169 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 087-130 Materials and Energy Characterization of Electrical Behavior in Cellulose-based Electrolyte Doped with Ammonium Formate N M B Bahaudin1 , M I H Sohaimy1 , S Suhaimi2 , W M Khairul3 , U M Osman3 , F Zulkifli4 , R Rahamathullah5 , M Muthuvinayagam6 and M I N Isa1,3 1Energy Materials Consortium (EMC), Advanced Materials Team, Ionic & Kinetic Materials Research Laboratory (IKMaR), Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, Malaysia. 2Energy Materials Consortium (EMC), Nano Energy Laboratory (NEL), Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, Malaysia. 3Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia. 4Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia. 5Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), UniCITI Alam, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia. 6Department of Applied physics, Saveetha School of engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India. ABSTRACT Abstract. Novel solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) with various amounts of ammonium formate (AF) salt doped into 2-hydroxyethtyl cellulose (2-HEC) were fabricated by using a well-known technique solution casting. The SBEs were developed mainly to address the leakage, toxic material issues, safety concerns and cost associated with conventional liquid-based electrolytes. The 2-HEC based SBE was analysed for its ionic conductivity and electrical properties. The highest ionic conductivity achieved was 2.40 × 10-3 S/cm for AF40 (40 wt.% AF salt). The bulk resistance value obtained at both ambient and elevated temperatures emphasizes its effect on ionic conductivity and electrical behaviour in terms of its dielectric permittivity. The activation energy from the temperature dependence ionic conductivity indicates that activation energy decreases with increasing temperature. The two primary transport parameters that affect the ionic conductivity of the system based on Rice and Roth model are the diffusion coefficient (D) and ion mobility (μ). The results from this study showed that the rise in ionic conductivity is dependent on the concentration of ammonium formate salt.
170 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 138-132 Materials and Energy Effect of Temperatures on Green Synthesis of Amide-Based Corrosion Inhibitors from Sustainable Source N F.M Shah1 , N.Z.A Shahrulnizam1 , A.N Masri1,2 and I.M Ibrahim1,2 1Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia. 2 Institue for Oil & Gas (IFOG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Marine corrosion remains an ongoing challenge for sustaining vessels and structures in marine environments. This research addresses the critical need for effective anti-corrosion solutions, focusing specifically on the development of environmentally friendly coatings. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), a byproduct of crude palm oil production, is used as an essential component in amide inhibitors, introducing a novel approach to corrosion prevention. Traditional inorganic corrosion inhibitors pose environmental and economic concern due to their expense and toxicity. PFAD-based amides provide a sustainable alternative that is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The study of the synthesis of the amide inhibitors demonstrates their potential for effective corrosion inhibition. The synthesis of PFAD-based amides using ethylenediamine in ethanol at reflux at varying temperatures (25, 40, 60 and 90°C) revealed that higher temperatures resulted in higher inhibition properties, with amides containing double bonds and nitrogen-functional groups demonstrating excellent efficiency in attaching to metallic surfaces. The study of PFAD-based amides inhibitory potential includes a physicochemical analysis conducted specifically with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and evaluation of the corrosion inhibition efficiency using the Linear Polarization Resistance Method (LPRM). FTIR analysis depicted the amide group is most prominent at 90°C among the temperature tested, with a clear and welldefined bond observed at 1600 cm-1 , while at 40°C, a visible amide group is seen in the spectral range of 3350 cm-1 . In addition, LPRM analysis evaluated that PFAD-based amide at 90°C demonstrated excellent corrosion inhibition efficiency of 75% with a corrosion rate of 2.34 x 10-6 mpy in 3.5% NaCl solution, suggesting promising capabilities attributed to the adsorption of nitrogen-containing fatty amide molecules on the metal surface. The findings show the potential of PFAD-based amides as green corrosion inhibitors, with promising outcomes for sustainable corrosion mitigation strategies.
171 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 135-133 Materials and Energy Physiochemical studies of MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide at Ambient Temperature Muhamad Syafiq Zainudin Ithnin1 , Hussein Hanibah2 , Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The current research studies the physiochemical of MgAl layered double hydroxide (MgAl LDH). MgAl LDH was synthesis via alkali free co-precipitation method with ratio of 4:1 and further calcined at 450 ℃ for 13 h. The correlation of crystallinity, morphology and particle size of MgAl LDH before and after calcined were examine and compared. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), brunaeur – Emmette – Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Conductivity testing of calcined MgAl LDH was measured using an AC conductivity meter. It reveals that MgAl LDH in acetonitrile (ACN) shows an optimum concentration of 0.80% MgAl LDH with an electrolytic conductivity (κ) of 0.1256 μS/cm at 25 ℃. The optimum concentration of MgAl LDH was further used in the remaining electrolyte system with presence of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4). The κ values was measured at various Csalt (10-8 – 10-3 mol cm-3 ) at 25 ℃ and the limiting molar conductivity (Ʌₒ) values was determine using power law.
172 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 054-134 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics Optimization of Tapered Microfiber Humidity Sensors with Molybdenum Disulfide Coatings Asiah Lukman1 , N. Burham2*, Norazida Ali3,4 , Muhamad Afiq Aiman Mazlan2 , Muhamad Razin Aiman Rizal2 , Aziati Husna Awang2 , M. A. Mahdic3 , Norhana Arsad3 1School of Information Technology,Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. 2 Integrated Microelectronics System and Applications (IMSaA), School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Mersing, 86800 Mersing, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study presents the development and optimization of a novel optical sensor based on tapered microfiber (TMF) for enhanced sensitivity and linearity in the detection of humidity at 20 µl concentration. Utilizing a systematic approach, we fabricated TMFs with varying heating lengths (3, 4, 5, and 6 mm) and waist diameters (3, 5, and 7 µm) to investigate their influence on the sensor's performance. The optimal TMF configuration was determined to be a 4 mm heating length with a 3 µm waist diameter, achieving the highest sensitivity in humidity sensing. Further enhancement was achieved by coating the TMF with Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes, resulting in a 20-50% improvement in sensitivity compared to uncoated fibres. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized TMF sensor exhibits superior performance, with a sensitivity of -0.233 dB/% and linearity greater than 97% in detecting humidity. The integration of two-dimensional materials like MoS2 into the sensor design not only improved its evanescent field interaction but also showcased the potential of TMF sensors in various applications. This study contributes to the field of optical sensing by providing insights into the design and optimization of TMF sensors, offering a scalable and efficient solution for precise measurement in environmental applications.
173 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 088-135 Materials and Energy The Effect of NH4Br Composition on Electrical Behaviour of 2-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte M N Faeqah1 , M I H Sohaimy1 , A S A Khiar1 , W M Khairul2 , U M Osman2 , F Zulkifli3 , R Rahmatullah4 , M Muthuvinayagam5 and M I N Isa1,2 1Energy Materials Consortium (EMC), Advanced Materials Team, Ionic & Kinetic Materials Research Laboratory (IKMaR), Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, Malaysia. 2Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia. 3Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia. 4Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (Unika), UniCITI Alam, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia. 5Department of Applied Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this work, solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) was fabricated as an alternative to liquid-based electrolyte for battery manufacturing. 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (2HEC) was utilised as a polymer host in the SBE thin film preparation with a wide range of ammonium bromide (NH4Br) compositions. The film was then assessed using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate its electrical properties. The system containing 20 wt.% of NH4Br managed to obtain the highest conductivity at 3.95×10-5 Scm-1 at ambient temperature. 2HECNH4Br SBE thin film system was measured against different ranges of temperature increment with an interval of 10 °C, presenting a rise in conductivity as the temperature increases. Thus, this outcome indicates that this SBE system obeys the Arrhenius law, allowing the activation energy (Ea) to be determined over the temperature dependence plot. Ea for the highest conducting system exhibits the lowest energy, showing low energy needed in the excitation process at the polymer chain. This Ea value provides a further understanding of the transport parameters identified as the number of mobile ions, mobility of ions and diffusion coefficient by employing Rice and Roth method.
174 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 140-136 Ceramics and Glasses Compositional Impact of Cerium Oxide on Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of Bismuth-Boro-Tellurite Glass A Azuraida1 and M Ishak2 1Department of Physics, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2 Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this work, we study the effect of cerium oxide doped bismuth-boro-tellurite glass system for gamma radiation shielding purposes. All glass samples with chemical composition{[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3]0.75(Bi2O3)0.25}1-y (CeO2)y were prepared using the melt quenching technique. The linear attenuation coefficients were measured for gamma ray photon energy of 662 keV using Lead Equivalent Thickness measurement. These coefficients were used to obtain the values of mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path, half-value layer and effective atomic number. Compton scattering is a major interaction in gamma energy of 662 keV. Half value layer and mean free path of the studied glass has been compared with some standard radiation shielding materials.
175 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 139-137 Materials and Energy Electrochemical performance of S-rGO electrodes on different aqueous electrolytes for supercapacitor applications Nurul Hazwani Aminuddin Rosli1 , Intan Juliana Shamsudin2 , Azuraida Amat1 and Chin Hua Chia3 1Physics Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Chemistry & Biology Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. 3Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Improvement in supercapacitive behaviour of heteroatom doped graphene may only be achieved due to redox behaviour of heteroatoms. Here, we report the results of sulfur doped reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) synthesis utilising microwave reactor assisted processes using sodium sulfide hydrate (Na2S) as sulfur precursors. An experimental investigation was conducted to comprehend the electrochemical behaviour in various aqueous electrolytes such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and potassium sulfate (K2SO4). Different approaches were used to test the electrochemical performance of the S-rGO electrode, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). S-rGO electrode in 1 M H2SO4 exhibit the highest specific capacitance (Csp) up to 352 Fg-1 at 0.5 Ag-1 .
176 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 141-138 Others Electrical Studies of Acylated Chitosan with Different Molecular Weight Based Polymer Electrolytes F.H.Muhammad1*, and Tan Winie2 1Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Acylated chitosans with different molecular weight were prepared by reacting chitosan with acyl groups of different acyl lengths using acylation method. The prepared acylated chitosans were characterized using gel permeation chromotography (GPC) to estimate their molecular weight. Films of acylated chitosans-based polymer electrolytes incorporating with different weight concentration of sodium iodide (NaI) were prepared using solution casting technique. The effect of molecular weight to the conductivity performance of the electrolyte systems were investigated by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The maximum conductivity of 6.56 x 10-6 S cm-1 was achieved for the lowest molecular weight of acylated chitosan. In order to confirm the effect of molecular weight on the conductivity performance of electrolyte system, polymer electrolytes were also prepared by employing polyethylene oxide (PEO) with the same molecular weight as acylated chitosan.
177 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 142-140 Polymers and Composites Thermoplastic Sugar Palm Starch Reinforced Graphene Nanoplatelets for Sustainable Biocomposite Films N F Rahmat1, 2, M S Sajab1 and A Afzaluddin3 1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Physics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3 Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study explores water absorption and mechanical characteristics of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)- reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS) films. Neat TPS initially absorbs water rapidly, reaching equilibrium gradually, due to its strong hydrophilicity. However, GNP incorporation significantly reduces water absorption by forming a barrier that impedes water penetration into the TPS matrix. The TPS/GNP films exhibit increased density, influenced by GNP content, resulting in denser films with reduced void spacing. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicates changes in chemical interactions, and FESEM analysis demonstrates enhanced GNP dispersion at 12 wt%, improving mechanical strength. Water contact angle results correlate with water absorption behavior, indicating higher hydrophobicity with increased GNP content. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and Young's modulus, are positively influenced by 12 wt% GNP. Excessive GNP content leads to agglomeration and reduced ductility. The study underscores the potential of GNP-reinforced TPS films for enhanced water resistance and mechanical properties, urging careful optimization for future research.
178 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 144-141 Others Optimization of pectin production parameters from pineapple waste K H Low1 , H Ya’akob1,2, E Misran2 , N Zainol2 , Z Idham2 , S N A A Rashid3 , R A Rahman1,2 and D N A Zaidel3,4 1Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. 2 Institute of Bioproduct Development, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. 3 Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Pagoh Campus, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia. 4Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The objective of this study was to optimise the extraction parameters for enhancing the yield of pectin production from pineapple waste. The production of pectin from the pineapple waste was optimised with parameters such as time (120-240 s), microwave power (270 W, 360 W, and 700 W), and pH 2-4 to achieve the optimal pectin yield. The Minitab Taguchi approach was used to optimise the parameter to get a high yield of pectin. Additionally, FTIR analysis was utilised to evaluate the quality of the product. The results are a significant yield of 3.7 g and a degree of esterification of 52.4% from 100 g of pineapple waste. These results may be achieved by using the ideal parameters of pH 2, 360 W, and 180 s. To summarise, this study allows for the production of large amounts of high-grade pectin from pineapple waste. The extracted pectin can be utilised in culinary and medical uses as a renewable and eco-friendly component.
179 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 146-142 Advancements in Cellulose-Based Material Ink Formulation for Enhanced 3D Printing Application W N L Wan Jusoh1,2, M S Sajab1,2,* 1Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this work, the cellulose-based biomaterial, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to investigate their potential for 3D printing ink formulation and then forming the hydrogel. The ink formulation was done by using the partial dissolution of the CNF before combining with the prepared CMC. The partial dissolution of CNF is crucial as it helps in strengthening the cellulose nanofibrils, improving the mechanical properties and ease the extrusion process. Liquid deposition modelling (LDM) was chosen as the printing technique for CNF-CMC biomaterial ink. Different ratios of CNF and CMC were used to analyse the printability of ink and the structural stability after printing. 3D printed hydrogel required crosslinking as the post treatment to maintain the structure and design for a longer time. In this study, two crosslinkers are required, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) which each have their own benefit in curing the CNF-CMC hydrogel. The study observed that the presence of CaCl2 would affect the physical appearance of the hydrogel but it eventually helps to completely cure the CMC in hydrogel. Noticeable, the hydrogel with the concentration ratio of 5 wt% CNF and 5 wt% CMC with the volume ratio of 62.5% to 37.5%, respectively shows the best 3D printing structure.
180 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 150-145 Investigation of Electroencephalographic (EEG) Brainwave Signal on Mental Stress Through Psychomotor Activities Alif Haiqal Khairul Shah1,2, Khairul Azlan A Rahman1 , Thing Thing Goh1 , Sin Jin Tan1 and Christian Ritz3 1School of Engineering, University of Wollongong Malaysia, 4150 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2School of Engineering, UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, 10400 George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 3School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Mental well-being plays a crucial aspect in human life alongside physical health. A positive mental health allows individuals to engage in healthy relationship, navigate challenges in a positive manner and enjoys a sense of fulfillment upon achieving goals. Conversely, when mental health is not well taken care of, it can impair one’s ability to function well in daily life, which subsequently leads to depression and anxiety disorder. Hence, early detection and intervention is necessary for individuals experiencing mental health challenges. The aim of this work is to study the recorded Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of human subjects for stress detection while engaging in psychomotor activity. EEG signals captured from electrodes were sent to OpenBCI on a laptop via a ganglion board for analysis. The data was then exported to Matlab for further analysis using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and was monitored in real time using Python. Volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 were carefully chosen, and the experimental conditions were closely monitored to reduce any external factors that could affect stress levels and EEG readings. The findings reveal notable changes in brainwave frequencies observed during periods of stress: a decrease of 18.95% in alpha waves, a 9.89% increase in beta waves, and a 5% rise in delta waves. Comparison was also carried out by placing the electrodes at different location on the subject’s head Significantly, there was a 7.5% increase in alpha readings at the top electrode positions, with beta (4.76%) and theta (1.93%) readings also showing growth at the side positions on the head. An accuracy of 65% was obtained using the developed monitoring system. This research effectively illuminates the relationship between mental stress, physical activity, and EEG brainwave patterns. It highlights the important role that brainwave frequencies play in influencing stress and cognitive responses during physical activity. In addition, the advancement of realtime monitoring systems offers dynamic tools for observing stress, improving opportunities for personalized therapies and strategies for well-being.
181 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 149-146 Applied Mathematics Mixed Convection Boundary Layer Flow of Viscoelastic Hybrid Nanofluid Past over a Sphere WR Wan Abdullah, SA Razali1 and S Shafie Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Johor Bahru, Johor. ABSTRACT Abstract. Heat transfer characteristics of mixed convection boundary layer flow of viscoelastic hybrid nanofluid past a sphere are investigated. The Tiwari-Das model has been considered where water is chosen as the base fluid and copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) are chosen as the nanoparticles. Dimensional governing equation of the problem has been transformed to dimensionless governing equation using appropriate dimensionless variables. At lower stagnation point, these dimensionless partial differential equations are then transformed to ordinary differential equations and solved numerically. BVP4C solver has been used to visualize graphs of velocity and temperature profiles with different values of viscoelastic parameter, Prandtl number, mixed convection parameter and nanoparticles volume fraction. According to the findings, the velocity and temperature profiles of a viscoelastic hybrid nanofluid are lower than those of a viscoelastic nanofluid. It can be deduced that the presence of hybrid nanoparticles improves the heat transfer characteristic of a fluid. As a result, hybrid nanofluids are a better fluid for increasing thermal conductivity in a heat transfer system and should be widely used in industry.
182 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 159-147 Biomaterial Investigation of Cellulose I Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah1*, Nor Faiz bin Norrrahim2 , Asmaa’ Zainal Abidin1 , Nik Noorul Shakira Mohamed Shakrin3 , Fadhlul Wafi Badrudin4 , Norli Abdullah1 , Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim1 , Nor Laili-Azua Jamari1 , Safura Taufik1 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Department of Physics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Cellulose is a linear polymer made up of repeating glucose units linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, a renewable biopolymer which is the most abundant in nature. There are two main crystalline forms of cellulose, known as cellulose I and cellulose II. This study reports the in vitro and in silico results of cellulose I and its derivative when interacting with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain. The antibacterial properties of the cellulose I and its derivative were evaluated by shake-flask cultivation of MSSA strain, while their in silico interaction study with crystal structures of MSSA strains including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain from protein data bank (PDB) has been conducted by using CDOCKER molecular docking methods. Moreover, the ADMET properties of cellulose I was analyzed for the prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles.
183 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 156-148 Others Process Tracking for Compliance Using IoT Enabled RFID Technology for Engineering Laboratory Seerla Kanagarajoo a/l Betharajoo1 , Sivajothi a/l Paramasivam1* and Chua Huang Shen11,2 1School of Engineering, University of Wollongong Malaysia, Utropolis Glenmarie, Jalan Kontraktor U1/14, Glenpark U1, 40150 Shah Alam, Malaysia. 2School of Engineering, UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, Jalan Anson, 10400, George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Inadequate as well as use of defective or substandard test equipment and machinery in an engineering laboratory facility carry potential safety hazards and, subsequently, it hinders meaningful teaching and learning experiences for learners. Therefore, they are unable to meet the set compliance requirement to demonstrate the added value of the educational institution’s directives. In this regard, technological advancements are also changing the way laboratory facilities are managed and controlled in academia, primarily to meet the growing demand from customers and regulators alike for trust and transparency. Hence, an IOT-enabled RFID-based intervention can enhance the management of compliance requirements in an engineering laboratory facility, which is a critical effort to move away from fallible manual documentation systems. This study makes the following contributions: (1) develop an automated process compliance management system for engineering laboratories driven by RFID technology. (2) create a graphical user interface that serves as the graphical output to reflect the compliance status of processes. (3) generate report output using informatics as a diagnostic component to enhance tracking and record-keeping of compliance status. The RFID base technology (RFID reader Impj Speedway Revolution R420, Mi-UCP 400–Frequency 902 to 928MHz, RFID tags) with a graphical user interface (GUI) integrated systems are able to manage and monitor three critical processes: maintenance and services processes, calibration processes, and outdated asset processes. Critical information such as the last service date, calibrated date, and purchase date of each test and measurement is tracked on a cyclic and daily basis and provides compliance status using visual indicators such as a green color indicator for compliance, yellow for near-meeting non-compliance, and red for non-compliance to the support member. An email notification to superiors is generated as a preventive measure to avoid being penalized for process breakdowns. The program algorithm keeps track, an indicator bar displays 50% when it is around 180 days. Simultaneously, the status shifts from green to yellow, signifying a "MINOR" status. The progress bar will indicate 25% when it reaches 90 days and 0% when it reaches 0 days. Thus, it is envisaged that effective management of compliance requirements driven by innovative digital technologies can provide the opportunity for strategic planning for improvements.
184 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 151-149 Others Optimization of Sapindus Mukorossi Drying Efficiency using Response Surface Methodology Rifayat Ashraf 1 , Huang Shen Chua1,2, Kiat Moon Lee3 , Thing Thing Goh1 and Mastaneh Mokayef4 1School of Engineering, University of Wollongong Malaysia, Utropolis Glenmarie, Jalan Kontraktor U1/14, Glenpark U1, 40150 Shah Alam, Malaysia. 2School of Engineering, UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, Jalan Anson, 10400, George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Prior to the pyrolysis process, the Sapindus Mukorossi must undergo pre-drying in order to be transformed into bio-oil, bio-char, and bio-gas. The standard approach to pre-drying biomass prior to pyrolysis involves subjecting it to a drying period of 24 hours at a temperature of 105 degrees Celsius. For an effective drying operation, the optimum drying temperature, timing, and heating rate are essential. The Sapindus Mukorossi's moisture content increases the amount of water in the biofuel. Optimization studies discovered drying process parameters (temperature, duration, and heating rate) using the response surface approach. In order to apply the response surface method, Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to construct 20 iterations of the experiment based on three factors (n = 3). The investigation concentrated on three parameters (temperature, duration, and heating rate). Each experiment was performed with a minimum of 100g of Sapindus Mukorossi loaded to observe weight reduction. A custom 500-watt heater developed raspberry pi platform for controlling the dryer's configurable time, temperature, and heating rate. Pulse width modulation (PWM) was employed to control the heating rate. Three-component analysis was utilized to create 3D models and graphs, and the best drying oven response was determined. The ideal results considering time, temperature, and heating rate were 8 hours, 200°C, and 14.15°C/min, respectively. Consequently, the optimization method was achieved 11.3685g of the necessary weight loss. The CCD chooses the dryer's most effective features in order to reduce operating costs. The design expert recommended using a quadratic model with an R2 value of 0.9369 and a standard deviation of 0.7762.
185 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 160-150 Electrochemical and Solid State Electrochemical Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles for The Detection of Malathion Safura Taufik1*, Muhammad Amir Irfan Azizan2 and Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid1 1Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 5700 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 5700 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The widespread utilization of organophosphorous (OP) compounds in the environment has raised significant concerns regarding both human health and the well-being of our ecosystems. These OPs find common application as pesticides and insecticides, but their potential use as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) by terrorists has further escalated these concerns. Consequently, the development of chemical sensors with exceptional sensitivity and specificity towards OPs has become a matter of utmost importance. Among the various available techniques, electrochemical sensors have emerged as particularly valuable due to their stability, adaptability for on-site detection, and straightforward measurement protocols. In this study, we have engineered an electrochemical sensor designed for the detection of malathion. This sensor leverages the unique properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which are integrated onto a screenprinted carbon electrode (SPCE) to serve as the sensing platform. The process involved the electrochemical reduction og graphene oxide on the SPCE, followed by modification with AuNPs to yield an AuNPs/rGOmodified SPCE. This modified electrode was then employed for the immobilization of thiolated DNA aptamer through a self-assembly technique. Characterization techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to confirm the successful surface modification of the SPCE. Detection of malathion was achieved using a differential pulse voltammogram (DPV) revealing a noteworthy decrease in the Faradaic peak current upon the binding of malathion to the aptamer-modified electrode. This outcome underscores the successful formation of a malathionaptamer complex, which impedes electron transfer, thus demonstrating the sensor’s efficacy in detecting malathion.
186 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 163-152 The Influence of Cl Doping on The Structural, Electronic Properties and Li-ion Migration of LiFePO4: A DFT Study N.H.M. Zaki1,2, S.I. Ahmad3 , F.N. Sazman2 , F.W. Badrudin3, *, A.L.A. Abdullah3 , M.F.M. Taib1,2, O.H. Hassan1,5, M.Z.A. Yahya1,4 1 Ionic Materials and Devices (iMADE), Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4Faculty of Defence Science & Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 5Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Modifying LiFePO4 with anion doping can improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. Here, theoretical work of Cl-doped LiFePO4 is performed using density functional theory (DFT) to calculate the structural, electronic properties and Li-ion migration. The substitution of chlorine for oxygen has expanded the LiFePO4 lattice due to the larger Cl- ions ionic radii. Cl doping also contributes to the band gap reduction, indicating the material exhibits better electronic conductivity. The migration energy for Li-ion migration has decreased from 0.838 eV to 0.709 eV upon Cl doping. These doping effects imply that LiFePO4 has improved the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries.
187 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 164-153 Applied Statistics Parameter Estimation for Circular Simultaneous Functional Relationship Model (CSFRM) for The Error Variances are Not Equal Mohd Syazwan Mohamad Anuar Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this study, we propose the extended model for Circular Simultaneous Functional Relationship Model from the Circular Functional Relationship Model. In this case, the circular model and the circular variable will be applied assuming the error variances for the variables are not equal. All estimations of the parameter will follow von Mises distribution. The angular and slope parameters are obtained from ms function, while concentration parameter estimation is obtained from the polyroot function provided in the SPLUS statistical package. The simulation study has been conducted to assess the efficiency of the proposed model. The simulation results showed that as sample size and concentration parameters increase, all parameters’ estimates are close to the true value and have a smaller bias. The illustration of real wind and wave direction data from two different bases of data is given to show its practical applicability. We note that the proposed method for parameter estimation works well with the proposed model in the case of unequal error variances as it provides good estimates.
188 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 007-154 Applied Statistics Optimizing AB Mix Nutrients and Wick Length in Chili Cultivated using Nutripot Method via Response Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design Nur Dinie Syahirah Sanusi1 and Fadhlina Che Ros2* 1Faculty of Science and Defense Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Physics Department, Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Optimisation of fertilizers used is important as effective management tool to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollutions. Mathematical and statistical method of response surface methodology software (RSM) has been utilized to improve and optimize the used of AB mix nutrient towards chilli (Capsicum frutescens). In this study, Capsicum frutescens were planted using Nutri-pot method. Parameters of AB mix nutrients concentrations (1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 mS/cm) and wick lengths (17, 19, and 21 cm) were measured as response variables in quadratic model, with central composite design (CCD) of face centered (k = 1) arrangement was applied. Results showed that both parameters had a considerable impact on the chosen response variables. The statistical studies demonstrated that the coefficient of determination (R 2 < 0.9889), P-value (< 0.0001), F-value (106.58), and lack of fit values (4.57) all provided strong evidence in favour of validating the prediction models. The optimal conditions for optimizing the AB mix nutrients for Capsicum frutescens have been determined to be a concentration of 2.387 mS/cm of AB fertilizer and a wick length of 19.059 cm. Under these conditions, the maximum plant height recorded was 38.021 cm.
189 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 162-157 Applied Mathematics Matlab-based GUI for joint image segmentation and registration using generalized mean and normalized gradient field for 2D multi-modal images. Y S Hoo and M Ibrahim Department of Mathematics, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The medical field demands the use of many types of imaging systems to collect patients’ data and subsequently to perform an accurate diagnosis. Medical digital image processing can reduce the effect of noise, enhance the image and improve its quality. Processed images can accurately reflect the focus of disease and visually communicate medical and pathological information of the image. In this paper, a Matlab-based graphical user interface (GUI) program has been developed for medical image processing. The approach used in this research is combines the generalized mean-based image segmentation which utilizes the fuzzymembership function, modified normalized gradient fields and linear curvature for registration task. Users can use this interface system to process the image repeatedly without prior knowledge about image processing or any GUI.
190 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 161-159 Applied Mathematics Numerical Computation Of Magnetohydrodynamics (Mhd) Swcnt-Mwcnt/Water Flow Over A Stagnation Point Of Cylinder With Suction And Joule Heating Nur Adilah Liyana Aladdin1 , Siti Nur Alwani Salleh2 , Nur Syazana Anuar3 1Department of Mathematics, Centre for Foundation Defense Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur 2Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch, Sungai Petani Campus, 08400, Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia 3Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a groundbreaking and exceptional advancement in the field of nanotechnology. It leads into the wide-ranging uses of carbon nanotubes in different sectors, highlighting their capacity to bring about transformative changes such as in electronics, materials science, medicine etc. This paper focused in investigating the effect of magnetohydrodynamics, suction and Joule heating of SWCNT – MWCNT/water flow over a stagnation point of a cylinder. The mixture of two nanoparticles: single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) immersed in water will form the hybrid carbon nanotubes. Employing similarity transformation, the intricacy of the partial differential equations can be reduced by converting them into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The study revealed that duality of solutions appears when the buoyance force is in opposing flow of the fluid motion, ε<0. Besides, it is noted that the rate of heat transfer for hybrid carbon nanotube was higher when compared with carbon nanotube and ordinary fluid. An upsurge of suction’s strength and the volume fraction of nanoparticles increase the rate of heat transfer. Stability analysis is implemented into this problem due to the dual solution obtained through our computation. Analysis of flow stability unveils the first solution as the real physical solution, which is realizable in practice.
191 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 167-160 Solid State Theory, Simulation and Computational The first principle study on structural and electronic properties of the nickel doped LiFePO4 cathode materials S I Ahmad 1 , F W Badrudin 1,*, A L A Abdullah1 , F C Ros1 , M F M Taib2 , N H M Zaki2 , M Z A Yahya 3 1Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA 4Faculty of Defence Science & Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA ABSTRACT Abstract. LiFePO4 (LFP) as cathode material in lithium ion batteries is being used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to its high energy density and long cycle life. Besides miniaturization of particles and coating, doping with transition metal has become an important strategy to enhance the performance of this cathode material. Using Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the structural and electrical properties of Ni-doped LiFePO4 (Ni-LFP) and Ni-doped FePO4 (Ni-FP) were studied. Upon doping, the lattice parameter of Ni-LFP has no significant changes with the polyhedral shape of FeO6 and PO4 situated in the same orientation. Small volume change of Ni-LFP after the lithium extraction (3.9%) compared to pristine LFP (5.8%) indicates firmer structure retention during the charging and discharging process. The calculated band gap of Ni-LFP and Ni-FP is about 2.05 and 0.87 eV, respectively. Partially density of states (PDOS) analysis shows that the reduction of band gap is due to the presence of a distinct spin down peak of Ni 3d in the minimum conduction band (MCB) that lowers the gap between MCB and maximum valence band (MVB). The open circuit voltage (OCV) of Ni-LFP was estimated at 5.06 V as compared to pristine LFP, which is at ~3.5 V. Meanwhile, the reduction of migration energy is reported from 0.783 to 0.687 eV. The increased OCV and reduced migration energy, and band gap, are clear signs of improved electrical properties of the Ni-doped LFP. Overall, doping LFP with Ni has improved its structural and electrical properties.
192 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 165-162 Others Modification of Gold Electrodes using Reduced Graphene Oxide as Cortisol Electrochemical Biosensor A F Mohd Azmi1 , J I Abdul Rashid1 , V Kannan2 and M H Ahmad2 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Defence Science, Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the determination of cortisol level using screen printed gold electrode (SPGE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin sheets. GO suspension was drop-casted then reduced electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry. Cortisol specific monoclonal antibody (C-Mab) was covalently immobilized onto the surface of rGO SPGE using N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) chemistry. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)was employed for blocking nonspecific adsorption on the electrode surface. The surface assembled monolayer is characterized using FESEM and the electrochemical detection of cortisol was conducted using cyclic voltammetric technique in [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- solution. C-Mab/rGO-SPGE was optimized at rGO concentration of 0.5 mg/ml with the highest electrical activity recorded, optimal attachment of C-Mab at 0.5 mg/ml using the ratio of EDC-NHS of 0.6:1 and managed to detect cortisol optimally within 3 minutes. A successful fabrication of rGO embedded with C-Mab was proven through the clear distinction of the electrical activity recorded. The binding of cortisol onto C-Mab results in the decrease of electrical current, whereby the modified SPGE (C-Mab/rGO-SPGE) shown a linear decreasing peak current observed from 1 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL of cortisol which is within the range of normal and stressed human cortisol levels. The proposed procedure was observed to provide good accuracy and reproducibility, at the detection limit of 1.9677 µg/mL.
193 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 169-163 Applied Mathematics Comparison of keypoint coordinate detection between Reflective and OpenPose Markers in Gait Analysis Normurniyati Abd Shattar1,2, Kok Beng Gan2 and Syazwana Aziz1 1Department of Mathematics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia. 2Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The comparison of the keypoint coordinates between the reflective marker and the OpenPose marker for every frame of each trial was not previously discussed in any literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of location coordinates extracted by OpenPose in gait analysis to reflective markers on healthy subjects. The videos of a healthy subject walking for six metres for three trials were used as input to the OpenPose algorithm in OpenCV-Python, which was employed to find keypoints that matched certain points marked with reflective markers. As a result, videos with OpenPoselabelled markers will be generated. The Quintic Biomechanics Software V31 was utilised for the calibration and digitisation process for both videos in order to extract Cartesian coordinate keypoints for each frame. The difference between two keypoints, as well as the mean and maximum difference values for each frame, will be calculated. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of the three trials for each keypoint coordinate between the reflective and the OpenPose markers.
194 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 172-167 Physical properties and structural characterization of graphene-zinc oxide hollow microsphere composites prepared by the solvothermal method A L A Abdullah1 , S Radiman2 , W S Chiu3, and M A A Hamid2 1Physics Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Through a facile solvothermal synthesis process, graphene-ZnO microsphere composites were produced at 180 °C for 24 hours. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyse the morphological structures of the materials. The analysis revealed that homogeneous microspheres assembled by hexagonal phase wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles were decorated on the graphene sheets via graphene oxide (GO) functional groups. The ZnO nanoparticles are about 30 nm in size and the microspheres are hollow. A possible growth mechanism for the formation of ZnO hollow microspheres anchored on graphene sheets has been proposed.
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