69 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 014-010 Applied Statistics Modeling and Forecasting of Malaysia Centrifugal Sugar Total Supply using Nur Amalina Shafie College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, Seremban Campus, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Centrifugal sugar is essential to Malaysia's food sector and culinary scene because it is highquality, consistent, and convenient for a variety of food and beverage applications. Customers, chefs, and food manufacturers who are looking for dependable sweetening solutions for their regular cooking and dining experiences choose it because of its broad availability and adaptability. To support market stability, price control, production scheduling, trade policy development, risk management, policy formation, and consumer welfare, it is essential to forecast the centrifugal sugar supply in Malaysia. Stakeholders can promote a competitive and dynamic sugar market while improving the efficiency, resilience, and sustainability of the sugar supply chain by utilising precise supply forecasts. The Box-Jenkins method is a common time series forecasting methodology that is widely utilised in different sectors, including economics, finance, and business. Modeling and forecasting time series data, it entails determining and estimating the parameters for autoregressive, differencing, and moving averages. The goal of this research was to determine the annual behaviour of Malaysia's centrifugal sugar total supply, to find the best fit model for predicting the total supply of centrifugal sugar in Malaysia using the ARIMA model, and to forecast Malaysia's centrifugal sugar total supply in five years. The analysis was conducted using data from IndexMundi and R software. The results indicate that ARIMA (0,1,0) is the most effective model for predicting Malaysia's centrifugal sugar supply. Predictions indicate that Malaysia will see an increase in the supply of centrifugal sugar.
70 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 016-012 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Electrical and optical properties of mechano-sonically synthesized phosphorene/graphene added polyaniline nanocomposites Z A Lukman1 , S M Keong1 , and M S M Suan*,1,2 1Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2Centre of Smart System and Innovative Design, Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. A series of phosphorene/graphene added polyaniline nanocomposites have been mechano-sonically synthesized. Phosphorene, an intriguing 2D puckered-layer material, was introduced to improve the energy storage capacity yet sustain the electrical conductivity of graphene by infiltrating between the graphene flat layers. The additions brought along semi-conductor properties to the nanocomposites due to the presence of an energy band gap in phosphorene. In this work, the effects of phosphorene additions on the electrical conductivity and optical band gap of the nanocomposites were investigated where polyaniline was the matrix. The phosphorene to graphene composition ratio was established in the range from 0.2:1 to 1:1. These 2D nanomaterials were mechanically mixed by using a high energy planetary ball mill at 450 r.p.m. for 1 hour. Continuously, the as-prepared powder was exfoliated in n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone using a centrifugal rotating machine and dispersed in polyaniline by using an ultrasonic bath. The XRD and Raman analysis has confirmed the existence of phosphorene and graphene in each sample. The FESEM microstructure images of the samples depicted the existence of two different layers of microstructures then were assigned as graphene and phosphorene profiles by EDX. The UV-vis spectroscopy analysis revealed the nanomaterials suspended in nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone have an energy band-gap in the range of 1.3 eV – 1.5 eV. The addition of 0.4 wt.% of phosphorene is revealed to enhance the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites at highest. The microstructure and inter-grains border become denser and smoother respectively as observed by FESEM hence reducing the segregation of graphene and providing paths for electrons.
71 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 018-013 Materials and Energy Synthesis and Characterisation of SiO2-Based Graphene Nanoballs Using CopperVapour-Assisted APCVD for Thermoelectric Application Nurkhaizan Zulkepli 1,2 , Jumril Yunas 2, , Mohd Ambri Mohamed2 and Azrul Azlan Hamzah 2,* 1Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study describes a method to synthesise SiO2-based graphene nanoballs (SGB) using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) with copper vapour assistance. This method should solve the contamination, damage, and high costs associated with silica-based indirect graphene synthesis. The SGB was synthesised using APCVD, which was optimised using the Taguchi method. Multiple synthesis factors were optimised and investigated to find the ideal synthesis condition to grow SGB for thermoelectric (TE) applications. Raman spectra and FESEM-EDX reveal that the graphene formed on the silicon nanoparticles (SNP) is free from copper. The prepared SGB has excellent electrical conductivity (75.0 S/cm), which shows better results than the previous report. Furthermore, the SGB nanofillers in bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanocomposites as TE materials exhibit a significant increment in Seebeck coefficients (S) compared to the pure Bi2Te3 sample from 109 to 170 μV/K at 400 K as well as electrical resistivity decrement. This approach would offer a simple strategy to improve the TE performance of commercially available TE materials, which is critical for large-scale industrial applications.
72 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 021-014 Others Comparative analysis of similarity measurement techniques for vibration sensor data: A comprehensive study W L Beh1 , J Y Lee1 , B Y Ooi2 and X Y Kh’ng2 1Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In the domain of vibration analysis, precise evaluation of similarity among sensor data is crucial for various applications ranging from fault detection to structural health monitoring. Time series similarity search is a method used to identify the identical pattern within two sets of time series data, finds widespread utility in clustering, anomaly detection, and forecasting. In real-world scenarios, vibration data are often vast, intricate, and noisy, with adjustments in time, amplitude, and phase shifting direct influence on search outcomes. Through a systematic evaluation, various distance measurement methods including Euclidean distance, Dynamic Time Warping, Fast Fourier Transform, Symbolic Aggregate Approximation, and Matrix Profile are performed under diverse conditions such as frequency shifting, amplitude scaling, state change, and noise. The comparative study encompasses not only quantitative assessments of accuracy but also considerations of computational efficiency and robustness. The findings reveal Matrix Profile generally outperforms classic measures like Euclidean distance, Dynamic Time Warping, and Fast Fourier Transform in accuracy, but performs poorly compared to Symbolic Aggregate Approximation. While Matrix Profile exhibits shorter computational time than Symbolic Aggregate Approximation, it slightly extends beyond other classic measures. Thus, Matrix Profile presents competitive advantages among distance measurement methodologies. By providing a comprehensive examination of similarity measurement techniques, this study equips practitioners with valuable insights for informed decision-making in vibration sensor data analysis, ultimately contributing to advancements in fault diagnosis, condition monitoring, and predictive maintenance in various engineering domains.
73 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 017-015 Materials and Energy Urea-doped ZnO as photocatalyst synthesized via co-precipitation method for the degradation of methylene blue dye Nur Liyana Izzati Aminuddin1 and Hartini Ahmad Rafaie2* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTm Cawangan Pahang, Kampus Jengka, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Herein, undoped ZnO and urea-doped ZnO were synthesized using co-precipitation method and were used as photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV light irradiation. A variation weight percentage of urea (1,3, and 5 wt. %) have been added to the ZnO samples to prepare the photocatalyst. The morphological, structural and photocatalytic properties of undoped and urea-doped ZnO were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-VIS). SEM images show the samples were formed agglomerated spherical grains and densely distributed. The EDX analysis confirmed that the carbon element is detected in the sample of urea-doped ZnO. The FTIR analysis demonstrated that the functional group of Zn-O stretching band are present in undoped ZnO and all urea-doped ZnO samples. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the urea-doped ZnO was examined. It was found that the urea-doped ZnO exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity against MB dye. Among all, urea-doped ZnO at 5 wt. % exhibited a 66.71% removal rate of MB dye within one hour of UV irradiation. All the investigated results conclude that urea-doped ZnO could be exploited and applied in the photocatalytic application.
74 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 022-017 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics A Comparison Evaluation between Ring and Linear Configuration for a Better Performance BEFL Mohd Ruzaleh Nurdik*1 , M. F. Achoi1 , Nor Faranaz Shamin Azmi1 , Ajis Lepit1 , Mohd Kamil Abd Rahman2 1Fakulti Sains Gunaan Kampus Kota Kinabalu 2Fakulti Sains Gunaan Shah Alam Universiti Teknologi Mara ABSTRACT Abstract. In this paper, the Brillouin Erbium Fiber Laser (BEFL) utilize the phenomenon of Brillouin scattering to generate laser light within an optical fiber is reported. The ring and linear BEFL were different of configurations. The efficiency, threshold power, linewidth, Full Wave Maximum (FWHM) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) factor were the key points to the performance of two BEFL. The aim of this study is to compare which configuration has a better performance and suitable for the application. The Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) results showed that the laser efficiency of ring configuration was higher than linear configuration, which are 1.79% and 0.37%, respectively, while the threshold power of ring was higher than linear, which are 10.01 mW and 9.26 mW, respectively. In comparison between two configurations, the ring BEFL showed that the narrowest linewidth and FWHM, and high SNR value at extended region than linear BEFL. Eventually, the ring BEFL configuration gave a better performance and it thus the best candidate for BEFL. Our findings suggest that the Ring configuration is suitable for the laser application to generate multiple stokes.
75 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 006-018 Applied Mathematics Generalized Mean-Based Joint Segmentation and Registration Model on HighNoise Multi-Modal Images Nurul Asyiqin Mohd Fauzi1 , Mazlinda Ibrahim2*, Hoo Yann Seong2 , Abdul Kadir Jumaat3 Lavdie Rada4 , Haider Ali5 1Pusat PERMATA@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3School of Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing, Informatics and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 4Biomedical Engineering Department, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey 5Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT Abstract. Medical imaging plays a critical role in clinical decision-making and patient care. However, the presence of high levels of noise in medical images can significantly impact the accuracy of diagnosis and subsequent analysis. In recent years, joint segmentation and registration models have emerged as an effective alternative approach for enhancing medical images. Nevertheless, traditional method, such as the Chan-Vese model, face challenges when dealing with images with high levels of noise. To address this limitation, this paper introduces a different approach that incorporates generalized mean into the joint model. Our joint model combines the generalized mean-based image segmentation which utilizes the fuzzy-membership function, modified normalized gradient fields and linear curvature for registration task. The performance of the proposed model is tested on 2D synthetic and real medical images with and without the presence of the white Gaussian noise. Then it is compared to the existing joint model using three evaluation criterions which are Dice coefficient metric, and computational time. The proposed joint model improved by 60% according to the numerical results when tested on images with high level of noise. The model is useful and beneficial to the radiologists in order to perform quantitative analysis in assessing disease progression, response to treatment, and overall patient health.
76 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 027-019 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Electrical Characteristics Of Thick Film Graphite Flakes Ide At Different Operating Temperature Azlinda Abu Bakar1*, Mohd Nizar Hamidon2 , Mohd Hanif Yaacob3 , Suriati Paiman4 , Haslina Jaafar2 , Wan Nurshiela Wan Jusoh1 , Intan Helina Hasan2 , Shafinaz Elinda Saadon1 1Section of Avionics, Malaysians Institute of Aviation Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 43000 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia 2Functional Nano Device Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor 4Department Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Investigated the Ohmic contact behavior on graphite interdigitated electrode (g-IDE) between thick film graphite flakes as electrode and TiO2-based as active layer at different operating temperature. The effect of electrical properties on g-IDE between TiO2 and TiO2/B2O3 was explore. The thick film was construct using screen printing technique from paste development using active powder and binder. The linseed stand oil binder was used because the advantages on high temperature operating and the organic materials. Ratio of 70:30 used as ratio binder and powder, meanwhile the TiO2 and B2O3 material were added using mixing process as 10 wt.% B2O3 as paste preparations. Graphite-IDE was deposing at the bottom substrate before layer of TiO2 or TiO2/B2O3 thick film on top of substrate. The thick film was deposited on polyimide film and alumina substrate using screen printing technique, then annealed at 350 °C for one hours in ambient air. The g-IDE and active layer films, were characterized morphological by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and identify the element composition of materials using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). Current voltage I-V characteristics using two-point probe on LABView software used to inculcation resistance value was measure from room temperature to increase temperature 250 °C. The resistance results showed that the additional of B2O3 in TiO2 increase the resistance value of g-IDE. It also shown that g-IDE and TiO2, TiO2/B2O3 produced an Ohmic contact behavior, convincing the suitability to use as sensor applications. The resistance values of both thick film showed an increasing trend with the additional TiO2-based associated with slower electron mobility effect of resistance increase in materials.
77 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 028-020 Semiconductors and Devices Improved photovoltaic properties of ((CH3NH3)1-xCsx)3Bi2I9: (x=0-1.0)) hybrid perovskite solar cells through the hot immersion method M F Achoi 1,2 , M N Ruzaleh2 , S Kato1 and T Soga1 1Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokisocho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555 Aichi, Japan. 2School of Physics and Materials Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sabah, Kampus Kota Kinabalu,88997 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The lead-based perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) gave a huge impact to the health and environmental. Therefore, to date, the lead-free perovskite has shown a remarkable progress of solar cells development owing to its outstanding properties. Herein, we report on the structural, optical and photovoltaic properties of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) and cesium bismuth iodide (CBI) hybrid solar cells (HPeSCs) fabricated using a hot immersion method (HIM) with changing thecomposition, x, of CBI, ((CH3NH3)1-xCsx)3Bi2I9; from x=0 to x=1). The HIM is a simple technique and, without controlling the parameter and nitrogen gas. The compact MBI and CBI films were successfully fabricated on the glass substrate at x=0 and x=1, respectively, while the crystallinity of MBI and CBI were low and high at x=0 and x=1, respectively, as compared to hybrid film. An incorporation of CBI and MBI showed an improvement, particularly in optical properties, which indicates that the absorption region is extended towards longer wavelength region and narrow band gap with increasing x. Eventually, the open circuit voltage of hybrid cell was higher than MBI and CBI cell, whereas the short circuit current was smaller than MBI and CBI cell. Our findings suggest that other alternatives method to fabricate leadfree PeSCs by using a simple method in future work.
78 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 024-021 Biomaterial Strain-stiffening Property and Biocompatibility of Polyampholyte Hydrogel Gustini1 , Kaprawi1 , Ida Sriyanti2 and Irmawan3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sriwijaya, 30662 Indralaya, Indonesia. 2Department of Physics Education, University of Sriwijaya, 30662 Indralaya, Indonesia. 3Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sriwijaya, 30662 Indralaya, Indonesia ABSTRACT Abstract. Strain-stiffening property is most investigated in mechano-responsive hydrogel, which respond from external mechanical force. This property defined as an improvement in the stiffness of a material. In this paper, we have developed a strain-stiffening polyampholyte hydrogel. These hydrogels were referred to as 0.5 TMA + 0.5 CAA, 0.75 TMA + 0.25 CAA, 0.25 TMA + 0.75 CAA and were obtained by immersion in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. A technique for construction polyampholyte hydrogel was synthesized by a simple admixture and pH modulated. The microstructure image revealed that fibrillar cohesion is important mechanism contributing to the strain-stiffening effect. The polyampholyte hydrogels have excellent mechanical properties, with the elastic modulus, and elongation of break increased almost by 100% and 210%, respectively. In addition, the investigation of polyampholyte hydrogel mechanism viability and proliferation revealed no toxicity after one day of cellscaffold interactions. These results suggest that the strain-stiffening property of polyampholyte hydrogel is useful for biomedical material employed in tissue engineering, and may be appealing for biomedical applications.
79 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 030-022 Polymers and Composites Reflection Loss Performance of Different Filler Materials Based Polymer Composites Fadzidah Mohd Idris, *, Muhammad Aqil Haziq bin Mohd Zamri, Ahmad Haziq bin Mohamed Sabri, Faisal bin Abdul Rahman, Hatika Kaco, Siti Munirah Mohd, Nurhidaya Mohamad Jan Advanced Technology and Sustainability Unit, Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, N. Sembilan, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Expanding electromagnetic contamination has fortified the improvement of electromagnetic wave absorbers (EMWA). Most research studies have been carried out to synthesis most efficient EMWA by using various filler materials. This research highlight on the mixture of three different materials to be used as filler and incorporated into epoxy resin as polymer matrix. The thickness of as-synthesized CNT catalyzed by mill scale mixed with zeolite and Nickel Zinc Ferrite loaded into epoxy resin was fixed at 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. The materials properties and characterization were analysed by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) at different GHz frequency range. Thus, this research is conducted to synthesize and investigate the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of an absorbers at different thicknesses.
80 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 031-023 Applied Mathematics The Effect of Velocity Slip and Mass Transition on Hybrid Ferrofluid over an Inclined Elongation Sheet with Magnetic Dipole N I Kamis, L Y Jiann, N A Rawi and S Shafie Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in introducing innovative strategies for hyperthermia cancer treatment through the utilization of ferrite nanoparticles, such as magnetite (Fe O3 4 ) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe O2 4 ) . This study is dedicated to exploring the behavior of the hybrid ferrofluid 3 4 2 4 Fe O CoFe O / in a biopolymer solution composed of ethylene glycol and water that flows over an inclined elongation sheet with a magnetic dipole effect. The present study mainly focuses on the impact of velocity slip and mass transition. The formulated governing partial differential equations are initially transformed into simplified ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables. The numerical solutions are then computed by employing the Keller box method. The obtained results demonstrate that the velocity slip parameter diminishes the velocity profile while enhancing the temperature profile. However, the mass transition effect retards the nanoparticle's movement and lowers the heat storage in the hybrid ferrofluid. The slip parameter has reduced the shear stress by 49.63% and the heat transfer rate by 10.09%, respectively. The mass transition effect significantly enhances both physical quantities. The ferrite nanoparticles with the magnetic dipole, in terms of the ferrohydrodynamics effect, decline the velocity profile but enhance the temperature profile. These findings are essential in integrating the use of ferrite hybrid nanoparticles in cancer treatment.
81 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 032-024 Superconductors Superconducting Properties of nanoparticle of Molybdenum Sulfide added Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2CaCu2O8 Superconductor Masnita Mat Jusoh1 and R. Abd-Shukor2 1Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. 2School Department of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The bismuth-based high temperature with composition Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2CaCu2O8 (MoS)x (Bi-2212) was prepared via solid-state reaction method with x = 1 to 5 wt. %. The samples were characterized using the fourpoint probe electrical resistance measurements, AC susceptibility, X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The addition of MoS showed no changes in the orthorhombic structure and microstructure. Non-added samples recorded the highest transition temperature (Tc onset = 85 K). All samples exhibited superconducting properties except for higher concentration of MoS addition. Sample with x = 1 wt. % showed the highest peak transition (Tp) of the imaginary part of the AC susceptibility. The critical current density at Tp was between 20.8 and 31.3 A cm-2 .
82 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 026-025 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics Enhancing U-Bent Spr-Based Refractive Index Sensing With D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fibers: A Comparative Study of Polishing Techniques FWS Fendi1 , M Abdullah1 , WM Mukhtar2 and ASA Kamal3 1 Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Reseach and Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. D-shaped fiber carried tremendous advantages like a larger contact area that can enhance the evanescent field, consisting of a flat surface that allows efficient coupling, and easy to handle. In experimental work, few issues interfere with the performance of D-shaped fiber like non-precise shape and inconsistent diameter that leads to inconsistent and unreliable results. Therefore, this work is focusing on comparing the performance of the Dshaped plastic optical fiber (POF) in a U-bent fiber SPR-based refractive index sensor. Firstly, the unclad POF with PMMA core was shaped to be in U-bent condition then polished to achieve the D-shaped fiber by using two methods which are manually polishing by using hand and wheel-grinding method. Lastly, the fiber was coated with silver thin film by using the electron beam (e-beam) deposition method to excite the SPR phenomenon. The comparative analysis was done by comparing the transmittance of light for these two configurations. After that, these two different fibers were set up in SPR refractive index sensor to test the water-glycerin liquid which has a refractive index ranging from 1.33-1.39 RIU. This study has the potential to be used in improving the optical sensor industry specifically in fiber sensor application.
83 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 034-026 Metals and Alloys Oxidation Resistance Mechanism of (Si, C) Binary Phase Oxide Layer on Welded A 516 grade 70 Muhamad Hellmy Hussin and Nur Azida Che Lah* Mechanical and Fabrication, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute (UNIKL MFI), Jalan Teras Jernang, Section 14, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Pressure vessels made of using A516 grade 70 are containers destined to store fluids under internal or external pressure mainly used in petrochemical industries. Some of the plates and parts such as nozzles have been welded together with the vessel. Although the usage is limited in certain condition, when it is subjected to high temperature, the resistance oxide barrier is compromised. In this study, the oxide layers or scales grown on A516 grade 70 carbon steel welded joint in high temperature dry air and the oxidation resistance layer have been studied including the film formation mechanism. In this study, the enhanced welding technique by inducing silica diffusion in the fusion zone of A516 grade 70 carbon steel through an improved weld backing method during shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is introduced. The improved carbon steel welded joint which referred to as W-NC-BS (with coating removal and with weld backing method) has been examined and it was found that the homogeneity of the silica distribution enhanced the oxidation resistance layer. Then, samples were subjected to high temperature oxidation test at 300, 600 and 900 oC for 72 hours. Details morphology using FESEM-EDXS detected the presence of (Si, C) binary phase that was covered by an outer layer surrounding the A516 grade 70 weld zone. It is worth mentioning that there is significant influence of temperature detected. The mechanism of oxide growth is explained by applying the concept chemical element reaction sequences that developed the oxidation resistance barrier.
84 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 034-027 Metals and Alloys An Improved Resistance Barrier of (Si, C) Binary Phase Oxide Layer against Corrosion on A 516 grade 70 Welded Joint at 900oC Muhamad Hellmy Hussin and Nur Azida Che Lah* Mechanical and Fabrication, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute (UNIKL MFI), Jalan Teras Jernang, Section 14, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. The oxide layers or scales grown on an improved A516 grade 70 carbon steel welded joint after subjected to high temperature dry air have been studied. When oxidation involves welded structures, different conditions exhibited more complex conditions. The strength lessens and becomes soft when subjected to a high temperature. As it cools the metals become harder and brittle. Therefore, the carbon steel welded joint (W-NCBS) that has been improved by inducing silica diffusion in the fusion zone of A516 grade 70 carbon steel through an improved weld backing method during Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) was examined. Then, the enhanced welded samples (W-NC-BS) and without enhancement (W-C-NBS) were subjected to high temperature oxidation test at 900 oC for 72 hours. A whole cross-sectional analysis and characterization of the welded joint and bare metal was examined using FESEM-EDXS. Examination of the morphology and composition of the oxide layers revealed the (Si, C) binary phase existence where it confirmed the presence of the porous and cracked oxide scale that appeared to be well adhered to the internal part of the W-NC-BS weld substrate. When it is subjected to temperature of 900 oC, the growth of oxide layer with (Si, C) binary phase showed an intact layer that were slowly transformed into a thick and porous scale. Meanwhile, samples of W-C -NBS without any improvement having a cracked carbon layer that grown surrounded the sample was found nearly destroyed and the spallation layer increased the amounts of multiple gaps and cracks.
85 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 035-028 Metals and Alloys Mechanical and chemical properties of ASTM A516 grade 70 carbon steel Muhamad Hellmy Hussin∗ and Nur Azida Che Lah Mechanical and Fabrication, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute (UNIKL MFI), Jalan Teras Jernang, Section 15, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. ASTM A516 grade 70 is primarily used for service in welded pressure vessels, boilers, and processing equipment where improved notch toughness is required. This metal plate offers an optimum combination of strength and weldability, and it is typically operating in lower and moderate temperature applications. Although it is widely used for construction in oil and gas industries, due to lack of appropriate information there was little unlearned understanding regarding its main characteristics. This paper presents the mechanical and chemical properties of ASTM A516 grade 70 or also known as ASME SA516-70 which is considered as low to medium type of carbon alloys steel. Samples were prepared and polished according to tensile test (ASTM E8), bend test (ASTM E29), and Micro-Vickers hardness test (ASTM E92-17). In addition, the details observation of the microstructure was carried out by FESEM-EDXS and phase analysis by XRD. The results depicted that the A516 grade 70 carbon steel samples provide significant evident with the presence of Fe and C which confirmed with the traced major peak by using FESEM-EDXS. As verified through XRD analysis, at 2-angle of 29.46o , 35.21 o , 46.86o , 47.79o and 60.09o represented Carbon (C) peaks. The presence of carbon in A516 grade 70 carbon steel parent metal indicated strong agreement with the chemical composition of the sample that has high carbon content ranges from 0.17% to 0.28% as well as confirmed by line scanned map. Moreover, the hardness values suggested good correlation characteristics that are directly inter-related with its mechanical properties.
86 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 035-029 Ceramics and Glasses The Influence of SiO2 of Quartz Characteristics in African Lilac Granite Stone Muhamad Hellmy Hussin1∗ and Nur Azida Che Lah Mechanical and Fabrication, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute (UNIKL MFI), Jalan Teras Jernang, Section 14, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. It is important to have a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of stones to evaluate and understand its mechanical, morphological, and chemical behaviour. This paper deals with the influence of the main chemical composition of SiO2 on its physical texture and the mineral characteristics of granite stone named African Lilac. The current study evaluates the mineral characteristics such as the grain patterns, hardness, morphology, and chemical phase analysis. The microstructural and chemical evaluation was carried out using FESEM – EDXS and XRD technique. Meanwhile, hardness analysis was performed using micro-Vickers hardness test. The surface pattern of the African Lilac granite stone shows to have rough grains and contain high concentration of Si (46.8 wt%). The presence of high concentration of O can be classified as SiO2 (silica) which is the main compound in African Lilac granite. The XRD pattern for African lilac granite sample showing diffraction peaks of Tridymite and Quartz. Both are minerals with chemical composition SiO2 (silica). The hardness of the African Lilac granite stone was studied and not comparable to other minerals. It shows that the hardness of 122 HV was the average reading of the stone. Therefore, the study has provided insight view on granite image, elemental mapping analysis, XRD diffraction patterns and hardness characteristics of granite stone. This could be related to the influence of SiO2 of quartz characteristics where better understanding on the physicochemical of the granite stone can be evaluated.
87 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 010-030 Biomaterial Solidification of Pb-contaminated dredged marine sediments for reuse in engineered backfills: Strength enhancement with Pb entrapment C-M Chan1*and N S Nordin2 1,2Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia. 2Research Centre for Soft Soils (RECESS), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The disposal of dredged marine sediments offshore is unfavourable to preserve the integrity of marine biodiversity and ecosystem. To mitigate the contamination and bio-disruption issues associated with ocean dumping, as well as to optimize the storage capacity of inland confined disposal facilities, dredged sediments ought to be subjected to rigorous reusability assessment. This is however often impeded by heavy metal contamination of the nearshore deposits. Therefore, the prior treatment of contaminated dredged marine sediments is deemed imperative, such as effected by solidification. The pre-treatment would enable the sediments to be reused in engineered backfills, such as for eroded coastline restoration and reclamation works. The present work explores the efficacy of solidification technique on a dredged sample from Malaysian waters, with artificially induced lead (Pb) contamination and cement treatment, to both entrap the contaminants, as well as to improve the engineering properties of strength and stiffness. As the natural water content of marine sediments was excessively high (3.36 LL, Liquid Limit of the soil), increasing the cement amount is impractical. As such, coarse sand of 2.0 – 2.36 mm was used as a skeleton material to augment the solidification effect of the sediments. The dredged soil was admixed with cement of low to high dosages (1-40 %) to examine the entire spectrum of cementation effect. The mixture paste was next transferred to the respective receptacles of measuring devices for periodic monitoring of the shear strength and leachability. Strength-wise, hydration and pozzolanic reactions of cement combined with the sand’s skeletal scaffolding led to the weak soil’s solidification, where the highest Su = 84 kPa was recorded for sample 30c75s, rendering it a medium to stiff soil suitable for load-bearing. Curing up to 28 days was necessary to lower the Pb level to the limit set by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA), i.e. below 5 mg/l. In a nutshell, the combination of ≥30% cement + ≤75% sand was ascertained for effective solidification to transform the dredged sediments into safe, reusable form for engineered backfills, fulfilling both the engineering and environmental safety requirements.
88 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 040-031 Ceramics and Glasses Effects of samarium concentration on novel quaternary Lithium Bismuth Aluminotellurite glass systems for laser materials A Z Shah1,2, M H M Zaid1,3 , K A Matori1 and R Hisam4 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor. 3Nanomaterials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The study involved fabricating a glass series comprising 20Li2O-1Bi2O3-5Al2O3-(75-x)TeO2-xSm2O3, where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol %. This aimed to investigate how the addition of samarium affects the physical and elastic properties of the tellurite glass systems. Density and molar volume fell within the ranges of 4.7042 to 4.8742 g/cm3 and 30.321 to 30.040 cm3/mol, respectively. X-Ray Diffraction analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the glass systems, with no sharp peaks observed. As the concentration of samarium increased, both longitudinal and shear velocities experienced a decrease, ranging from 3668.134 to 3609.930 m/s and 2187.612 to 2077.740 m/s, respectively. A reciprocal relationship was noted between Poisson ratio and microhardness. Additionally, the elastic moduli exhibited a non-linear increasing trend: the longitudinal modulus ranged from 63.296 to 63.519 GPa, and the bulk modulus from 33.279 to 35.462 GPa. However, an opposite trend was observed for Young's modulus (from 55.110 to 52.702 GPa) and shear modulus (from 22.512 to 21.042 GPa). These findings offer valuable insights into how varying dopant concentrations influence the structural and elastic properties of the glass. Such insights are crucial for selecting the most suitable dopant concentration to tailor the glass properties for specific applications, including optical devices, sensors, or laser materials.
89 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 039-032 Polymers and Composites Structural and Electrical Properties of Chitosan Grafted Polyvinyl Acetate (Chg-PVAc) with Lithium Triflate-Based Polymer Electrolytes A S N Ismadi1,2 , N K Jaafar2 and M Z M Yusuf1 1School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia. 2NANO-SciTech Lab (NST), Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology (CFMN), Institute of Science (IOS) of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. The paper discusses the preparation and characterization of polymer electrolytes based on Ch-g PVAc combined with various concentrations of lithium triflate as salt. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on natural polymers are gaining attention due to its environmentally friendly, biodegradable, biocompatible, and safer compared to liquid electrolytes. Numerous researches have been conducted to develop polymer electrolytes with enhanced conductivity and long-term safety. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was prepared by using a salt using the solution casting method. The grafted polymer of Ch-g-PVAc was prepared using gamma (γ) radiation. The prepared Ch-g-PVAc-LiTf polymer electrolytes are characterized by XRD, FTIR, EIS, and LSV techniques. XRD analysis was conducted to analyze changes in crystallinity and the amorphous nature of the Ch-g-PVAc-LiTf polymer. FTIR spectroscopy indicated complexation between Ch-g-PVAc polymer and lithium triflate (LiTf) salt. Different concentrations of LiTf, ranging from 0 to 50wt%, were added to the grafted Ch-g-PVAc. Among the samples, the Ch-g-PVAc polymer electrolyte containing 50wt% of LiTf exhibited the highest ionic conductivity at 6.68 × 10-5 Scm−1. This enhancement in conductivity is attributed to increased ion mobility and the number of charge carriers. According to LSV analysis, the Ch-g-PVAc polymer with 50wt% LiTf demonstrated electrochemical stability up to 3.5 V. The study aimed to study the structural, electrical properties, and stability window of Ch-g PVAc-LiTf. The most favorable results were obtained with the addition of 50wt% LiTf salt resulting in a further five-order-of-magnitude increase in conductivity.
90 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 033-033 Others Land Cover Change Patterns and Their Conservation Impacts in the Pocut Meurah Intan Grand Forest Park Area, Aceh Province Muhammad Dean1 , D Dahlan2 and J Joni3 1 Graduate School of Environmental Management, Post Graduate Program, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh Indonesia 3 Regional Environment and Forestry Service, Aceh, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This research evaluates changes in forest cover in the Pocut Meurah Intan Grand Forest Park over 30 years (1993–2023). Landsat-7 image data functions as a data source, and the NDVI method is used to estimate lost forest cover. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method is used in remote sensing to estimate the amount of cover lost and available. This research measures the level of greenness or vegetation in the area and analyses change data every 5 years. The results show that Pocut Meurah Intan has four land cover classes: primary dry forest, grassland, open land, and shrub. Each has unique characteristics and contributes to ecosystem diversity. There have been positive and negative forest area corrections in certain years. The NDVI index interpretation of the dry land forest classification, based on SNI 7645:2010, is considered forest cover. Overall, the area of forest cover in Pocut Meurah Intan has decreased significantly from 4304.5 hectares in 1993 to 826.7 hectares in 2023, showing a decline of 80.8% over 30 years. This decline is influenced by various natural and human factors and has an impact on biodiversity, the carbon cycle, and hydrological balance. This decline could have a negative impact on biodiversity conservation, ecosystem function, and tourism potential in the area. Changes in forest cover in Pocut Meurah Intan are caused by various natural, social, and economic factors that have a negative impact on the environment and society. Therefore, comprehensive, sustainable, adaptive, and participatory forest conservation and protection efforts are needed.
91 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 038-034 Others Effect of Weathering on Salvaged Bamboo from Bamboocrete Panel Nor Izzah Mokhtar, Noor Aina Misnon and Aniza Ibrahim Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of the weathered, salvaged bamboo sourced from the bamboocrete panel. Reliability in the usage of salvaged bamboo from bamboocrete panels after exposure to weathering conditions is crucial for understanding the long-term performance of the salvaged bamboo as a sustainable construction material. The tensile and compressive strengths of the weathered salvaged bamboo were compared to untreated bamboo (immediate test), untreated bamboo exposed to the weather for one year, treated bamboo (immediate test), and treated bamboo exposed to the weather for one year. The findings show a remarkable difference where the compressive strength of the weathered treated salvaged bamboo from bamboocrete panel is 49% higher than the untreated bamboo (immediate test), while the tensile strength of the weathered treated salvaged bamboo from bamboocrete panel is 17% lower than the untreated bamboo after being exposed to the weathering for one year. The variation in strengths across different sections and the disparity between individual sample values are valuable factors to consider when utilizing bamboo in construction projects.
92 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 036-037 Materials and Energy Combustion Method on Structural and Morphology Studies of Sn-Doped LiMnTiO4 Cathode Material: A Combined DFT and Experimental Study A F M Fadzil1,2, N A Johari1,2 , F.N. Sazman3 and M.F.M.Taib2,3 1Centre of Foundation Studies UiTM, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800, Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Institute of Science (IoS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. There is an urgent need for efficient energy storage devices due to the global energy crisis, particularly for lithium-ion batteries. The insistence on stable, abundant, and environmentally friendly lithium-ion batteries is growing tremendously. The development of lithium-ion batteries with high capacity and rate capability was influenced greatly by the performance of the cathode materials. LiMnTiO4, a spinel-structured material, has gained attention due to its respectable specific capacity performance. However, LiMnTiO4 suffers from unstable structures and irregular morphology. To overcome this issue, optimizing the amount of doping could improve the structural stability and enhance the morphology of the sample powders for potential lithium-ion battery applications. Hence, this study aims to theoretically determine the stable structure of Sn doping in LiMn1.9Ti0.1- xO4 at different lattice sites of Mn/Ti followed by the preparation of doped Sn in LiMn1.9Ti0.1-xO4 using combustion method and then characterized by XRD and FESEM/EDX as to study its structural and morphological characteristics. The theoretical calculation of Sn-doped LiMn1.9Ti0.1-xO4 was conducted using GGA-PBE functional and for qualitative studies of XRD using Rietveld refinement software. This study would provide insight into the deep effect of Sn element doped into LiMn1.9Ti0.1-xO4 on the theoretical and experimental, thus finding the best candidates for potential lithium-ion batteries
93 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 046-038 Organic Materials and Applications Nonlinear Optical and Photophysical Properties of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Chalcone Derivatives for Optical Limiting Application S H W Jamaludin, , D A Zainuri and I A Razak1 School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Chalcone, (E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-(3-fluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)prop-2- en-1-one has been synthesized using the Claisen-Schmidt condensation method. The synthesized compound was then characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to confirm their structure and composition. Furthermore, a computational modelling technique known as density functional theory (DFT) was used to optimize the molecule's geometrical parameters and gain further insight into its structural characteristics The calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The findings from the experimental spectroscopy were then compared against the predicted DFT spectra, demonstrating good agreement between the two methods. The intermolecular interaction intermolecular interaction of synthesized crystal structure was investigated using Hirshfield surface and fingerprint plot analysis. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Chalcone exhibits a favourable combination of high third-order susceptibility (10-6 esu) and a low optical limiting threshold. This combination suggests its potential application in nonlinear optics (NLO) technologies, particularly for optical limiting devices.
94 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 045-039 Applied Mathematics Efficient Numerical Solution of Caputo-Type Nonlinear Time-Fractional Diffusion Equations Using Nonlocal Arithmetic-Mean Discretization and the 4EGKSOR Method. M U Alibubin1 , J Sulaiman1 , F A Muhiddin2 and A Sunarto3 1Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 2Mathematical Sciences and Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah Branch, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88997, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 3Tadris Matematika and Studies, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Fatmawati Sukarno, 38211Bengkulu, Indonesia ABSTRACT Abstract. The paper discusses the efficient numerical solution of one-dimensional Caputo-type nonlinear timefractional diffusion equations (1DNTFDEs) by integrating nonlocal arithmetic-mean discretization and the 4- Point Explicit Group Kaudd Successive Over-relaxation iterative method (4EGKSOR). Caputo-type equations, modelling anomalous diffusion phenomena, present a computational challenge due to their nonlinear nature and fractional-order derivatives. To address this, we propose a novel approach combining nonlocal arithmetic-mean discretization and the 4EGKSOR iterative method. The nonlocal arithmetic-mean discretization method provides an accurate representation of fractional derivatives, capturing the intricate behaviour of time-fractional diffusion processes. Simultaneously, the 4EGKSOR method, a variant of the successive over-relaxation technique, enhances computational efficiency by accelerating iterative solver convergence. Through numerical experiments and comparisons with the existing methods such as Kaudd Successive Over-relaxation and (KSOR) 4-point Explicit Group Gauss-Seidel (4EGGS) iterative methods, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in terms of reducing the iteration numbers and computational time. The results highlight the superiority of combined nonlocal arithmetic-mean discretization and 4EGKSOR method in solving Caputo-type nonlinear time-fractional diffusion equations. This research contributes to the advancing numerical techniques for addressing challenging problems in fractional calculus, with potential applications in various scientific and engineering disciplines.
95 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 047-040 Polymers and Composites Removal of lead (Pb) ions by using the integral membrane incorporated with silica from rice husk ash H Abbas1 and N Z K Shaari1 1School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 50450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Lead (Pb2+) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, causing significant physical, biochemical, and behavioral health issues in humans. As clean water sources diminish, sustainable water management practices and technologies have become crucial. Membrane separation, a chemical-free and cost-effective method, has emerged as the preferred solution, offering economic and environmental benefits. Recent research has focused on rice husk as an inexpensive adsorbent for removing heavy metals, which are a major environmental threat worldwide, especially in wastewater. This study examines the effect of silica incorporation in formulation on membrane properties, focusing on various loadings of 1, 4, and 7%wt/wt polymer, which are investigated using thermal gravitational analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and membrane filtration experiments. TGA analysis and FTIR spectrum results showed that introducing RHA particles enhanced the membranes' thermal stability and adsorption properties, respectively. The performance results showed that adding RHA to the PSF membrane substantially improved permeate flux, rejection, and antifouling properties. This is because the addition of RHA particles enhanced the membrane's hydrophilicity, which improves water absorption and permeation rates. The results showed that the percentage of lead ions removed was significantly affected by both the initial lead ion concentration and the amount of RHA particles. Membrane 4 RHA was found to be the best formulation that has the best antifouling performance due to the well-dispersed RHA particles, which were supported by the RFR results with a value of 63.86%.
96 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 048-041 Optical and Dielectric Materials Advancements in Fiber-Based Sensors for Precise Detection of Food Impurities MA Amzar1 , S P Chew1 , L Sarah1 , W F Najwa1 1Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Benzoic acid and other food preservatives can have a negative impact on human health if used in excessive amounts. Cancer, failure of the liver and kidneys are all caused by it. This work proposed an optical fibre that has been adapted to function as a sensor for detecting benzoic acid. The sensor probe is equipped with conductive coatings on the outside, which contribute to increased selectivity and sensitivity overall. Through the removal of portions of the fibre core or cladding, the platform is bent into a D-shaped structure that is within one centimetre of length. This is done to establish a particular sensing zone. Benzoic acid can be detected and identified using the sensor probe, which can be applied to food samples. It is possible to determine whether benzoic acid is present by observing observable shifts in the sensor's response subsequent to contact. The presence of the conductive layer improves sensitivity and makes it possible to detect benzoic acid with greater precision even at low concentrations. The sensor is only able to react with benzoic acid, and it was developed specifically for complicated compositions. The sensor is able to identify benzoic acid by the utilisation of quantitative peak wavelength measurements of the light transmission spectrum.
97 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 049-042 Solid State Theory, Simulation and Computationals Comprehensive DFT analysis investigation on mechanical properties of 1Tphase VS2 nanosheet. Ahmed J. Hassan2,4 , Chan Kar Tim1,2, Lim Kean Pah2 , Nurisya Mohd Shah1,2, Umair Abdul Halim3 , Nurfarhana Mohd Noor2 1 Institute for Mathematical Research (INSPEM)), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. 3Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriya, Iraq. ABSTRACT Abstract. In contrast to most transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which are usually semiconducting. The 1T phase of vanadium disulfide (VS2) exhibits conductive characteristics, which provide efficient electrical conductivity for rapid electron transit. Its outstanding physical and chemical properties make it a promising nanodevice candidate. In this work, alongside exploring the mechanical (e.g., uniaxial strains, in-plane stiffness, and Poisson's ratio) properties, a thorough investigation into the structural (e.g., formation energy and optimum lattice parameters) and electronic (e.g., band electronic structure, and DOS and projected density of states) properties was carried out through the use of density functional theory (DFT) simulations. This work addresses the limited research on the mechanical characteristics of 1T-VS2 (space group P-3m1) and facilitates the analysis of many aspects from an atomic perspective. Our findings indicate that the 1T-VS2 nanosheet exhibits a positive Poisson's ratio, quantified at 0.12. The measured elastic constants, namely C11 and C12, are 96 N/m and 93 N/m, respectively, and the estimated in-plane stiffness of 94 N/m. The nanosheet shows remarkable mechanical flexibility, demonstrating a fracture threshold that exceeds 30% in the zigzag direction. These results highlight the unique mechanical behaviors of VS2 and its potential for novel applications. Additionally, we found that the 1T-VS2 is thermodynamically stable, with a formation energy of -4.9 eV, and metallic and magnetic, with a magnetic moment of 1.81 Bohr magneton per cell. This combination of features makes VS2 an attractive candidate for various applications, emphasizing its importance in advanced material development.
98 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 041-043 Thin Films and Nanostructures Unveiling the influence of aluminum incorporation on the structural, optical, and magnetic characteristics of Gd-doped ZnO N A Raship1 , S N M Tawil1,2 ,* and K Ismail2 1Centre for Tropicalisation, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Properties of ZnO films were enhanced with the incorporation of Gd and Al, which the films were synthesized using a simultaneous target sputtered onto glass substrate. XRD results indicated the successful incorporation of Gd and Al ion into ZnO lattice. This has been proved as no secondary phases or any peaks associated to Gd and Al in the deposited films. These findings were supported by EDS spectrum showing the presence of Gd and Al ions in the films with 3 at% of concentration for each respective element. The surface morphology exhibited homogenous nanoparticles structure for all the deposited films, which even smaller nanoparticle sizes was observed upon the introduction of Gd and Al into ZnO films. The optical properties by UV-Vis showed good transmittance surpassing 80 % of average transmittance for all the films. Following that, the bandgap obtained using Tauc’s plot equation based on the transmittance results was also increased. The magnetic properties of the (Gd, Al) co-doped ZnO films probed by the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurement revealed a bright dark contrast of MFM images for the film with Gd and Al as compared to the undoped one. It further unveils improved magnetic properties, as evidence by its smaller domain size, shorter magnetic correlation length L, bigger phase shift Φrms, and maximum value of δfrms. Hence, adding 3 at% of Al to the Gd-doped films has undoubtedly enhanced its physical, optical and magnetic characteristics which may pave ways in preparing diluted magnetic semiconductor with high magnetic moment.
99 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 052-044 Metals and Alloys Noise removal in corrosion image of marine structure with modified Wiener filter S Jamaludin and M M H Imran Program of Maritime Technology and Naval Architecture, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Corrosion represents a natural occurrence that transpires when metals engage in chemical reactions with surroundings, leading to the degradation of their attributes and structural soundness as time elapses. Image processing is crucial for studying and preventing corrosion. It involves analyzing images to detect and classify different types of corrosion, estimate corrosion rates, and characterize surface features. Monitoring corrosion over time helps in planning maintenance, while remote imaging devices inspect hard-to-reach areas. However, the use of image processing in marine corrosion assessment faces challenges, including image quality, corrosion variability, and algorithm development. Overcoming these hurdles requires collaboration between corrosion and image processing experts to devise accurate and robust methods for effective corrosion analysis. Thus, this paper introduces the modified Wiener filter to effectively remove noise from corrosion images. The filter is adapted by calculating a frequency-dependent weighting factor that emphasizes desired signal components while suppressing noise components. This adaptation assumes accurate knowledge or estimation of the statistical properties of the signal and noise. According to results, the proposed method demonstrates superior noise removal based on qualitative and quantitative evaluations. This contributed to enhance the low quality of corrosion images, aiming to alleviate challenges in analyzing complex surfaces, accounting for corrosion variability, developing accurate corrosion assessment, and designing precise corrosion type detection. This indicates its effectiveness in noise reduction for corrosion images, particularly in cases of ship hulls and marine structures. For future work, further improvements can be achieved by integrating Gaussian and Kalman filters to enhance the method's efficiency and accuracy.
100 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 053-045 Applied Statistics Development of Geographically Weighted Regression Model for Tuberculosis Cases and Its Associated Factors in Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia Nur Adibah Mohidem1,3*, Malina Osman2 , Zailina Hashim3 , Farrah Melissa Muharam4 , Saliza Mohd Elias3 , Aminuddin Ma'pol5 1 Public Health Unit, Department of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 2 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4 Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 5 Dungun Health District Office, Jalan Besar, 23000, Kuala Dungun, Terengganu. ABSTRACT Abstract. Tuberculosis (TB) cases have increased drastically over the last two decades and it remains as one of the deadliest infectious diseases in Malaysia. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of TB cases and its association with the sociodemographic and environmental factors in the Gombak district. Methods: The sociodemographic data of 3325 TB cases from 2013 to 2017 in Gombak were collected from the MyTB and Tuberculosis Information System (TBIS) at the Gombak District Health Office and Rawang Health Clinic. Environmental data were obtained from the Department of Environment Malaysia from 2012 to 2017; whereas weather data were obtained from the Malaysia Meteorological Department in the same period. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were used to determine the spatial association of sociodemographic and environmental factors with the TB cases. Results: Sociodemographic factors such as gender, nationality, employment status, health care worker status, income status, residency, and smoking status as well as; environmental factors such as AQI (lag 1), CO (lag 2), NO2 (lag 2), SO2 (lag 1), PM10 (lag 5), rainfall (lag 2), relative humidity (lag 4), temperature (lag 2), wind speed (lag 4), and atmospheric pressure (lag 6) were associated with TB cases (p<0.05). The GWR model based on the environmental factors i.e. GWR2 was the best model to determine the spatial distribution of TB cases based on the highest R 2 value i.e. 0.98. Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of spatial analysis to identify areas with a high TB burden based on its associated factors, which further helps in improving targeted surveillance.
101 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 054-046 Solid State Theory, Simulation and Computational Simulation of Lead free - BCZT with Lead piezoelectric (PZT) for energy harvesting application T M D A T F Ismail, A B Naseruddin , A Abdul Aziz, H Hussin, N Khairuddin and N Burham1 1 Integrated Microelectronic System and Applications (IMSaA), School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. This research explores the performance of Barium Calcium Zirconium Titanate (BCZT) in comparison to other materials, specifically investigating the impact of different fabrication methods such as solid-state and sol-gel techniques. The existence of Lead piezoelectric (PZT) makes the material corrosive and harmful for a long-term effect on human health, The lead-free BCZT is the potential replacement of PZT in the context of energy harvesting. Through a comprehensive analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics, the study aims to highlight the applicability of BCZT in industrial settings. By manipulating Young’s modulus, Relative permittivity, Density and Poisson’s Ratio, the research draws comparisons between two BCZT methods, sol-gel and solid state to find the optimum value and then compare it to PZT, focusing on voltage output and Power Dissipation. The results demonstrate that BCZT, particularly when fabricated using the Sol-Gel method (BCZT-SG), exhibits promising capabilities, surpassing PZT in simulated scenarios. The finding shows BCZT's potential in energy harvesting applications, showcasing higher voltage output and better power dissipation. BCZT sol-gel achieved the highest electric potential 0.94% more than BCZT solid-state and 93.52% higher than PZT. In conclusion, this proves that BCZT can replace PZT for a better electric potential.
102 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 042-047 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics Enhanced Formaldehyde Detection with WS₂-Coated Tapered Optical Microfibers Norazida Ali1,2 , Norhafizah Burham3 , Mahmoud Muhanad Fadhel2 , Siti Halma Johari4 , Norhana Arsad2 and Saaidal Razalli Azzuhri5 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Mersing, 86800 Mersing, Johor, Malaysia 2Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Integrated Microelectronics System and Applications (IMSaA), School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 4Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia 5Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and IT, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Formaldehyde detection is vital for ensuring indoor air quality and occupational safety. This study introduces a novel method employing Tungsten Disulfide (WS2)-coated tapered optical microfibers (TMF) for enhanced formaldehyde detection sensitivity. By modifying standard single-mode fiber to a 2-micrometer waist diameter using the flame-brushing technique, the TMF serves as a highly sensitive platform for optical sensing. The WS2 coating, derived from tungsten disulfide (TMD) flakes, enhances the sensor's sensitivity to formaldehyde vapors. Experimental investigations involve exposing the WS2-coated TMF to formaldehyde concentrations ranging from 1% to 5%, with comparisons made against a reference medium of deionized water (0% formaldehyde). Sensing performance is evaluated within a humidity range of 30% to 90% relative humidity (%RH) to mimic real-world conditions. The experimental setup integrates a Tunable Laser Source (TLS) for light excitation and an optical power meter (OPM) to quantify the transmitted optical power through the TMF. Characterization of the WS2-coated TMF includes morphological analysis via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and elemental compositional analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results demonstrate a high linearity of 97.1% in sensor response across all formaldehyde vapor concentrations, with a sensitivity of 0.443 dB/%RH. The linear detection range spans from 30% to 90%RH, indicating the sensor's robust performance under varying humidity conditions. Furthermore, continuous testing over 900 seconds reveals exceptional stability, affirming the reliability of the WS2-coated TMF for long-term monitoring applications. This research contributes to advancing optical sensing technologies for formaldehyde detection, offering a promising solution for real-time environmental monitoring and occupational health management.
103 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 029-048 Others Effects of potassium doping on the structural and electrical properties of LiFePO4 Khairunnadia Zulkarnain, Nor Kartini Jaafar and Ainnur-Sherene Kamisan Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. This study explores the impact of potassium (K) doping on the structural and electrical properties of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Potassium doped LiFePO4 samples were prepared and characterized using a sol-gel synthesis. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed changes in crystalline structure following potassium doping, indicating successful incorporation of potassium ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the morphological alterations induced by potassium doping. Furthermore, electrical properties were assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), demonstrating enhanced conductivity in potassium doped LiFePO4 compared to pure LiFePO4. The introduction of potassium ions facilitated improved charge/discharge kinetics, attributed to enhanced electron and Li+ ion transport within the cathode material. The results of this study highlight the possibility of using potassium doping to improve the electrical conductivity and structural stability of LiFePO4, which presents a viable path towards the development of high-performance LIBs. Future research may focus on optimizing doping concentrations and investigating the long-term stability of potassium doped LiFePO4 electrodes.
104 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 055-049 Materials and Energy IoT Based Automatic Solar Tracking System for Street Light Applications M H M Hariri, S S Hu, M N Pursotaman, L H You, M N A A Ghani, and N S N Nadzri School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This research work focuses on the development and evaluation of an Automatic Solar Tracking System customized for street light applications. The system utilizes dual-axis solar tracking, ensuring the solar panel dynamically follows the sun's movement throughout the day, thereby optimizing its exposure to sunlight. A comprehensive methodology involving Arduino IDE, Blynk IoT platform, and a range of electronic components is employed, with a focus on achieving efficient motor movement and real-time monitoring of solar panel performance. The research work encompasses detailed aspects, including the system block diagram, software and hardware development, theoretical calculations, circuit design, and mechanical development. Through an innovative approach, the system's features encompass extended operational hours, effective solar charge controller implementation with PWM technology, and a user-friendly Solar Monitoring System. Results shows that the proposed system's superior performance with an increased in voltage, current, and power readings as the automated solar tracking system able to generate 22% more power than the fixed mounted solar panel. Overall, this research work contributes to the advancement of renewable energy systems, presenting a viable solution for urban lighting infrastructure with the potential to enhance solar energy utilization and reduce environmental impact.
105 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 056-050 Carbon and Related Materials Fabrication of Carbon Dots-embedded Metal-Organic Framework Fluorescence Sensor for Detection of Copper Ions Nur Farihan Mohd Hilmi1 , Nur Syakirah Mohamad Mohlis1 , Mazliana Ahmad Kamaruddin2 , Muhammad Safwan Zaini2 , Siti Fatimah Nur Abdul Aziz3 , Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad*4 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 4 Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Heavy metals such as copper are referred to high-density metallic elements that can be discovered from automobile emissions, batteries, or industrial activity. They are considered as non-biodegradable compounds with high toxicity that easily accumulate in the human body. As a result, detecting them in low quantities is a top issue for environmental protection and illness prevention. Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimension nanocarbon-based materials with remarkable properties such as minimal toxicity, unique optical properties, and low cost. CDs can form bonds with different metal ions, producing charge transfer between metal ions, which may result in fluorescence quenching of carbon dots. However, aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ) impact, like traditional fluorescent dyes, is a puzzling problem that significantly limits the uses of CDs. To reduce the ACQ impact, CDs were encapsulated in zeolite imidazole framework material (ZIF-8) with excellent dispersion for the detection of copper ions.
106 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 059-051 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology X-ray analysis of pyrolyzed-acid modified rubber waste doped with ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson-Hall, Halder-Wagner and size-strain plot methods Ja’afar Yusuf1,2, Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil1,3*, Shahrul Ainliah binti Alang Ahmad1 , Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri4 , Muhammad Abdullah5 1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Science Faculty, Kaduna State University, 2339 Kaduna State, Nigeria 3Centre for Foundation Studies in Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Sredang, Selangor 4 Institute of Tropical Forestry and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam 81750, Johore, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. ZnO and concentrated H2SO4 were used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped with rubber waste (RW) which is known as (ZnO-doped RW-NPs). The ZnO-doped RW-NPs were synthesized at calcination temperatures of 300 ℃, 400 ℃ and 500 ℃ for 1 h. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to characterize the ZnO-doped RW-NPs. The XRD data show that the sample is crystalline and exhibits a hexagonal wurtzite phase. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) at high magnification revealed spherical single crystalline ZnO-doped RW-NPs. X-ray peak broadening was used to investigate the crystalline growth in the ZnO-doped RW-NPs. The individual effects of crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the peak broadening of the ZnO-doped RW-NPs were investigated using the size-strain plot approach and Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis. For the reflection peaks of the XRD, which correspond to the wurtzite hexagonal phase of the ZnO-doped RW-NPs and range from 5° to 80°, the physical parameters such as strain, Stress and energy density values were calculated more accurately using the size-strain plot (SSP) and the modified form of the W-H plot, assuming a uniform deformation model (UDM), a uniform stress-deformation model (USDM) and a uniform deformation-energy density model (UDEDM). The obtained results showed a strong correlation between the mean particle size of the ZnO-doped RW-NPs as analyzed by FESEM, W-H analysis and the SSP method.
107 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 061-052 Solid State Theory, Simulation and Computational Yield Improvement for Sand Casting Product Using Casting Simulation Tool A Hidayat, A M Saman, N M Abbas School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The Sand-Casting process is extensively utilized to produce ferrous products, offering advantages such as lower manufacturing costs and the ability to cast all types of materials, making it a versatile method. However, the complexity of the process poses challenges, as incorrect design of the gating and risering system can result in defects like shrinkage, blow holes, and porosity. These defects can lead to structural weakness, inaccurate product specifications, and increased maintenance and repair expenses. This project aims to establish the best gating and risering system for the product by evaluating the process using a casting simulation tool. The optimum casting yield of the product was proposed by adopting several modifications, including the quantity and position of the riser as well as the gating system configuration. The 3D product was modelled using CATIA V5R20 software, and Altair Inspire Cast was used to simulate and analyse the casting process. The study identified three defects during the filling and solidification process—cold shuts, porosity, and shrinkage—as benchmarks to improve the casting yield. Ultimately, this study demonstrated the importance of a proper gating and risering system in improving the casting process, reducing defects, and producing high-quality products, as it could reduce maintenance costs and material waste.
108 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 062-053 Applied Statistics Advanced Water Quality Index Forecasting for lake and rivers in Malaysia Amar Lokman1 , Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail1* and Nor Azlina Ab Aziz2 1Advanced Devices and System (ADS), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Ayer Keroh Melaka. ABSTRACT Abstract. Water quality affects public health and ecological sustainability. This research uses machine learning to improve Water Quality Index (WQI) forecasts for Malaysian water quality. This study aims to improve WQI forecast accuracy and reliability to improve water quality management techniques. This study examines pH, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and ammoniacal nitrogen levels using 11,065 Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) samples from various locations. The research uses nine machine learning models to make highly accurate WQI predictions: Decision Trees, Ridge Regression, Artificial Neural Networks, Extra Tree Regressor, Random Forests, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), DT-ARIMA, RF-ARIMA, and the innovative method that is based on regression and rando forest. The innovative model has the lowest Mean Squared Error setting a new forecast precision benchmark. The DT-ARIMA and RF-ARIMA hybrid models also perform well, with MSEs of 1.019 and 1.033, respectively. Our developed model produces the best RMSE. The Decision Tree model has an MSE of 4.375, whereas the ARIMA model is the most effective single model with 2.087. These findings may benefit government agencies, society, and future research. This research advances water quality evaluation techniques to help decision-makers and environmental managers implement precise pollution control measures and advance machine learning applications in the environmental sciences, setting a new standard for innovative water quality management approaches.
109 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 051-055 Others Toxicity evaluation of insect growth regulators (IGRs) against Metisa plana Walker bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) for developing a bio-pesticide N F Zulkefli1 , W A Wan Ab Karim Ghani1 , S Ali1 and N Asib2 1Sustainable Process Engineering Research Centre (SPERC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Previous study on bio-pesticide formulations revealed resistance to commercial pesticide treatments. As a result, an immediate treatment was considered adding insect growth regulators as active components in biopesticide formulations. In this study, two insect growth regulators, diflubenzuron and teflubenzuron were investigated to determine their effect on insect pests in oil palm, specifically Metisa plana bagworm. During the bagworm bio-assay, a few concentrations were tested to determine the toxicity of the insect growth regulators. The bio-assay demonstrated the toxicity of the insect growth regulators by analyzing the bagworm mortality rate. At the same time, the leaf consumption by the bagworm was measured using a leaf area meter. The results indicated that the bagworm mortality was proportional to leaf area consumption. This suggests that insect growth regulators can be employed as active ingredients in formulations to make the bio-pesticide more effective against future resistance.
110 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 068-056 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Hydrogen Production by Formic Acid Decomposition with Nanoscale ZeroValent Iron (nZVI): Effects of nZVI Dosage, Temperature and Time S A Yusuf1 , S N S Ismail1 , J K Lim2 , M S R M A Zubairi3 , S F A Halim1 and S H Chang1 1Waste Management and Resources Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Malaysia. 2School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Malaysia. 3Graphite Signature Sdn Bhd, 31650 Ipoh, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Amidst growing interest in renewable hydrogen gas production, this paper examines three important parameters affecting hydrogen production via formic acid decomposition reaction with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). The study investigates variations in nZVI dosage (200 – 1000 g/L), reaction temperature (25 – 75°C), and reaction time (5 -30 minutes) to identify optimum conditions for maximum hydrogen yield. Results indicate that the maximum hydrogen yield occurred at nZVI dosage, reaction temperature, and time of 800 g/L, 25°C and 30 minutes, respectively, yielding approximately 215 mL of hydrogen at optimal parameter values. The synthesized nZVI was also analysed before and after the reaction, focusing on the specific surface area, pore size, and elemental distribution of the nZVI.
111 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 070-057 Materials and Energy Heat of Combustion and Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate/Sorbitol Solid Propellant with Metal Additives M Z Azizi, Hussein A. Hamid, Zuraidah Salleh, A A Adnan School of Mechanical Engineering, University Technology Mara, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most used oxidizer in solid rocket propulsion systems. Conversely, sorbitol, commonly used as fuel in sounding rockets, is anticipated to produce no harmful gases as combustion products. This study reports on the effect of sorbitol as potential organic green fuel in addition of additive metals on combustion and thermal properties for ammonium perchlorate based solid propellant. The solid propellant of the AP/Sorbitol mixture was designed by calculating the oxygen balance and heat of combustion at different ratios to find the optimum formulation. The new propellant’s performance was measured using PROPEP 3.0 (Propellant evaluation program). Solid propellant characterization included measuring energy using a bomb calorimeter and conducting thermal analysis using DSC and TGA. Various compositions were prepared by varying the AP and sorbitol content in the propellant, and additive metals like magnesium and ferrite were introduced. The findings reveal that the formulation of 75% ammonium perchlorate into the sorbitol releases the optimum combustion energy at 2144.47 KJ/mol and lowers the thermal decomposition temperature of AP to 210.38 °C. Meanwhile, the addition of magnesium metal to the formulation significantly increases the energy release, propellant performance, and thermal decomposition of the samples. On the other hand, the addition of ferrous oxide as a catalyst does not affect the energy performance of the sample but significantly decreases the ignition temperature of the sample to 195.15 °C. Eventually, mixing both magnesium and ferrous oxide into AP/sorbitol solid propellant provides good thermal stability and high heat combustion
112 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 005-058 Others Removal of Fluorotelomer Olefin: A Comparative Analysis on Activated Carbon and Resin-based Materials N L A Jamari1 , W N Wan Zamri2 , K K Ong1 , N Kasim1 , S M S Syed Ahmad1 1Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Introduction of fluorotelomer as a replacement for toxic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various industries has raised global concerns due to its widespread distribution and characteristics of potential persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Adsorption has been identified as an effective method for removing fluorotelomers from water. While the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is frequently studied, there is a lack of studies focusing on the removal of neutral PFAS (fluorotelomer), despite its potential to cause harmful effects. In this study, several adsorbents (granular activated carbon, ion and non-ion exchange resins) were investigated for removal of fluorotelomer olefin (FTO) from aqueous environment. Adsorbent dosage and contact time were optimised to get the optimum adsorption condition for removing the FTO. In comparison, it was found that granular activated carbon (GAC) exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity followed by ion and non-ion exchange resins, with most of the FTO adsorption onto the adsorbents reached equilibrium within 5 hours. Based on these findings, it suggests that GAC has the potential to be utilized for remediation purposes to effectively remove FTO from wastewater.
113 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 072-060 Semiconductors and Devices Improvement of lead free bismuth based perovskite solar cell efficiency with graded bandgap structure Nor Azlian Binti Abdul Manaf*, Asyraf Hakimi Bin Azmi, Azuraida Binti Amat and Wan Yusmawati Binti Wan Yusof Physics Department, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Lead (Pb) halide perovskite have been identified as promising light harvesting material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeded 26%. However, the toxicity of Pb-based materials and poisonous environmental are the main hindrance which limit their reliable applications. Bismuth (Bi)-based perovskite has shown high potential to replace conventional Pb-based perovskite but the PCE of Bibased perovskite solar cells is far lower than Pb-based. Despite early exploration of Bi-based materials, fundamental understanding of the crystallization process and developing strategies to enhance the performance are urgently required. Here, we report the graded bandgap design for Bi-based PSCs which aim to enhance the output current and PCE by maximize the solar spectrum through device architecture. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as electron transport layer (ETL) and Spiro-OMeTAD was used as hole transport layer (HTL) due to its facile implementation and high performance in electronic device. The variation of ioidine concentration in Bidoped iodide estabishes bandgap tuning and conductivity type of the layer. The increse of iodine concentration would reduce band gaps and induce the change of semiconductor behavior from n-type to p-type. In this strategy, the absorbance component consists of three Bi-based perovskite layer with different concentration of iodine that form n- and p- type homojuctions. This configuration produces cells with desirable perforamance that effectively absorb the photons in almost all parts of the solar spectrum. Both open circuit voltage (Voc) (940 mV) and fill factors (~58%) for the best cells have shown drastic improvement over single active layer device and the short current densities (Jsc) measured are in the range (20-30) mAcm-2. The effects of quasi-electric fields, caused by the band gap variation of the active semiconductor, upon the illumination current density and open-circuit voltage of a solar cell will be discussed further.
114 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 073-061 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology UV-Vis Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction using Different Surfactants M. Irsyad1 , C. J. C. Derek2 , S. H. Chang1 1,2Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 3School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely utilized in various fields due to their unique optical properties. While most AuNPs are synthesized through the chemical reduction method, there is growing interest in AuNP synthesis by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reduction due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is a crucial technique for characterizing nanoparticles to determine their size, shape, and yield. During synthesis, AuNPs are prone to aggregation, leading to increased size and reduced yield. To mitigate these issues, various surfactants are employed to stabilize AuNP, preventing agglomeration and enhancing yield quality. Hence, this work aimed to characterize the size, shape, and yield of AuNPs synthesized via H2O2 reduction using UV-Vis analysis. Synthesis of AuNPs via H2O2 reduction was performed by mixing 1.5 M HAuCl4 with 1 M H2O2 alongside varying concentrations of each surfactant, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate), and chitosan. After synthesis, each sample with different surfactant types and concentrations was analysed with UV-vis, and their colour and localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) were compared. The results showed that 1.5 mM PVA exhibited a sharp and distinct peak with the highest intensity of LSPR at a wavelength of 525 nm compared to other surfactants, indicating the yield of spherical AuNPs with a size of <20 nm.
115 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 069-062 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics Polyvinyl Alcohol Coated Thin Core Optical Fiber with Different Concentrations and Dipping Number for Humidity Sensor Applications N Amri1 , H Zainalibidin S N Supardan1,2 , M. H. Mamat3 and S A Kamil1,2* 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2NANO-SciTech Laboratory, Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2NANO-Electronic Centre (NET), School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film-coated single-mode optical fibre was studied, and its capability as a humidity sensor was proven. Different PVA concentrations were used as a coating to investigate the most suitable and high-quality sensors for humidity sensing purposes. The PVA solution was prepared by dissolving 0.28 g, 0.57 g, 0.89 g, and 1.23 g of PVA granules for 3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt%, and 12 wt% concentrations, respectively. By using the dip coating technique, different concentrations of PVA solution were coated on the core of the fibre optics. FESEM was used to obtain the morphology and thickness of the PVA nanofiber layer with concentrations of 3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt%, and 12 wt%. The thickest coating is 12 wt% sample. Higher concentrations of PVA produced higher viscosity of the prepared PVA solution and subsequently caused the coating to become thicker. The performance of the sensor was examined inside the humidity chamber with relative humidity (RH) from 40% to 90%. The sensor with 9 wt% of PVA concentration displayed the highest reading of intensity at 60%RH. On the other hand, the core of the fibre optics has also been coated with different dipping numbers (2, 4, 6 8, and 10 times) to determine the optimum number for sensing performance. The intensity spectrum of coated optical fibers was increased linearly with respect to the dipping number. The optimum sensitivity of optical fiber sensor was found at 90% RH of 10 times dipping number.
116 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 075-064 Applied Statistics Bivariate Copula in Fitting Peninsular Malaysia Rainfall Data S R M Nor, and J H Lee Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In recent years, Malaysia had experienced several extreme flood events, with the most recent flood happened in January 2021. This was the most destructive flood event in 50 years, resulting in at least 6 deaths and around 50,000 displaced residents. Several measures need to be taken to mitigate the flood risk; hence rainfall prediction accuracy on the flood prone areas should be improved. In this study, rainfall data from 12 rainfall stations were selected based on the flood prone areas, across different states in Peninsular Malaysia. By employing Elliptical and Symmetric Archimedean Copula models, complex dependence patterns were identified in between the 12 rainfall stations, and only four stations were identified to be highly correlated. Lognormal distribution was identified as the best fit for rainfall data, while the Clayton Copula consistently emerges as the optimal choice for bivariate copula modeling between the selected rainfall stations. The outcomes hold practical implications for policymakers, water resource managers, and stakeholders involved in decision-making related to water resources and climate change adaptation. This copula-based approach contributes valuable insights to hydrologic knowledge and supports informed decision-making for sustainable development.
117 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 075-065 Applied Statistics Modelling and Forecasting Malaysia Mortality Rate Index of Lee-Carter Mortality Model with ARIMA-GARCH Model S R M Nor, and N B Affendi Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In most developing countries, decreasing death rates will result in an ageing population. Although lower mortality rates are desirable, they can also result in a variety of problems, such as increased longevity risk. Therefore, the mortality data should be modelled and forecasted. Previous studies used Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model in the time index of Lee-Carter model to forecast the mortality data. However, ARIMA model has its own limitation since it is only suitable for prediction of linear data. Thus, this study aims to model and forecast the Malaysian mortality data by using the Lee-Carter model as a reference model and ARIMA with Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARIMA-GARCH) model as a time index model. ARIMA-GARCH model was then compared with ARIMA model to see which one can predict the Malaysia mortality rate index better. Both models' accuracy was assessed by using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Absolute Error (RMSE). The results showed that both ARIMA and ARIMA-GARCH model are adequate for Malaysia mortality data. However, ARIMAGARCH model outperformed ARIMA model since it has the lowest MAE, MAPE and RMSE values for in-sample. Thus, ARIMA-GARCH model can be considered to be used as a reference for the practitioners to forecast accurate Malaysia life expectancy and lower the longevity risk.
118 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 081-068 Materials and Energy Effect on the Application of Occupancy Sensor on Lighting System in Classroom. Mariah Awang1 , Norul Ahsanah Aulia Mohamad Mahani1 , Muhammad Khairul Anwar Abdul Rahman1 , Nuramidah Hamidon1 , Noraini Marsi2 , Mohd Shahril Abdul Rahman3 1Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia 3Real Estate Department, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. Lighting in the building is the major contributor to electrical consumption. Artificial lighting consumes 20–40% of the total energy use and is one of the major ends uses in a typical commercial building. Thus, strategic planning and implementation of new technology are crucial due to the increase in electrical demand for artificial lighting in the commercial building. Besides increasing electricity consumption, other factors should be considered to implement this project such as the safety of electrical appliances. One solution is to retrofit the lighting system such as replacing the conventional lighting system with the sensor-based lighting system in teaching building. The final objective of this study is to differentiate the energy consumption in both the conventional lighting system and occupancy sensor lighting system installed in G3 block B building. Type of sensor used in this study is the passive infrared sensor (PIR) occupancy sensor. Hence, an intensive study on the design of the occupancy sensor circuit and literature review of past research must be made to make it completely functional occupation sensor. By study, the differences between both lighting systems, the electrical consumption of the lighting system can be reduced in teaching building. Moreover, this study will contribute to decision making for new construction whether to use manual switch control or automatic control for long-term benefits in future. Therefore, automatic switch control will improve the comfort and safety of building occupant.