944 AD
8. Rifleman Bhanubhakta Gurung Burma 5th March, 1945 AD
9. Rifleman Lachiman Gurung Burma 12/13th May, 1945 AD
10. Lance Corporal Ram Bahadur Limbu Borneo 21st November, 1965 AD
11. Rifleman Karan Bahadur Rana Palestine 10th April, 1918 AD
12. Subadar Netra Bahadur Thapa Burma 25/26th June, 1944 AD
13. Rifleman Sher Bahadur Thapa Italy 18/19th September, 1944 AD
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Activities
1. Identify the main places of incidents and the countries involved in the Second World
War.
2. There was a tight relationship between British Imperialism and Rana rulers of Nepal.
It is said that if there was no Rana rule in Nepal, there would not be the involvement
of Nepalese in the World Wars. What is your opinion on it? Analyze it.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What was the Cold War?
2. What was Atlantic Charter?
3. Why did Hitler commit suicide? Present your logics.
4. Why did the Pearl Harbor Event become destructive for Japan?
Short answer questions:
1. Discussion and understanding is more beneficial than war. Why? Justify with the
background of the Second World War.
2. After the Second World War, an organization of neutral countries was formed. Name
that organization and write short description of it.
3. Despite the signing of ‘Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’, Russia and Germany involved
in war against each other in the Second World War. Which country do you think was
guilty? Present your opinion.
4. “The destruction of two Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki was mainly caused
by the development of atomic weapons rather than the war.” Present your logic in
favour or against the statement.
5. Prepare a dialogue mentioning the positive and negative aspects being Nepalese
troops involved in First and Second World War.
Long answer questions:
1. List the consequences of the Second World War and describe any five of them.
2. Compare the First World War and the Second World War in term of causes and
consequences of the wars.
3. “No Power or nation remains permanent enemy or friend in politics”. Prove this
saying by stating the events and description of first and Second World War.
Community Work
If we see the world history, we can find the examples of plans made for peace and
reconstructions after each revolution. Nepal also faced various revolutions in different
periods of time. In this context, consult with a senior citizen of your community and
ask what reconstruction plans were made and to what extent they were implemented.
Prepare a report based on your discussion.
314 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
LESSON Exploration, Identification,
Preservation and Promotion of
13 Historical Sites and Monuments
Social Studies subject is an integrated study of humanities, social sciences and history.
This is an academic discipline, in which we learn many things by performing practical
activities like exploration and interaction in the society and also develop a habit of
integration in the society. Considering this fact in mind, the students of Shree Siddhartha
Secondary School, Tanahun visited Lumbini as an educational tour. After the end of
educational tour, the students of Grade X prepared a report including the information
obtained from the visit on the following titles:
a. Title and Introduction
b. Objectives
c. Methods of the study
d. Findings
e. Suggestions and Conclusion
Lumbini: A Historical and Sacred Site of Nepal
Introduction
Lumbini is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site located Ashoka Pillar
in the Rupandehi district of Nepal where Siddhartha
Gautam was born in 563 BC who achieved enlightenment,
became Gautam Buddha, and founded Buddhism. He is
known as “Light of Asia” and respected as “The Angel
of Peace” all over the world. It is one of the heritage
sites enlisted in the World Heritage Sites in 1997 AD.
Within this holy site, there are a number of important
things like Mayadevi temple, monuments, monasteries,
Ashoka Pillar, museum, Lumbini International Research
Institute, etc. We, the students of Grade X and the subject
teacher of Social Studies decided to visit Lumbini so that
one of the objectives of our curriculum in the context
of identification and preservation of Nepal’s historical
and religious heritages can be achieved. Accordingly, an
educational tour was planned to Lumbini.
Objectives
We organized our educational tour to Lumbini with some limited objectives as per the
need of the course, available resources and time. They were:
a. To find out the historical importance of Lumbini,
Our Past 315
b. To identify the various buildings and monuments located in Lumbini Site and explain
their physical condition, and
c. To suggest the measures for the preservation and promotion of Lumbini site.
Methods of Study
We completed our study using both the primary and secondary source of information
about the exploration, identification, preservation and promotion of Lumbini, a historical
and sacred site of Nepal to meet the objective of the study.
a. Primary Source: Under the primary source of information, we prepared questionnaire
and interviewed the historians, scholars and intellectuals, visited the site and observed
various archeologically and historically important objects, and studied various
resource materials.
b. Secondary Source: Under the secondary source of information, we studied the
books, articles published in the newspaper, magazines, etc on the history of Lumbini.
We collected the necessary information by searching in the internet as well.
Findings
a. Lumbini is located at the foothill of the Himalayas of Nepal. It lies under the province
No. 5 of Nepal where Buddha, the founder of Buddhism was born in 563 BC as the
Prince of King Suddhodhan and Queen Mayadevi.
b. According to Buddhist tradition, Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Gautam Buddha on
her way to her parents’ home in Devadaha.
c. In 249 BC, Emperor Ashoka English translation of the inscription:
visited Lumbini on the 20th years
King Piyadasi (Asoka) the beloved of
of his coronation and erected the Gods, in the twentieth year of his
a stone pillar and inscribed in reign, himself made a royal visit.
Brahmi script on it as “Idaha Sakyamuni Buddha was born here,
Buddha Jate” (Buddha was therefore the (birth spot) marker stone
was worshipped and a stone pillar was
born at this place). This pillar erected. The image of inscription
is known as Ashoka Pillar. written in Brahmi Script
The lord having been born here, the tax
At present, the Ashoka pillar of the Lumbini village reduced to the and Pali Language
is protected by a small fence, eight parts (only).
which is decorated with prayer
flags and banners from the faithful.
d. Lumbini is popular for world peace and as an international pilgrimage site
since it is one of the four Buddhist pilgrimage sites based on major events in the
life of Buddha (Lumbini: birth, Bodh Gaya: enlightenment, Sarnath: first discourse
and Kushinagar: death).
e. Many monasteries and temples were built at Lumbini but declined for a thousand
years. The site was rediscovered in 1896 AD, when a German archaeologist
came upon Ashoka’s Pillar and identified it by its inscription. Records made by
the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian were also used in the process of identifying this site.
Lumbini has been enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 AD.
316 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
f. U Thant, the then Secretary General of UN visited Lumbini in 1967 AD during his
visit to Nepal and expressed a commitment on behalf of the UNO to help in the
development of Lumbini area. After that, Lumbini got much popularity in the world.
g. In 1970 AD, 13 nations including Nepal have formed a Lumbini Development
Committee and it started the Lumbini Development Master Plan. Under this plan,
various countries of the world have constructed monasteries, stupas, etc in Lumbini.
The countries like China, Myanmar, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Thailand,
France, Germany, etc have constructed many monasteries and stupas. Libraries,
museums, research centers, etc are also located here. An international airport is also
going to be constructed nearby it.
h. There is also the Puskarini Pond where it is said that Maya Devi took bath before
giving birth to Buddha and where the newborn Buddha was cleaned.
i. The most important temple at Lumbini is the Maya Devi Temple, which enshrines the
traditional site of the Buddha’s birth. The current temple stands on the site of earlier
temples and stupas, including the stupa built by Ashoka.
j. Lumbini year 2011 was observed to highlight the importance of Lumbini and increase
the number of visitors. Every year, the full moon day of Baishakh is observed as
Buddha Jayanti with special programs.
Suggestions
Lumbini is not only a symbol of our national identity but also a sacred pilgrimage site
and tourist destination. It is the duty of every one of us to preserve and promote the
heritages located in this site. The following measures are suggested for the preservation
and promotion of Lumbini:
a. Publicity has to be made in the national and international level stating that Lumbini is
the birth place of Lord Buddha.
b. The old and ruined structures should be reconstructed maintaining their original form.
c. Stakeholders should try their best to organize International Buddhists’ Conference at
this place.
d. The flow of the movement of the visitors should be managed.
e. Proper attention has to be given for the protection of the environment, security
management and protection of valuable items along with the idol of Buddha.
f. Increase public participation for the preservation and promotion of the heritages, and
awareness as it is the pride of Nepal, Nepalese and the entire world.
Conclusion
Lumbini is an important site from touristic and economic point of view. The monuments
found here like pond, stupa, monastery, temple, pillar, etc are the sources of history,
centre of belief, sacred pilgrimage and symbol of national identity. This is the
most important site to introduce Nepal in the world. It is our duty to preserve and bestow
to the future generation as it is. Every Nepali citizen and the national level religious
organizations have to work jointly to preserve the importance of this site.
Our Past 317
Activities
1. You might have gone for educational tour. What plans did you make for that? Prepare
a sample plan of an educational tour including the following subjects:
a. Need of the tour
b. Preparation for the tour
c. Work division
d. Plan for the reviewing the achievement
2. Why is it necessary to explore the historical sites and monuments located in
our locality, district or local level? Give reasons. What roles do you play for the
preservation of those sites?
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by historical sites?
2. How do you involve yourself in the preservation of the historical sites? Write in a
sentence.
Short answer questions:
1. Why should the historical and archaeological places be preserved? Write your opinion
in four points.
2. Discuss about the touristic and economic importance of the historical sites.
3. There is a motion whether the historical and cultural places to be restructured on
antique style is appropriate or restructured those on modern style and use of modern
technology. Which side do you support and why?
Long answer question:
You might have visited any historical place for the educational tour. Prepare a report of the
visit including the following sub-titles:
a. Introduction
b. Objectives
c. Methods of the study
d. Findings
e. Conclusion and recommendation
Community Work
What are the historical sites located in your locality? Explore and prepare a report
including the following sub-titles:
a. Title and Introduction
b. Objectives
c. Methods of the study
d. Findings
e. Suggestions and Conclusion
318 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
8UNIT ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
Learning achievements
Be familiar with the planned development in Nepal and major programs
mentioned in the current planning,
Mention the importance, area and possibilities of tourism and hydroelectricity
industries in Nepal,
Mention the importance of foreign employment, its possibilities, pre-preparation
and precaution,
Be familiar with cooperative, insurance, banking and financial instruments,
Be familiar with revenue and tax collection process and develop positive attitude
towards tax, and
Be informed about the consumers’ rights, its application and act accordingly.
Subject matters 319
Current Plan
Tourism Industry, Its Importance And Prospects
Water: An Important Source of Energy
Foreign Employment in Nepal
Cooperative and Its Economic Importance
Financial Education
Financial Devices
Insurance
Revenue and Tax Collection
Consumers’ Rights
Economic Activities
1LESSON Current Plan
Introduction
In general sense, plan is an idea or strategy of achieving objectives. A good plan is necessary
for achieving targeted goals. In a plan, certain goals are expected to achieve within a
specified period of time by utilizing estimated means and resource. Every conscious person
makes a plan for achieving goal. Similarly, various plans are made for the development of
the country. The plan made by the state for the development of country with the appropriate
utilization of the available resources and means is known as development plan. The plans
related to economic activities aiming at growing country’s economy is called economic
plan. It is the activity of deciding the best way of using capital, labour and other resources
in order to make country’s economy stronger.
The history of planned development in the world is not very long. The USSR prepared
and implemented the Five Years Plan in 1928 AD for the first time. After this, many other
countries in the world began to make and implement planned development. In Nepal,
planned development began since 2013 BS with the implementation of the First Five Year
Plan.
The National Planning Commission (NPC) Periodic
is the apex advisory body of Government
of Nepal for formulating a national vision, Definite Features of Rational
periodic plans and policies for development. Objectives Economic Allocation of
Prime Minister is the Chairperson of the NPC.
The NPC calculates the needs of resource, Public Plan Resources
identifies sources of funding, and allocates Welfare-
budget for socio-economic development. It oriented Plan-based
serves as a central agency for monitoring and Objectives Economic
evaluating development plans, policies and Activities
programs.
Need and Importance of Economic Plan
To attain steady economic development
To remove unemployment, poverty and inequalities among people
To provide infrastructural facilities
To allocate resources properly between present and future needs, and
To attain balanced regional development.
320 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
A Review of Fourteenth Plan (2072/073-2075/076)
Fourteenth Plan was Three Years Plan from the fiscal year 2072/073 to 2075/076. It was
the first plan prepared after the promulgation of the constitution with federal governing
system for the implementation of economic, social principle underlying on it. This plan
had aimed at building prosperous Nepal through reconstruction of the damages caused by
the devastating earthquake of 2072 BS. This Plan has already been finished. Let’s review
Fourteenth Plan in its quantitative goals and achievements.
Major economic, social and physical goals of Fourteenth Plan and Achievements
Status Goal of the Achievement
Fourteenth till Fiscal
S. Indicator/Goal of Fiscal Year
No. Year Plan (by 2075/076
2075/076) 6.9
2072/073 4.2
7.2 8.0
1. Annual average economic growth rate (%) 0.8 4.7 4.6
8.4 117.5
2. Annual average agricultural growth rate (%) 1.3 7.5 18.7
116.5 0.579
3. Annual average non-agricultural growth rate (%) 0.6 17.0 0.568
0.57 69.7
4. Inflation rate (%) 9.5 0.58 89
72 46
5. Per Capita GDP Income (In Rs. 1,000) 79.4 90.0 92
45.0 1,250
6. Population below poverty line (%) 21.6 92.0 88
2,301 14.7
7. Human Development Index 0.54 87 65.9
15.2
8. Gender Empowerment Index 0.56 65.0
9. Life expectancy at birth (in years) 69
10. Population with access to drinking water (%) 83.6
11. Secondary Level net enrolment rate (%) 37.7
12. Literacy rate of 15-24 age group 88.6
13. Electricity generation (Installed capacity, MW) 851
14. Population with access to electricity (%) 74
15. Irrigation (1,00,000 hectares) 13.9
16. Population with internet access (%) 44.4
Now, Fifteenth Plan has begun in the country from the fiscal year 2076/077 to 2080/81.
This is a Five Years Plan.
Fifteenth Plan (2076/077-2080/081)
Long-term Vision
1. To upgrade Nepal from Least Developed Country to Developing Country by 2079 BS
2. To achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2087 BS
3. To materialize “Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali” by 2100 BS
National Goal
To prepare the base for upgrading to a country of high income by transforming into
socialism-oriented welfare state including prosperous economy, social justice and
improved life.
Economic Activities 321
National Objectives
1. To prepare foundation for the prosperity
2. To make citizens attain improved and
dignified life
3. To protect self-respect, independence and
national interest
National Strategies
1. To grow rapid, sustainable and employment-
oriented economy
2. To ensure accessible and qualitative health
service and education
3. To develop internal and international
interconnectivity and sustainable urban/
settlement
4. To increase production and productivity
5. To provide complete, sustainable and
productive social security and protection
6. To form just society including poverty alleviation and economic social equality
7. To develop conservation, mobilization and promotion of natural resources
8. To promote national unity, provincial balance and strengthen public service
Quantitative Goals
Some major quantitative indicators, goals and targets set up in the Fifteenth Planing are
presented below:
Major National Indicators and Targets
S. Indicators/Goals Status (2075/76) Target (2080/81) Target (2100/01)
No.
1. Economic growth rate 6.8% 10.3% 10.5%
US$ 1,047 US$ 1,595 US$ 12,100
2. GNP Per Capita
18.7% 9.5% 0%
3. Population below poverty line 69.7 years 72 years 80 years
7,794 km 20,200 km 33,000 km
4. Life expectancy at birth 348 km 2,200 km
42 km
5. Roadways 88% 100% 100%
65.9% 80% 100%
6. Railways 1,250 MW 5,820 MW 40,000 MW
0.579 0.624 0.760
7. Family with access to electricity
8. Internet users
9. Hydroelectricity generation
10. HDI
322 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. How is plan formulated at federal level? Make an inquiry and present the findings in
the class.
2. Is the aspect of inclusiveness considered while making plan in your family and
community? Consult with the seniors and prepare a report.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. Define ‘Economic Plan’ in a sentence.
2. Mention the objectives of making plan.
3. When did the planned development begin in Nepal?
4. When did the current Fifteenth Plan start?
Short answer questions:
1. What are the features of economic plan?
2. Mention the need and importance of economic plan.
3. What are the problems that may occur while formulating plan?
4. Why are not the plans of Nepal being able to achieve expected goals? Discuss.
Long answer questions:
1. Mention the strategies of the current plan.
2. Write a letter to National Planning Commission mentioning the major challenges of
the development projects in Nepal.
3. If you were a member of National Planning Commission, what sort of agendas would
you like to include in the next economic plan? Write in seven points.
Community Work
How is plan formulated in your community? Make a detailed study and prepare a report.
Then, present the report in the class.
Economic Activities 323
2LESSON Tourism Industry, Its Importance
and Prospects
Tourist and Tourism Industry
The people who travel from one place to another within the country or visit from one
country to another for business, pleasure, adventure, spending holidays, pilgrimage,
observing culture, etc are called tourists. Similarly, any business activity concerned with
providing accommodation, entertainment, supplies or services is called tourism industry.
Tourism industry includes the business of hotel, restaurant, travel agency, trekking agency,
etc.
Types of Tourists Domestic Tourist
a. Domestic or Internal Tourist: The people who travel from
one place to another within their own country for various
purposes are called domestic tourists. For example, if the
students of Nawalparasi are in Pokhara for their educational
tour, they are called domestic tourists. Internal tourism is
increasing day by day in Nepal. The new generation likes to
travel to different places. Going for trekking, rafting, bungee
jumping, etc are also the interest of Nepalese youths.
b. International or Foreign Tourist: Those people who
travel from one country to another for certain period of time
are called international tourists. International tourists need
visa to go from one country to another. Nowadays number
of international tourists has increased due to increase in
facilities.
Reasons for Touring International Tourist
To enjoy holidays
To see, observe and learn the lifestyle of other people
To do official and government work
To do trekking, mountaineering and business
To escape from the severe climate
To visit famous places, and pilgrimage
Importance of Tourism in Nepal Trekking
Tourism is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries
in the world. Nepal’s tourism industry is an important base
324 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
for the development of the country. Tourism industry contributes about 10% of the GDP.
The importance of tourism industry has been discussed below:
a. Source of Foreign Currencies: Foreign currencies are very important for the
development of the country. Tourism is the main source of foreign currency in Nepal.
Nepal is suffering from trade deficit for a long time. In this situation, Nepal can earn huge
amount of foreign currency from tourism industry.
b. Development of Cottage and Small Industries: When foreign tourists visit Nepal,
they like to buy local products because they are made in typical Nepali style using local
raw materials. It helps to utilize our natural resources and local people can earn extra
income. It also develops our cottage and small industries.
c. Publicity of Nepal to the World: Through tourism Nepal has become famous in the
world for natural beauty. When more tourists visit our country, international relations will
also be extended. There will be more demand of Nepalese product in the world market.
d. Development of Infrastructures: Tourism helps to develop physical infrastructures.
When tourists visit our country, we need more flights, tourist buses, hotels, restaurants,
trekking and tour guides, etc. All these aspects will be developed in the country.
e. Preservation of Arts and Cultures: Tourists like to see our arts, cultures, traditions,
historical sites, monuments, etc which ultimately helps to preserve our art and culture.
f. Increase in Trade: When tourists are interested towards the different Nepalese product,
they demand such goods in their own country too which helps to develop international
trade. They visit different parts of our country, involve in different activities, buy several
things which increase economic activities of our country.
Prospects of Tourism Development in Nepal
Although Nepal is a small country, it is rich in natural beauty. Mt. Everest, the highest
mountain peak in the world, moderate climate, geographical diversity, etc are the main
attractions of Nepal. Cultural and ethnic diversity, art and tradition have added more
attraction to develop Nepal as a tourist destination. Many tourist from different parts of
the world visit Nepal to observe these things. There are many possibilities of tourism
development in Nepal. They are presented below:
a. Great Himalayan Trail: The region Dolpo Trek
from Mt. Kanchenjunga in the east to The Great Himalayan Trail
Mt. Saipal in the west is known as the Kanchenjunga Trek
Great Himalayan Trail. It includes
Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Great Himalayan Trail
Makalu Barun National Park and
Sagarmatha National Park of eastern
Nepal. Similarly, mountainous areas like
Langtang, Gosainkunda, Gaurishankar
located in the middle region of the
Economic Activities 325
country lie in this trail. The touristic destinations of Manang, Mustang, Mugu, Dolpa
also come under the great Himalayan trail. Nepal Tourism Board has recommended this
area as a touristic destination. By the adequate publicity and development of touristic
infrastructures in this region, number of tourist can be increased as expected.
b. High Mountain Peaks: Every year many tourists from different countries of the world
come to view Mt. Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world. They can view it by
mountain flight. Many individuals and groups also come to climb this mountain. There
are 14 mountain peaks in the world with the height above 8,000 meter. Among them eight
mountain peaks are in Nepal.
c. Adventure Tourism: Nepal is very suitable
place for adventure tourism. There are many fast
flowing rivers which are suitable for rafting. Bungee
jumping is another attraction for tourist in Nepal.
Besides these trekking, mountaineering, kayaking,
cycling, rock climbing, canoeing, paragliding, etc
are major areas of adventure tourism in Nepal.
d. Religious and Historical Sites: Nepal is famous Bungee Jumping
as the religious centre for both the Hindus and Krishna Mandir
Buddhists of the world. Lumbini, Pashupatinath,
Manakamana, Muktinath, Janaki Temple,
Sworgadwari, Ridi, Ugratara, Krishna Mandir,
Changunarayan, etc are the famous religious sites.
Likewise, there are several ancient monuments and
sites in Nepal which attract the tourists. Ashoka
Pillar of Lumbini, Changunarayan Temple,
Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Basantapur Durbar
Square, Krishna Mandir, Patan Durbar Square, etc
reflect the ancient art and architecture of Nepal.
e. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Though
Nepal is small in size, varieties of climate,
vegetation and topography are found here. Many
parts of the country have been developed as
National Parks, Conservation Area and Wildlife
Reserves. A huge number of tourists are attracted
to observe varieties of animals and birds.
f. Cultural Diversity: The structure of Nepalese
society is multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi- Phoksunda Lake
culture. Every ethnic group has its own distinct
culture, festival and way of living. There are 125 castes of people living in Nepal with their
varieties of culture and tradition. Every year, many tourists visit to observe this cultural
diversity.
326 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
g. Geographical and Climatic Diversity: Nepal has
diversified topography. Many beautiful Himalayas,
deep gorges, valleys, plains, hills, fast flowing rivers,
etc have made Nepal rich in natural beauty. The climate
also differs when one travels from south to north. It is
neither too hot nor too cold.
Different international tourism journals have listed
Nepal as one of the important tourist destinations of
the world which has to be visited at least once in life
time. ‘National Geographic Traveller’ listed Nepal in
6th place as tourist destination that should not be missed
to visit. Thus, there is a great possibility of tourism in
Nepal. But it has not been able to flourish due to many
problems.
Problems in the Tourism Industry
a. Lack of Proper Transportation and Communication Facility: Most of the
international tourists use air services to come to Nepal. But Nepal is linked with a very few
countries of the world through air services. That is why there are not many international
flights. Tourists want quick and efficient means of communication to be in touch with their
family, friends and relatives. But most of the beautiful remote places lack the facilities of
good transportation and communication system.
b. Lack of Preservation of Cultural and Religious
Places: Nepal is very rich in culture and religion.
There are many religious and cultural heritage sites
in Nepal but they lack maintenance, preservation and
promotion.
c. Lack of Means of Entertainment: Another
important facility that tourists want is entertainment.
Such facilities are not enough due to lack of physical
infrastructures. The tourists who come with family
need varieties of means of entertainment suitable for
all age group. In the absence of these means, tourists
do not wish to stay for a long time.
d. Lack of Organised Tourists Centres: There is lack
of well managed tourist centres which can provide Lack of Preservation
necessary information and help needed by tourists.
Therefore, many tourists hesitate and do not want to go to such places.
e. Lack of Tourists Goods: Tourists need various goods in their travels but sufficient
tourist goods are not produced in Nepal. Such goods need to be imported from other
countries and are expensive too. Thus, due to this reason, tourists find it difficult to visit
Nepal.
Economic Activities 327
f. Lack of Good Publicity: Many tourist destinations lack publicity. If we could make
them known to the world, a number of tourists may visit our country due to the attraction
of such tourist destinations.
g. Lack of Proper Accommodation: Tourists
expect good and comfortable accommodation.
There should be a good provision of
accommodation when the tourists go for
trekking and hiking in remote areas. There is
no guarantee of security for them. So, they
are often cheated and their lives are in threat
and danger. For all these reasons, tourists are
discouraged to visit Nepal.
h. Lack of Proper Sanitation: Most of the Lack of Sanitation
places of tourist attraction in Nepal are dirty
and polluted due to garbage thrown everywhere. They cannot walk freely and enjoy the
beauty due to bad odour and dirty surroundings. This may cause the number of tourists to
decrease.
Nepal is one of the most beautiful and suitable places for tourism. But there are many
problems related to tourism sector. In this situation, we should try our best in order to
develop tourism industry.
Solutions
a. The number and capacity of domestic and international air services should be
increased.
b. There should be a good provision of transportation and communication in tourism
areas.
c. Tourists should be provided with the things they need like market, banks and security.
d. Provisions must be made to produce the things necessary for tourism industry in our
own country.
e. There should be provision of simple and easy access to fulfill the requirements of
tourists.
f. Nepal should be introduced to the world through advertisement of its art, culture and
natural beauty.
g. Cultural and religious places must be maintained and preserved for the development
of religious tourism.
h. Domestic and international investors should be encouraged for the development of
tourism industry.
Tourism in the Current Plan
In order to develop tourism sector in Nepal, the Fifteenth Plan (2075/076-2080/081) has
made the following vision, goal, objective and strategies:
328 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Vision
To develop Nepal as an attractive, safe and pleasant tourist destination
Goal
To establish Nepal at top position in the world tourism market
Objective
1. To develop Nepal as an attractive tourism centre by making safe, qualitative and
tourism friendly place,
2. To increase tourism sector’s contribution in economy by diversifying tourism
destinations and outcomes, and
3. To extend the benefits achieved from tourism sector upto public level in rightful
manner.
Strategies
1. To carry out massive publicity and promotion of Nepal’s tourism in the neighbouring
countries and major tourism markets,
2. To develop integrated tourism covering the sectors like sports, health, education that
have prospects of tourism,
3. To focus on the development, marketization and promotion of modern tourism
infrastructures according to the concept of public-private-cooperative collaboration
by encouraging domestic and foreign investment,
4. To develop tourism sector as the driving force of economy. For this Local Level will
collaborate with private sector in the identification, development and diversification
of tourist spots, and
5. To distribute the outcomes of the tourism upto Local Level.
Tourism Indicators and Targets
S. Indicators/Goals Status (2075/76 BS) Target (2080/81 BS)
No.
1. Total tourist 1,197,000 3,500,000
2.7% 10%
2. Contribution in GDP
200,000 382,000
3. Employment generated US$ 48 per day US$ 100 per day
4. Per tourist expenditure 12.7 days 15 days
5. Nepal stay
Activities
1. What activities are carried out by Nepal Tourism Board for the tourism development?
Make an inquiry and present in the class.
2. Observe tourist spots located in your locality and present their features in the class.
Economic Activities 329
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. Who are tourists?
2. What do you mean by tourism industry?
3. Mention any one strategy introduced by 15th periodic plan to promote tourism.
Short answer questions:
1. Mention the importance of tourism in Nepal.
2. Prepare a model of news for a daily newspaper about the Great Himalayan Trail and
entertainment to be obtained from it.
3. What are the possible adventurous activities for tourist in Nepal? Discuss.
4. “There is a great prospect of religious tourism in Nepal.” Justify this statement.
5. Mention the activities carried out for the development of tourism sector in Nepal?
6. What should be done to increase the number of tourists in Nepal? Present the
measures in points.
7. What are the strategies included in the current economic plan for tourism
development? Mention.
Long answer questions:
1. Write the roles to be played by the tourism industry, government and local level for
the tourism development? Write in points.
2. “The income generated from the tourism industries should be used for the
development at local level.” Present your logics in support of this statement.
3. Explain the prospects of tourism development in Nepal.
4. Describe any four problems seen in the tourism industry and suggest any three
measures for the solution.
Community Work
There might be some hotels, transportations, home stays, etc running in your locality.
How are the local communities benefitted from these activities? Make an inquiry and
prepare a report.
330 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
3LESSON Water: An Important
Source of Energy
Introduction Kaligandaki ‘A’ Hydro Project
The power derived from the utilization of physical
or chemical resources, especially to provide light and
heat or to operate machines is called energy. Energy
is obtained from coal, gas, petroleum, hydro-power,
nuclear power station, etc. In the context of Nepal,
there are two types of sources of energy: traditional
and commercial sources. Firewood, animal dung,
agricultural residues, etc are the traditional sources
of energy whereas petroleum, hydropower, gas, coal,
solar energy, wind energy, etc are the commercial or
modern sources of energy.
Development of Hydropower in Nepal
Nepal is rich in water resource. There are many underground and surface sources of water.
Most of the rivers are snow-fed and fast flowing such as Karnali, Gandaki, Koshi and
their tributaries. Such perennial rivers are very suitable for hydropower generation as they
flow swiftly down steep slopes carrying high potential. The rivers in the hilly topography
can also be used for constructing multi-purpose projects like generation of hydropower;
supply of drinking water, irrigation, etc. The estimated theoretical power potential is
approximately 83,000 MW which is about 2.26% of the world’s hydropower generation.
However, with the technical and economic point of view its potential has been evaluated
to be 44,370 MW.
Potential of hydroelectricity production
S. No. Rivers Theoretical Potential Technical and Economic Potential
1. Koshi 22,350 MW 10,860 MW
2. Gandaki 20,650 MW 5,270 MW
3. Karnali and Mahakali 36,000 MW 27,360 MW
4. Others 4,000 MW 880 MW
83,000 MW 44,370 MW
Total
Source: CBS
Benefits from Hydropower Generation to Nepal
It helps to reduce dependency on petroleum and maintains balance of payment.
It can be used to operate the factories and industries in the country.
Economic Activities 331
It helps to reduce the amount of deforestation for fuel and helps in the environment
conservation.
It helps to earn foreign currency by exporting electricity.
It helps in the development of transportation, communication and generation of
employment opportunity.
It helps in the modernization and commercialization of agriculture.
Present Status of Power Supply
The history of electricity generation is not long in Nepal. It began since 1968 BS with
the production of electricity (500 KW) from Pharping Hydropower Station, Kathmandu.
Despite being rich in water resource, Nepal is facing power crisis because of being unable
to utilize its potential. Common people, industries and factories are struggling with low
power supply. As of the fiscal year 2074/075, total hydroelectricity generated in the country
just amounts 1,128 MW in which 78% Nepalese family have the access to electricity.
The Fifteenth Plan (2076/077-2080/081) has aimed to generate 5,000 MW electricity and
make the access of 100% family to electricity. The Government is also trying its best to
manage the power crisis by importing electricity from India. Nepal Electricity Authority is
also trying to extend electricity supply to all parts of the country and make load shedding
free zones even with insufficient production of electricity.
Factors Obstructing in the Hydropower Generation in Nepal
Lack of sufficient capital for the investment in hydropower generation,
Lack of hydropower project friendly infrastructures,
Political instability and lack of visionary leadership,
Nepotism and favoritism in the hydropower projects, and
Difficulty in obtaining land for the construction which delays in the implementation
of project.
Measures to solve energy crisis in Nepal
A long-term policy should be formulated and implemented to make the country
independent in energy.
Remittance and national capital should be utilized in the development of hydropower.
Basic infrastructures such as transportation and communication should be developed.
There should be political commitment not to interfere in this sector and maintain
political discipline.
The justifiable demands of the local people should be timely addressed.
332 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Write a letter to the Non-Resident Nepalese requesting for investment in hydropower
generation in Nepal.
2. Conduct a speech program on “Hydropower production is the best way to solve
energy crisis”.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. Write any two sources of energy.
2. What is the potential of hydroelectricity in Nepal evaluated with the technical and
economic point of view?
3. What can be the two ways to utilize the water resources available in your local level?
Write.
Short answer questions:
1. Discuss on the traditional and commercial or modern sources of energy.
2. How can Nepal be benefited from the hydropower generation? Mention the ways.
3. “Nepal has huge potential of hydropower.” Justify this statement.
4. Is there any possibility that Nepal will earn foreign currency by exporting
hydroelectricity? Present your opinion in points.
Long answer question:
Why is Nepal not being able to generate hydroelectricity as per the potential?
Mention the reasons. Also mention the measures to solve energy crisis in Nepal.
Community Work
Visit a powerhouse operated in or near your locality. Observe the site and collect
necessary information. Then, prepare a report and present in the class.
Economic Activities 333
4LESSON Foreign Employment in Nepal
Introduction
According to the Foreign Employment Act 2064, “Foreign Employment” means
employment which a worker gets abroad. So, the act of going abroad for getting
employment is called foreign employment.
Though the history of foreign employment is not so long, the trend of going for foreign
employment has rapidly increased after the restoration of democracy in the country. Due
to lack of job opportunity, many Nepalese youths are compelled to go to various countries
of the world in search of job. This trend is found more along with the extension of foreign
relation. The flow of youths going for foreign study is also increasing. They aim at getting
opportunity for both study and employment. Foreign employment has an immediate benefit
but it is not beneficial for long term since it is not the permanent source of income. It has
both positive and negative effects in Nepal. Read the following news report published in
a daily newspaper.
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dfof clwsf/L .sZ' df
dfb] L ufpkF flnsfsf] es' tfª\ n]sf en' axfb/' kf}8]nn] 6sL{ hfg C0f vfh] /]
bnfnnfO{ cf7 nfv %) xhf/ ?ko} fF ae' mfP . o'/f]k hfg] rSs/df pgsf] emG8}
!) nfv ?k}ofF vr{ eof] . t/, pgsf] ;kgf Tolta]nf rsgfr'/ eof] ha bnfnn]
ljbz] gp8fP/} efUof] .
To;kl5 eg] pgL :jb]zd} afv|fkfng ug{ yfn] . clxn] pgL lhnnfd} gd'gf
afvf| kfns Joj;foL ag]sf 5g\ .
tLg jif{bl] v es' tfª\ n]l:yt tNnf] nK;Laf6] df k|ult PsLs[t afvf| kmfd{
;~rfngdf NofPsf kf}8n] n] afv|f kfngaf6 dgUu] cfDbfgL ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .
pgn] Ps} dlxgfsf] cjlwdf () xhf/ ?ko} f;F Dd cfDbfgL u/s] f] cg'ej ;g' fP .
‘clxn;] Dd nufgL u/,] ca cfDbfgL lbg yfns] f] 5’, si[ fs kf}8n] n] eg], pTkfbg
u/s] f afs] f cf7 xhf/b]lv !$ xhf/ ?ko} fF;Dddf laqmL u/s] f] hfgsf/L lbP .
afv|fkmfd{df clxn] em08} *) j6f afv|f /x]sf 5g\ . em08} Ps bhg{ af]sf laqmL ug{] tof/Ldf 5g\ . sDtLdf Ps ;o j6f dfxF' afv|f
agfpg] ofh] gfdf pgL 5g\ . ‘Ps jifl{ eq} Ps ;o j6f dfx'F kfNg] tof/Ldf 5'’, pgn] eg] . pTkfbg ePsf af]sf laqmLsf nflu ;d]t sg' }
;d:of gePsf] pgL atfpF5g\ . ;b/ds' fd s'Zdf, kf]v/faf6 :yfgLo hftsf afs] fsf] dfu cfpg] u/s] f] pgn] atfP . :yfgLo vl/hftsf]
af]sfsf] df;' s'Zdf / kfv] /fdf kl| ts]hL Ps xhf/;Dddf laqmL xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . Jofj;flos afvf| kfngdf kfrF nfv ?ko} fF nufgL u/s] f
kf8} n] n] Ps ;o /fk] gL hUuf ef8fdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] afvf| kfnsf nflu ;ft jifs{ f nflu Ps ;o /f]kgL hUuf ef8fdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;sf]
ef8f jflif{s %) xhf/ ?ko} fF 5 .
afv|f kmfdd{ f pgsf] kl/jf/;Fu} Ps hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L ;dt] lbPsf 5g\ . afv|fkmfd{df /f]huf/L kfpg] dgaxfb/' las;d]t v;' L 5g\ .
‘/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbz] hfg k;} f 5g} ’, lasn] eg,] ‘cfÇg} ufpdF f lagf nufgL /f]huf/L kfpbF f v;' L 5' .’ kf}8]nn] lasnfO{ dfl;s !) xhf/
lbg] u/L /f]huf/L lbPsf x'g\ .
kf8} n] nfO{ afvf| kmfd{df >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;3fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . tLg 5f/] L / Ps 5f]/fsf afa' en' axfb'/ o;cl3 klg a}b]lzs
/fh] uf/Ldf uP/ kms]s{ f xg' \ . )%& ;fndf stf/ k'u]sf pgL /fd|f] cfDbfgL gePkl5 89] jif{leq} 3/ kmss]{ f lyP . ‘ca ab} ]lzs /f]huf/L
eGg] ;G' g klg rfxGg’, pgn] eg], ‘jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] gfddf dn} ] w/] } b'Mv kfPF .’
dx] gt / nufgL ug]{ xf] eg] 3/d} a;]/ klg /fd|f] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] clxn] cfP/ cfkm" df ;fr] cfPsf] pgn] atfP .
Source: http://annapurnapost.com/epaper/epaper_searched/584
334 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Positive Effects of Foreign Employment
The income generated from foreign employment helps to alleviate poverty.
The foreign currency obtained from this is useful for foreign trade and to maintain
balance of payment.
It reduces the unemployment problem of the country.
The skills, knowledge and experience learned in the foreign employment can be
beneficial for the development of native country.
People’s life standard is uplifted due to increment of income.
It may help to develop international relations since the country has to do labor contract
with other countries and embassies have to be established there.
It helps to promote the local culture and tradition in other countries.
Negative Effects of Foreign Employment
The country may lack skilled manpower for the development when the youths go for
foreign employment.
The development process becomes slow due to the lack of efficient manpower.
It may cause the transmission of various infectious diseases.
This trend may degrade the traditional norms and values.
Social evils may increase and that may disturb social unity.
The migrant workers may suffer from various problems such as cheating by broker,
lack of respectful job and salary, risky job, etc.
Preparation before Going for Foreign Employment
It is said that most of the Nepalese migrant
workers are compelled to do dirty, difficult and
dangerous jobs in foreign countries. It is also
reported that some of them do not get job and
salary as per the agreement. Some die untimely
too there. Thus, those one who wish to go abroad
for foreign employment, should mandatorily
consider the following instructions so that their Ministry of Labour and Employment
foreign employment becomes safe and reliable.
Contact with Ministry of Labour and Employment and its Department of Foreign
Employment, Foreign Employment Promotion Board, etc to get detailed information
about the foreign employment.
Get prepared mentally and physically.
Learn necessary skills and technology.
Make citizenship and passport from the concerned District Administration Office.
Contact reliable and registered Manpower Company with the certificates of your
academic qualification, training certificates, etc.
Get informed about the nature of employment, cost, income and other facilities.
Get your health checked up from government approved institution.
Do your insurance.
Take orientation training before going for foreign employment.
Economic Activities 335
Get approval letter from the Department of Foreign Employment.
Be aware of the brokers,
Be in regular contract with Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad.
Nepalese youths can go to 110 countries for foreign employment. In order to go for foreign
employment, male has to attain 18 years of age and female has to attain 24 years of age.
If any problem arises in the foreign country, one can contact the Nepalese Embassy in
concerned country. In this way, foreign employment can be safe and trustworthy. Read the
following information regarding the foreign employment issued by Government of Nepal
so as to make it safe and trustworthy:
An important information for foreign employment issued by
Government of Nepal
jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg rfxg] JolStx?n] yfxf kfpgk' g{] s/' fx?M
s_ pd/] / ljj/0f
!* jif{ k/" f ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'k{ 5{ .
/f]huf/Ldf hfg]j|mddf e'm6f ljj/0f jf sfuhft kz] ug{'x'b“ g} .
v_ ;:+ yfut kxn
j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf] lgldQ cg'dlt k|fKt u/s] f PhG] ;Lx?;“u dfq j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ug{'k5{ .
;+:yf;“u JolStut tj/n] hfgu] /L sfd sf/jfxL ug{ xb“' g} .
JolStut ?kdf j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfxgn] ] j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ ljefusf] :jLsl[ t kf| Kt ug'{k5{ .
u_ cfjZos k|df0fx? ;'/lIft /fVgk' g]{
j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf] lgldQ hfgj] m| ddf jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ Ph]G;LnfO{ /sd a'emfPkl5 /l;b lnO{ ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ .
j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] lgldQ Psd'i6 jf ls:tfdf /sd a'emfPsf] ePdf sg' ls:tf jfkt\ slt /sd a'emfPsf] xf] ;f] ;d]tsf] lg:;f
lng'k5{ . a'emfPsf] /sd / k|fKt /l;bdf /sd km/s k/,] gk/]sf] olsg u/L u/L jf:tljs lt/s] f] /sd hgfPsf] /l;b lng'k5{ .
/l;bdf ;DalGwt Ph]G;Lsf] 5fk eP gePsf] / a'lemlngs] f] b:tvt eP gePsf] hf“rL lng'k5{ .
/fxbfgL, le;f, >d :jLsl[ t, s/f/kq, tflndx?sf] k|df0fkq, /sd ae' mfPsf] /l;bx?, ladf, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f cflbsf] sfuhft
cfkm' ;“u ;/' lIft /fvL To;sf] kmf6] f]skL 3/ kl/jf/sf JolStx? jf e/kbf]{ cleefjsnfO{ 5f]8\g'k5{ .
3_ tflnd tyf ;/' Iff
jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] sfdsf] nflu ;Lkd"ns tflnd cfjZos eP To:tf] tflnd lnPsf] xg' 'kg{] / dfGotf k|fKt ;:+ yfaf6
cledv' Ls/0f tflnd xfl;n ug{k' 5{ .
j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] j|mddf ug'k{ g]{ ladf tyf sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf clgjfo{ ?kdf /sd hDdf ug{k' 5{ .
PhG] ;L jf sfx] L s;a} f6 j}b]lzs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL ljifodf unt jf 7uL ug{ nfu]sf] zs+ f nfud] f jf To;f] eP u/]df j}bl] zs /f]huf/
ljefu jf glhssf] lhNnf kz| f;g sfofn{ o jf kx| /Ldf t?' Gt va/ ugk'{ 5{ .
jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] JolStn] cg'dlt lnPsf] cj:yfdf afxs] cGo dn' 'ssf] dfu{ k|of]u u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg xb“' g} .
jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf] lgldQ ljbz] k:| yfg ug'{ kj" { jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ ljefuaf5 /fxbfgLdf >d :jLsl[ tsf] l:6s/ nufPsf] x'g'k5{ .
ª_ k"j{ tof/Lsf] cjnDag
j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] gk] fnLn] cgd' ltsf] cjlw k rft\ lgodfg';f/ Dofb yk gu/L cj}wflgs ?kdf ljbz] df a:g jf sfd ug{ x“b' g} .
jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] j|mddf epsf] ;Demf}tf cg;' f/sf] cjlwleq s/f e+u geP;Dd pSt sfo{ 5f8L cGoq sfd ug{ jf lagf :jLsl[ t
sfd 5f8L cGoq hfg x'b“ g} .
r_ Ifltkl" t{
sg' } sf/0fn] ljbz] af6 c;dodf kmsg{ ' k/]df jb} l] zs /f]huf/ ljefu / k7fpg] PhG] ;Ldf lkmtf{ cfPsf] !% lbg leqdf hfgsf/L
u/fpg' k5{ .
5_ ljb]zdf ;Dks{ / ;dGjo
lgod cg';f/ jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf uPkl5 pSt dn' 'sdf /xs] f] g]kfnL b'tfjf;, jf lgof]u jf >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnon]
tf]ss] f] ;Da4 ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ sfod u/L cfk"m cfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg5{] . jb} ]lz /f]huf/sf] j|mddf ;d:of cfPsf] cj:yfdf pSt
lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg{]5 .
h_ j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ ljefuaf6 >d :jLsl[ t glnO{ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/df hfg' x“'b}g .
em_ jb} l] zs /f]huf/df hfgk' j" { cled'vLs/0f tflnd lng'k5{ / hfg nfus] f] bz] , cfk"mn] ug]{ sfd / kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf/] /fd/| L hfgsf/L
lnO{ hfg'k5{ .
`_ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, hLjg ladf, b'3{6gf ladf ljbz] df sfd ug{ hfg' k"j{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ugk'{ 5{ .
http://www.dofe.gov.np/new/pages/details/41
336 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Discuss about the preparations to be done before going for foreign employment.
2. What problems may one suffer from while going for foreign employment? Discuss in
the class.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by foreign employment?
2. Why is foreign employment important in Nepal? Write in a sentence.
Short answer questions:
1. Why the foreign employment is considered a challenge? Discuss and write.
2. Mention the precautions to be followed while going for foreign employment. Present
in points.
3. How can more employment opportunities be generated in Nepal?
4. Write a letter to a friend who is facing problem in foreign country stating the efforts
made in the country in order to manage the foreign employment.
5. What would you suggest to your neighbour going for foreign employment with the
influence of friend but not having any skills. Mention in four points.
Long answer questions:
1. Mention the positive and negative effects of foreign employment in the form of news
for national newspaper.
2. Make a table and show the roles to be played by the government, Manpower Company
and civil society in order to make foreign employment well managed.
Community Work
Make an inquiry with those who have returned from foreign employment about their
positive and negative experiences while in foreign country.
Economic Activities 337
5LESSON Cooperative and Its Economic
Importance
Introduction
In general meaning cooperative means working together and sharing the benefits together.
It is a jointly owned enterprise. Its members engage in the production or distribution of
goods or the supply of services. Cooperative is operated by its members for their mutual
benefit. In its broad sense, this is the act jointly carried out by the people who have similar
objective, occupation, business and class for their economic and social development.
Cooperatives in Nepal
In the context of Nepal, cooperative has been in
practice in the form of Guthi, Parma, Dhikuti, Dharma
Bhakari, Manka Khala, Kulayan, Dewali, Bheja, etc.
With the establishment of Department of Cooperative
in 2010 BS, the development of cooperative formally
started in Nepal. Bakhan Cooperative established in
2013 BS in Chitwan was the first cooperative of Nepal.
Afterward in 2016 BS, Cooperative Act 2016 was
enforced in order to institutionalize the cooperatives.
Later in 2018 BS, Cooperative Regulation was made
and in 2020 BS a Cooperative Bank was established.
After the enforcement of Cooperative Act 2048, the Bakhan Singh Gurung
wave of establishing cooperatives began all over the Founder of Bakhan Cooperative
country. In order to regulate cooperatives, Department of Cooperatives under the Ministry
of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation has been provisioned and
Cooperative Act 2074 has also been enacted.
Definition of Cooperative
International Cooperative Alliance was founded
in London, Britain on 19th August, 1895 AD. The
general assembly of International Cooperative
Alliance (ICA) held in September, 1995AD in
Manchester, Britain has defined cooperative as
“Cooperative is an autonomous association of
persons united voluntarily to meet their common Logo of ICA
economic, social, and cultural needs and
aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise”.
338 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Values of Cooperative
Cooperatives are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality,
equity and solidarity. In the context of their founders and cooperative members, they
believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for
others.
Principles of Cooperative
The cooperative principles are guidelines by which cooperatives put their values into
practice. Its principles are:
1. Voluntary and Open Membership: Cooperatives are voluntary organizations.
They are open to all persons who are able to use their services and willing to accept the
responsibilities of membership.
2. Democratic Member Control: Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled
by their members who actively participate in setting their polities and making decisions.
3. Member Economic Participation: Members contribute equitable to the capital of their
cooperative which is the common property of the cooperative.
4. Autonomy and Independence: Cooperatives are autonomus, self-help organizations
controlled by their members.
5. Education, Training and Information: Cooperatives provide education and training
for their members, elected representatives, managers, and employees so that they can
contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They inform the general
public about the nature and benefits of cooperatives.
6. Co-operation among Cooperatives: Cooperatives serve their members most effectively
and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local, national,
regional and international structures.
7. Concern for Community: Cooperatives work for the sustainable development of their
communities through policies approved by their members.
Requirements to set up a Cooperative
At least 25 persons as its members
An application to the registrar for the registration
Two copies of By-law and work plan
Description of shares which the members have undertaken to subscribe, and
Citizenship, photographs and signature of members
Types of Cooperatives
Several types of cooperative societies are operated in the country. They are Saving and
Credit, Multipurpose, Dairy, Agriculture, Fruits and Vegetables, Bee Keeping, Tea, Coffee,
Consumers, Science and Technology, and Energy.
Economic Activities 339
Importance of Cooperative
It plays a great role to strengthen the economic system of the country.
It teaches the farmers to be economical.
It develops production-oriented attitude in the rural society.
It helps in poverty alleviation by raising the living standard of local residents.
Multi-purpose cooperatives provide loan facility, market facility, etc to the farmers
and improve in rural life.
It promotes access to finance, women empowerment, leadership and ability
development, social unification and entrepreneurship.
Need of Cooperative
To get required capital for the establishment of cottage and small industries
To create the environment of collaboration, coordination and investment at local level
To identify new need and possibility
To alleviate poverty and unemployment by improving in economy through cooperative
Problems of Cooperative
Providing more loans to kith and kin
Appointing the members of same family in executive posts
Mobilizing the fund incorrectly even against the rule
Collecting deposit from ordinary people and providing loan to big enterprises
Not getting the account audited and maintaining economic transparency
A person, being involved in more than one cooperative and
The operators, running way by collecting huge sum of money from the ordinary
people.
Solutions
Effective implementation of Cooperative Act
Discouragement for the investment out of scope
Providing facility to the depositors
Prohibiting the sale of share out of the scope
Making the provision of effective monitoring, and
Establishment of cooperative training centers in local levels.
340 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities
1. Discuss the major activities carried out by cooperatives established in your locality.
2. What are the procedures to be followed for setting up a cooperative? Discuss with
friends and write the conclusion.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What is cooperative?
2. Name the first cooperative of Nepal.
Short answer questions:
1. Mention the principles of cooperative.
2. State the requirements to set up a cooperative.
3. Discuss the importance of cooperatives in Nepal.
4. Explain the evolution of cooperative in Nepal.
5. Discuss about the roles played by the cooperative for the promotion of local products.
6. Write the roles that the state should play for making more successful and effective of
co-operatives activities.
7. Prepare a news report shedding light on the advantages of cooperatives in Nepal.
Long answer questions:
1. What do you think should be done by the state for making cooperatives more
successful and effective? Mention the measures to raise positive attitudes towards
the cooperative in Nepal.
2. What problems are seen in the cooperatives in Nepal? Suggest the ways for the
solution of such problems.
Community Work
There might be any cooperative in or near by our community. Make an inquiry about its
services and prepare a report. Then present the report in the class.
Economic Activities 341
6LESSON Financial Education
Finance: In general meaning, finance means money or other monetary resources. The
activity concerned with economic transactions, particularly with monetary transaction is
called finance.
Finance Literacy: Finance literacy refers to the set of skills and knowledge by which an
individual understands the importance of finance and can make effective decisions with all
of his/her financial resources. Finance literate is able to understand how money works in
the world, how to earn or make money, how to manage money, how to invest it for turning
into more and how to donate it to help others, etc.
Importance of Finance Literacy in Nepal: In the context of Nepal, finance literacy is
very important for ordinary Nepalese. Most of them live in village where they hardly have
access to financial institutions. On the other hand, everyone’s economic and financial
resources need to have effective and economical use. Thus, the Government of Nepal has
been giving importance to finance literacy. The following points show the importance of
finance literacy:
M Finance literacy makes people understand the importance of capital.
M It enables people to utilize money for social and economic security.
M It encourages people to save some portions of income for future use.
M It gives knowledge for appropriate and productive use of remittance.
M It helps to maintain domestic income and expenditure in a managed way.
Finance System
Finance system is a set of institutions functioning financial transaction. In Nepal, Nepal
Rastra Bank, Commercial Bank, Development Bank, Finance Companies and Micro-
Finance Companies come under the finance system. Likewise, the cooperative society
working for banking transaction and non-government organizations working as micro-
finance also come under the finance system. It is also called financial institutions.
According to the “Banks and Financial Institutions Act 2063”, “financial institution”
means a corporate body incorporated to carry on the monetary transactions according to
their classes.
The Nepal Rastra Bank classifies the licensed institutions into “A”, “B”, “C” and “D”
classes on the basis of the minimum paid-up capital required for the license. The minimum
paid-up capital of the licensed institutions is as prescribed by the Rastra Bank. Commercial
Banks are in “A” class, Development Banks are in “B” class, Finance Companies are in
“C” class, and Micro Credit Development Banks are in “D” class. As of March 2020 AD,
there are 27 Commercial Banks, 22 Development Banks, 23 Finance Companies and 92
Micro Credit Development Banks.
342 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Functions of Financial Institutions
a. Accepting deposits
b. Supplying credit
c. Dealing in foreign exchange
d. Remitting or transmitting funds to different places
e. Bank guarantee
f. Transaction of government bonds
g. Providing other services
Bank Account
It is an account of individual or institutions opened by bank or financial institution for the
financial transactions. Banks or other financial institutions keep details of its customers
to open an account. The customers use such bank account to deposit money, get loan or
for any other banking activities. They receive voucher at every deposit at bank account.
The customers are provided with chequebook or ATM card and bank statement. They
can withdraw their deposited money at bank account by using cheque or ATM card. The
customers can also check their balance through bank statement. The account holders have
to fill the Know Your Customer (KYC) form too.
Type of Accounts
a. Current account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution
as may be withdrawn at any time on demand. In current account, banks or financial
institutions do not pay any interest to a balance. This type of account is suitable for offices,
traders or businesspersons.
b. Saving account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution
for purpose of saving. The banks or financial institutions provide interest of a certain rate
on the balance. The customers can deposit their money as many times they wish but can
withdraw only limited money for limited times as prescribed by the bank. This type of
bank account is useful for savers of small amounts.
c. Fixed account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution for
a specified term. In this type of bank account the customers are provided with a higher
rate of interest than other types of account. The money deposited at this account cannot be
withdrawn until the maturity date. If the depositors need money before the specified term,
they can deposit the certificate of their deposit in fixed account as a security and get loan
from the same bank.
Requirements to Open a Bank Account
In order to open a bank account, an applicant should fill a form and submit to the bank with
his/her citizenship certificate, photos, minimum amount of money required to open an
Economic Activities 343
account and sample of authentic signature. If the applicant is minor, guardian’s citizenship
certificate, photos, and signature on application form are needed. While opening a bank
account, every applicant should provide clear details of his/her identity such as family
description, name of father and grandfather, address, date of birth, etc.
Electronic Banking: Banking has now become more advanced than earlier due to the
advancement and extension of the communication technology. Banks and financial
institutions use electronic machines and internet to operate accounts and provide various
banking services. It is called electronic banking. Electronic banking is commonly known
as e-banking. Electronic banking has made the banking services faster, safer and easier.
From the e-banking service, an account holder can check balance, make transfer of balance,
open account or withdraw the amount. The banking services through mobile apps, internet
banking, ATM, etc are the examples of electronic banking.
Automated Teller Machine-ATM Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic
machine. It is issued by a bank or financial
institutions to its customers. An ATM card allows
customers to complete basic transactions without
the aid of a branch representative or teller. The
customers can withdraw specified amount or check
their balance using ATM card and secret pin code
provided along with it. It is also called Debit Card
since the customer can withdraw amount only as
much in the account.
Credit Card
It is a small plastic card issued by a bank allowing
the holder to purchase goods or services on credit.
Such credit cards are provided by the bank only to
its trustworthy customers even there is no balance
in bank account. The cardholders have to clear their
debt to the bank whenever they have money with
extra amount for service as well as interest on the
credit card. The use of credit card is similar as of
debit card but the card holder can spend only the
limited amount from it.
SMS Banking Service Debit/Credit Cards
SMS banking is a form of mobile banking. It is a facility used by some banks or other
financial institutions to send messages (also called notifications or alerts) to customers’
344 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
mobile phones using SMS messaging, or a service provided by them which enables
customers to perform some financial transactions using SMS. The customers can know
and transfer their balance and pay bills through SMS banking service.
Saving
An amount of income that is not spent and kept in bank account is called saving. Generally,
saving is made for future use and for emergency purpose. Saved money can be useful for
capital formation, buying goods, investment, maintaining daily expenses, clearing debt
etc. Besides these, saving is also made for social activities such as marriage, Bratabandha,
death rites, education, health, etc.
Types of Saving
a. Saving in formal financial institutions: We can save our money by opening an
account in the banks or financial institutions licensed by the central bank for financial
transaction.
b. Saving in semi-formal financial institutions:
We can save money in saving account in semi-
formal institutions such as consumer’s group,
Aama Samuha, etc.
c. Saving in informal financial agencies: We
can save our money in informal agencies such
as money lenders and relatives, investing on
real estates, jewellery, etc.
d. Khutruke saving: We can save money in a cash
box of metal, wood or clay called Khutruke.
Advantages of Saving Khutruke Saving
Develops a habit of regular saving
Gives security to property
Helps to earn interest
Develops entrepreneurship
Creates an environment of investment
If the financial activities are carried on through the banking system, it helps to earn income
and at the same time, contributes in the economic development of the country. Thus, we
should be economical and develop a habit of saving.
Economic Activities 345
Activities
1. Discuss with the friends about the process to open an account in bank or any other
financial institution.
2. Find the process of getting ATM card from the bank located in or near in your locality.
Motivate other members of the community too to take ATM cards.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by finance education?
2. It is better to open a bank account and why?
3. What is an ATM card?
4. What do you mean by SMS Banking Service?
Short answer questions:
1. State the various types of bank accounts and explain each in brief.
2. What are the advantages of having a bank account? List them in points.
3. Discuss about the advantages of saving.
4. List the positive and negative aspects of ATM card.
5. What are the ways to make banking transactions safe? Write in points.
Long answer questions:
1. Mention the importance of financial literacy in a form of dialogue.
2. Analyze the necessity of E-banking and its present condition in Nepal.
3. Mention the measures to make Financial Education effective in Nepal.
Community Work
In which bank have your guardians opened bank account? Ask them and mention the
process to open a bank account and prepare a report on it.
346 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
7LESSON Financial Instruments
Introduction
Any instrument or device that is used in financial system for financial activities is known
as financial instruments. Notes, coins, cards, cheques, etc are the examples of financial
instruments. Financial devices are used to obtain cash, goods, and services or to transfer
amount or to make financial payments. They are discussed below:
1. Clean Notes: Note is also gk] fnL gf]6sf] ko| f]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjfwfgL ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}s+ ,
called paper money. It is used d'b|f Joj:yfkg ljefusf] cg'/fw] M
in monetary exchange and other • gf]6sf] htg ugs{ f] nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf dlg Aofu k|ofu] ug]{ afgL
activities. It is also a means of
a;fnf}+ .
payment. Money is of two types: • gf]6df hyfefjL s/] d]6 gu/f}+ .
paper notes and coins. Paper • ;dfg b/sf gof“ cyjf ;l' snf gf]6sf] ko| f]u ug{] afgL a;fnf}+ .
notes are used in almost every • gof“ gf]6 5kfO{ ug{ 7"nf] dfqfdf ;Dklt vlr{g' kg]{ ePsf]n] gf6] sf] htg
nation of the world. In Nepal,
both paper notes and coins are u/L bz] sf] ;Dklt hfu] fcf}+ .
used. The central bank is given
the responsibility to issue notes • gf6] nfO{ df6f,] wdL/f, cfuf] / kfgLaf6 hfu] fcf+} .
and manage it. Nepal Rastra • gf]6nfO{ uf8\g], w/] } ;do;Dd kfs] f] kf/]/ /fVg] ugf{n] gf6] ;8g\ ] 8/ xg' ]
xb“' f o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/f}+ .
• gf]6sf] lxkmfht ug]{ s'/f cfk"mn] klg dgg u/f+} / c?nfO{ klg l;sfcf+} .
• gf]6sf sf/fa] f/ ubf{ kmf]xf]/ ug{] kj| [lQnfO{ Tofuf}+ .
Bank, as the central bank of the • kh" f cfhf ubf{ cyjf sg' } sfd ubf{ dl} nPsf xftx?n] ;s;] Dd gf6]
country issues notes in Nepal. g5f]cf+} .
Paper notes and coins are the • 6f“rf jf l:6h nufpb“ f gf6] Rofltg] / lgsfNg ufx|f] x'g] tyf gf6] sf]
identity of the nation as they cfo' 36g\ ] x'b“ f, o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/f+} .
• sf/fa] f/sf] qmddf ;+sf:kb gf6] x? kfOP{ df glhss} f] gk] fn /fi6« a+s} sf]
represent the nationality, cultural sfofn{ o jf cGo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;:+ yfdf nlu bflvnf u/f+} .
and traditional values, animals, • gf]6nfO{ d7–dlGb/ jf kh" f kf7 cflb wfld{s sfod{ f k|ofu] ubf{ gf6] df
structures, etc. So, we should use /+u, cla/, kfgL, bw" , /ut cflb gkf/f,+} a? bfg k]l6sfdf xfNg] jf
paper notes and coins properly.
;DalGwt wflds{ cgi' 7fgsf] /zLb sf6L rGbf k|bfg ug]{ rng rnfcf+} .
Nepal Rastra Bank also issues ‘Clean Notes’ policy. According to this policy, no stapling,
writing, tearing and excessive folding is to be done on the currency notes. Thus, it is our
duty to handle it safely and protect it.
2. Bank Loan: Money is very important for everyone. Sometimes we may not have
enough money for running our business. Thus, we need some financial resources so that
we can take loan and maintain our business. Banks and financial institutions provide loan
for cattle rearing, running business, using in emergency, social activities and educational
Economic Activities 347
purpose. Thus, a loan taken from the bank which has to be returned after certain period
with interest or only principal is known as bank loan. The bank sets the fixed period over
which the loan is provided, the rate of interest and timing and amount of repayments.
Banks and financial institutions offer different types of loans such as purchasing loan,
investment loan, working capital loan, consumption loan, etc. If the loan is not paid, the
borrower has to pay fine along with interest. In this situation, collator (property as security
against loan) can also be auctioned or taken legal action against borrower. If loan cannot
be paid on time, the borrower can be enlisted on black list by the financial institution by
which the borrower losses social prestige. Thus, the loan should be used for right works
and should be repaid on time.
3. Remittance: It is an act of sending money from one place to another. The money sent
by an emigrant to their country of origin is commonly known as remittance. Money can
be transferred through banks and other financial institution or licensed money transfer
agencies. As of fiscal year 2074/075, the remittance has 25.1% contribution in the GDP
of Nepal. The act of sending money earned in foreign country through businessperson,
representative or unregistered institution is called Hundi. It is illegal as neither the
medium is registered nor tax is collected from such transaction. It is not reliable too. Thus,
remittance should be sent through reliable and registered agencies. It is the fact that the
remittance which is earned with hard work in foreign land is not being utilized in productive
goods and consumption. Thus, it is necessary to control this trend and encourage for the
utilization in productive fields.
4. Foreign Exchange: The currency of other countries
is foreign currency for our country. In Nepal, foreign
currencies are obtained from various sources such as
foreign assistance, exports, foreign employment, tourism,
etc. It is advantageous for the country to collect foreign
currency. Foreign currency is useful for paying to foreign
countries while importing goods and services. There is high
demand of foreign currency in our country as we have to
import many things from abroad in high amount. It causes
the Nepalese currency to be weak. If the economy of the country is stronger, the value of
currency also becomes higher. The exchange of one currency for another or the conversion
of one currency into another currency is known as foreign exchange. Similarly, the rate of
exchange of one currency for another is called foreign exchange rate.
5. Security Bonds: Security bond is a financial tool to be used by the government or
any company to raise required amount of money. It is a certificate issued by the security
bond issuer promising to pay back the borrowed money with interest of specified rate
on specified date. Government bonds, debenture bonds and shares come under security
348 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
bonds. Security bond is issued to raise funds necessary for the development or for certain
investment from individuals or corporate investors. It is issued by dividing the capital into
different shares. Generally, it costs Rs. 100.00 per share. A share holder has his/her share
over the loss or profit of the company in proportion to the number of shares. In this way,
security bonds can mobilize the savings of investors in the industries which can ultimately
help in the development of the country. We can also invest in share so that profit can be
earned and contribute in the nation building.
Share and its types
Share is a unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company’s capital. It
entitles its holder (the shareholder) to an equal claim on the company’s profits and an equal
obligation for the company’s debts and losses. There are two types of shares. They are:
a. Ordinary share: Equity shares are the ordinary shares of the company. The shareholders
of the equity shares are the real owners of the company since the amount of shares held by
them is the portion of their ownership in the company.
b. Preference share: Preference shares get preference over equity shares on the matters
like distribution of dividend at fixed rate and repayment of capital in the event of liquidation
of the company.
Differences between Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares
Ordinary Shares Preference Shares
Shareholders enjoy voting rights at Shareholders do not enjoy voting right at
shareholders’s meetings. shareholder’s meetings.
Shareholders get the dividend after the Shareholders have the preference right to
payment to preference shareholders. the payment of dividend.
The rate of dividend may vary year to The rate of dividend is fixed.
year.
Ordinary shares are non convertible. Preference shares can be converted into
ordinary shares.
Those who dare to take on higher risk Those who do not want to take higher risk
invest for this type of share. generally invest for this type of share.
Details and documents needed for applying for a share
a. Certified photocopy of citizenship certificate
b. Address of the applicant, name of father and grandfather, contact number
c. Bank account number
d. Demat account number
e. Authorized signature
f. Recently snapped photos
Economic Activities 349
Activities
1. There is a less awareness regarding the use of clean notes in Nepal. Format an
awareness program for raising public awareness in this regard in your locality. Act
out the role and exhibit in the class.
2. Collect the notice about today’s exchange rates to Nepali currency and present to
the class.
Exercise
Very short answer questions:
1. What is remittance?
2. What are the types of share?
3. What problems are created if we don’t have clean notes?
4. What is the major source of remittance to Nepal?
Short answer questions:
1. Differentiate between bank loan and security bond?
2. Write any four advantages of share holding.
3. What is Hundi? Why is it considered as illegal business?
4. Suggest the people working abroad and sending money via ‘Hundi’ any four
appropriate ways of sending money.
5. Write a short note on ‘Foreign exchange’.
6. What details and documents are needed to applying for a share?
7. Prepare a news for a newspaper comprising the present condition of use and
utilization of clean note in your community.
8. How can we get the share issued by a company?
Long answer questions:
1. What is share issue? How can profit be earned by purchasing shares? Discuss.
2. Any of your family members or relatives might have gone for foreign employment.
In which field has the remittance been used? Mention the right ways to utilize the
remittance in Nepal.
Community Work
Visit a bank and collect the information related to the loan scheme of that bank. Then,
present it in the class.
350 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
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