My Way Science Health and Physical Education 3

Have you seen smoke coming out from fire? Have you seen
vapour coming out from boiling water ? Well, they are gases.

Gas does not have fixed volume. They do not have fixed shape as
well. All gases can be compressed into balloon, ball and put into
tyres. The air-filled ball is heavier than that which is without air.

You can see all solid, liquid, and gas states of water. Ice is solid state.
The water you drink is liquid state. The vapour is in gaseous state.

Quick Test 3: From yourself and home
1. Name a gas used to heat.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a gas we exhale in respiration.
_______________________________________________
3. Name a gas we inhale in respiration.
_______________________________________________

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Solubility
What do you observe when you put a spoonful of sugar in a
glass of water ?

After a while, you cannot see sugar because it dissolves in
water. Just like sugar, salt and glucose, some medicines are also
soluble substances. The substances which dissolve into water
are known as soluble substances.
Now take a tea spoon of sand in glass of water. Try to dissolve it.

You can still see sand in water because THINK Critically
it does not dissolve. Just like sand,
Which one is odd in the
chalk, mud and rice do not dissolve following group ?
in water. These are called insoluble i. salt ii. sugar
substance. The substances which do iii. glucose iv. sand

not dissolve in water are also known as insoluble substances.

Quick Test 4: From your kitchen

1. Two solids that are soluble in water.

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

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Can you name Well, they are
other insoluble ……………...…………
substances ?

Lighter and heavier substance
Have you ever put paper boat on water ?
Paper boat easily floats on water surface because it is light. So,
lighter substance floats on water.

Can you name other substances which float on water ?
Heavier substances do not float on water. They sink. Some
substances that sink in water are iron, bricks, stone, nail etc.

Quick Test 5: From your home

1. Name any two heavy objects at your room.

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

2. Name any two light objects at your room.

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

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Quick Test 6: All in one

Fill in the blanks.

gas / liquid / solid / shape
1. .................................... substances have fixed shape and

volume.
2. .................................... substances have fixed volume.
3. A liquid substance does not have fixed ...................... but

takes shape of container.
4. ........................ does not have fixed shape and volume.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Write true or false. Also correct the false A
statements. K
C
a. A liquid substance does not have fixed shape.
b. All liquid substances have fixed shape and volume.
c. Solid substances have fixed volume.
d. Solid does not have fixed shape.

2. Answer the following questions.

a. Write the properties of solid substances.

b. What are soluble substances ?
c. In what ways gas and liquid are different from each

other ?
d. What are three different states of substances ?

e. Which substances sink in water ? Why ?

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3. Write differences between: A

a. Soluble and insoluble substance
b. Solid and liquid
c. Light and heavy substance

My way of doing science Ap

1. Take an ice cube or ice cream in a glass and record
the time taken by it to melt down.

2. Take some ice cubes inside the empty glass. What do
you see outside the glass? After some time you will
observe water droplets outside the glass. This is due
to condensation of water vapour of the atmosphere.

Fun Science

Draw a diagram to show water cycle.
Also colour the picture.

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7UNIT

OUR SURROUNDING

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Our Environment
• Natural environment and man-made environment
• Pollution
• Land pollution
• Water pollution
• Air pollution

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Chapter Our Environment

11

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can separate out biodegradable waste
 identify natural and man-made environment. and convert them into compost manure for
 list the causes of environmental pollution. your garden.
 classify biodegradable and non-

biodegradable waste.

Clean environment in yoga
Have you seen yogi doing yoga ? In
ancient time, yogi used to do yoga near
the clean river where there is surplus of
tree. In this area, there is clean air and
that helps us in healthy growing. Like
food and clothes, clean surrounding is
necessary to have the longivity of life.

Name a place in your locality where there are many trees.
_______________________________________________
Name a river in your locality.
_______________________________________________
Is it clean or dirty ?
_______________________________________________
Is there any public place where people do yoga in your locality ?
_______________________________________________

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Environment is sum total of water, air and land inter relationship.
There exist all living things and non-living things.

Natural environment and man-made nvironment
Mountain, rivers, forest and living things are natural environments.
Vehicles, house, roads, dam, electricity, bridges etc. are man-made
environments.

Natural environment Man-made environment

We spend our life in the environment. We get air, water and food
from the environment. Hence we must make our environment
clean and green. Healthy environment promotes our health.

Quick Test 1: From your home and surrounding

Write any two component of
1. Man-made environment 2. Natural environment
________ and ________ ________ and ________

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When man-made environment degrades the quality of natural
environment, then it produces adverse effects on all living things.

Pollution
Pollution degrades the quality of land, water and air which
affects the entire living things in the environment. Polluted land
does not produce healthy food. Drinking polluted water causes
many water borne diseases. The addition of waste or unwanted
material to land, air and water is known as environmental pollution.
Different types of pollutants like dust, harmful gases, garbage
and waste materials are major causes of air pollution, land
pollution and water pollution.

waste harmful gas garbage

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding

Write any three sources of pollution near your locality.

Source 1 : ______________ Source 2 : ______________

Source 3 : ______________

Land pollution
Human being carries out different activities on the land. They
dump the waste on the land. Farmers use pesticides and
chemicals to grow crops. These activities degrade the quality
of land and soil. Over-use of chemicals contaminates crops
and grass. The addition of unwanted material or pollutant like

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garbage, waste material, chemicals etc. Did YOU know ?
on the land is known as land pollution.
It affects all living things. Kathmandu metropolitian
city is the largest waste
generator in Nepal.
Unmanaged disposal of waste helps
breeding mice, rat and insect. These animals can spread
diseases. Moreover, cancers and diseases of respiratory system
are developed due to land pollution caused by chemicals.

We can also help minimize land pollution. We should not throw waste
everywhere. Dumping site should be made away from the residential
area. We should plant tree to promote green environment.

Quick Test 3: From our surrounding

1. Two animals that can increase land pollution are _______
and ____________

2. Chemical that causes land pollution is _______________
3. Household waste that causes land pollution is

_______________________________________________

Water pollution
Contamination of water directly or indirectly by human activities
is known as water pollution. It occurs when pollutants like
garbage, sewage and factory waste are mixed to water resources
like river, lake and sea.

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We need to drink water to live. Polluted water is very much harmful
to living being. It affects all the aquatic animals and also produces
many diseases like cholera, typhoid, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea
and eye infection. Polluted water helps breeding of insects like
flies and mosquitoes. They spread diseases.
Prevention of water pollution is very much important. The
factory waste should not directly be discharged into river. They
should be treated many times. We need to plant trees near
water resources. We should not throw medicine, chemicals,
paints and oil into our toilets. We should always turn taps off
when they are not in use.

Quick Test 4: From our Surrounding
Write any three wastes that have caused water pollution in
water source at your surrounding.
1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________

Air pollution
We are surrounded by air layer which is called the atmosphere.
Air helps protect all plants, animals and allows life to exist. The

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addition of dust, unwanted gas, odour in the air is known as
air-pollution.
Harmful gases are produced by burning of firewood or coal, factory
and vehicles which decrease the quality of air. Polluted air causes
much air-borne diseases like lung cancer, heart diseases allergic
reaction and asthma. We can prevent air pollution by minimizing
the use of firewood, coal and fuel. We can go for alternative
energy like solar energy, hydro-electricity and wind energy.

Quick Test 5: From you have

Two things that cause air pollution at your home are :

1. ___________________ 2. ___________________

Household waste
We carry out many activities at home. They are cooking,
cleaning, washing and so on. We get lots of waste materials as by
products of these activities. It is always better to classify them as
bio-degradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.

Bio-degradable waste
The waste materials like copy, newspaper, peel of vegetables, rice
and other kitchen waste and garden waste are biodegradable
wastes. They get rotten within few days and become soil. We can
deposit them in trench to convert them into compost which can
be again useful to plants in our garden or vegetable field.

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Non - biodegradable waste

Plastics, bottles, metal pieces, polymers and rubber are non-
biodegradable wastes. They do not get rotten and increase land
pollution. It is good to reduce the
use of these types of products. For THINK Critically
example, when you go to shop to buy,
you can carry your own bags. Which one of the following
do you think is the most
dangerous pollution ?
i. Land Pollution
These materials can also be reused ii. Water Pollution
to make new products. iii. Air Pollution

Quick Test 6: From your surrounding

1. The waste things at your kitchen that can be converted

into compost are

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

2. The waste from your room that can be reused are

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

Safety tips : We should not run on bank of river or pond.

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Quick Test 7: All in one

Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

environment / diseases / air / pollution / trees / health /
living beings / pollution / bio-degradable

1. Healthy environment promotes our ...................................
2. Land pollution affects all the ............................................
3. ...................... degrades the quality of land, water and air.
4. ……………....……….. waste can be converted into compost.
5. The addition of dust and unwanted gas in air is known

as …………...........................
6. Mice and flies spread ..................................…………...………
7. We should plant ..........................………. to promote green

environment.
8. Human activities degrade the quality of …………………....….

Work Further C
K
Do the following activities :

Answer the following questions.
1. Why must we make our environment clean and

green ?
2. What is water pollution ? How does it occur ?
3. How can we prevent air pollution ?
4. What is bio-degradable waste ? Give examples.
5. Which human activities degrade the quality of land

and soil ?
6. What is land pollution ?

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7. What is air-pollution ? K
8. Give examples of materials that can also be reused A

to make new products.

9. Differentiate between bio-degradable and non-bio-
gradable waste.

My way of doing science Ap

1. Make a field trip to a nearby pond, lake or river with
your teacher and identify the causes of water pollution
and land pollution.

2. Visit your school around and write a report on how land
pollution occurred around your school. You can get
help from your teacher.

Fun Science

Make a drawing on what we can do to make
our environment neat and clean. Show it to your science
teacher.

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8UNIT

OUR EARTH AND UNIVERSE

Unit Highlights

You are going to learn about
Our Earth
• Air
• Land
• Mountain
• Hill
• Plateau
• Plain
• Valley
Rock and Soil
• Rock
• Soil
The Sun, Moon and Stars
• Star and planets
• Galaxy
• Asteroid
• The earth
• Satellite

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Chapter Our Earth

12

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can explain the nature of land feature
 identify water and land part on the of your locality.

earth.
 explain the different types of land.
 list the gases in atmosphere.

Respect to the earth
In most cultures in the world, the
earth is described as “mother.” We
ourselves call it Dharati mata in
Nepali. The second of Shrawan month
in Nepal is celebrated as Dharatimata
day by farmers in Nepal. On that day,

farmer in Nepal do not dig and plough the field. It is believed
in some ethnic group of Nepali community that the earth
becomes alive and it hurts the earth on digging the field on
the day and the crop will not grow well.

Name a festival in which the earth is worshipped in your
locality.
_______________________________________________
Write the name of the earth in your own mother tongue.
_______________________________________________

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Earth is the common home for all living things. Earth is
surrounded by air and consists of water and land. You can
observe globes and atlas to find the land and water part on
the earth given below.

Look at globe below Globe
The blue coloured part represents the
water form and remaining part is land.
About one third of earth consists of land,
two third is water. Hence, most part of the
earth surface is covered with water. This
part is also known as seas or oceans.

Quick Test 1: From atlas

1. Find India in the atlas. Write the names of its neighboring
seas (water - part of earth)

a. _____________ b. _____________ c. _____________

Air 117
Earth is surrounded by the thick layer of
air. This layer is known as atmosphere.
Atmosphere is the mixture of different
types of gases like oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbondioxide etc. Besides
gases, atmosphere also contains dust,
smoke and water vapour. The gas we
inhale in breathing is oxygen. We exhale
carbon-dioxide during breathing. Plants

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use oxygen and carbon-dioxide for respiration and photosynthesis.
Near the earth surface, there is more air but it becomes thinner
as we go above. There is no air after 1000 Km above the earth.
Can you say why astronauts carry oxygen gas cylinder ?

They go beyond 1000 km and Did YOU know ?
there is no air to breathe. Hence
they have to carry gas cylinder. Mt. Everest is the
highest peak in the

world. It is in our
country Nepal.

Quick Test 2: From all living things

1. Name the gases that we inhale and exhale during respiration.

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

The land and water THINK Critically
The earth surface consists of land
and water. Water on the earth Which one of the following
surface is found in different forms should be greater in number ?
like river, ponds, seas, oceans etc. i. water animal
ii. land animal

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Land
Various forms of lands are found on earth surface. Some lands
are with slope and some are with flat surface. Land forms on the
earth surface are categorized as mountains, hills, plateau, plain
and valley.

Mountain
Mountains are the land form with elevated slope. They are made
of hard rock. They are covered with snow throughout the year.
Weather is very cold around mountain. Examples: Mt. Everest,
Annapurna and Mt. Machhapuchhre etc.

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding

1. State the nature of land where you live.
It is ____________ in nature.
2. Name a mountain that is seen from your locality. _______

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Hills
Hills are also the land forms with slope but they are smaller than
mountain. Various types of plants and animals are found on hills.
Weather is warmer than in the mountain. Example: Shivapuri
hill, Nagarjuna hill and Phulchoki hill, etc.

Quick Test 4: From your Entertainment
1. Name a hill you prefer to go for picnic.
_______________________________________________

Plateau
Plateaus are land masses at the top of
the mountain. They have flat surface
on the top. The Tibetan plateau is the
highest plateau in the world.
Plain
Plains are flat land masses. Terai
region of Nepal is an example of plain
area. The weather is usually hot in
plain.

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Valley
Valleys are also flat land form but they are surrounded by hills.
The weather is moderate in the valleys. Kathmandu, Dang and
Pokhara are valleys in Nepal.

Quick Test 5: From our country

1. Name a beautiful valley _______________________
2. The plain region is _______________________

Quick Test 6: All in one

Fill in the blanks.

mountains / water / gases / atmosphere / earth

1. ……….....… is divided into air, water, land and environments
that are filled with different types of living things.

2. Oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams are …......……………
bodies on the earth’ surface .

3. The layer of air that surrounds the earth is known as
…………..........................

4. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc. are ……….....………………..
5. …………………… are the land forms with eleveted slopes.

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Work Further

Do the following activities :

1. Write true or false ? Correct the false statements. K
a. Earth is surrounded by water.
b. Mountains are made from soft rock. K
c. Weather is warmer in the plains than in the mountain. C
d. Plateaus have flat surface on the bottom. A
e. Plains are elevated land forms.
f. Valleys are also flat land forms but they are

surrounded by hills.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. What are mountains? Write any three names of the

mountains.
b. Write any three gases found in the atmosphere.
d. Write the names of any two hills in our country.

c. What is valley ? Write any two names of the valleys
in our country.

3. Differentiate between Plateau and plain

a. Mountain and hill b.
c. Valley and hill

My way of doing science Ap

Take a modelling clay. Make the map of our country Nepal.
Make the plain, valley and mountains as well.

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Chapter Rock And Soil

13

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to Nature of rock and soil plays important
role in farming and construction.
 identify soft and hard rock.
 list the types of soil.
 explain the importance of soil.

Food Material in our eating culture
Most people in Nepal have grinding
stone at their kitchen. People use
them to grind spices and to make
pickle. These stones are very hard.
Hence they do not break themselves.
These stones are in fact a part of very

hard rock. It is said that the pickle grinded under the stone
in kitchen is tastier than ready made one.

Do you have grinding stone at your kitchen ?
_______________________________________________
Name two items that are grinded on the stone.
_______________________________________________
Why is the hard stone chosen to make grinding stone ?
_______________________________________________
Name any two things made of stone at your house.
_______________________________________________

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Earth surface is made of rock and soil. Rocks are the hardest
part of earth surface. Due to heat from sunlight, rocks break
down slowly into stone, then pebbles and finally into soil.
Some rocks are hard and others are soft. Mountain and hill are
made up of hard rock. Have you seen a chalk ? It is used to write
on blackboard. It is also a type of rock. But it is soft and it can
be easily broken into pieces .

Hard rock Soft rock

Rocks are very useful to us. We can build Did YOU know ?
house using rocks. It is also used to make
cement. We can make wall using rock. Sahara desert in Africa
Rocks are also used to make pavements is the largest desert in
and sculptures.
the world.

Quick Test 1: From your Surrounding

1. Name any two games you play using stones.

a. ___________________ b. ___________________

2. Name any two things that are obtained from rock.

_______________________________________________

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Soil
Due to the heat from sunlight and change in weather, rock slowly
breaks down and converts into smaller pieces known as silts.
Also dead plants and animals decay into humus. As this process
continues, soil is formed after larger period. This process is slow and
takes longer period of time. Soil consists of sand, clay and humus.
Different places have different types of soil. Basically there are three
types of soil. They are sandy soil, clayey soil and loamy soil.

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding

Write any three things in your garden that turn into humus
after they decay.
___________________________________________________

Sandy soil THINK Critically

Some soil contains large amount of There are not much
sand. These are called sandy soils. plants in rocky
Deserts and land near river and sea mountain, why ?

consists of sandy soil. Water can easily pass through sandy soil.
Hence it can hold very less amount of water.

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As sandy soil cannot hold much water, few plants can grow on
sandy soil. For example, cactus grows in the desert.
Clayey soil
Some soils contain very much clay.
These are called clayey soils. It
contains fewer amount of sand and
humus. Humus is made from dead
animals and plants. It helps plant to
grow healthy.
Water cannot pass through clay soil
easily. Do you know “kalo mato” ?
(Black coloured soil). It is clayey soil.
You can make toys from it. Potters
use it to make pots and toys.

Quick Test 3: From your Surrounding
Write the types of soil suitable for the following diagram.

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Loamy soil
Some soil contains less sand but more humus and clay. This is
called loamy soil. Loamy soil is best for farming.

Importance of soil
We grow our food on soil. Many small animals like earthworm,
ant, snake and rabbit make their home in soil. We can also
make many things like brick, pot, toys from soil. It also serves as
underground water resources. So soil is important to us.

Quick Test 4: All in one

Fill in the blanks.
1. The rock breaks into _______
2. Many plants cannot grow in _______ soil.
3. We can use _______ soil to make pot.
4. _______ soil is best for agriculture.
5. Many _______ live on the soils.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.
a. Rock are softest parts of earth surface.
b. Due to heat from moonlight rocks break down

slowly into stone, then pebbles and finally into soil.
c. Mountain and hill are made up of soft rocks.
d. Rocks are useful to us.

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e. Different places have different types of soil. K
f. Deserts and places near river, sea consist of loamy
K
soil. C
A
g. Soil that contains less sand but more humus and
clay are called clayey soil.

2. Answer the following questions.
a. What is soil made up of ?
b. What is sandy soil ?
c. What is loamy soil ? What is the use of this soil ?
d. What are the uses of rocks ?
e. Why a few plants can grow on sandy soil ?
f. How is soil formed ?
g. Why is soil important for us ?

h. What type of soil is best for farming ? Why ?

My way of doing science Ap

Collect three stones from your surrounding. Show them to
your class and discuss their shape and colour.

Fun Science

Use modeling clay or kalimati to make your
favorite fruit and colour it . Do this in a group and show
it to your teacher.

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Chapter The Sun,
Moon and Stars
14

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can enjoy different TV channels that
are possible to broadcast due to satellite.
 differentiate between star and planets. Also you can study astrophysics in future.
 list about galaxy, asteroid and satellite.

Astronomy in our history
The study of planets and other
celestial objects in space is known
as astronomy. Aaryabhatta was
one among those people who
started astronomy in our continent.
There is great respect to the sun,
moon and star in our culture. We

perform surya-namaskar early in the morning. We celebrate
full moon day. We also call the earth as our dharati mata.

Name a festival people celeborate on a full moon day.
_______________________________________________
Name a month when sun becomes hot at your region.
_______________________________________________
Do you have interest in astronomy ?
_______________________________________________

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Stars and planets

The space above us is very huge.
There are many objects in it. Our
earth, sun and moon are some
objects which are also known
as space objects. Stars are the
objects with their own light. There
are billions of stars in the space. Only few of them appear as
shining dots to us. Our sun is the nearest star to us. It is a big
ball of fire.

Planets are the objects in the
space without their own light.
There are eight planets. They
are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. These eight planets
and the sun form the solar system. All the planets move round
the sun. The path of the planet around the sun is known as orbit.

The mercury is the nearest planet to the sun. It is very hot in the
day time. Neptune is the farthest planet. It is very cold. Pluto is
very small hence it is also called as dwarf planet. Previously,
Pluto was called a planet but recently it is removed from the list
of planets.

Planets appear in different colours. Did YOU know ?
Mars appears red whereas our earth
appears blue from the space. The Jupiter is the biggest planet
blue colour of the earth is due to the in the solar system.
sea water on the earth surface.

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Quick Test 1: From our Universe

1. Write the number of planets in our solar system.
_______________________________________________
2. Write the name of the planet nearest to the sun.
_______________________________________________
3. Write the name of star nearest to us.
_______________________________________________

Galaxy
The galaxy is the huge collection of
stars, space dust and gas. There are
over trillions of stars in the galaxy.
Many galaxies have been discovered
by scientists till the date. Our solar
system lies in the milky way galaxy.
Leo, Andromeda and Constellation are some other galaxies in
the universe. They are very far away from our milky way galaxy.

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Quick Test 2: From our Universe
1. Name of our galaxy.
_______________________________________________
2. Approximate number of stars in a galaxy.
_______________________________________________

Asteroid
Asteroids are also small planets in
our solar system. They are rocky
and airless with irregular shape.
The space between the Mars and
the Jupiter is known as asteroid
belt because there are large
number of asteroids in this region.
The asteroids also rotate round the
sun.
The earth
Our earth is also a planet in the solar system. It is covered with
thick layer of air. Most part of the earth surface is covered with
water which makes life possible in the planet. It takes 365 days

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to complete one revolution around the sun which is the period
of one year in the earth.
Apart from moving round the sun, the earth spins around its
own north south axis. It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation
around its own axis which is the period of one day in the earth.
Due to this motion, day and night are caused on the earth.

Quick Test 3: From our Universe

1. Name a planet with living things.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a place where we find asteroid.
_______________________________________________

Satellite

Satellite is anything that goes
round the earth. The moon is the
natural satellite of the earth. It
takes approximately 27 days to
complete one revolution around
the earth. When the moon is big
and round in the sky at night, we
call it a full moon day.
There are many artificial satellites THINK Critically
that move round the earth. They are
man-made objects. These artificial There are not much plants
in rocky mountain, why ?

satellites help us in communication and weather forecast. They
also give us information about other space objects like stars,
planets and asteroids.

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Quick Test 4: From our Satellite

1. Name our natural satellite.
_______________________________________________
2. Write any two advantages of artificial satellite.
_______________________________________________

Quick Test 5: All in one

Fill in the blanks.

milky way / orbit / solar system / artificial

1. Our earth is also a planet in the …………...................
2. The path of the planet around the sun is known as

……….....................
3. Our solar system lies in the ……...........……… galaxy.
4. .......…………… satellites are man-made objects.

Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.
a. The galaxy is the huge collection of stars, space

dust and gas.
b. Satellite is anything that goes round the sun.
c. Planets are the objects in the space without their

own light.
d. There are nine planets in the solar system.
e. Rotation causes day and night on the earth.

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2. Answer the following questions. K

a. What is planet? Write their names. C
b. What do you mean by revolution ? A
c. What are satellites ?
d. Where are most of the asteroids found ?

e. Why is Pluto not called a planet ?

3. Differentiate between:

a. Planet and star b. Galaxy and solar system

c. Asteroid and satellite d. Rotation and revolution

My way of doing science Ap

Take a ball, torchlight and thread. Hang the ball and spin it
slowly. Now switch on the torchlight. Observe how different
parts of the ball get illuminated. Explain, on this basis,
how days and nights are caused. You can get help from
teacher.

Fun Science

Cut out the picture of the sun, the earth
and star from books or magazine, or make drawing and
affix them on your classroom wall.

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9UNIT

INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION
AND LOCAL TECHNOLOGY

Unit Highlights

You are going to
learn about
Information and
Communication
• Newspaper
• Television
Local Technology
• Compost
• Bio gas
• Whetstone
• Cold storage

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Chapter Information And
Communication
15

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can share your opinion to other people
by means of communication.
 list types of communication.
 explain importance of communication.
 explain modes of communication.

Communication in history
People used to communicate to
long distance with the help of
pigeon or eagle. They used to train
these birds to carry letter to the
military or some secret agency
by using birds. There are lots of
films made on this aspect of the

history of people in ancient time. Today, there are many
modes of communication. They are smart and effective.

Have you heard a story of pigeon or eagle carrying letter ?
_______________________________________________
Name a film where eagle is used to carry letter from
one place to another.
_______________________________________________
How is your family updated with news ?
_______________________________________________

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What will you say when you see your friend after long time?

When we meet we say “Hi”, “Hello”. In Did YOU know ?
response, your friend will also say “Hello”,
“Hi”. When the school’s start bell rings, Gorkhapatra is the
you enter the class. When the school’s first daily newspaper
end bell rings, you leave the class.
in Nepal.

When we sit together, we talk to each other. During talking
person only does not speak. The person gives information and
takes information from other. But, when people are far how can
they pass the information? When people are at distant place
information is shared through letter, radio, telephone, newspaper
and internet. There are different means of communication that
help us to share information. These means of sharing information
are called ways of communication.

Radio Letter Television Newspaper Telephone

Types of commnication
There are two types of communication - one way communication and
two way communication. When we send information or receive only,
it is one way communication. Examples are letter, radio, television,
newspaper. When we can send and receive information together, it
is two way communication. One example is telephone. We can talk
to our friends and relatives with the help of telephone. When we
talk using a telephone, we can speak and also listen at the same
time. In this way, we take information and give information both

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from telephone. Therefore, telephone is a two-way communication.
But from the letter information cannot be exchanged at a time like
in telephone. Therefore, letter is one way communication.
Radio is another means of one way communication. We listen to
the radio. It gives us information about current affairs, sports,
business etc. It also entertains us with different programs like
music and talk programmes.

Quick Test 1: From your home

1. Name a tool of one-way communication at your home.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a tool of two way communication at your home.
_______________________________________________

Newspaper THINK Critically
It is another means of one way
communication. Newspaper gives Pick the odd out.
us information about current affairs, i. Land phone ii. F.M. radio
business, science, sports, etc. iii. Mobile phone

Have you ever read any children’s newspaper ?
……………………………………………………………

Quick Test 2: From home and school

1. Name the newspaper you have seen at your home.
_______________________________________________
2. Name the newspaper you have read at your school library.
_______________________________________________

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Television
TV is also a means of one way communication. It gives us
information of different fields like national or international
issues, science, sports etc. It is especially used as medium of
entertainment such as watching musical programmes, movies,
serials, live matches.
Have you ever watched National
Geography channel or cartoon on TV ?
Which is your favourite children’s
magazine published in your locality ?

Quick Test 3: From yourselves

1. Name a T.V. programme you like most.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a radio programme you like most.
_______________________________________________

Quick Test 4: All in one

Fill in the blanks.
1. Name your local monthly magazine.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a T.V. programme that is related to science.
_______________________________________________
3. Name a radio program related to environment.
_______________________________________________
4. Write any two means of one way communication.
_______________________________________________

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Work Further

Do the following activities : K

1. Answer the following questions. C
a. What is communication ? A
b. What are the types of communication ? K
c. What mediums have been developed to get different

information ?
d. How does communication help us ?
e. State with explanation the types of communication

used in the following mediums.
i. Radio ii. Television iii. Telephone iv. Newspaper
f. Differentiate between one way communication and

two way communication with examples.

2. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.
a. Radio is oneway communication.
b. Communication does not help share the ideas.
c. Mobile phone is also one-way communication.
d. Reading book is one-way communication.

My way of doing science Ap

Write a news about the types of small animals you have
seen around your locality in a week. Paste the news on
your classroom's notice board.

Fun Science

Collect newspapers. Cut out all photographs
and news about sports and display them at the wall board.

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Chapter Local Technology

16

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can choose suitable can to put waste
 identify some local technology. in and to convert them into manure using
 describe how technology helps us. locally available methods.

Our Traditional Technology
We have been using grinding stone for a
long time. It is popularly known as ‘Janto’ in
rural Nepal. It helps people to grind seeds to
make powder. Janto in fact consists of two
heavy stones placed one after another. The
Upper stone is rotated manually to grind
the seeds. It is believed that grinded powder

made by Janto makes dishes sweet.

Have you seen Janto ?
_______________________________________________
Name a device that is used to grind grain at your home.
_______________________________________________
Have you seen Dhiki ?
_______________________________________________

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We have different kinds of materials around us. Some of them
are useful to us and some of them are not useful to us. We
throw those materials that are not useful to us. These unwanted
objects are called waste materials. But these materials can
be converted into useful materials using the locally available
techniques, such as compost manure, biogas (or gobar gas).
These techniques are called local technologies.

Quick Test 1: From your home

1. Write any two forms of waste you produce at your home.
_______________________________________________
2. Where is kitchen waste dumped at your home ?
_______________________________________________

Compost manure Did YOU know ?
We can make compost manure by
decaying the matters such as unused About 0.40 kg waste
part of vegetables, food stuff etc. in a pit per person per day is
as shown in the picture below. produced in Kathmandu.

In a pit as shown in the diagram, decomposable wastes such as
unused parts of vegetables, rotten-withered (decayed) vegetables
are collected for a day. The part is partly covered with soil to prevent
the spread of stink. The decomposable wastes can be collected for
some weeks. After certain days waste materials decay and change

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into compost manure. The compost
manure is very much useful for plants.
It helps farmers to grow healthy crops.
This process of conversion of waste
things into manure helps to keep our
environment neat and clean.

Bio-gas

Cow dung, buffalo dung and
other animals’ dung and humans’
excreta are collected in a pit or in
the container in a biogas plant.
The pit or the container is covered with lid where the excreta
decompose and produce
biogas. This gas burns well THINK Critically
hence this can be used to
cook the food, light the The waste materials that can be converted
into other useful form are:
i. concrete waste ii. household waste
iii. smake waste iv. smoke and dust
lamp and heat water.

Quick Test 2: From your surrounding and school

1. How many biogas plants are there in your surrounding ?
_______________________________________________
2. How is waste management done at your school ?
_______________________________________________

Whetstone
What do you use to sharpen your pencil ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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We use cutting tools at our home.
These tools are generally made up of
metals. When these tools are used
frequently they become blunt and
lose their cutting capacity. These
tools are sharpened by moving their
edge to and fro in the whetstone as shown in the diagram and
their cutting capacity is regenerated.
Try to cut scramble piece of papers with sharp scissors and blunt
scissors. Which one of the two can cut paper easily ?

Cold storage
We eat different types of food such as
cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk and
meat. To keep these food materials
safe for a long time, they should be
stored safely. The process of storing the things in the cold place
is called cold storage. Grains, cereals etc. should be stored in
dry and safe places. Similarly vegetables, fruits, milk, meat are
stored in cold stores. Cold storage system is also used in our
country to store large amount of food safely for a long time. We
also use refrigerator to store the food stuffs at home.

Quick Test 3: From your surrounding

Complete the following sentences :
1. I have seen cold storage at _________________________
2. I have seen people sharpening scissors at ____________
3. I have seen people sharpening knife at ______________

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Quick Test 4: All in one

Fill in the blanks.
1. Name your local monthly magazine.
_______________________________________________
2. Name a TV program that is related to science.
_______________________________________________
3. Name a radio program related to environment.
_______________________________________________
4. Write any two means of oneway communication.
_______________________________________________

Work Further

Do the following activities : K
K
1. This passage is read out in radio.

Compost is the matter that has been decomposed and recycled
as a fertilizer. Compost is used in farming. At the simplest level, the
process of composting simply requires making a heap of waste
matters known as green waste (leaves, stems, rotten fruits and
food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus
after a period of weeks or months. The decomposition process
is done by shredding the plant matter, adding water. Earthworms
and insects further break up the material. Compost is rich in
nutrients. It is used in garden and agriculture. The compost itself
is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a fertilizer,
addition of vital humus and as a natural pesticide for soil.

Now answer the following questions.
a. List out the living things given in above paragraph.
b. List out the non-living things.
c. List out the parts of plant included in the paragraph.
d. List out the animals included in the paragraph.

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2. Answer the following questions. K
a. What types of things are used to make compost manure ?
b. Write the two uses of compost manure. C
c. What is cold storage ? S
A
e. Why is bio-gas (gobar gas) important for us ?
f. How can we sharpen our blunt tools ?

g. School waste is mostly exam-paper. Make a plan to
reuse them.

h. Which one do you choose to use at your farm between
compost manure and chemical fertilizer ? Why ?

My way of doing science Ap

Make a pit at your home/school. Throw the biodegradable
waste things like vegetables and food. Cover the part with
sand/soil every day. After two weeks use the compost
manure you prepared in garden/field.

Fun Science

Make a paper dustbin with the help of
your teacher.

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UNIT 10 Personal Hygiene

HEALTH EDUCATION • Taking care of skin
• Caring hair
Unit Highlights • Caring ear
• Caring eyes
You are going to learn about • Caring nose
Health Service • Caring teeth and tongue
• Health post • Caring hands and nails
• Clinic • Caring feet
• Hospital and nursing home • Proper clothing
• Importance of rest, sleep

and exercise
Nutritious Food

• Energy giving food
• Protective food
• Body building food
• Fats oil and water
• Proper food habits
Diseases and their
prevention

• Communicable disease
• Non-communicable disease
Safety and First Aid

• At home, playground, road
and swimming pool

• First aid, cut, burn and
nose bleeding

Tobacco and Drug

• Smoking
• Alcoholism
• Drug abuse

Visit : www.symphonypub.com for further learning

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Chapter Health Services

17

What ? Why?

You’ll learn to You can decide where to go when one has
 identify the health services available in health related problem.

locality.

Science in our traditional Treatment
In our culture, Baidhya is a person
who provides treatment to people.
They used to make almost all kinds
of medicines from plants. They
used different parts of the plant
for this purpose. Even today, these
medicines are famous and known

as herbal medicine. It is believed that there is no side effect
in using herbal medicine.

Have you used herbal medicine ?
_______________________________________________
Can you name a plant used as medicine ?
_______________________________________________
Do you have any Baidhya in your locality ?
_______________________________________________

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