e-Book IConMAS 2024

119 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 063-069 Electrochemical and Solid State Limiting Molar Conductivity Dynamics of kcar/PEO/NaClO4 of Aqueous Electrolyte System at Different Temperature. Roslaili Yuhanis Binti Ramli1&2, Hussein Hanibah3⁎, Nor Zakiah Binti Nor Hashim3 And Intan Juliana Binti Shamsudin4 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2Kolej Matrikulasi Selangor, 42700 Banting, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 3Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 4Centre for Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, UPNM, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ⁎Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Abstract. The limiting molar conductivity behaviour (Λo) of kcar/PEO/NaClO4 blend liquid electrolyte systems in aqueous solution at 20 oC and 25 oC is studied. The ionic conductivity (κ) of the electrolyte system was measured using Mettler Toledo Seven Compact S230 AC conductivity meter (Schwerzenbach, Switzerland). The probe Inlab 741 which possessed 0.001-500 µS cm-1 measurement range and 0-70 oC temperature range was used for conductivity measurement. The calibration was done using potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution in concentrations of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.005 mol L-1 . The κ of the electrolyte was measured at a range of salt concentration, Csalt (10-5 -10-8 ) and at different polymer concentration, Cpoly (0.001-0.003 g cm-3 ). The data obtained utilizing a double logarithmic plot in order to determine Λo. The logarithmic data of conductivity, κ was plotted against Csalt. The linear graph was further extrapolated through the y-axis to obtain Λo. The value obtained using this method is consistent with the theoretical value for NaClO4 salt solution at 25 oC. Hence the method was further applied for the kcar/PEO/NaClO4 electrolyte systems. The data analysis showed a directly proportion relation between Λo and Cpoly. This indicates a decrease in total salt dissociation, α and consequently, an increase in the formation of ion pairing occurs due to the increase in salt dissociation and less dynamic volume available. In addition, a direct proportion between Λo and temperature was noted. An increase in temperature causes a decrease in the total ion pairing while increase the ion movement.

120 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 004-070 Applied Mathematics Impact of heat source/sink towards MHD Stagnation Flow and Heat Transfer of GO-MoS2-Ag/Water Nanofluid over a Shrinking Surface NAAM Nasir1,2, N Zainuddin3 , MSM Anuar1 , NM Arifin2,4, NS Wahid4 and I Pop5 1 Department of Mathematics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2 Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Department of Mathematics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5 Department of Mathematics, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study focuses on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation flow and heat transfer of GOMoS2-Ag/water nanofluid over a shrinking surface. The problem incorporates the effects of suction/injection, radiation, magnetic field strength, and heat source/sink. By transforming the governing equations into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation and utilising the bvp4c built-in solver in MATLAB software, numerical solutions are obtained. The findings reveal that all parameters contribute to a decrease in skin friction, whereas the Nusselt number increases for both cases, heat source and sink. Additionally, the presence of GO as the ternary particles enhances further the temperature profile while decreasing the velocity profile. This research contributes significant insights into heat transfer performance in MHD stagnation flow over a shrinking surface, particularly with the interplay of GO particles and heat source/sink effects.

121 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 084-071 Electrochemical and Solid State Ultrasensitive non-enzymatic uric acid electrochemical sensor based on Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) J I A Rashid1,2 and N A Yusof3 1Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia 2Centre for Tropicalization, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor using a disposable Screen Printed Carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with SiNWs was developed for the determination of uric acid (UA). The surface morphology of SiNWs-modified SPGE was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and different pulse voltammetry (DPV). The SPGE modified with SiNWs showed a good electrocatalytic activity towards uric acid compared with the unmodified SPCE. Under optimal condition, the developed electrochemical enzyme exhibited a wide linear range for determination of UA ranging from 100 µM to 0.1 nM with detection limits of 3.5 nM (S/N=3). In addition, the SiNWs-modified SPGE also had good selectivity, stability, reproducibility and able to determine uric acid in urine and human serum samples.

122 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 085-072 Others A Sustainable Approach to Improving the Hydraulic Properties of Subgrade Using Marble Dust and Coconut Shell H Hafiz, F A Kechik, A Ibrahim*, N A Misnon, F H Khairuddin, Z A Hassan and N I Mokhtar Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Subgrade materials are primarily defined by their capacity for sustained deformation under stress, which serves as an indicator of their strength or stiffness. The infiltration of rainwater into damaged pavement will have an impact on the performance of the subgrade. Submerging the subgrade in floodwater causes water to penetrate the subgrade pores, resulting in an increase in the subgrade's weight. This research aims to examine the effects of marble dust and coconut shell as additions to subgrade materials and further investigate the potential of utilising this hazardous waste to enhance the strength of the soil. This study investigates the hydraulic properties of the soil around the Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) campus, considering the addition of waste marble dust (MD) and crushed coconut shell (CS). The following ratio mixes of marble dust and coconut shell in this research are: MDCS1 (5:2.5), MDCS2 (10:2), MDCS3 (15:1.5), MDCS4 (20:1), MDCS5 (25:0.5), and a control sample without any additive. Laboratory experiments were conducted on the soil mixtures, which included sieve analysis, constant head pressure, and pressure plate extractor testing. The findings of the study indicate that the mixed-design MDCS1, consisting of 5% MD and 2.5% CS, demonstrates the most efficacy in improving the hydraulic properties of the subgrade. The primary focus of the Green Technology Master Plan Malaysia 2017–2030 is to enhance resilience to climate change and disasters by prioritising environmental sustainability. This is particularly highlighted in Chapter 6, which focuses on waste management.

123 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 086-073 Applied Statistics Assessing Drought Patterns in Johor: A Standardized Precipitation Index Approach F Asha’ari and S M Norrulashikin Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study endeavors to undertake a comprehensive analysis of drought trends utilizing the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) across various temporal scales, namely 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The primary objectives encompass the conversion of rainfall data into SPI index, detection of statistically significant trends within the SPI series, and assessment of the trend alterations in drought occurrences as delineated by SPI. To achieve these objectives, the study employs rigorous statistical methodologies including the Mann-Kendall test, Spearman Rho test, and Sen's slope estimator. These analytical tools are applied to SPI datasets derived from meteorological stations situated in four distinct locations within Johor, Malaysia, namely Batu Pahat, Mersing, Kluang, and Senai. The findings elucidate a prevailing trend of moderate moisture conditions across the studied regions, with a notable scarcity of extreme drought or excessive wetness events. This observation underscores the stability in moisture patterns over the specified time frames. The insights garnered from this analysis hold significant implications for drought monitoring and management initiatives, furnishing stakeholders with valuable information for informed decisionmaking and strategic resource allocation aimed at mitigating challenges associated with water availability. Consequently,the outcomes of thisstudy serve to augment existing knowledge regarding drought dynamics in Johor, thereby facilitating the formulation of effective strategies to address pertinent water resource management concerns.

124 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 082-075 Polymers and Composites Observation of changes in warpage and weight for varying barrel temperature in injection molded high-density polyethylene R Zakaria1 , M H Omar2 and S Shafei1 1Department Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, Jitra, 06000, Kedah, MALAYSIA. 2Department Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Arau, 02600, Perlis, MALAYSIA. ABSTRACT Abstract. The injection molding process remains pivotal in contemporary industries, offering a scalable and dependable method for manufacturing high-quality plastic components. Central to this process is the meticulous management of various parameters, including temperature, pressure, and injection speed, with barrel temperature playing a particularly crucial role in determining overall quality, consistency, and efficiency. Fluctuations or inadequate control of barrel temperature can result in defects within molded components. This study investigates the impact of barrel temperature on the warpage and weight of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) during injection molding, utilizing the Autodesk Moldflow software package for simulation. Seven distinct barrel temperature settings, represented as melt temperature within the software, are analyzed. A relative value is adopted to assess the effect of elevated melt temperatures on weight and warpage, manifested through product deflection variations. Results demonstrate a direct relationship between melt temperature and both deflection and weight, showcasing a linear increase in deflection alongside a linear decrease in weight with rising melt temperature. Notably, the relative weight value consistently surpasses the relative deflection value for all considered melt temperatures, with the peak observed at 270°C. However, the impact on deflection and weight remains consistently substantial. These findings emphasize the critical importance of considering melt temperature variations in the injection molding process, elucidating its significance for both developmental and practical application.

125 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 025-076 Polymers and Composites Sequential Enhancement of Synthesized ENR(AcOH)-g-CTS at Different Epoxidation Levels and Mole Ratios Via Epoxide Cleavage and Grafting techniques. S A S Sharmizam1 , H Hanibah2 , N Z Nor Hashim2 , and A Ahmad3 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. The paper systematically explores the synthesis of epoxide cleavage of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR(AcOH)) grafted chitosan (ENR(AcOH)-g-CTS) at varied epoxidation levels and mole ratios. Initially, ENR(AcOH) underwent controlled cleavage of the epoxide rings, employing different reflux times tailored to the specific epoxidation levels of ENR. The optimization of refluxing times significantly influenced the efficacy of epoxide cleavage. Confirmation of the substitution of the (Ac and O-H) functional groups was achieved via ATR-FTIR analysis, demonstrating the enhanced thermal resistance of ENR(AcOH) following successful epoxide cleavage (Tmax increased by about 10.08%, Tg increased by about 68%). Structural analysis via XRD revealed a more amorphous polymer structure, indicative of the formation of new chemical bonds and increased molecular ordering within amorphous regions of ENR. Secondly, ENR(AcOH) was subjected to grafting with chitosan at varying epoxidation levels and mole ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 1:4). Experimental observation highlighted that the 1:4 mole ratio yielded a flexible standing film, surpassing other mole ratios. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed the chemical structure of ENR(AcOH)-g-CTSat various epoxidation levels and mole ratios, indicating the presence of substituted ether linkages (1300-1000 cm-1 ). Notably, increasing the chitosan content from a 1:1 to 1:4 mole ratio led to an increase in substituted ether linkages. The TG/DTG results of ENR(AcOH)-g-CTS exhibited three decomposition steps attributed to the presence of a polymer chain mixture. The incorporation of chitosan showed good thermal resistance upon ENR(AcOH)-g-CTS. Overall, the synthesized ENR(AcOH)-g-CTS enhanced natural rubber applications, offering distinctive improvements in characteristics compared to ENR and CTS.

126 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 083-078 Ceramics and Glasses Simulation-Based Radiation Shielding and Optical Properties Investigation of Thulium Doped Bismuth Tellurite Glass M R N Arina 1,2, A Azuraida 2*, W Y W Yusoff 2 , N A Abdul-Manaf 2 , A Nurazlin2 and L Hasnimulyati3 1Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. 2Physics Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 3Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang, Kampus Jengka, 26400 Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. High penetration radiation such as gamma rays is currently used in industry especially in medical industry. However, current radiation shielding material contains lead that is harmful to human and environment. Thus, this study proposed new composition of lead-free glass and the optical and radiation shielding properties was investigated. Using simple melt and quench technique, thulium doped bismuth tellurite glass with composition (TeO2)1-x (Bi2O3)x (Tm2O3)0.02 was fabricated. For radiation shielding properties, it was found that glass with 0.10 mol% Bi2O3 has higher mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and lower half-value layer (HVL) as well as mean free path (MFP) compared to 0.05 mol % Bi2O3. The glass with 0.10 mol% of Bi2O3 demonstrated the highest Zeff value indicating it to be the best glass sample in term of radiation shielding properties. As for optical properties, sample with 0.10 mol% Bi2O3 exhibit slightly lower value of Eopt compared to sample with 0.05 mol% Bi2O3. This proves that sample with 0.10 mol% Bi2O3 able to absorb and attenuate high energy radiation such as gamma rays better. However, as for molar polarization (Rm) glass with 0.05% Bi2O3 has higher Rm value than glass with 0.10% Bi2O3 indicating that the glass is more applicable in application that requires transparency. Hence, this lead-free glass can widely use in radiation shielding application that require line-of-sight.

127 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 091-079 Applied Statistics Hybrid SARIMA-LSTM Model for Tourism Industry in Malaysia S A T Taib, N Abu and A Senawi Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang. ABSTRACT Abstract. Tourism is one of the fastest growing economic industry in the world, and at the same time become the main income generator for a huge number of developing countries over the decades. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, this industry was hardly hit and almost collapsed. In order to cushion the impact of this outbreak, minimise job crisis and build recovery in 2021 and beyond, an accurate tourism demand forecasting plays a vital role nowadays. Therefore, this study focuses on tourism demand forecasting using SARIMA model and long-short term memory (LSTM) network. The data used in this study is monthly historical data of number of tourist arrivals in Malaysia before the onset of Movement Control Order (MCO) starting from January 2000 to February 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The main objective of this study is to enhance the tourism demand forecasting accuracy in Malaysia by implementing hybrid SARIMA model with LSTM network. SARIMA model will be implemented to cater the linear part meanwhile long-short term memory (LSTM) networks, the extension of the recurrent neural networks (RNN) will be used to analyze the nonlinear part of the problem. The forecast evaluation implemented to predict the error of this hybrid model are Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and all analyses will be performed by using Python software.

128 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 065-080 Applied Mathematics Behavior modeling of vulnerable elderly people with fuzzy TOPSIS for flood evacuation L E Teoh and I X Ng Department of Mathematical and Actuarial Sciences, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Floods have emerged as one of the worldwide challenging disasters. Correspondingly, flood evacuation planning aims to provide prompt assistance to evacuate victims, especially vulnerable people, in the shortest duration to minimize negative disaster impacts. An effective evacuation planning involves behavior modeling of victims that constitute greatly to varying responses (demand) of flood evacuation. However, victim behavior modeling is not straightforward as individual victims will behave differently based on numerous factors. Although some past studies attempted to address evacuation behavior modeling, there is limited literature that explicitly examines the needs of vulnerable elderly people in flood evacuation. Thus, this study aims to model the evacuation behavior of the ageing group, with the aid of Fuzzy TOPSIS approach, by incorporating the relevant significant influential factors (e.g., risk awareness/perception, flood knowledge/experience) under uncertainty. The proposed approach is relatively robust and flexible to reveal varying probable evacuation responses of victims for different flooding scenarios. By examining an illustrative case study with various aspects, the resultant findings inferred that the probable evacuation decision of victims demonstrates unique behavioral distribution, and it varies considerably in which the tendency of evacuation is reaching 90% for the scenario of high water level while only 27.5% of victims tend to evacuate for the scenario of low/moderate water level. Concisely, it is anticipated that this study will provide beneficial insights to the relevant stakeholders, especially the emergency planners, in implementing evacuation strategies effectively so that the negative consequences of flood occurrence can be reduced significantly.

129 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 092-081 Polymers and Composites Composit Analysis of Wearing Coarse Polymer Asphalt (AC-WC) with Granular Asphalt (BGA) 15/20 at 60/70 Penetration using Fly Ash Against Asphalt Parameter Test Juny Andry S, Lisa Fitriyana Nisa Ul Azizah and Ferdiano Y Department of Civil Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Indonesia ABSTRACT Abstract. Indonesia has quite a lot of natural asphalt reserves and abundant on the island of Buton, Southeast Sulawesi Province, namely Asbuton. This asbuton can be used as a composite material that can unite artificial asphalt and natural asphalt so that it becomes Polymer Asphalt which increases the ability of asphalt mixture so as to reduce asphalt imports. This study aims to determine how much value Marshall characteristics have in mixing natural and artificial asphalt with a comparison of the use of granular buton asphalt with fly ash and portland cement. This study used an experimental method with experiments to obtain results, the use of BGA as a mixture with granular content variations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total mixture The results showed that the use of granular with portland cement had the best results compared to fly ash mixture. The more granular is used, causing the stability value to increase. At 10% BGA content, the stability value obtained is 1593.63 Kg, when the granular buton content of asphalt is added to 50% level, the stability value increases to 2614.59 Kg. The stability value increases as BGA levels increase. With an average increase of 2047.83 kg. The meltdown of the mixture flow increases as the granular buton content of asphalt increases. When the mixture uses a variation of BGA of 10%, it has a flow value of 3.17 mm after being varied with granular buton content of asphalt up to 50%, the flow value increases to 3.60 mm with an average increase of 3.36 mm.

130 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 094-082 Applied Statistics Does Personal Loan Applications and Approvals Affected by Pandemic Covid-19 N A B Kamisan, J Y Lee , Z M Khalid and H A Rahman Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In order to model the relationship between personal loan applications and approvals and variables like bank interest, the consumer price index (CPI), employment, and unemployment status before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aims to investigate the formation of multiple linear regression (MLR). For this investigation, data from January 1, 2018, to June 30, 2022, were used. The output of the regression model was examined and evaluated. Before and during the COVID-19 epidemic, the graphs of each independent and dependent variable were compared. Based on the time frame and festival celebrations, the BNM personal loan application status was examined to identify the pattern. The relationship between each dependent variable and BNM personal loan applications and approvals was evaluated and examined. Regardless of COVID-19 status, it has been found that bank interest and employment status significantly influence BNM personal loan applications. Additionally, in regions impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, bank interest, unemployment, and CPI have been found to have a substantial influence on BNM personal loan approvals.

131 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 094-083 Applied Statistics Analysis of the Factors and Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) Among Mathematics Students in UTM N A B Kamisan1 , E C Y Wen1 , A N Kamarudin1 and N M Ismail1 1Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The usage of electronic gadgets is expanding, which is contributing to the rapid rise in Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Dry eyes, eye strain, headaches, double vision, blurred vision, back discomfort, and shoulder pain are all signs of CVS. Thus, the goal of this research is to examine the connection between the use of electronic devices and the frequency of CVS among undergraduate students in the Mathematics Department of the Faculty of Science at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). A questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional investigation. Multiple linear regression is used to evaluate the link between CVS and device usage. Based on their self-reported symptoms, 98% of the 85 respondents in the research had CVS. According to the survey, neck pain is the most prevalent and severe symptom, followed by shoulder pain. Double vision is the least common symptom. The responders have the highest probability of experiencing shoulder discomfort (1.000), while the target students have the lowest probability—only 0.0684—of experiencing headaches. Among the respondents, CVS is extremely common. Therefore, in order to prevent CVS, ergonomic procedures, the "20-20-20" rule, and increased knowledge of CVS are necessary

132 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 057-085 Materials and Energy Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Enhancement of Water Quality in Constructed Wetlands: A Case Study in Cold Temperate Regions of China Jiang Baiyang1,2 , Xue Zhongcai2 , Shu Ing Doh1 , Suryati Binti Sulaiman1and Abdul Syukor Bin Abdul Razak1* 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-sultan Abdullah, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, 067000 Chengde, Hebei, China. ABSTRACT Abstract. Constructed wetlands have emerged as a green solution for wastewater treatment in many regions. However, their efficacy is subject to temperature variations, and their potential greenhouse gas emissions may offset environmental and ecological benefits. This study focuses on the treatment of effluents from sewage treatment plants in the cold temperate region of northern China. There common wetland plant species were utilized for phytoremediation, aiming to explore the supplemental treatment of conventional sewage treatment plant effluents using constructed wetlands. The study investigates the removal efficiency of typical pollutants (organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrients) and simulates greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the study explores the simultaneous purification of water quality and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by incorporating biochar into constructed wetlands. The findings offer insights into the potential of constructed wetlands as an adjunct to conventional sewage treatment, particularly in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and improving water quality in cold temperate regions. This research contributes to the understanding of sustainable wastewater management practices in environmentally sensitive areas.

133 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 067-086 Devices and Materials for Biology and Medicine Mechanical Characterization of Dental Implant Due to Biomechanical Overload N F A Ibrahim, I Ibrahim , N S Kamarrudin, and Kang Z Y Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 026000 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The tooth loss is inevitable, and it affects a person’s functional of speech and his self-esteem. With the presence of dental implant, it changes the force transferred to the surrounding bone and the oral mechanical environment. The high stiffness of the implant decreased the physiologic loading of the surrounding bone. This situation is described as stress shielding. Stress shielding is the common cause of failure in the fixture of dental implant. Hence, in this project research, the abutment material is to be studied to find out which type of materials is suitable for the abutment and thus maintaining the stability of the implant under primary stability. 100N load and variable of moment (20Nm, 25Nm, 30Nm, 35Nm and 40 Nm) are applied to the surface of the abutment to examine the stress distribution of the abutment to the cortical bone by the bone-implant model. In terms of direction of load, vertical load and oblique load (30˚) are used to compare the results. Solution of equivalent Von Mises stress is generated from the ANSYS workbench.

134 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 099-087 Materials and Energy Enhancing Energy Efficiency: Exploring Natural Zeolite Zddtion to Pure Asbuton B 50/30 Mixture- Insights from Sem-Edx and FTIR Chemical Characterization A.D.A. Rasyid1 , E Ahyudanari1 , C.A. Prastyanto1 , and V. Baroroh2 1Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia. 2Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The full potential of asbuton remains largely untapped due to its high mixing temperature requirements. This study introduces a novel approach to leverage asbuton's analytical properties by exploring its compatibility with a warm mixture of LTBA (Thin Layer Asphalt Concrete), supplemented with natural zeolite additives to lower the mixing temperature. The research focuses on assessing the characteristics of Pure Asbuton B 50/30 and Marshall features, ensuring compliance with specifications. Additionally, morphological characterization of Asbuton B 50/30 is conducted using SEM-EDX, while functional group analysis is carried out via FTIR to identify elemental composition, morphological properties, and bonds within Asbuton B 50/30. Various levels of natural zeolite additions to the warm mixture are tested at Optimum Asphalt Content (KAO) of 5.95%. Results indicate that incorporating 1.5% natural zeolite yields properties meeting specification requirements: stability value = 1179.564 kg; VIM = 4.252 %; VMA = 17.076 %; melting value = 2,870 mm; VFA value = 75.099%; and MQ value = 410.998 kg/mm. Moreover, the mixing and compaction temperature with natural zeolite addition aligns with specifications at 145 ℃. SEM-EDX analysis reveals carbon compounds (C) as the primary component of Asbuton B 50/30, constituting 43.44% of its composition, while its porous nature renders it with fragile morphological characteristics. The incorporation of natural zeolite effectively reduces the mixing temperature of the asbuton mixture, showcasing promising avenues for enhanced efficiency.

135 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 100-088 Materials and Energy The Use Of Chitosan As Coagulant In The Treatment Of Turbid Sea Water Wan Nur Syazwani Wan Azhal and Siti Amira Othman Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600, Pagoh, Johor ABSTRACT Abstract. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that can be derived from deacetylation of chitin which is a natural component obtained from the shell of crustaceans. Chitosan was claimed to have the ability to act as a coagulant to remove water turbidity. Turbid sea water indicate the presence of other element or compound in the sea water. Turbidity can occur due to the presence of foreign particle in the body of the water which could be both organic or inorganic particles. The turbidity not just can affect the quality of sea water but also can disrupt the living of aquatic system since more turbidity can disturb the light and oxygen absorption into the water. Thus the purpose of this research was to study which solvent could be the best solvent to diluted chitosan before used it as coagulant in order to optimize the function of chitosan. The study of relationship between chitosan and sea water of different pH was performed to observed the efficiency of turbidity removal and the role of chitosan as coagulant in the treatment of turbid sea water. The mass of chitosan before and after water treatment were measured and the changing of colour of sea water before and after treatment were observed. UV-Visible spectroscopy test were performed to analyse absorbance of the samples. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) are used to observe morphological of chitosan and coagulation samples. Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray are used to obtained morphological of the sample and to determine the element presence in the samples. At the end of the research the suitable solvent to diluting chitosan, the role of chitosan as a coagulant in the treatment of turbid sea water and the characteristics of chitosan are determined.

136 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 103-089 Others Airborne Microplastics in Indoor and Outdoor Environments at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus Nur Aqilah S1 , Hanna Karishma B1 , Norfatiha I1 , Nor Ruwaida J1 , Dewika M2 and Sara Y Y3 1Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, 54100 UTM Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Centre of American Education, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi, 02600, Jejawi Perlis, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Airborne microplastics (AMPs) have been reported globally in both indoor and outdoor settings, raising concerns about potential public health risks. However, the relationship between the occurrence of AMPs indoors and outdoors remains inadequately understood despite their simultaneous presence in both settings. Herein, the physical and chemical characteristics of AMPs were investigated from December 2022 to January 2023 in both indoor and outdoor environments at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sampling took place on weekdays and weekends over four weeks using active samplers, followed by analysis using μ-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed the presence of AMPs in both indoor and outdoor environments, with average concentrations of 7.36 MPs/m³ and 1.70 MPs/m³ during weekdays, and 5.53 MPs/m³ and 1.94 MPs/m³ during weekends, respectively. Most AMPs whether indoors or outdoors, typically exceeded 500µm in size, with those found indoors generally exhibiting larger dimensions compared to their outdoor counterparts. Notably, there were no significant differences in colour and shape between indoor and outdoor AMPs, with transparent-coloured fibres being the predominant feature in both environments. Furthermore, the most identified polymer types were acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide (PA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for adults indoors was 2.3 particles/kg.day, compared to 1.7 particles/kg.day outdoors, suggesting that adults may be more exposed to AMPs indoors than outdoors. Future research should explore correlations with environmental conditions and consider longer sampling periods to gain a deeper understanding of microplastic occurrences in the air.

137 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 101-090 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Study on the changes in optical properties of zinc sulfide through surface modification using three different types of surfactants with varying charges S A Shamsudin and K A Khairuzaman Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. In this study, we address the challenges associated with bulk zinc sulphide materials, which exhibit poor pair separation efficiency compared to zinc sulphide nanoparticles (NPs). To overcome this limitation, we focus on modifying zinc sulphide to the nanoscale, aiming to enhance its performance. Utilizing the hydrothermal method, zinc sulphide NPs are synthesized using zinc acetate hydrate and sodium sulphide hydrate as zinc and sulphur sources, respectively, with ethanol as the solvent. The resultant zinc sulphide NPs are characterized for their optical properties and band gap energies, revealing an average size of 8 nm and a band gap energy of 3.85 eV for pure zinc sulphide NPs. Furthermore, zinc sulphide NPs coated with surfactants, including CTAB, Brij10, and SDS, exhibit an increased band gap energy of 4.19 eV. Both pure and coated zinc sulphide NPs demonstrate blue emission properties under UV-Vis, confirming their nanoscale dimensions below 15 nm. Notably, zinc sulphide NPs coated with SDS exhibit superior stability, attributed to the repulsion between negatively charged molecules, forming a highly stable colloidal solution. Additionally, optimal ratios for zinc sulphide NPs to CTAB and Brij10 are determined to be 1:3 and 1:4, respectively, at wavelengths of 484.5 nm and 485.5 nm, showcasing the efficacy of surfactant coating in modulating the optical properties of zinc sulphide NPs.

138 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 105-091 Organics Materials and Applications Study of Comparison Between Batch-wise Solvent Extraction and Continuous Counter-current Extraction of Crude Palm Oil with Single Solvent Gading Bagus Mahardika1 , Alvin Maulana Asyam1 , Alfi Nur Iftitah1 , Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta1 and Fadlilatul Taufany1 , Setiyo Gunawan1,2* 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia. 2Halal Research Center, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia ABSTRACT Abstract. Palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the main commodities in Indonesia. Based on the national standard of Indonesia (SNI), the maximum %FFA is 0.3. The extraction methods (batch-wise solvent extraction and continuous counter-current extraction) were the innovative methods for the refinery of palm oil. Both of those methods were more eco-friendly and the economic value might be higher than the general method. The solvent of this method could be recovered and reused. In batch-wise solvent extraction, the raw material of crude palm oil and the ethanol as solvent were stirred in a mixing tank with several rpm and time. After the mixing process, the 2 layers were formed, and then it was separated. This process was applied in 8 stages. In continuous counter-current extraction, the raw material and the solvent were pumped into the extraction-packed column system. The product non-polar lipid fraction (NPLF) and polar lipid fraction (PLF) were collected into the tank. The gas chromatography analysis was applied to measure the purity of free fatty acids and triglycerides content of the products. The results, from the gas chromatography analysis, the sample that the %FFA content of raw materials was low, and the %FFA content of the products was less than the palm cooking oil from domestic suppliers. From the T-test analysis, the products of batch-wise solvent extraction and continuous counter-current extraction were not significantly different. The colorimetry analysis showed that the carotenoid content of the products was higher than the palm cooking oil from domestic suppliers.

139 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 106-093 Applied Mathematics Comparing Yamada-Ota and Xue Models in Mixed Convection of Ternary Nanofluids over an Elongated Sheet with Convective Heat Flux Naqiah Yunus, Nur Ilyana Kamis, Sharidan Shafie, Lim Yeou Jiann, Noraihan Afiqah Rawi Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract.Ternary nanofluids have garnered significant attention from thermal scientists and engineers due to their practical applications in automotive, renewable energies, refrigeration, and thermal storage. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the influence of convective heat flux on mixed convection flow of ternary nanofluid over an elongated sheet. Two different models of ternary nanofluid, namely the Yamada-Ota model and the Xue model, are compared and analysed Three kinds of nanoparticles, namely aluminium oxide Al2O3, copper oxide CuO and silica dioxide SiO2, with pure water as the base fluid, are considered. The governing partial differential equations are converted into nondimensional ordinary differential equations by applying suitable similarity variables. The Keller-box method is then used to compute the numerical solutions. A comparison with existing literature has been conducted, showing good agreement. The impacts of essential physical parameters, namely the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, mixed convective parameter and the Biot number, in two different models are highlighted through graphs. The influence on the skin friction and Nusselt numbers is depicted.

140 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 107-094 Applied Mathematics Mapping the Research Landscape of Ordinary Differential Equations through Bibliometric and Social Network Analysis Luqman Sapini, Amirul Syameer Abd Rahman and Harith Hazman Nor Hizam College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, Persiaran Seremban Tiga/1, Seremban 3, 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan ABSTRACT Abstract. Thisstudy provides a complete bibliometric analysis of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), which are fundamental mathematical models extensively used in various applications. Given the extensive research on ODEs, bibliometric analysis is essential for navigating the enormous literature. By analyzing publication trends, citation patterns, and researcher partnerships, bibliometric analysis helps to discover research trends, estimate study relevance, and choose credible sources. In addition, we integrate Social Network Analysis (SNA) to improve our study by visualizing and analyzing collaborative networks. Data for this study were gathered on October 20, 2023, from the Scopus database, concentrating on research articles with the author keyword "ordinary differential equation" from 2019 to 2024. A query string was used to filter articles that met these criteria, resulting in 1849 documents. Several bibliometric measurements, such as total publications, number of cited papers, total citations, citation per paper, citation per cited paper, h-index, and g-index, were computed using Publish or Perish (PoP) software. Network visualization for co-authorship analysis was conducted using VOSviewer, employing the Full Counting method for collaboration weight. Gephi was used to conduct social network analysis, estimating Degree Centrality (DC) and Betweenness Centrality (BC) to measure the organizational impact inside the network.

141 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 104-095 Applied Mathematics The Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics Squeeze Flow of Sodium Alginatebased Casson Ternary Nanofluid Between Two Parallel Plates N A A Jalil1 , S Shafie1 and N A M Noor2 1Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. 2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 85000 Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This research investigates the dynamic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow and radiative heat transfer of Casson Ternary Nanofluid (TN) passing through two parallel surfaces within a porous medium accompanied by chemical reactions. The TN comprises ternary nanoparticles of Graphene (Gr), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Silver (Ag) dispersed in Sodium Alginate (C6H9NaO7). The governing equations are transformed into dimensionless equations using similarity variables and solved by Keller-box method. Comparison of the obtained results with previously published data demonstrates satisfactory agreement, validating the method. The study discusses the effects of squeeze, magnetic fields, porous medium, chemical reactions, nanoparticles volume fraction, and thermal radiation on flow behaviour and physical quantities. Squeezing between the parallel surfaces enhances fluid velocity, with a slowdown observed in the center as parameters such as Ha. ϕ1, ϕ2 and ϕ3 increase. Convective heat transfer and temperature decrease with rising values of Rd, ϕ1, ϕ2 and ϕ3. Concentration increases and mass transfer rate decreases with constructive chemical reactions, while opposite trends are observed for destructive chemical reactions

142 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 093-096 Others Extraction of Terung Asam Sarawak (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) with different parameters using Ultrasonic-assisted technique A Saini1 , M A Awang1 and M N Mohd Rosdi1 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Terung Asam Sarawak, also known as Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal, is a fruit vegetable native to Sarawak, Borneo, that has been formally designated as a geographical indication plant in the area. Although underutilised, this fruit has substantial pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic qualities. The purpose of this study is to screen several parameters for extraction (such as solvent types, extraction time, amplitude, and solid-to-solvent ratio) utilising the one-factor-at-a-time technique and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Based on the result, natural deep eutectic solvents produced more crude extracts than other solvents, with a yield of 42.41% ± 0.45. The others optimal extraction parameters for increased crude yields were established to be a 10-minute extraction period (41.68% ± 0.00), a 60% amplitude (42.19% ± 0.00), and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 g/mL (41.46 % ± 0.00) with the significant p-value less than 0.05. This information is critical for the food industry to have a better understanding of the extraction of phytochemicals in Terung Asam, Sarawak, utilising ultrasonic aided extraction.

143 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 108-097 Others Effect of pre-treatment of Mangifera pajang KOSTERM. Fruits via Ultrasoundassisted Osmotic Dehydration M D E Mohd Rosdan1 , M A Awang1 , S F Mohd Amin1 , N Julmohammad1 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Mangifera pajang KOSTERM. or Bambangan fruits which are well known in Sabah, Malaysia for its wide range of phytochemicals including a powerful flavonoid such as mangiferin. The scientific literature reveals their immense potential for diverse biological activities including antioxidant and antibacterial activity, anticancer properties, and cytoprotective properties. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of Ultrasound-assisted Osmotic Dehydration (UAOD) treatment on bambangan fruits as compared with control untreated fruits. These treated and untreated samples were dried at various temperatures using a hot air oven ranging from 40°C to 80°C. The quality evaluations were carried out using crude yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, mangiferin quantity and DPPH inhibitory activity. The results indicate that treated fruit exhibited the highest extraction yield (64.13 ± 1.08 %), total phenolic content (TPC) (146.2081 ± 1.33 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (TFC) (2.4737 ± 0.06 RE/g), mangiferin content (0.5818 ± 0.01 mg/g), and DPPH inhibition activity (95.87 ± 0.16%) compared to untreated Bambangan fruit, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the critical role of temperature during drying processes and highlight the potential of oven-dried Mangifera pajang KOSTERM. in the food industry for preserving fruit quality.

144 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 079-098 Carbon and Related Materials Comparative Study of Carbon-Copper Composites Developed from Palm Kernel Shells and Graphite Against Commercial Pantograph Slides Materials: Mechanical and Electrical Properties Analysis M F Fazira1,2, M A Selamat1 , M H Koay,2 and M A Ismail 3 1Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMREC), SIRIM Berhad, Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim Hi-Tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia 2Mechanical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 14000 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 3Engineering Services and Development, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad, Corporate Headquarters, Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, 50621, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Pantograph slides play a critical role in ensuring efficient electrical contact between trains and overhead wires in railway systems. Carbon-copper composite has been widely used as the materials for the pantograph strip. However, the process of consolidating the materials involved high temperature processes. This study highlights the development of carbon-copper composites through warm compaction method at temperature of 200 ℃. In addition to this, a new material is introduced as an alternative carbon source since there are abundance of palm kernel shell (PKS) carbon-based waste from the agricultural industry in Malaysia. Another carbon source used as the material is graphite. The carbon materials were then added with copper to improve the electrical properties and resin as binder. Mechanical testing, including tensile strength and hardness, and electrical testing were conducted to evaluate the performance of the composites. This study presents a comparative analysis of mechanical and electrical properties between the carbon-copper composites developed from PKS and graphite, and commercial pantograph materials used by Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB), Malaysia. Results reveal that both PKS-based and graphite-based carbon-copper composites exhibit comparable mechanical and electrical properties to commercial pantograph materials. PKS-based composite demonstrates promising potential due to its sustainable sourcing and environmental benefits. This research featured agricultural waste-derived carbon materials to create affordable and eco-friendly pantograph alternatives. It increases the potentials of sustainable railway infrastructure to be developed locally.

145 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 112-099 Materials and Energy Improvement of concrete bricks made of crumb rubber tires and metakaolin Mohamed Abou Sif 1,2, Mariyana Aida Ab kadir1,3, Musa Mohammed1 , Thulfiqar Salim1 , Nurul Hafizah Ismail1 , M. Z. Ramli1,3, M.N. Irfan1 1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 2 College of Civil Aviation Technology and Meteorology, Espiaa, Libya 3 Institute of Noise and Vibration Universiti Teknologi Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. The purpose of this study was to optimize the concrete brick made with crumb rubber (CR) as waste materialin conjunction with metakaolin (MK). Bricks were made using various crumb rubber proportions, CR5%, CR10%, CR15%, and CR20%, formed using a 215×103×65mm mould, and a consistent water-to-cement ratio of 0.6 for all mixes. Testing of rubberized concrete bricks was performed at the age of 28 days for efflorescence test, water absorption and initial rate of water absorption, density, physical observation, and compressive strength compared with properties of control specimens. The findings indicated no efflorescence was discovered in bricks. Adding 20% crumb rubber reduced density by 38% compared to the control mix. the water absorption increased linearly with the percentage of crumb rubber. The initial rate of water absorption increased up to 15% of crumb rubber, after which it decreased with further increases in crumb rubber content. Based on the minimum strength needed for conventional bricks, the results showed better performance, the strength of the bricks went from 12 to 22 MPa, which is 17% higher than the minimum strength needed for conventional bricks. The 4.3 MPa result for the CR20% mix was 60% lower than the control mix (CM), and this result can't be used for non-loadbearing element structure, as required by the standards. The best combination can be attained by replacing up to 15% of sand with CR and adding 10% MK to produce structurally solid concrete bricks.

146 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 111-100 Metals and Alloys Evaluation of Nanoindentation Load-depth of Ultrasonic Aluminium Bond on Molybdenum Back Contact Layer of CIGS Thin Film Photovoltaic S A Hamid1 , M N Zulkifli1 , A Jalar2 , W N Wan Jusoh3 , M A Bakar2 , H Basher4 , and M Daenen5 1Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (RENERAL), Electrical Engineering Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, British Malaysian Institute, Jalan Sungai Pusu, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3Aerospace Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia 4Hassan Basher is with the Solar Technics, Energy Trans & Transversal Integrated Solutions, Equans Belux, Industrieweg 70, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium 5Michael Daenen is with the Faculty of Engineering Technology, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Gebouw H, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium ABSTRACT Abstract. The study investigates the load-depth evaluation of ultrasonic aluminium bonds on molybdenum back contact layers of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells through nanoindentation testing. It explores the micromechanical properties of these bonds, focusing on the occurrence of pop-in events, indicative of sudden material displacement under load. Additionally, the study conducts a detailed examination at low load scales to understand the initial stages of deformation and bonding mechanism. Furthermore, this study assesses the high-temperature storage (HTS) reliability of the bonds at 0 hour, 400 hours, and 800 hours, providing insights into their long-term stability under environmental stress. By employing nanoindentation testing and HTS reliability analysis, the study aims to enhance the understanding of bond performance and reliability in CIGS thinfilm solar cells. The findings give valuable information for improving the manufacturability, bondability, and performance of CIGS TFPV solar panels.

147 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 098-101 Polymers and Composites Time-dependent alterations in oxirane ring reactivity of ENR-25 and ENR-50 during reflux treatment Raudhahtul Syifaa Ali1 , Hussein Hanibah2 , Nor Zakiah Nor Hashim2 1School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Dengkil Campus, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Abstract. The paper discusses the time-dependent alterations in oxirane ring reactivity of ENR-25 and ENR50 during reflux treatment. This study is conducted to determine the optimal condition of the ENR-25 and ENR-50 during reflux treatment and to identify the rate at which the oxirane ring of ENR-25 and ENR-50 undergoes transformations during the reflux treatment.The research began with obtaining the ENR-25 and ENR50 samples. Next, both of the samples undergo purification and ring–opening polymerization (reflux treatment). Then, each collected sample was run under FTIR and TGA for further analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy was performed to confirm the presence of epoxy groups and analyse other relevant functional groups on the prepared ENR-25 and ENR-50 samples. Meanwhile, the TGA analysis was conducted to characterise thermal stability. The thermal stability for purified ENR-25 is 328oC, purified ENR-50 is 335 oC, ring-opened ENR-25 is 340 oC and ring-opened ENR-50 is 339 oC. By understanding how the oxirane ring reactivity evolves during reflux treatment, the reaction conditions are optimized so less waste and energy are used in the processes.

148 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 114-102 Applied Mathematics Effects of Newtonian heating on MHD Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid flow via porous medium Wan Nura’in Nabilah Noranuar1 , Nor Athirah Mohd Zin2,* , Ahmad Qushairi Mohamad1 , Mohd Rijal Ilias3 and Lim Yeou Jiann1 1Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. 2Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kedah Branch, Sungai Petani Campus, 08400, Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia. 3School of Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing, Informatics and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The investigated scenario revolves around the flow of Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid in a porous medium induced by free convection phenomenon under the influences of a magnetic field and heat absorption, which is subjected to a Newtonian heating, aiming to optimize thermal efficiency. The study aims to shed light on the effect of hybrid nanoparticles (alumina and copper) incorporating with Jeffrey fluid model (water) on the flow, considering as heat transport catalyst. The examined fluid exhibits an unsteady one-dimensional flow, formulated by deriving partial differential equations, subsequently transformed into ordinary differential equations using suitable non-dimensional variables and with the help of Laplace transformation. This research distinguishes itself by presenting a novel mathematical model for MHD Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid, accounting for porosity and Newtonian heating effects, and the inverse of Laplace is used to generate the exact solutions for velocity and temperature profiles, which is not explored in existing literature. Graphical representations depict the velocity and temperature distributions. A comparison with prior study from the literature demonstrates strong agreement between our findings and theirs. The findings reveal that an increase in the heat absorption parameter and Prandtl number leads to a reduction in velocity and temperature profiles, while elevating the radiation parameter, Grashof number and porosity parameter enhances the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid.

149 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 115-103 Applied Mathematics Analyzing Bioconvection in Brinkman Type Carbon Nanofluid with Heat Absorption and Radiation: Analytical Solutions Ahmad Qushairi Mohamad,*, Wan Nura’in Nabilah Noranuar, Lim Yeou Jiann, Sharidan Shafie and Noraihan Afiqah Rawi Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This paper investigates the presence of bioconvection in Brinkman Type Nanofluid, considering the effects of heat absorption and radiation. The fluid is assumed to flow in a cross-sectional vertical channel, with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) immersed within the fluid flow as catalysts to enhance convective heat transfer. Analytical solutions to the proposed problem have been obtained using the Laplace transform method. The behavior of physical parameters is then plotted to discuss in detail. It is observed that both types of CNTs exhibit an increasing trend in velocity but decrease with higher values of the bioconvection parameter due to high concentrations of gyrotactic microorganisms. The present results have been compared with previous outcomes for validation purposes, showing positive feedback.

150 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 116-105 Materials and Energy Wind Turbine Foundation Modelling: Comparative Study Between Monopile and Group Pile in Java Onshore Condition C I Alhakim and W A Prakoso Department of Civil Engineering, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, 16424, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The Indonesian government has been targeting the replacement of 23% of its energy need with renewable sources by 2023, there has been some effort by building a wind farm in sidrap and some localized wind turbines in many areas in Indonesia but the number one pollution-producing areas is still in java island because of its population density and its industrial, economic, and government centre. Java island itself has a big potential for wind farm applications because of its high wind speed above 50 m. That’s why this paper aims to explore one of the components of wind turbine, two of its foundation type applicability in java’s soil condition that is monopile and group pile to see the advantage and disadvantages between the two for java’s onshore soil condition.

151 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 037-107 Thin Films and Nanostructures Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Biopolymer Electrolytes Comprising Agarose-Sodium Nitrate and Agarose-Sodium Hexafluorophosphate Complexes for Application in Sodium-Ion Batteries S. H. N. Farisha1 , S. Z. Z. Abidin1,2* and S. Rudhziah3 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Ionic Materials and Devices (iMADE) Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The primary goal of this paper is to determine the most effective combination of biopolymer electrolyte films, consisting of agarose-sodium nitrate and agarose-sodium hexafluorophosphate, which exhibit superior electrical and mechanical properties, thereby making them suitable for potential application as electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries. The agarose-based biopolymer electrolytes were effectively produced using the solution casting technique in this study. The implications of incorporating different weight percentages (0 – 40 wt.%) of sodium nitrate and sodium hexafluorophosphate into the biopolymer electrolytes with a base of agarose were then methodically characterized. Transference number analysis was employed to measure the transference number and assess the ionic conductivity performance of the biopolymer electrolyte films. Tensile analysis was conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the biopolymer electrolyte films, including the percentage of elongation and tensile strength. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was utilized to ascertain the chemical characterization and elemental composition of the biopolymer electrolyte films.

152 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 121-110 Applied Mathematics Path navigation in designated environment using Modified TOR A A Dahalan1 , A Saudi2 and J Sulaiman3 1Department of Mathematics, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Research in the field of path navigation efficiency has continuously progressed, particularly focusing on generating collision-free paths for agents moving within specific environments. Therefore, this study aims to address the path navigation problem iteratively using a numerical approach. A new improvised method called Modified Two-Parameter Over-Relaxation (MTOR) is employed to resolve navigation challenges. In numerical simulations, MTOR is utilized to derive solutions to Laplace's equation, known as harmonic functions. Subsequently, a gradient descent search algorithm is applied to these harmonic functions to create smooth and collision-free paths for agents navigating the designated environment. Additionally, the formulation of the MTOR iterative method is elaborated upon. Several numerical experiments and simulations are conducted to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. The findings indicate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods such as Modified Successive Over-Relaxation and Modified Accelerated Over-Relaxation.

153 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 096-111 Metals and Alloys Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Full-Scale High Security Fence Structure A A Wulandari and H Purnomo Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The focus of this research is on investigating the mechanical behavior of full-scale high-security fence structures through an experimental evaluation under static loading conditions. A full-scale experiment using a 12- meter-lengths High Security Fence was conducted to explore key mechanical performance aspects aimed at enhancing the security and reliability of high-security fence structure. This experimental evaluation assesses the structural performance of the High Security Fence under static loading conditions, considering the characteristics of material properties and applying loads according to specific loading configurations until the fence structure experiences grand displacements, providing insights into stress distribution, deformation patterns, and identifying potential structural vulnerabilities. Key findings from this research include providing a comprehensive understanding of the structural response of high-security fence structures under static loading conditions, highlighting critical factors influencing their mechanical behavior and performance. The integration of experimental data and property material test results bridges the gap between theoretical analysis and practical applications, enabling informed decision-making regarding material selection.

154 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 122-113 Polymers and Composites Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Properties of Activated Carbon Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch for Edible Electronic Substrate N.A. Azzra, H. Fadhlina, M.A.H.M. Ropi, A.Atiqah Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor 43600 Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study investigates the effect of temperature on the tensile properties of biocomposites comprised of activated carbon reinforcement with thermoplastic starch matrix. This research highlighting temperature as the key factor being manipulated (independent variable) and its impact on the material's ability to withstand pulling forces (tensile strength) and stretching before breaking (elongation at break) these being the dependent variables. Furthermore, it clearly specifies the materials involved: activated carbon, a highly porous material known for its adsorptive properties, and starch, a natural biopolymer commonly used in bioplastics. By combining these materials, the resulting structure is a biocomposite, a class of materials gaining significant interest due to their potential for sustainability and unique properties.

155 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 123-114 Others An investigation on strength and density of mortar with rubber powder and clam shell powder Nur Iffa Izzati Shahidan1 , Yee Hooi Min1*, Nazirah Mohd Apandi2 , Syahrul Fithry Senin1 , Chien Hwa Chong3* 1Civil Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, 40450 UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Modern civilisation is increasingly prioritising sustainability to address environmental challenges like resource depletion and waste accumulation. Repurposing discarded materials such as vehicle tires and seashells into sustainable concrete aggregates is vital for mitigating these issues. However, the mechanical properties of concrete may be weakened by including scraps rubber. Similar problems related to the disposal of seashell waste include soil solidification and illegal dumping. This study looks at the possibility of using rubber powder (1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) and clamshell powder (5%), respectively, as partial substitutes for sand and cement. Objectives include evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of mortar and determining the optimal percentage of rubber powder when combined with clamshell powder. After creating the mortar mixes, tests were conducted to determine flexural strength, density, and compression after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. According to the results, compression strength decreases with increasing rubber powder percentages. 15% showed the lowest compression strength (20.163 MPa) and 1% the greatest (28.197 MPa). Furthermore, flexural testing showed that a 1% rubber powder combined with clamshell powder was best. It can be concluded that the optimum percentage of rubber that can be used with 5% clam shell powder is 1%.

156 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 124-115 Others Mechanical Properties of Mortar with Low-Density Polyethylene as Sand Replacement and Steel fibre Additive Tuan Nurul Laiyyinah Tuan Lokman1 , Yee Hooi Min1 , Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani2 , Syahrul Fithry Senin1 and Chien Hwa Chong3 1Civil Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulang Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, 40450 UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Malaysia's industrial sector generates a lot of non-biodegradable solid waste. By products of industrialisation including plastic bags, PET bottles, and pulverised waste LDPE, coir must be disposed of. Reusing waste helps reduce pollution, and conserve non-renewable resources. However, the use of LDPE in mortar mixes as a partial replacement for sand adversely affects the compressive strength. In order to mitigate this issue, steel fibre was included as an addition. This study examined the use of LDPE recyclable plastic bags in cement mortar to determine the best proportion of LDPE to steel fibre. The study replaced 0% to 15% of fine aggregates in mortar mixes with LDPE, increasing by 5%. The mortar's density, compressive, and flexural strengths were measured at 7, 14, and 28 days. The experiment indicated that adding 15% of LDPE to cement mortar decreased density (1736 kg/m3 ), compressive strength (21.61 MPa), and flexural strength (3.562 MPa). From this, it can be concluding that 5% LDPE and 2% steel fiber are the optimum percentage that can be use in the future study.

157 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 125-116 Biomaterial Effect of Choline Chloride/Citric Acid Ratios on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Citrus Maxima Rind Pectin-Based Bioplastic Mohammad Amin Wan Chik1 , Rizana Yusof1,*, Nor Athirah Noor Hadi1 , Muhammad Hakimin Shafie2 , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny3 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. 2Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), University Innovation Incubator (I2U), sains@usm Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Biodegradable polymers have been developed to reduce the widespread use of synthetic plastics worldwide. In this study, bioplastics were synthesised using pectin derived from Citrus maxima rind and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a sustainable plasticiser. Four types of bioplastics consisting of 5% citrus maxima pectin and 1% DES with different ratios of choline chloride (ChCl) and citric acid (CA) (0:1, 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 3:1) were formulated and prepared using the casting method. Pectin-derived bioplastics with and without CA were used as controls. The physical properties of bioplastics were characterised by FTIR-ATR and mechanical properties of the bioplastics, including thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus, were investigated to observe the effect of adding different ratios of ChCl and CA as plasticisers. The study found that bioplastics with ChCl:CA worked better than those with only CA. A higher proportion of CA in DES promotes better extensibility at the expense of a lower tensile strength and Young’s Modulus. Meanwhile, a higher ChCl content resulted in a higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus with poorer extensibility. In addition, DES increased the moisture absorption and biodegradability of bioplastics by up to 13.23% and 50.49%, respectively, compared to those without DES. In conclusion, DES significantly improved the physical properties and biodegradability of bioplastics.

158 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 126-117 Materials and Energy Effect of Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) Value on Hot Asphalt Mixes for Heavy Traffic Sutoyo1 , C.A. Prastyanto1 , A.D.A. Rasyid1 , and V. Baroroh2 1Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia. 2Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Abstract. VMA is an indicator of mix performance, specifically mix flexibility and density. The VMA value consists of the effective asphalt content and the volume of voids in the mixture (VIM), so that the size of the required VMA value is not necessarily good for the properties of the mixture, a VIM value is needed to justify. The correct VMA value will describe the mixture as being within the limits of adequate flexibility and strength, thereby ensuring the durability of the mixture. Especially for heavy traffic, the VMA value has a big influence on service life, the VMA value must be as small as possible but still above the regulatory limit. To get a small VMA value, a small effective asphalt content is required, so the right mixture for heavy traffic is one that uses a maximum coarse aggregate grain size of 1.5 inches. The results of research and evaluation of trials in the laboratory with variations in the thickness of the asphalt blanket on the aggregate for a maximum grain size of 1.5 inches produced quite significantly different properties, especially the marshal stability value which was considered capable of supporting. heavy traffic for similar air cavity volume (VIM). The results of the evaluation of the overall properties of hot asphalt mixtures for heavy traffic obtained marshal stability values = 3712 kg, VMA = 14.24%, VIM = 5.0% and VFA = 65.96% with an asphalt content of 5.2%.

159 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 128-118 Biomaterial Enhanced Biodegradability of Pectin-Chitosan Eutectogels Synthesized with Deep Eutectic Solvents Siti Noor Atiyah Md Raffe, Rizana Yusof and Roziana Mohamed Hanaphi Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. The manuscript discusses the biodegradability of novel pectin-chitosan eutectogels modified with deep eutectic solvents (DES). Natural-based hydrogels are popular due to their fast biodegradation compared to synthetic-based hydrogels which are more environmentally sustainable. In this study, the DES has been added to increase the hydrophilicity of pectin and chitosan hydrogels. The study has investigated the biodegradability of new hydrogel after being modified with DESs with different HBD by measuring weight loss through the soil burial method. The results show the pectin and chitosan hydrogel with the addition of DESs known as eutectogels have a higher percentage of weight loss compared to their control (without DES). Eutectogels with different HBDs which are ethylene glycol, glycerol and acetic acid recorded 76%, 72% and 86% weight loss respectively in soil burial testing while their control recorded 65% of weight loss. The addition of DES in pectin-chitosan-based hydrogel accelerates the degradation and improves the biodegradability of the eutectogel in soil. This demonstrates the potential of these eutectogels as biodegradable materials, offering promising applications in environmentally sensitive fields.

160 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 129-119 Electrochemical and Solid State Effect of NaClO4 Dopant on Chemical Bond and Electrochemical Characteristic of Benzoyl Kappa-carrageenan Gel Biopolymer Electrolyte Intan Juliana Shamsudin1 , Norsyabila Shrgawi2 , Hussein Hanibah3 , Norherdawati Kasim1 , Siti Aminah Mohd Noor1 , Priyatharshiny Pongali2 , and Nurul Hazwani Aminuddin Rosli1 1Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur. 3Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Dengkil Campus, 43800 Dengkil Selangor. ABSTRACT Abstract. Gel biopolymer electrolytes based on benzoyl kappa-carrageenan (Bz-κcar) as polymer host and sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) as dopant was successfully produced. The concentration of NaClO4 was varied from 0.5% to 3.0 wt.% to investigate its effects on the chemical bonds and electrochemical characteristic of electrolytes. Characterisations were performed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS) and transference number measurement. Significant changes in the FTIR spectra were detected, which indicated chemical interactions between Bz-ƙcar and NaClO4. The ionic conductivity of the gel electrolytes increased with higher concentrations of NaClO4, suggesting that NaClO4 was an effective charge carrier in the system. The highest σ of the gel electrolyte attained at ambient temperature (298 K) was 1.29 x 10-3 S cm-1 . The temperature dependence of conductivity was Arrhenian in the studied temperature range and achieved elevated σ of 7.90 x 10−3 S cm−1 at 100 °C with small values in the activation energy (Ea) observed in all the prepared electrolytes. Electrochemical stability of 1.50 V achieved the highest conducting electrolyte by means of linear sweep voltammetry. Transference number measurement confirmed that ions predominate the conduction of electrolyte with 0.85 ion transference number.

161 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 130-120 Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics Enhanced Formaldehyde Detection with WS₂-Coated Tapered Optical Microfibers Norazida Ali1,2, Norhafizah Burham3 , Mahmoud Muhanad Fadhel2 , Siti Halma Johari4 , Norhana Arsad2 and Saaidal Razalli Azzuhri5 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Mersing, 86800 Mersing, Johor, Malaysia. 2Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 Integrated Microelectronics System and Applications (IMSaA), School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia. 5Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and IT, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Formaldehyde detection is vital for ensuring indoor air quality and occupational safety. This study introduces a novel method employing Tungsten Disulfide (WS2)-coated tapered optical microfibers (TMF) for enhanced formaldehyde detection sensitivity. By modifying standard single-mode fiber to a 2-micrometer waist diameter using the flame-brushing technique, the TMF serves as a highly sensitive platform for optical sensing. The WS2 coating, derived from tungsten disulfide (TMD) flakes, enhances the sensor's sensitivity to formaldehyde vapors. Experimental investigations involve exposing the WS2-coated TMF to formaldehyde concentrations ranging from 1% to 5%, with comparisons made against a reference medium of deionized water (0% formaldehyde). Sensing performance is evaluated within a humidity range of 30% to 90% relative humidity (%RH) to mimic real-world conditions. The experimental setup integrates a Tunable Laser Source (TLS) for light excitation and an optical power meter (OPM) to quantify the transmitted optical power through the TMF. Characterization of the WS2-coated TMF includes morphological analysis via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and elemental compositional analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results demonstrate a high linearity of 97.1% in sensor response across all formaldehyde vapor concentrations, with a sensitivity of 0.443 dB/%RH. The linear detection range spans from 30% to 90%RH, indicating the sensor's robust performance under varying humidity conditions. Furthermore, continuous testing over 900 seconds reveals exceptional stability, affirming the reliability of the WS2-coated TMF for long-term monitoring applications. This research contributes to advancing optical sensing technologies for formaldehyde detection, offering a promising solution for real-time environmental monitoring and occupational health management.

162 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 131-121 Materials and Energy Synthesis and Characterization of Glycolic Anhydride Kappa-Carrageenan as A Highly Conductive Gel Polymer Electrolyte Priyatharshiny Pongali1 , Dr.Intan Juliana Binti Shamsudin1 , Dr.Herdawati Binti Kasim1 , Dr.Nurul Hazwani Binti Aminuddin Rosli1 , Dr.Mohd Saiful Asmal Bin Abdul Rani2 , Dr.Hussein Hanibah3 1Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur. 2Universiti Putra Malaysia, Jalan Universiti 1, 43400 Serdang, Selangor. 3Universiti Teknologi Mara Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor. ABSTRACT Abstract. Kappa-carrageenan (κCar) is a great candidate as polymer host in an electrolyte system. Other than its biodegradability, non-toxicity, renewability, low production cost and the growing concern on the environment, κCar is a great candidate as a polymer host in an electrolyte system due to its low crystallinity, outstanding water retention, high gel strength and most essentially the presence of electron-donating groups that enabled dative interactions with cations/analyte assimilated in the electrolyte system. However, the ionic conductivity of κCar is low. Improvement in the ionic conductivity is crucial in order to be applied as electrolyte in electrochemical devices. Thus, synthesis of glycolic anhydride-kappa-carrageenan (GA-κCar) is proposed. GA-κCar is synthesized following previously developed acid anhydride-κCar synthesis method. Formation of new chemical bonds showed in the FTIR spectra and increase number of degree of substitution suggests that the GA-κCar is successfully synthesized. The chemical mechanism of the synthesis is proposed. The originality of this study is on the novel theories on the synthesis of GA-κCar. The GA-κCar produced has potential to be applied in electrochemical devices.

163 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 133-122 Applied Mathematics Registration of Ankle Angle Kinematics Data Using Functional Data Analysis for Parachute Landing Fall Activity Syazwana Aziz1 , Muhammad Shahimi Ariffin2 , Gan Kok Beng3 and Normurniyati Abd Shattar1,3 1Department of Mathematics, Centre for Foundation Defence Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sarawak Kampus Mukah, 96400 Mukah, Sarawak, Malaysia. 3Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. One of the fundamental steps in Functional Data Analysis (FDA) is registration. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of applying landmark and continuous registration on ankle angle data during the parachute landing fall activity. The experiments were carried out on 18 healthy army volunteers. There are two separate approaches to registration, which are landmark registration and continuous registration. Continuous registration has been employed as an extra technique for landmark registration. According to the results, the ankle angle curve was aligned very effectively by applying the landmark registration with additional continuous registration.

164 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 132-123 Thin Films and Nanostructures Incorporation of Kappa-Carrageenan as Additive for morphological and performance enhancement of Nanohybrid Polysulfone / Silver-Graphene Oxide Membranes N Kasim1, 2 *, S H A Jabbar3 , I J Shamsudin1 , N A M Kasim1, 2, Athirah Fatanah Baharudin3 1Department of Chemistry & Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Research Centre for Chemical Defence (CHEMDEF), National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Mechanical strength and adaptability are both hallmarks of polymeric polysulfone (PSf) membranes. However, the hydrophobic nature of PSf is the main reason to enhance water permeability and removal capabilities of membranes. Therefore, the characteristics of PSf membranes can be improved by the addition of kappacarrageenan (ƙ-car), a highly hydrophilic biopolymer. In this study, the incorporation of ƙ-car, a biopolymer composed of anionic polysaccharides that were isolated from specific ocean red-algal species, was investigated. The quantities of ƙ-car ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% in a composite material including silver graphene oxide (AgGO) and PSf. A polymeric mixture consists of PSf/ ƙ-car /Ag-GO was prepared by dissolving with hydrocarbon solvent, N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The technique of phase inversion was employed in the membrane fabrication process. Membranes were investigated by evaluating their casting viscosity, contact angle, porosity, functional groups, and surface morphologies. The viscosity of the casting solution exhibits an upward trend as the concentration of ƙ-car increases. The observed contact angles for 0.25 wt.% ƙ-car supports the evidence related to the hydrophilic surface characteristic. Results showed that the highest porosity at 78.15% was achieved by the membrane fabricated with the addition of 0.25 wt.% ƙ-car. The incorporation of ƙ-car as a pore-forming agent in the PSf membrane has demonstrated a notable influence on both of its hydrophilicity and morphological properties.

165 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 136-124 Materials and Energy Comparative performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells composed of natural dyes from Clitoria ternatae and Quercus infectoria MS Suhaimi 1 , MMM Zafri1 , H Salleh2 , SM Ghazali1 , AM Sinin1 , DW Qi1 and NS Alias2 1STEM Foundation Centre, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) from natural plant-based dyes gained so much interest due to their low fabrication cost and environmentally friendliness. This study focuses on the fabrication of a thin film of bilayer titanium dioxide (TiO2), natural dyes and poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) from two different types of dyes of blue-pea flower (Clitoria Ternatae) and manjakani (Quercus infectoria). The absorption spectra and functional groups of natural dyes were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Meanwhile, the thin films' electrical conductivities were studied using four-point probes. Blue-pea flower extracted by ethanol exhibits an absorption spectrum from 500- 650 nm while manjakani’s absorption spectrum lies in the wavelength range of 300-380 nm which indicated the presence of anthocyanin and flavonoid in the respective dyes. The conductivity of the bilayer of hybrid thin films composed of ITO/TiO2/blue pea flower dyes/P3HT exhibited the highest conductivity as compared to hybrid thin films of natural dyes from manjakani and hybrid thin film of ITO/TiO2/P3HT with value of 2x10-2 Scm-1 . This is due to the absorption spectrum by anthocyanin pigment presence in the dyes which improves the absorption spectrum of TiO2 (200-380 nm) and P3HT (450-650 nm) thus increasing the conductivity of the thin film as the objective of solar cell development is to absorb as much as possible the solar spectrum. Hence, the types of natural dyes significantly affected the conductivity of the hybrid thin film.

166 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 134-125 Others Physical And Chemical Properties of Poly(Ethylene) Oxide Ternary Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Siti Nurul ‘Afini Mohd Johari1 , Siti Khatijah Deraman1 , & Hussein Hanibah2 , Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin11 1School of Chemistry and environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is synthesized by solution casting technique. The SPE uses poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as polymer host doped with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and Ni/Al layered double hydroxide (Ni/Al LDH) as filler. Subsequently, Ni/Al LDH were introduced into the polymer electrolyte and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to determine the composition of the additive which gives the highest conductivity for each system. At ambient temperature, the highest conductivity is obtained for the composition PEO – 5wt.% Ni/Al LDH – 8wt.% LiCF3SO3 with a value 8 x 10-6 S cm-1. X – ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the conductivity increase is due to an increase in amorphous content which enhances the segmental flexibility of polymeric chains and the disordered structure of the electrolyte. For the composites, characteristic peaks of Ni/Al LDH disappeared irrespective of filler content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show the occurrence of complexation and interaction among the components. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show the changes morphology of solid polymer electrolyte.

167 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 127-127 Materials and Energy Brightening the future: Harnessing nature’s colors for sustainable solar cells AM Sinin1 , MS Suhaimi1 , DW Qi1 , MMM Zafri1 , H Salleh2 , SM Ghazali1 and NS Alias2 1STEM Foundation Centre, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Abstract. This study focuses on the extraction of colour of natural dye from Pinang Raja fruit (Cyrtostachys renda) and fabrication of bilayer hybrid thin film composed of Titanum dioxde (TiO2), Dyes and Poly (3- hexylthiophene) (P3HT) by using electrochemical method and spin coating onto the Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass substrates. The UV-Visible absorption spectrum of natural dyes extracted from skin and seed of Pinang Raja fruit were examined. Then the electrical conductivities of hybrid thin film composed of bilayer ITO/TiO2/P3HT and ITO/TIO2/DYE/P3HT for different dyes were measured using four-point probes. The dyes from skin of Pinang Raja Fruits exhibits the absorption spectrum from 400 - 520 nm meanwhile dyes from seeds absorbed at wavelength of 350 - 480 nm. The hybrid thin film of ITO/ TiO2/ Skin Dyes/P3HT showed the highest conductivity with value of 0.025 Scm-1 . As conclusion, the dyes from Pinang Raja fruits has a significant potential as a photosensitizer for solar cell application. Using these dyes is good for the environment and cost effective. This research suggests a promising way to make eco-friendly solar cells using resources from Pinang Raja fruit.

168 PRESENTER IConMAS 2024: 137-129 Others Simulation of Triglycerides Purification from Crude Palm Oil by Single Solvent Continuous Counter Current Extraction Amani Salsabil Husodo1 , Setiyo Gunawan1,2, Cheng-Hsiu Yu2 , and Juwari1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 10607 Taipei City, Taiwan. ABSTRACT Abstract. As the world's largest crude palm oil producer, Indonesia has a focus on palm research. This is also in line with the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) point 2, zero hunger, and point 9, Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. One of the applications of crude palm oil is as cooking oil. However, the production process that is widely applied in industry still has several disadvantages, such as low energy efficiency and MCPD formation from the refining process which will be hydrolysed into 3-MCPD esters (a carcinogenic compound). Therefore, innovations were made about triglycerides purification from crude palm oil by the single solvent continuous counter current extraction method. This purified triglyceride will be the main component of cooking oil, with a minimum content of 96% by mass according to SNI 7709:2019 (Indonesian Standard for cooking oil components). This extraction process has the potential to be developed into a larger scale. However, before doing so, a valid simulation must be created from existed experiment. The extraction experiments that have been carried out will be simulated with the Aspen Plus V.11 simulator. This simulation will obtain thermodynamic properties that correspond to the experimental process of the extraction. Because this experiment is based on liquid-liquid extraction and in which liquid-liquid equilibrium applies, the selection of the appropriate method (property package) and binary interaction parameter (BIP) estimation method will be very influential. This simulation has the most valid results with NRTL method (property package) and binary interaction parameter estimation (BIP) method UNIFAC Lyngby.