सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा जनसंख्या शिक्षा

सामािजक अ यन तथा जनसं ा
िश ा

क ा७

 
 

 

नेपाल सरकार  

िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय

पा म िवकास के    

सानोिठिम, भ पुर     

;fdflhs cWoog /
hg;ª\Vof lzIff

sIff &

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

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;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

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lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

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© ;jfl{ wsf/ kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|

o; kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' df
lglxt /x]sf] 5 . kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLsl[ tlagf Jofkfl/s k|ofh] gsf
nflu o;sf] k/' } jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug,{ kl/jtg{ u/]/ k|sfzg ug,{ s'g}
ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo kl| jlwaf6 /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&@

kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^

db' 0| fM hgs lzIff ;fdu|L sG] b| ln=
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' .

dN" o ?=

kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;¬´fjx¿ ePdf kf7\oj|md ljsf;
sG] b|, ;dGjo tyf ks| fzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'x'g cg/' fw] 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;´¬ fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflbs{ :jfut ub{5 . tkfO“n] lsgs] f] kf7o\ k':tsdf s'g} q'l6
ePdf glhssf] ljt/saf6 pSt k:' ts ;f6g\ ;Sg'xg' ] 5 .

xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2Z] od"ns, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gbn| ] ljBfno txsf
kf7\oj|mdtyf kf7o\ k':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f
/fi6k« d|] , /fli6o« tf kl| tsf] ;dk0{ f / nfs] tflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ gl} tsjfg,\
cgz' fl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;hg{ zLn eO{ ;dfjz] L ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; xg'
cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL cfwf/et" 1fg tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] ljsf; xg' h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyL{x¿df snf tyf ;fG} bo{ k|ltsf] cg/' fu / dfgjLo dN" o dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6o\ x¿kl| tsf]
;r]ttf;lxt ltgsf] ;/+ If0f, ;+jw{g ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf d"ns ;dfhsf]
lgdf0{ fdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnª\u, efiff, wd,{ ;+:s[lt / If]qnufotsf
ljljwtfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt ;r]t eO{
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
cfwf/et" lzIff kf7o\ jm| d -sIff ^–*_, @)^( nfO{ d"n cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf
;e' mfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;u“ ;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt ufi] 7L /
cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of]
kf7\ok:' ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfod{ f kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] bs| f sfo{sf/L lgbz]{ s lbjfs/
9ª' u\ n] tyf 8f= /fhf/fd ;j' b] L, 8f= hLjgfy lwtfn, 8f= ljgo sl' ;ot, nIdL dfnL, sdfnlbg ldof,
bj] ]Gb| dxhg{ , lbgfgfy uft} d, lbgz] vgfn, l8saxfb'/ /fO{, x]d/fh vltj8f, sdnf e08f/L,

ldqk;| fb sfkm\ ns] f] ljzi] f ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ cWofjlws tyf kl/dfhg{ u/L ks| flzt

ug{] sfo{df o; sG] bs| f dxflgb]{zs 8f= n]vgfy kf}8]n, >L u0fz] k|;fb e66\ /fO{ / >L lrgfs'df/L

lg/fn} fsf] ljzi] f ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . o; k:' tssf] rf/ /ªdf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >L >Lxl/

>i] 7af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sfod{ f ;n+ Ug ;ak} l| t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

sG] b| wGojfb k|s6 ub5{ .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7\ok:' tssf] k|of]uaf6
kf7\ojm| dåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xof]u kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{
;s;] Dd ljm| ofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k':tsnfO{ cem} kl/ist[
kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
/xg] x“b' f ;Da4 ;as} f] /rgfTds ;e' mfjsf nflu kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s cg/' fw] ub5{ .

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
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kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;r" L

PsfO ljifoj:t' k[i7 ;ª\Vof

PsfO ! M xfdL / xfdf| ] ;dfh @
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kf7 @ ;dfhsf] ljsf; jm| d *
kf7 # ;fdflhsLs/0f !)
kf7 $ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod !@
kf7 % lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt !$
kf7 ^ lhNnfsf ljsf; sfo{x¿
k'g/jnfs] g cEof; !^
PsfO @ M xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !*
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kf7 ! xfdf| ] wflds{ ;:+ sf/ @@
kf7 @ xfdf| ] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ @$
kf7 # s]xL hfltut ;:+ sf/ @^
kf7 $ /fi6s« f] ;Ddfg / /fli6«otfsf] hug] f{ @*
kf7 % xfdf| ] /Lltl/jfhsf sx] L k|dv' kIf #)
kf7 ^ xfdf| ] nfs] ;+:s[lt #@
kf7 & g]kfnsf] ky| d j1} flgs ux] ]Gb;| d;]/
kf7 * sx] L P]ltxfl;s JolStTj
k'g/jnfs] g cEof;

PsfO # M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

kf7 ! ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t #$
#^
kf7 @ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f #*
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kf7 # dfgj ar] lavg
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kf7 $ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo $$
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kf7 % ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfno $(
/ /fli6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf %!

kf7 ^ åGå Joj:yfkg %$
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kf7 & ;~rf/ / To;sf] ke| fj %*
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kf7 * zflGt / o;sf] cfjZostf ^@
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k'g/jnfs] g cEof; ^&
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PsfO $ M gful/s r]tgf &!

kf7 ! /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒj M el" d / hg;ªV\ of

kf7 @ /fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒj M ;/sf/, ;fje{ f}d;Qf / ;l+ jwfg

kf7 # df}lns xs / st{Jo

kf7 $ afn clwsf/

kf7 % afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf k|of;

kf7 ^ /fli6o« ;"rgf cfofu]

kf7 & nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/

kf7 * ;dfg Jojxf/

kf7 ( ;fdflhs lgod

kf7 !) ;fdflhs lgod kfngfsf] k|efj &#
k'g/jnfs] g cEof; &%

PsfO % M xfd|f] k[YjL &&
&(
kf7 ! cIff+z / bz] fGt/sf] kl/ro *!
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kf7 @ w/ftnLo :j¿k *%
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kf7 # gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns cj:yf *(
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kf7 $ ljljwtfsf] ;ªu\ d gk] fn (#
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kf7 % gS;f sfo{ (&
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kf7 ^ o'/f]k dxfbz] sf] ef}lts, cflys{ / ;fdflhs hghLjg
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kf7 & c:6«l] nof dxfbz] sf] efl} ts, cflys{ / ;fdflhs hghLjg !)#
!)%
kf7 * hnjfo' kl/jtg{ !)&
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kf7 ( hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] k|efj !!!

kf7 !) ljkt\ Joj:yfkg

kf7 !! ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf k"j{ ;fjwfgLsf] dxŒj
kg' /jnfs] g cEof;

PsfO ^ M xfdf| ] ljut

kf7 ! dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] kl/ro
kf7 @ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf
kf7 # dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf
kf7 $ dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf
kf7 % dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;:+ s[lt
kf7 ^ x\jfªx\ f] pkTosfsf] ;Eotf

kf7 & d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotf !!#
kg' /jnfs] g cEof; !!%

PsfO & M xfdf| ] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk !!&
!!(
kf7 ! g]kfnsf kf| s[lts ;|ft] ;fwg / ltgsf] pkof]u !@!
!@#
kf7 @ kf| s[lts ;f| t] ;fwgsf ¿kdf jg / vlgh !@%
!@&
kf7 # cf}Bf]lus lj|mofsnfk
!@(
kf7 $ s[lif / pBfu] lar ;DaGw !#!
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kf7 % Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfk !#%
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kg' /jnfs] g cEof; !#*

PsfO * M xfdf| ] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u !$!
!$#
kf7 ! ;fs{ ultljlw !$%
!$&
kf7 @ ;fs{df gk] fnsf] e"ldsf

kf7 # e"kl/jl] i6t b]zsf] kl/ro

kf7 $ e"kl/jl] i6t b]zsf ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfo

kf7 % ljZjsf ;d;fdlos ultljlw

k'g/jnfs] g cEof;

PsfO ( M hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] kl/ro / hg;fªl\ Vos cj:yf

kf7 ! hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] kl/ro

kf7 @ hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] If]q

kf7 # hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf; jm| d

kf7 $ hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf ;f| t]

kf7 % hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf ;f| ]tsf ¿kdf k~hLs/0f !$(
kf7 ^ g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf] kj| l[ Q !%!
kf7 & gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6] -pd]/, lnª\u / wdc{ g;' f/_ !%#
kf7 * gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] -efiff / hfthflt cg;' f/_ !%%
kf7 ( ef}uflns Ifq] cg;' f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f !%&
k'g/jnfs] g cEof; !%(
PsfO !) M hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / Joj:yfkg
kf7 ! g]kfndf hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf] cj:yf !^!
kf7 @ tLj| hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f / c;/ !^#
kf7 # hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg !^%
kf7 $ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfo !^&
kf7 % u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfo !^(
kf7 ^ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff !&!
kf7 & hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfosf] el" dsf !&#
k'g/jnf]sg cEof; !&%

! PsfO xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh

l;sfO pknlAw

;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf; j|mdsf af/d] f kl/lrt x'g
;fdflhsLs/0f kl| j|mofdf ;n+ Ug xg'
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g kl| jm| of / sfox{ ¿ atfpg
lhNnfdf ePsf ljsf; sfox{ ¿sf] cj:yf kQf nufpg
ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/sf ¿kdf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] dxŒj / ljsf;sf] cj:yf atfpg  

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 1

kf7 M ! ;dfhsf] pTklQ / cfjZostf

cfbz{ ;fd'bflos ljBf dlGb/
l9s'/kf]v/L, sf:sL
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lk|o ;fyL cl:dtf, gd:sf/ ¤
ltdf| ] kq kfP/ Hofb} v';L nfUof ] . o; kqdf sIff ;ftsf] klxnf] 3G6Lsf] cge' j ltdL;“u
af8“ b\ } 5 ' . To; lbg ;dfhsf] pTklQ / cfjZostf eGg] kf7 k9fO ePsf] lyof ] . ;?' df lzIfsn]
sIff 5df kl9;ss] f] ;dfhsf] kl/ro / ;dfh pTklQsf] cfwf/ eGg] ljifodf 5f6] s/Ldf
atfOlbge' of] . To;kl5 lzIfsn] xfdLnfO{ ;d"xdf af“8g\ 'eof ] . ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ sx] L
klqsf / k:' ts klg lbOPsf] lyof ] . ;dx" df 5nkmn ug{ lgDg lnlvt kZ| gx¿ tfl] sPsf lyP M
;dfhsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] <
;dfh lsg cfjZos ePsf] xf]nf <
pSt kZ| gx¿sf af/d] f cfk"meGbf hfGg] JolStnfO{ klg ;fW] g eGge' Psf] lyof ] . xfdL
! ahs] f] 56' 6\ Ldf ljBfno glhss} f Ps hgf ;dfh;j] Lsxf“ uof“} . pxf;“ u“ 5nkmn klg u¥of“} .
lzIfsn] lbPsf k':ts klg k9o\ f“ } . To;kl5 ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu o:tf] l6kf6] u¥of“} M
;dfhsf] pTklQ
cflbd sfndf dflg; c¿ kf| 0fL;u“ hª\unL Ifq] df a:y] . hªu\ nL o'udf klg dflg;x¿
hª\undf g} PSnfPSn} a:y] . hª\unL hgfj/;“u n8b\ } le8\b} b'Mvk0" f{ hLjg latfp“y] .
To;n} ] klg hªu\ nL ou' sf dflg;x¿ jm| dzM 3gf hªu\ nL Ifq] af6 gbL lsgf/lt/ lgl:sg
yfn] . gbL lsgf/df kfgLsf] ;'ljwf / au/sf] 9ª' u\ faf6 xltof/ agfpg ;lhnf] eof] . To:t}
9'ªu\ f 3if0{ f u//] cfuf] lgsfNg] pkfo kQf nfu]kl5 dflg;x¿ ;d"xdf a:g yfn] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

;dfhsf] pTklQ s;/L ePsf] xfn] f eGg] af/d] f cfkme" Gbf kfsf dflg;;u“ ;fw] /] sIffdf k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
;fy} ;dfhaf6 ePsf kmfObfsf dfWodaf6 ;dfhsf] cfjZostf af]w x'g] ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg'xf;] \ .

2 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

Ps 7fp“df e]nf ePkl5 cfk;sf efjgf ;f6f;f6 / bM' v;v' af“8\g] sfo{ ;'? eof] .
o;/L cfk;L ;xof]u / hªu\ nL hgfj/sf] cfj|md0faf6 a“Rg] pkfo vfH] g] j|mddf ;dfhsf]
pTklQ eof] . clkm| sf dxfbz] sf] gfOn gbLsf] lsgf/nfO{ ;dfh pTklQsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f
:ynsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;dfhsf] cfjZostf

;/' lIft eO{ Pscsfs{ f cfjZostf k"/f ug{
JolStut / ;fdl" xs lxtsf sfo{ ug{
k/Dk/f / d"Nosf] /Iff ug {
gof“ k:' tfdf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf x:tfGt/0f ug {
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;lj|mo /xL p2]Zo k|fKt ug{
;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf;, ;xsfo{ / cGt/;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug{
;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug{

ltdL klg sIff ;ftdf k9g\ ] ePsfn] ltdLnfO{ dflysf s/' fx¿ pkof]uL x'G5g\ eGg] ljZjf;
5 . n t ;fyL lr7L nfdf] eof] . csf]{ lr7Ldf kl5 yk s'/f u/fn“} f . cfjZos k/]
kmf]gdf s/' fsfgL klg u/f}n“ f . ltd|f cg'ej klg af8“ b\ } ug"{ n ¤

pxL ltdf| ] ;fyL

lgd' u?' ª

ljm| ofsnfk

;dfh ljsf; gePsf] eP xfdL s:tf] cj:yfdf xG' Yof“}, 5nkmn u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ;dfhsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] <
-v_ ;dfh lsg cfjZos ePsf] xf], cfÇgf] ljrf/ nv] .
-u_ ;dfhaf6 xfdLnfO{ s] s] kmfObf ePsf 5g,\ n]v .

;fd'bflos sfo{

dfly lr7Ldf nl] vPsf ;dfhsf] cfjZostfsf ab'“ fx¿ ltdf| ] ;dfhdf k"/f ePsf 5g\ jf
5g} g,\ ab“' fut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/ . olb k/" f gePsf] eP k/" f ug{ s] s] ugk'{ nf,{ nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 3

kf 7 M @ ;dfhsf] ljsf; j|md

xfdLn] cluNnf] kf7df ;dfhsf] pTklQ / o;sf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ eGg] af/d] f cWoog
u¥of}“ . To;sf cfwf/df tnsf a“b' fsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ x} t ¤

!= ;dfhsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] eGg] af/]df ljleGg ljåfg\sf egfO leGg leGg /x]sf]
@= dfgj ;dfh tyf ;+:s[ltsf] Oltxf; nfvf}“ jif{ k"/fgf] /x]sf]
#= dfgj ;dfh cfhsf] ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg sfn / r/0f kf/ ul/;s]sf]
$= ;dfh zf:qL 6n] /n] hªu\ nL ou' , aa/{ ou' x“'b} ;Eo ou' tkm{ ljsl;t ePsf] ts{
lbPsf 
;dud| f dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf; j|mdsf r/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ k|f/lDes r/0f -hª\unL jf 9'ª\u] ou' _
hª\undf hgfj/ ;/x g} a:g], sGbd"n vfg], vfgfsf nflu hªu\ n hªu\ n 8N' g]
9'ª\ufsf] xltof/ k|of]u ug]{, ;d"xdf a:g], sGbd"n ;ª\sng ug]{ / l;sf/ ug]{
;+:sl[ t ljsf;
9'ª\ufdf 9ª' u\ f /u8/] cfuf] lgsfNg ;kmn
u'kmf, cf8] f/df ;;fgf] ;dx" df a;fa] f;
kzs' f] 5fnfnfO{ n'ufsf ¿kdf k|ofu]
l;sf/ v]Ng], df5f dfg],{ kmnk"mn ;ªs\ ng
lrqsnf, d"lt{snfsf] ;?' cft / cfÇgf If]qdf sAhf hdfpg] k|j[lQdf j[l4
xltof/sf ¿kdf kzs' f x88\ L, bft“ , wgs' f0f, aN5L cflbsf] ko| fu]
jm| dzM rn' fs] f] ko| f]u ub{} df;' kfN] g] / vfgf ksfpg] sfo{

lzIf0f ;'emfj

;dfh ljsf; jm| dsf af/]df ;dfhdf kr| lnt egfO jf syfx¿ ;g' fpgx' f];\ . To;;DaGwL ljleGg ;Gbe{
;fduL| cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

4 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

-v_ dWo r/0f -aa/{ ou' _

:yfoL a;f]af;sf] ;?' cft
kz'kfng / s[lifsf] ljsf;

efiff, snf / gftf ;DaGwsf] ljsf;

kmnfd] xltof/, df6fsf ef8“ fs“'8f k|of]u

dT[ o' ;+:sf/, OZ{ j/Lo zlStdf ljZjf;

-u_ cfw'lgs r/0f -;Eo ou' _

dflg;, ;dfh / ;:+ s[ltsf] pRrtd ljsf;

j1} flgs cfljisf/, efiff ;flxTo, ;ªu\ Lt snf, ;fdflhs ;:+ yfsf] ljsf;
pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;r" gf kl| jlwdf ljsf;, cfwl' gs sl[ if k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

jtd{ fg ;dfhnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsg]

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dfh ljsf;sf k|dv' r/0fx¿nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf nv]  .

@= ltd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf /fdf| / ;w' f/fTds s/' fx¿ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf
k|:tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ xfdf| ] ;dfh s;/L ljsl;t x“'b} cfPsf] 5 < kf“r jfSodf n]v .
-v_ ;dfhsf] hª\unL o'u / aa/{ o'ularsf s'g} ltg leGgtf nv] .
-u_ jt{dfg ;dfhsf kfr“ cf]6f ljzi] ftf nv] .
-3_ ltd|f] ;dfhaf6 ltdLnfO{ s] s] kmfObf xg' uPsf] 5 < ;"rL agfpm .

@= l7s jf a]l7s 56' o\ fpm M

-s_ hª\un g} cflbd dflg;sf] dV' o a;f]af;sf] sG] b| lyof] . 5
-v_ r]tgfsf] ljsf;n] dflg; hªu\ nL ou' af6 cfw'lgs o'udf cfPsf] xf] .
-u_ hª\unL ou' df cfÇgf] If]qdf sAhf hdfpg] kj| [lQ lyPg .
-3_ dWo o'ubl] v g} dflg;n] O{Zj/Lo zlStdf ljZjf; uy{] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # ;fdflhsLs/0f

o; kf7df xfdLn] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug]{ 5f}“ . cfÇgf] cg'ejsf ;fy} cluNnf kf7x¿df k9]sf
cfwf/df ;fdflhsLs/0f egs] f] s] xf]nf, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
zI} fl0fs kf6Ldf Ps hgf ;fyLn] l6kf6] u/ . tnsf ab“' fdf cfwfl/t
/xL 5nkmn u/ x} t ¤

;fdflhsLs/0f egs] f,]

;dfhdf /xs] f dN" o dfGotf, rfnrng, gLlt lgod ae' m\ g] a'emfpg,] l;Sg] l;sfpg]
k|lj|mof xf] .

JolStn] cg's/0f, ;Nnfx ;'emfj / efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;d"xsf] d"No dfGotf,
Jojxf/, hLjg z}nL, k/Dk/f, ljrf/ tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/ l;Sg] kl| j|mof xf] .

dflg; hGd]bl] v gd?Ghn] ;Dd ;dfhsf ljleGg ultljlw / sfod{ f ;+nUg xG' 5 . o; j|mddf
p;n] ;dfhn] ckgfPsf gLlt lgod kfngf ug]{ / ;fc] g;' f/ Jojxf/ ug]{ sfo{ ;fdflhsLs/0f
xf] . To:t} ;dfh cgs' "n cg'zf;gdf /xL ;fdflhs p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;lj|mo x'g] sfo{nfO{
klg ;fdflhsLs/0f elgG5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] JolStnfO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs 1fg, l;k, zLn,
: je fj l;sfP/ ;dfhofU] o agfp5“  . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] g} JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf
3n' ldn u/fp5“  . jm| dzM pm ;dfhsf] c;n / s'zn gful/s aG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

-s_ s] ltdLx¿ klg dfly pNnv] u/] em“} ;fdflhsLs[t ePsf 5f} t < ;fdflhsLs[t
eP gePsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/L cfÇgf] lgisif{ klg lgsfn .

;fdflhsLst[ eP gePsf] 56' o\ fpg ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljzi] ftf klg yfxf kfpg cfjZos
xb'“ f] /x5] . ca, ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljz]iftf klxrfg u/f}“ x} t ¤

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff, 3/, kl/jf/ / ;db' fodf 3'nldn eO{ ;fdflhsLs[t x'g ;xof]u kU' g] ljm| ofsnfk /
5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpgx' f];\ .

6 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljzi] ftf
;fdflhsLs/0f JolStnfO{ c;n / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] hLjge/ rNg] k|ljm| of xf] .
kl| jm| of / :yfgcg;' f/ ;fdflhsLs/0f km/s km/s tl/sfsf] x'G5 .
;fdflhsLs/0f ;f+:s[lts x:tfGt/0f tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts cfTd;ft\ ug{] kl| jm| of xf] .
;fdflhsLs/0f ;fdflhs ;b:o agfpg] / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] k|lj|mof xf] .

ltdLx¿n] ;fdflhsLs/0f xg' ;s] g;s]sf af/]df lgsfns] f] lgisif{ lzIfsnfO{ ;g' fpm .

-v_ cfkm" ;fdflhsLs/0f eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg] tl/sf s] s] xg' ;S5g,\ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L
sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

-u_ s] ltdf| ] sIffdf ePsf ;a} ;fyL ltd|f] sIff jftfj/0fdf ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g ;s]
sf 5g\ t < 5g\ eg] s;/L / 5g} g\ eg] lsg 3'nldn x'g g;ss] f xf]nfg,\ ;fyL;u“
5nkmn u/ .

-3_ ;dfhsf] c;n / sz' n gful/s s;/L algG5 xfn] f, ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
;g' fpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ ;fdflhsLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0f ePsf] JolSt s:tf] xG' 5 <
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf k:| tt' u/ .

@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf cy{ ldNg] u/L vfnL 7fp“df e/ M

-ljm| ofsnfk, cfTd;ft,\ ;fdflhsLs/0f, cgfk} rfl/s, cfTd ljsf;, cfk} rfl/s, x:tfGt/0f_
-s_ ============== – ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g ;Sg,] ;dfhdf leHg ;Sg] sfo{
-v_ ============== – Pp6f k:' tfaf6 csf]{ k:' tfdf ;fg'{
-u_ ============== – :jLsf/ ug]{ jf c¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ sfo{
-3_ ============== – cfÇgf] cfGtl/s ljsf;

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 7

kf7 M $ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod

JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs xg' ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Jojxf/, rfnrng /
sfon{ fO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod elgG5 .
;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod lgDgfg';f/ xg' ;S5g\ M

-s_ k|fylds dfWod (Primary Agents)
JolStnfO{ cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
;fwg jf dfWod g} ;fdflhsLs/0fsf k|fylds dfWod x'g\ . tL dfWod o; ks| f/ 5g\ M
kl/jf/ / ldq ;fyL ;dx"
l5ds] L / gftb] f/ ;dx"
ljjfx, xf6, kj,{ dn] f cflb

-v_ låtLo dfWod (Secondary Agents)
JolStnfO{ cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f xg' ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] dfWod g} ;fdflhsLs/0fsf
låtLo dfWod xg' \ . tL dfWod o; ks| f/ 5g\ M
zl} Ifs ;+:yf jf ljBfno
;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf, h:t} M cfdf ;dx" , 6fn] ;w' f/ ;d"x, Snax¿ cflb
/fhgLlts ;+:yf, h:t} M ljleGg kf6Lx{ ¿
Jofj;flos ;dx" , h:t} M Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{ ;d"xx¿
cflys{ ;:+ yf, h:t} M aª} \s, ;xsf/L
wflds{ Pjd\ ;f:+ sl[ ts ;:+ yfx¿, h:t} M d7dlGb/, uD' af, ljxf/, dl:hb, dfªlvd cflb .
o;/L dflg;x¿ ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs aGb} hfG5g\ . xfd|f 3/, kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s,
sfdsfh, d]nfkftnufot ljleGg k];f Joj;fon] dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs agfp“5 .
dflg; ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f ug{ / ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug{ To;
;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ldNgk' 5{ . o; sfo{nfO{ ;fdflhs ;xeflutf klg elgG5 . ;fdflhs
;xeflutf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] d?] b08 xf] . ctM ;fdflhsLs/0f ;dfh ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0fsf]
kd| 'v cfwf/ xf] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7df k:| tt' ePsf afxs] :yfgLo ;dfhdf kr| lnt ;fdflhsLs/0fsf cGo ;fwg jf dfWodsf af/d] f
sIffdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

8 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdLx¿n] cluNnf] kf7df ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] kl/rosf af/d] f 5nkmn ul/;ss] f 5f} .
JolStnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{] dfWod s] s] xg' ;Snfg,\ 5nkmn u/L l6kf6] u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf låtLo dfWodsf ¿kdf ljBfnonfO{ lsg lnOG5 <
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf kfr“ cf]6f låtLo dfWod n]v .

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;d"x ‘s’ ;d"x ‘v’

;fdflhsLs/0f ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] ;fwg
;fyL ;d"x ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] låtLo dfWod
ljBfno ;fdflhs kf| 0fL
sz' n gful/s ls/ftx¿sf] wfld{s :yn
dflg; ;dfhdf gLltlgod l;Sg] / l;sfpg] kl| j|mof
dfªlvd
;dfh ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/

;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|fylds dfWod

#= ldNbf] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ k"/f u/ M

-s_ ;dfhn] ckgfPsf gLlt lgod kfngf ug]{ / ;f]cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug]{ sfo{
=============================== xf] . -;dfh, ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;fdflhs lgod_

-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0f ;dfh ljsf; / =============================== sf] kd| v' cfwf/ xf] .
-¿kfGt/0f, ;w' f/, ;xofu] _

-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0f hLjge/ l;Sg] ==========================xf] . -k|lj|mof, lgod, sfo{_

-3_ JolStnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dfWod g}
=================== dfWod x'g\ . -k|fylds, låtLo, cgf}krfl/s_

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;db' fodf ;fdflhsLs/0f ;DaGwL s] s:tf ;d:of 5g\ < tL ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg s;/L
xfn] f, ;d'bfosf hfGg] tyf ae' mg\ ] JolStsf] ;xof]u lnO{ pQ/ tof/ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 9

kf7 M % lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] :yfgLo txdf ufpk“ flnsf, gu/kflnsf
tyf lhNnf;efsf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ufp“kflnsf /
gu/kflnsflar ;dGjo ug{ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf ;efn] ug{] ;a} sfdx¿ lhNnf
;dGjo ;ldltn] ub5{ . ;l+ jwfgsf] efu !& / !* df :yfgLo
;/sf/;DaGwL Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ hgtfsf]
;xeflutfdf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ clu a9fpg' clgjfo{
dflgG5 . ;ª3\ Lo ;/sf/n] dfq hgtfnfO{ ;j] fkj| fx ug{
;Sbg} . ljsf; lgdf0{ f sfo{ klg clu a9fpg ;lsb“ g} . t;y{ :yfgLo tx, k|b]z / sG] b|df
klg cfkm\gf kl| tlglw hgtf cfkm} n“ ] 5fGg kfp5“ g\ . o;/L hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿af6
;~rfng ul/g] zf;g Joj:yf g} hgtfsf] zf;g xf] . log} hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t
gLlt lgdf0{ f, ljsf; sfo{ tyf zf;g ;~rfng ul/G5 . oxL Joj:yfnfO{ xfdL nfs] tGq
eG5f}“ . nfs] tGqsf] ;G' b/ kIf eg]sf] g} kl| tlglw dn" s xg' ' xf] . nfs] tflGqs ultljlwnfO{
ufp“tx;Dd k¥' ofpg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . nfs] tGqdf hgtfsf] OR5f
/ rfxgfcg;' f/ zf;g ;~rfng ul/G5 . k|ltlglwx¿af6 sG] b|, kb| z] tyf :yfgLo txdf
;/sf/ u7g x'G5 .

g]kfndf xfn && lhNnfx¿ 5g\ . && cf6] } lhNnfdf lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt
xG' 5 . lhNnf ;efdf lhNnf leqsf ufp“ sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/
sfo{kflnsfsf kd| v' / pkk|dv' x¿ ;b:o x'G5g\ . ufp“ ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf]
clGtd kl/df0f cfPsf] #) lbgleq lhNnf ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:gk' 5{ . lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldltdf a9Ldf gf} hgf ;b:o xg' ] 5g\ h;df lgDgcg;' f/ kl| tlglwx¿ xg' ] Joj:yf 5 M

!= lhNnf ;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt Pshgf k|dv' / Ps hgf pkk|dv'

@= sDtLdf tLg hgf dlxnf ;b:o

#= Ps hgf blnt jf cNk;ªV\ os .

$= cGo tLg hgf

lhNnf;efsf sfo{x¿ lgDgcg;' f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

lzIf0f ;'emfj

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg sIffsf7] fdf NofO{ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt / lhNnf ;efsf] af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

10 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

!= lhNnfleqsf] ufpk“ flnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{]
@= ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{] / cgu' dg ug{]
#= kb| ]z sfg'gcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{
$= ;ª3\ tyf k|bz] sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ / ufp“ tyf gu/kflnsflar ;dGjo ug{] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltd|f] sIffnfO{ lhNnf;ef dfg/] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g u/ .
@= lgjf{lrt kl| tlglwx¿ gxb“' f :yfgLo txdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ xg' ;S5g\ < l6kf]6

u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
#= lhNnf ;efn] :yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ug{ ;Sg] s'g} kfr“ cf]6f sfdx¿sf] ;"rL

agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= nfs] tGqsf] kl/efiff b]pm .
@= lhNnf;efsf] cfjZostf lsg 5, bO' { hgf ;fyLx¿larsf] ;j+ fbsf dfWodaf6 :ki6
kf/ .
#= ltdL a:g] lhNnfsf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug{ ;Sg] sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 11

kf7 M ^ lhNnfsf ljsf; sfox{ ¿

cf]vn9ª' \uf

@)&)÷)@÷)&

cfb/0fLo dfdf,

gd:sf/ ¤

dfdf, oxf“ xfdL ;Gr} 5f}“ . tkfO“n{ ] ;Dks{ gu/s] f] w]/} ;do eof] . x'g t lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldltsf] kd| 'v eP/ klg Jo:t xg' 'ePsf] xf] ls < 3/df ;a}n] tkfO{s“ f] lhNnfdf ePsf
w]/} ljsf; sfo{sf af/d] f ;'Gg] u/]sf 5f“} . d}n] xfd|f] lhNnfdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{ nv] /]
k7fPsf] 5' . tkfO{“sf] lhNnf h:t} agfpg xfdLn] ca s] s] ug{'knf{, nv] L k7fpg'xfn] f .

tkfO“x{ ¿ a;fO“ ;/L lj/f6gu/ uPsf] !% jif{df oxf“ w]/} kl/jt{g eP h:tf] nfus] f] 5 .
xg' t tkfOs{“ f] lhNnfdf 7n' f] kl/jtg{ eO/x]sf] xfn] f . oxf“ klg w]/} ljsf; sfo{ ePsf /
xg' ]jfnf 5g \ . klxn] h:tf] ;a} s'/fdf uf/f] 5}g . vfgk] fgLsf wf/f t k|To]s 3/ 3/df
cfO;s ] . xfd|f] l5ds] L gu/kflnsfdf SofDk; vN' of ] . ca xfdLn] pRr lzÔfsf lgldTt
;x/ hfg' k/g]  . xfd|} ufpk“ flnsfdf klg rf/cf]6f c¿ cfwf/et" ljBfno :yfkgf eP /
xfdL k9g\ ] ljBfnodf sIff !@ ;Ddsf] k9fO xG' 5. ca Ps k|fljlws lzÔfno xfd|f] lhNnf

;b/d'sfddf vn' fpg k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 .

vfgk] fgL ljBt' \ ;8s jg

lzIff ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ s[lif
:jf:Yo pBfu] ko6{ g l;“rfO

tkfOx{“ ¿ lj/f6gu/ hfb“ f bO' { tLg lbg lx“8]/ hfge' Psf] lyof] /] . clxn] xfd}| 3/sf] dflysf]
8f“8fdf df6] / cfO;Sof] . b;s“} f] labfdf d klg df]6/ r9/] dfdf3/ cfpg] 5 ' . xfdf| ]
a;]“ L5]paf6 aUg] df]n'ª vfn] fdf ´fn] 'ªu\ ] k'n aGb} 5 . kn' ag]kl5 dnfO{ ljBfno hfg w/] }
glhs kg{] eof ] . ca t xfdf| ] vt] df sn' f] cfpg] eof] / ] . l;r“ fOsf] ;l' jwf ePkl5 t Toxf“ kz| :t}
cGg / gub] afnL pAhg] eof ] . oxfs“ f] pAhgL df6] /df nuL ;x/;Dd k¥' ofpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
;x/df nuL aR] bf /fd|f] cfDbfgL xb'“ f] /x]5 . oxf“sf dflg;n] art ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/s] f
5g\ . artnfO{ glhs}sf] ;xsf/Ldf hDdf u5{g\ . To;n] cflys{ n]gbg] df ;xh ePsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo ¿kdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{sf pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 lhNnfdf x'g] ljsf; sfos{ f af/d] f hfgsf/L

lbgx' f;] \ . ;fy} ljsf; sfo{ xg' g;ss] f eP To;sf sf/0f vfh] L ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxNofpg nufpgx' f;] \ .

12 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

dfdf, ca t xfdf| ] ufpd“ f klg 6l] nkmf]g ;l' jwf xg' ] eof ] . oxL“af6 tkfO{;“ “u s'/f ug{ ;S5 ' .
blÔ0f sf]l/ofdf /x]sf xfd|f sfsf;“u klg oxL“af6 s/' f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;l+ jwfg lbj;sf
lbg ;as} f] 3/df lahn' L aQL aNb} 5 . xfdf| ] 3/df klg tf/ hf]8]/ l7s kf/s] f 5f “} . xfdf| ]
ufps“ f] kj" k{ 6l\ 6sf] 8f8“ fdf tkfO{x“ ¿ hfge' Gbf bO' { jif{kl5 ul/Psf] jÔ[ /f]k0faf6 Toxf“ Hofb}
/fd|f] xl/ofnL ags] f] 5 . w/] } /fdf| ];u“ la?jf xl' s{b} 5g\ .
xfdf| ] ufpk“ flnsf / k|bz] ;/sf/ ldn]/ hnhn]Zj/ dxfbj] sf] dlGb/ Ô]qnfO{ ko{6g Ô]qsf
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ egL sfd x'“b} 5 . Toxf“ cfo'j{]lbs :jf:Yo rfs} L agfpg] sfo{ xb“' } 5 .
wd{, ;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfsf] hug] f{ ug{ u'?sn' ljBf>d v'ns] f] 5 . dn} ] ;'g]cg;' f/ xfdf| ]
lhNnfdf Ps h8La6' L k|zf]wg ug]{ sf/vfgf klg :yfkgf x'“b} 5 /] .
xj;\ t dfdf, cfhnfO{ labf kfpm“ . oxf“sf] ljsf; xg] { tkfO“n{ fO{ lgdGq0ff ub{5' . tkfO“{n]
uge{' Psf] ljsf;sf sfo{ pNnv] u/L kq nV] g gla;{gx' f]nf / km;' {b ldnfP/ cfpg'xfn] f .

tkfOs{“ L efGhL
k'mns'df/L

lj|mofsnfk

!= sfi] 7df lbOPsf ab“' fx¿;dt] nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL km' nsd' f/Ln] cfkm\ gf] dfdfnfO{ nv] s] f] kqsf
cfwf/df cfv] n9ª' u\ f lhNnfdf ePsf dV' o dV' o ljsf; sfox{ ¿sf] ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn
u/L ;"rL agfpm . -lzÔf / :jf:Yo, s[lif / l;r“ fO, oftfoft / ;~rf/,
vfg]kfgL, jg ;+/Ô0f, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, pBf]u / Jofkf/_

@= lhNnfdf ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf ;d:of cfOk5g{ \, cfk;df 5nkmn
u/L tL ;d:ofnfO{ ;r" Lst[ u/ .

#= :yfgLo txsf] ¿kdf ufpk“ flnsf÷gu/kflnsfaf6 ltdf| ] ;db' fodf pknAw ePsf
;]jf / ljsf; sfo{ tyf efjL lbgdf ug'{kg{] sfo{sf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ k'mns'df/Ln] n]v]sf] kqsf cfwf/df cf]vn9'ª\uf lhNnfsf] klxnfsf] cj:yf s:tf]
/xs] f] kfof} <

-v_ s] sf/0fn] ubf{ cf]vn9ª' u\ fdf ljsf; x“'b} uPsf] xfn] f, cfÇgf] egfO nv] .
-u_ xfdLnfO{ ljsf; lsg rflxG5 <
-3_ ‘xfd|f] ljsf; xfdL cfkm}n“ ] ug'{k5{ .’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
-ª_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 13

k'g/fjnfs] g cEof;

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

ltdf| ] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ;d:of 5g,\ tL ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ lgDglnlvt sfo{ u/ M

-s_ ltdLx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{sf] ;r" L agfpm .

-v_ ltd|f] :yfgLo ;d'bfon] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/ .

-u_ ;db' fo cfkm“n} ] ug{ g;Sg] sfo{x¿dWo] sg' s'g sfo{ ufp“kflnsf jf gu/kflnsf /
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug{ ;S5, n]v .

-3_ ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsf / lhNNff ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug]{ sfox{ ¿sf] lj:tt[ ljj/0f
agfO{ ofh] gfdf kfl/lbg cg/' fw] u/L Pp6f kq nv] / kw| fgfWofks jf ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltdfkm{t k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpm .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ ldn/] lgjfr{ gsf] cEof; u/ . o;sf nflu ltdf| ] ;db' fosf] gd'gf
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g u/ . o;df Ps hgf g]tf, Ps hgf pkg]tf / ltg hgf ;b:o
5fg . lgjfr{ g ug{ lzIfssf] ;xof]u klg np] m . ;fy} sIffdf ;ljm| o /xg] tyf ljleGg
Ifq] , efiff, hflt, 5fq5fqfsf] kl| tlglwTj gePdf ltgsf] klg k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L b'O{
hgf dgf]gLt u/ . o;n] ug{] sfdsf] ;"rL klg agfpm, h:t} M

;d'bfodf kfngf ugk{' g{] ljBfyL{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ ug{]

cfrf/ ;l+ xtf nfu' eP gePsf] x]g]{

ljljw ;dx" lgdf0{ f u/L sfo{ lhDdf lbg], h:t} M ;/;kmfO ;d"x, vfgk] fgL Joj:yfkg
;d"x, ;f+:s[lts lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ;dx" , ;flxlTos ;dx" cflb

;db' fosf] xslxtsf af/d] f 5nkmn ug]{

cfk;L xslxtnfO{ Vofn /fVg]

cg'zfl;t / gdg' f Jojxf/ k|bzg{ ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] cflb 

@= pSt gdg' f ;/sf/sf] a7} s a;L sIff Joj:yfkg / sIffdf xg' ] lzIf0f sfon{ fO{ ke| fjsf/L
agfpg ljleGg lg0f{o u/L ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/ .

#= :yfgLo ;db' fodf s'g} ;j] fd"ns sfo{ u/]/ pbfx/0f b]vfpm .

14 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

!)PsfO hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 / Joj:yfkg

l;sfO pknlAw

g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] cj:yf atfpg
tLj| hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f / c;/x¿ pNnv] ug{
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro lbO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf af/]df atfO{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] cEof; ug{
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;n+ Ug /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{

160 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M ! g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf] cj:yf

s'g} lglZrt 7fp“ / ;dodf hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/df cfpg] yk36n] hg;ª\Vofsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ hgfp5“ . lzz'x¿sf] hGd w]/} x“b' f hg;ª\Vofdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 . dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o'
xb“' f klg hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jtg{ cfp5“ . sg' } 7fp“ jf b]zaf6 a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] hg;ª\Vofn]
hg;ªV\ of a95\ . o;/L hg;ªV\ ofdf j[l4 x'g] b/nfO{ hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 b/ elgG5 . l56f]
l56f] jl[ 4 xg' ] b/nfO{ eg] tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/ elgG5 .

gk] fndf hgu0fgfsf] k|rng lj=;=+ !(^* af6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . o;kl5sf #) jif;{ Dd
hg;ªV\ of j|mdzM 3l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] x'g'df lgDgfg';f/sf sf/0f lbg] ul/G5 M

-s_ j}1flgs tl/sfsf] hgu0fgf gx'g'

-v_ dxfdf/L / PGkmn\ P' Ghf h:tf /f]usf] k|sf]k kml} ng'

-u_ ky| d ljZj o4' df w]/} gk] fnLx¿ uf/] vf ;l} gsdf etL{ eO{ ljb]l;g'

lj=;+= !((* sf] hgu0fgfkl5 gk] fndf tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/ kfOG5 . o;/L hg;ª\Vofdf
j[l4 x'g'df uf]vf{nL ;l} gsdf egf{ ePsf gk] fnLx¿ bf;] |f] ljZj o'4kl5 :jb]z kmlsg{ ' klg Ps
sf/0f dflgG5 . pgLx¿;“u} kj| f;L g]kfnLx¿ klg 3/ kmlsP{ sf] tYofªs\ kfOG5 .

gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] cj:yf

jif{ jl[ 4 b/ jif{ j[l4b/

lj= ;+= !((* !=!^ lj= ;=+ @))(—!! @=##
lj= ;+= @)!* !=^$ lj= ;=+ @)@* @=)&
lj= ;=+ @)#* @=^^ lj= ;+= @)$* @=!
lj= ;=+ @)%* @=@$ lj= ;=+ @)^* !=#%

;|ft] M sG] b|Lo tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*

hg;ªV\ ofdf j[l4 eO/xgs' f sf/0fx¿dWo] k|d'v sf/0f hGd b/ pRr /xL dT[ o'b/df sdL
cfpg' xf] . xfdf| ] bz] sf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* nfO{ ljZni] f0f ubf{ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/ tLj| eGg
gldNg] bl] vPsf] 5 . @)@* ;fnbl] v @)%* ;fn;Dd tLj| ¿kdf hg;ªV\ of j[l4 eO/xs] fdf
@)^* ;fndf jl[ 4b/ 36g\ uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L 36g\ 'df ljbz] hfg] gk] fnLsf] ;ª\Vof a9b\ }

hfg,' hgrt] gfdf j[l4 xg' ,' k|hgg b/ 36\g' / :jf:Yo ;j] fdf ;w' f/ xg' ' kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ xg' \ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo j8f jf ufp“kflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f lnO{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] cj:yfsf
af/]df yk 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 161

tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4 xg' 'df kh| gg b/n] kd| v' el" dsf v]N5 . kh| gg eGgfn] sg' } klg dlxnfn]
hLljt ¿kdf hGdfPsf] lzz' ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfp“5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] tLj| ¿kdf j[l4 x'g'sf] csf{]
sf/0f a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ klg lnOG5 . s'g} :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf a;fO“ ;/L hfgn' fO{ a;fO“
;/fO elgG5 . ;du| b]zsf] hg;ªV\ of yk36 xg' d' f cfkj| f; / pTkj| f;n] ljzi] f el" dsf
vN] 5 . sg' } bz] df ljbz] af6 a;fO“ ;/L cfpgn' fO{ cfkj| f; elgG5 . :jbz] af6 a;fO“ ;/L
ljb]z hfg'nfO{ pTk|jf; elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= hg;ªV\ of 36L / a9L x'“bf kg{] ke| fjsf] ;r" L agfpm .
@= gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/nfO{ tflnsfdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 b/ s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-v_ lj=;+= !(^* b]lv !((* ;Ddsf] tYofª\sdf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof 36\g'sf sf/0f
s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ xfn gk] fndf cfk|jf;L g]kfnLsf] slQsf] rfk 5, lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] L n]v .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] s'g} Ps jif{sf] tYofªs\ ;ª\sng u/L tnsf] tflnsf e/ M

3/ ;ª\Vof hLljt lzz' hDdf dflg;sf] a;fO“ ;/L a;fO“ ;/]/
;ªV\ of ;ªV\ of cfpgs] f] ;ª\Vof hfg]sf] ;ªV\ of

162 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M @ tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf sf/0f / c;/

dgsfdgf dfWolds ljBfno
dgsfdgf, uf]/vf
@)&)÷!)÷)&

>L kd| v' Ho,"
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt sfof{no, lrtjg

xfdL z}lIfs e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf tkfO{+sf] lhNnf lrtjg cfPsf lyof}“ . xfdL d"ntM
hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf af/d] f cWoog ed| 0f ug{ To; lhNnfdf cfPsf lyof“} . lrtjg lhNnfsf]
e|d0f ubf{ Toxf“sf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4 b/sf] cj:yfsf af/d] f cWoog u¥of“} . o;sf nflu
tkfO{s“ f] sfofn{ odf /xs] f] lhNnf kl/ro kl' :tsf (District profile) sf] klg ;xofu] lnPsf
lyof“} . gk] fnsf sltko lhNnfdf hg;ªV\ of 36b\ } uPsf] kfOG5 . t/ tkfOs“{ f] lhNnfdf tLjt| / ¿kdf
hg;ª\Vof a9b\ } uPsf] /x5] . o;/L hg;ª\Vof j[l4 xg' 'sf sf/0fx¿ vfh] L ubf{ lgDglnlvt
sf/0fx¿ kfOP M

!= pRr a;fO“ ;/fO b/ M lrtjg lhNnfdf bz] sf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 a;fO“ ;/fO u/]/
cfpg]sf] tLj| rfk /x5] . a;fO“ ;/]/ cfpgs] f] ;ª\Vof x/]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] kfOof] .

@= rt] gfsf] sdL M sltko u|fdL0f / ;x/b]lv 6f9fsf j:tLdf r]tgfsf] sdLn] a9L ;Gtfg
hGdfpg] k|rng /x]5 . clzlIft JolStsf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ 7n' f] /x]5 .

#= cGwljZjf; / s'/Llt M sltko ufps“ f dflg;x¿ ;Gtfg kf| lKtnfO{ eujfgs\ f] cfzLjf{b
7fGbf /x]5g\ . pgLx¿ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] ko| fu] gug]{ tyf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx
glng] ubf{ /x]5g\ . To;n} ] klg hg;ªV\ of a9\g uPsf] /x5] .

$= sdhf]/ cflys{ l:ylt M cflys{ l:ylt sdhf/] ePsfn] cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;Gtfg
cfjZos 7fGg] k|j[lQ klg cem} /x5] . a'9;] sfnsf] ;xf/f 7fg]/ klg ;Gtfg hGdfpg]
rng /x]5 .

%= ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s d"No dfGotf M tkfO{+sf] lhNnfdf 5f]/LnfO{ ;fg}df ljjfx
ul/lbP k0' o ldN5 eg/] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ k|rng cem} x/fPsf] /xg] 5 . o;n] ubf{
w/] } aRrf hGdfpg] u/s] f] kfOof] . To:t} hGd lgoGq0f ug{' tyf kl/jf/ lgofh] g ug{' cflb
sfo{ wdl{ j?4 7fGg] kj| l[ Q klg /x5] . To;n] klg hg;ªV\ of a9fpg ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] /x5] .

^= ul/aL / k5f}6]kg M u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf ul/aL Pjd\ k5f}6]kgn] ubf{ klg
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] kfOof] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 163

&= ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] c;Gtl' nt ljt/0f M lhNnfsf] ;du| ljsf; ofh] gfa4 gxg' ' /
ljsf;sf] kl| tkmn ;a} hgtfdf ;dl' rt ¿kdf ljt/0f xg' g;ss] f] /x5] . o;n] ubf{ ul/aL
/ k5f}6k] g a9\g uPsf] /x]5 . o;sf] ke| fj hg;ªV\ of j[l4df kg{ uPsf] kfOof] .

o;/L tkfOs{“ f] lhNnfdf hg;ª\Vof tLj| ¿kdf a9b\ } uPsf] cj:yf /x5] . ;dod} ;xL ¿kdf
hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf lrtjg lhNnfdf hg;ª\Vof tLj| jl[ 4af6 kg{]
c;/af/] hfgsf/L lbO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5f“} M

!= vt] LofU] o hldg hlt ;a} j:tLdf kl/0ft xg' ] 5 . o;n] ubf{ vfBfGgsf] cefj xg' ] 5 .

@= jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f eO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf /fu] Joflwn] kf| s[lts ks| fk] cfpg] 5g\ .

#= jg, kfgLsf ;|ft] , hldgsf] cj:yf h:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgfz x'g] 5 . jgdf
cfunfuL x'g], sf7 bfp/f rf]/L xg' ], cltj|md0f x'g] / jGohGts' f] cjw} l;sf/ xg' ] 5 .

$= kb| "if0f / kmf]xf]/ a9\g] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dfgjsf] :jf:Yodf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ 5 .
%= /f]uJoflw tyf dxfdf/L h:tf ;d:of a9g\ ] 5g\ .
^= vfBfGgsf] cefj, /f]huf/Lsf] cefj eO{ rf]/L, 8st} L, n6' kf6 h:tf 36gf a9g\ ] 5g\ .

&= To; lhNnfsf] k|efj l5ds] L lhNnf / bz] sf] cGo efudf klg kg{ hfg] 5 .

*= ljsf;sf sfod{ f o;sf] kT| oIf ke| fj kg{] 5 . o;n] ul/aL / k5f6} k] g a9b\ } hfg] 5 . ul/a
/ wgLlarsf] b'/L emg\ emg\ a9\g] 5 .

o:tf k|efjn] tkfOs{“ f] lhNnfdf Jofks c;Gtf]if km}ng hfG5 . t;y{ o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;dod}
;dfwfg ug{ uxg cWoog u/L ofh] gfa4 9ªu\ n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ bl] vG5 .

sIff ;ftsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{

lj|mofsnfk

kf7df pNnv] u/] em}“ ltdL a;]sf] ufp“ jf 6fn] df hg;ªV\ ofsf] j[l4sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 ,
cWoog u/ / kf| Kt cj:yf l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf sf/0fx¿ nv] .
-v_ clzIffn] hg;ªV\ of a9fpg s;/L dbt ub{5, sf/0f :ki6 u/ .
-u_ ‘wflds{ dN" o dfGotfn] hg;ª\Vof a9fpg ;xof]u ul//xs] f] 5’ kl' i6 u/ .

-3_ ul/aL / k5f6} k] g klg hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf] sf/0f xf,] cfÇgf] ljrf/ b]pm .

164 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg / u0' f:t/Lo hLjg

a9\bf] hg;ªV\ ofn] k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] , jftfj/0f / cGo kf| 0fLlarsf] ;Gtn' g lauf5{ . o;n] xfdf| ]
hLjgsf ljleGg cfjZostfx¿df k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 . hg;ªV\ of a9b\ } hfb“ f ;f| ]t tyf
;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf klg a9b\ } hfG5 . ;|ft] tyf ;fwgx¿sf] cefjdf xfd|f] hLjgnfO{
rflxg] cfjZostfx¿ k/" f x'g ;Sb}gg\ . dflg;x¿n] vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, cfjf;, :jf:Yo,
lzIff h:tf cfwf/et" cfjZostfx¿sf] ;j;{ n' e lsl;dn] pkefu] ug{ kfpb“ g} g\ . kmn:j¿k
hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfp5“ .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eGgfn] kf| s[lts ;f| t] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;xL ¿kn] ljt/0f ug{]
sfon{ fO{ ae' mfp5“ . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . To;n} ] cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f,
;j+ w{g tyf af“8kmf8“ ubf{ hg;ªV\ of l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbgk' g{] xG' 5 . olb s'g} 7fpd“ f pknAw
;fwg ;f| ]tn] wfGg g;Sg] lsl;dn] hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 eg] Toxf“ cefj / ;d:of l;h{gf

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] cGt/;DaGw bv] fpg :yfgLo ;db' fo jf ljBfyL{sf

3/ kl/jf/sf] jf:tljs pbfx/0fsf] klg k|of]u ugx{' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 165

x'G5 . Toxf“ snx, lx;+ f, ef]sd/L h:tf ;d:ofx¿ v8f x'G5g\ . To:tf] cj:yf l;hg{ f
x'g gkfcf;] \ / ePsf] ;fwg ;f| ]tsf] ;d'lrt k|of]usf nflu ;dod} hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg
ug{k' b{5 . To:t} sg' } sg' } cj:yfdf pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] kl/rfng ug{ kofK{ t hgzlSt
pknAw ePg eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 ug{' klg hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgcGtut{
cfp5“ . o;/L b]zsf] ;fwg ;|ft] / hg;ªV\ oflar cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /xs] f] x'G5 .

u'0f:t/Lo hLjg

u'0f:t/nfO{ 7fp“, kl/j]z, b]z, ;docg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . dflg;sf] hLjg
u0' f:t/oS' t 5 jf 5g} eGg] s/' f p;n] k|of]u u/s] f j:t'x¿sf] u'0f, kl/df0f / hLjg
z}nLn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . JolStsf] cfDbfgL j[l4 x'“bf p;sf] cfly{s hLjg :t/ dfly
p75\ . t/ cflys{ :t/ dfq dfly p7\b}df hLjgsf] u0' f:t/ jl[ 4 eof] eGg ;lsb“ g} . dflg;n]
hLjg latfpgsf nflu p;nfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] cfjZos ;j] f tyf ;'ljwfx¿sf] u0' f / kl/df0fsf
cfwf/df hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f, :j:ys/ cfjf;, df;} d cgs' n" nTtf sk8f, :t/oS' t lzIff, ;'ne :jf:Yo
;]jf, :jR5 lkpg] kfgL cflb u0' f:t/ lgwf{/0fsf dV' o cfwf/ xg' \ . To:t} lgoldt ljB't\ tyf
;~rf/ ;]jf, ;'/Iff, cfo;f| t] / dgf/] ~hgsf] k|ofu] n] klg dfgj hLjg u0' f:t/Lo agfp5“ .
jf:tjdf JolStn] kf| Kt ul//x]sf ;j] fx¿ a9fpg ;lsPg / hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4 b/ tLj| x“'b}
uof] eg] dflg;n] k|ofu] ub}{ cfPsf ;j] f tyf ;l' jwfx¿sf] u0' f Pjd\ kl/df0fdf sdL x'“b}
hfG5 . o;af6 dflg;n] cfjZostfcg;' f/ vfgs] /' f, cfjf;, nQf sk8f, :jf:Yo ;j] f, lzIff,
;l' jwf cflb ;lhn;} “u ko| f]u ug{ kfp“b}gg\ . o;/L dflg;n] cfkm\ gf] cfjZostf ;j{;n' e
lsl;dn] pkefu] ug{ gkfpb“ f hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df sdL jf xf| ; cfp“5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;db' fodf /xs] f kf| s[lts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] ;r" L agfpm . k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] / ;fwg
cg';f/ ltdf| ] a:tLsf] hg;ª\Vof s:tf] xg' k' nf,{ cfkmg\ f] wf/0ff sIffdf ;'gfpm .

@= ltdf| ] 6fn] l5ds] df /xs] f dflg;sf] k;] f, Joj;fo cflbsf af/d] f l6kf6] u/L ltgLx¿sf]
hLjg u0' f:t/Lo 5 ls 5}g, cleefjs;“u 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljsf;sf nflu hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg x'g h?/L 5, o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .
-u_ hLjgsf] u0' f:t/ s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-3_ hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df s;/L xf| ; cfp5“ <

166 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf 7 M $ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfo

gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 b/ lgoGq0f ug{' g} hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] klxnf] sfd
xf] . ;fy} a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ plrt 9ª\un] Jojl:yt ug{] of]hgfx¿ thd'{ f ug'{ hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkgcGtut{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos k|dv' pkfox¿sf] j0f{g lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M

hGdfGt/ /fVg'

bO' { aRrf hlGdg] larsf] cjlwnfO{ hGdfGt/ elgG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df hGdfGt/ eGgfn] $÷%
jifs{ f] km/s kf/L aRrf hGdfpg'k5{ eGg] rng 5 . hGdfGt/ /fVbf aRrf hGdg] cjlw
l9nf] x'g uO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf dbt ldN5 .

pkoS' t pd/] df ljjfx / uew{ f/0f ug{'

ljjfx ug{] pkoS' t pd]/ eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf ;an ePkl5
dfq ljjfx ug{' eGg] al' emG5 . k|hgg :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] dlxnfsf nflu ljjfxsf] ;xL
pd/] @) jif{ / k'?ifsf nflu @% jif{ dflgG5 . dlxnfsf nflu :j:y k|hgg pd]/ @)
b]lv #) jif{ dflgG5 . k'?ifx¿sf] xsdf @% jif{;Dd zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'G5 . To;}n] dlxnfsf]
pd/] @) jif{ / k'?ifsf] pd/] @% jif{ ku' k] l5 ljjfx ug{' pTtd dflgG5 . t/ dn' 'sL
P]gn] cleefjssf] cgd' lt eP bj' }sf] !* jifs{ f] pd]/df / cleefjssf] dGh/' L geP @)
jifd{ f ljjfx ug{ pko'St dfgs] f] 5 . pkoS' t pd]/df k|yd uew{ f/0f ugfn{ ] lgDgfg;' f/sf
kmfObfx¿ kU' 5g\ M

-s_ zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ¿kn] :j:y / x[i6k'i6 lzz' hlGdG5 .

-v_ ue{ tl' xg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 / cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf kl| tsn" c;/ kg{] l:ylt xb'“ g} .

-u_ aRrf hlGdb“ f cfdfnfO{ sd vt/f xG' 5 .

pkoS' t pd]/df ljjfx ugf{n] cfdfafan' ] cfk\mgf] / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] /fVg lzIff tyf
cfocfhg{ ug{] l;k l;Sg] dfs} f kfp5“ g\ . o;/L /f]huf/ kfO{ jf Joj;fo u/L cfDbfgL a9fpg
;lsG5 / efjL ;Gtfgsf] lzIffbLIffsf nflu k;} f art ug{ ;lsG5 . pko'St pd/] df ljjfx
/ uew{ f/0f ugf{n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] kU' 5 .

dlxnfnfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg'

hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ gk] fndf cfwfeGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof dlxnfx¿sf] 5 . t/ klg
zl} Ifs, /fhgLlts cj;/sf] pkofu] tyf :jf:Yo ;j] f pkefu] df gk] fnL dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfosf ;"rL jf cGo lrq, kf]:6/ cflbsf] k|of]u ub{} 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 167

g]kfnL dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt sd 5 . afn ljjfx, ax'ljjfx, clzIff, wfld{s
tyf ;fdflhs aGwg h:tf ;d:ofaf6 cem} klg w/] } h;f] dlxnfx¿ kLl8t 5g\ . ctM
dlxnfsf] zl} Ifs :t/ psf:g h?/L 5 . dlxnf lzlIft ePdf pgLx¿sf] kh| gg :jf:Yo,
;fdflhs lj|mofsnfk, /fhgLlts ljm| ofsnfk tyf cGo s'g} sfo{sf] lg0f{o ug]{ s/' fdf To;sf]
k|efj k5{ .

n}ªl\ us ;dfgtf sfod ug{'

dlxnf / k?' iflar ;dfg xs tyf clwsf/ x'G5 . bj' } lnª\uk|lt ;dfg wf/0ff /fVg' / Jojxf/
ug{' g} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xf] . 3/ kl/jf/df klt / kTgLlar cfk;L ;dGjoaf6 dfq ;'vL
kl/jf/sf] :yfkgf x'G5 . gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f kT| os] Ifq] df nª} l\ us eb] efj ug{] rng cfh;Dd
klg oyfjt\ 5 . o;y{ nª} \lus ;dfgtfdf hf8] lbg ;Sof} eg] aRrf hGdfpg] s/' fdf klg
nfU] g] tyf :jf:gLlar /fd/| L 5nkmn eO{ ;dembf/Ldf lg0fo{ lng] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] / ;v' L agfpg] sfod{ f klt tyf kTgLlarsf] kf/:kl/s ;dfgtfn]
dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg kfp“5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf af/d] f ;fyL;“u 5nkmn u/
/ pkfox¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf ;g' fpm .

@= ltdf| ] sIffsf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/L dlxnfnfO{ ;zStLs/0f ug{ s] s] ugk'{ nf,{ a'“bf
l6kf6] u/L lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ hGdfGt/n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofp5“ <
-v_ pko'St pd]/df ljjfx gubf{ hg;ª\Vofdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ <
-u_ pko'St pd]/df k|yd ue{wf/0f ubf{ xg' ] kmfObfx¿ n]v .
-3_ ‘nª} l\ us ;dfgtfn] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg u5{’. of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .

@= l7s jf al] 7s 56' o\ fpm M

-s_ k|hhg :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] ljjfxsf nflu dlxnfsf] pko'St pd]/ @)
jif{ xf] .
-v_ sd pd]/df aRrf hGdfpb“ f cfdfnfO{ sd vt/f xG' 5 .
-u_ gk] fndf dlxnf / k?' ifsf] hg;ªV\ of a/fa/ /xs] f] 5 .
-3_ dlxnfnfO{ bfOhfe] Gbf lzIff lbgk' 5{ .

168 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M % u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfo

hLjg u0' f:t/Lo agfpg :j:y z/L/, nfdf] cfo,' lzIffsf] cj;/ tyf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ xg' ' h?/L
5 . ;fy} u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu hLjg wfGg k'Ug] cfDbfgL, dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u,
b}jL ks| fk] af6 ;/' Iff, /d0fLo jftfj/0f / zflGt h:tf kIfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb5{  . u0' f:t/Lo
hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg tŒjdWo] sx] L d'Vo tŒjx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M
-s_ :jf:Yo
:jf:Yo ;j] f dflg;sf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . x/]s JolStn] cfkmg\ f] hLjg ;'vdo agfpg
klxn] pm cfkm“} :j:y xg' k' b5{  . ;fy} kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ :j:y xg' h?/L 5 . ;dfh
/ bz] ljsf;df :j:y JolStx¿n] cfjZos of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g \ . u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf
nflu :jf:YonfO{ Ps dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj dflgG5 . To;n} ] kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;':jf:Yosf nflu
lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ M
:jf:Yo;DaGwL cfjZos 1fg
JolSt tyf kl/jf/sf] ;/;kmfO
3/ j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO
;kmf / ;'/lIft vfgk] fgLsf] Joj:yf
;fgf] kl/jf/
/f]ulj?4 ;'O{ tyf vf]k /
lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf cfjZos pkrf/ 
-v_ lzIff
lzIff 1fg / lj1fgsf] ;|ft] xf] . lzIffn] g} dflg;df r]tgf a9fp5“  . o;n] hLjgnfO{
u0' f:t/Lo agfpg ;xof]u ub5{  . o;n] dflg;sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] :t/df ;d]t ;'wf/
Nofp5“  . :t/Lo lzIff xfl;n u/s] f JolStx¿n] ;lhnf;] u“ /fh] uf/L kf| Kt u5g{ \ / cfDbfgL
a9\5 . o;af6 kl/jf/sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-u_ kfi] f0f
u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfjZos tŒjdWo] kf]if0f klg Ps xf] . kf]l;nf] vfgfn] dflg;sf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf af}l4s ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“  . z/L/sf] cfjZostfcg;' f/
zlSt lbg,] ljsf; ug{] / /Iff ug]{ vfgfsf] sdLn] dflg;x¿ sk' fl] ift xG' 5g\ . kT| os] JolStn]
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg latfpg kf]l;nf] / ;Gtl' nt vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo kl/j]zcg;' f/ u'0f:t/Lo hLjg latfpg] pkfosf af/d] f ljBfyLl{ ar 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 169

-3_ /f]huf/L
kl/jf/sf] hLjg :t/ psf:g cfDbfgL /fdf| ] xg' k' b5{  . o;sf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]

ljleGg sfd u/L cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sgk' b5{  . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] /f]huf/Ln] hLjg ;v' L
/ ;Gtf]ifk|b aG5 .
-ª_ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] kl/jf/
;fgf] kl/jf/sf] hLjg 7'nf] kl/jf/sf] bfh“ fd] f a9L u0' f:t/Lo x'G5 . kT| os] kl/jf/n]
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] agfpg] ko| f; ugfn{ ] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} hLjgsf]
u'0f:t/ ;w' fg{;dt] ;xof]u k'U5 .
-r_ kh| gg tyf ofg} lzIff
k|hgg tyf of}g lzIffsf] 1fgn] k|hgg tyf of}g /f]u ;DaGwL ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg
ug,{ hLjgnfO{ v;' L tyf ;v' L tN' ofpg, dfgl;s / ;+ju] fTds tgfj sd ug{ dbt
ub5{ . ;fy} c;n kfl/jfl/s hLjg k4ltsf nflu cfjZos cGo 1fg tyf l;k klg
lbg] x'“bf dflg;sf] hLjgdf u0' f:t/ psf:g ;3fp k'¥ofp5“  .
plNnlvt tŒjx¿sf cfwf/df u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ab“' fut ¿kdf
k:| t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;j;{ 'netf / pkof]u ug{'
@= :t/Lo lzIff xfl;n ug{'
#= ;Gt'lnt efh] gsf] k|r/' tf / lgoldt ko| f]u ug'{
$= cfjf;, ;~rf/nufotsf ;l' jwfsf] Joj:yf ug'{
%= kmf]xf]/dn} fsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{
^= /fh] uf/L l;h{gf ug'{
&= jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng tyf :jR5tf sfod ug{'
*= l;kdn" s / cfodn" s sfo{jm| dsf] Joj:yf ug{'
(= k|hgg tyf ofg} /f]u;DaGwL ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{' .

lj|mofsnfk

ltd|f] 6fn] l5ds] df /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg u'0f:t/Lo agfpg s] s] ug'{knf{, ;fyLx¿;u“
5nkmn u/ / 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfwf/e"t tŒjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ lzIffn] hLjgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg s:tf] el" dsf v]N5 <
-u_ kfl} i6s tŒjsf] cefjn] u0' f:t/Lo hLjgdf s:tf] c;/ u5{ <

170 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ^ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff

;G' b/k'/ ufp“ klxn] / clxn]

klxn] clxn]

;'Gb/k'/ ufp“sf dflg;x¿ ;fg} pd]/df ;'Gb/k'/ ufp“sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] wf/0ff /
ljjfx uy ]{ . o; sf/0f pgLx¿sf] afnaRrf Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf]
klg ;fg} pd]/df hlGdGy] . pgLx¿ /xg;xg ablnPsf] 5 . Toxfs“ f dflg;sf]
;GtfgnfO{ OZ{ j/sf j/bfg ;DemGy ] . ;a}n] k|hgg Jojxf/df klg w]/} kl/jtg{ cfPsf]
w/] } ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVby ] . w]/} dflg;x¿ 5 . ljjfx ug{] pd]/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
clzlIft lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo, ljjfxkZrft\ kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf agfPkl5 dfq
ue{ lg/fw] , ;T' s]/L cj:yf / lzz'sf] x/] aRrf hGdfpg ;?' u5g{  \ . cfjZostfcg;' f/
rfx ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lyPg . pgLx¿ hGd :yfoL / c:yfoL kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf pkfo
lg/f]wsf ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ub{}gy] . b'O{ ckgfp5“ g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ljleGg
aRrfsf] hGdfGt/ sd lyof ] . uej{ tL / ;fwgx¿af6 k|hgg ;DaGwL ;"rgf /
;T' s]/L dlxnfsf] x/] rfx /fdf| ];u“ xb“' }gYof ] . hfgsf/L k|;f/0f x'g] u/s] f 5g \ . pgLx¿sf]
ul/aLn] ubf{ bM' v, si6 / snx a9b\ } uPsf] cflys{ cj:yfdf ;w' f/ x“b' } uPsf] 5 . ;a}
lyof ] . afn dT[ o' b/ lbgkl| tlbg al9/xs] f] lyof ] . 3/ kl/jf/df ;'v tyf zflGt 5fPsf] 5 .

k|To]s bDktL tyf JolStnfO{ slt ;ª\Vofdf aRrf hGdfpg], slt hGdfGt/df kfpg], s'g
;dodf kfpg] eGg] s/' fsf] lg0fo{ ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . tL lg0fo{ lng cfjZos hfgsf/L
lbg] ;~rf/nufotsf dfWodaf/] kl| zlIft x'g] clwsf/ ;an} fO{ xG' 5 . of}g tyf k|hgg
cflbdf klg k0" f{ :j:ytf kf| Kt ug]{ clwsf/ ;a}sf] x'G5 . oL ljifo Ifq] ;d]l6Psf] lzIffnfO{
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff elgG5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffleq kl/jf/ of]hgf, ;/' lIft dftT[ j,
gjhft lzz' tyf afn :jf:Yo x]/rfx h:tf Ifq] x¿ kb5{ g \ . o;sf nflu kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL
tyf cGo ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng x'g h?/L 5 . o;/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfkgaf6
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;v' L hLjgofkg ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 .

k|foM ;a} JolSt eljiodf aa' fcfdf aG5g\ . ctM sg' ;dodf ljjfx ubf{ jf cfdfa'af aGbf
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cflys{ cj:yf pko'St xG' 5 egL lg0fo{ ;an} ] ug'k{ 5 { .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/sf] pko'St kfl/jfl/s hLjg latfpg] pbfx/0f lbO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] dxŒj
:ki6 kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 171

x/]s JolStn] afnsb]lv j[4 cj:yf;Dd kf/ u5{g \ . ljleGg ;dodf pgLx¿df zf/Ll/s /
dfgl;s kl/jtg{ x¿ bv] f kg{ yfN5g\ . o; cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf] ;Nnfx / ;xofu] cfjZostf
kb5{  . o;n] pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofp“5 . ;du| kl/jf/sf] cfly{s /
;fdflhs ljsf; u/fp“5 . ;fy} kfl/jfl/s ;v' zflGtn] :yfloTj kfp“5 .
;dfhsf] ljsf;;“u} hg;ª\Vofsf] jl[ 4 tLj| ¿kn] eO/x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f cfÇgf ;Gtfgsf]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg / cGo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ w]/} vr{ ugk'{ g]{ xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{
w/] } ;GtfgnfO{ cleefjsTj k|bfg ug{ sl7g xG' 5 . w/] } ;Gtfg hGdfpgfn] cfdf / aRrf
bj' s} f] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . o;y{ ;an} ] kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffaf/] hfgsf/L
lng cfjZos 5 . o;n] afn d[Tob' / 36\5 . hGdfGt/ /fVg] bDktLsf] ;ªV\ of a9\5 .
;fy} bO' { ;Gtfg ePkl5 :yfoL aGWofs/0f ug{x] ¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9\5 . dflg;sf] hLjg :t/df
;'wf/ x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= plNnlvt 36gf j|md cWoog u/L kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffaf/] 5nkmn u/ .

@= kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxŒjaf/] ;fyL;“u cGt/ljm| of u/ .

#= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿sf] rf/ ;dx" agfO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro, dxŒj /
cfjZostf emNsg] kf]:6/, tflnsf jf ;dfrf/ agfO{ ljBfno / 6f]n l5ds] df 6f“; .

$= ltdf| ] ufps“ f] klxn] / clxns] f] kfl/jfl/s hLjg cj:yfsf af/d] f Hoi] 7 gful/s;u“ ;fw] L
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lgdf0{ fdf cfPsf ;'wf/ jm| dsf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;G' b/k/' ufp“df klxn] / clxnd] f s] leGgtf kfOG5 <
-v_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffleq s] s:tf If]qx¿ kb{5g\ <
-3_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxŒj atfpm .
-ª_ ;G' b/k'/ ufp“sf] 36gf jm| daf6 ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <

;fdb' flos sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfosf dflg;dWo] w]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf ug{] / yf]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf ug{]sf]
;ªV\ of slt 5, l6kf]6 u/ . pgLx¿n] w/] } jf yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf ;Gtfg hGdfpg] rfxgf
/fVgs' f sf/0fx¿ tn pNnv] u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ M

w]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVg'sf sf/0f yf]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVgs' f sf/0f

172 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M & hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg
ljleGg lgsfosf] e"ldsf


hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf /fli6«o :t/sf lgsfosf] 7'nf] /8] j|m;sf] kt| Ls lrx\g
el" dsf /xG5 . o; lsl;dsf lgsfoaf6 bz] sf ;a} 7fpd“ f
sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . w/] } dflg;n] o;af6
;xofu] kfp5“ g\ . lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno, :jf:Yo
tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno, :sfp6, /]8j|m;, c:ktfn tyf
:jf:Yo lSnlgs h:tf ;:+ yfx¿af6 hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
dxŒjk0" f{ sfo{ xb“' } cfPsf] 5 . tL ;:+ yfx¿dWo] kd| v' ;:+ yfn]
u/]sf sfo{ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL sfo{ ugs{ f nflu :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of dGqfnosf] u7g
ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] d"ntM :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof;“u ;DalGwt ljifodf gLlt lgdf{0f
u/L sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u5{ . o:t,} hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{jm| d ;~rfng
ug]{ lgsfox¿lar ;dGjo tyf cgu' dg u/L d"Nofªs\ g klg ub5{ .

hg;ªV\ of lzIff sfoj{ m| d

hg;ª\Vof lzIffn] a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . o;af6
hg;ªV\ ofaf/] hgr]tgf hufpg ;lsG5 . hg;ªV\ of lzIff sfo{jm| d cf}krfl/s /
cgfk} rfl/s u/L b'O{ ks| f/n] sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 .

hg;ª\Vof lzIff kl/of]hgf

lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfnoaf6 o"=Pg=\ Pkm=kL=P=sf] cflys{ ;xofu] / og' ]:sf]
sf] kf| ljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ !(*) b]lv hg;ªV\ of lzIff sfo{jm| d ;~rfng eO/x]
sf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof lzIff sfoj{ m| dnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg / ;dGjo ugs{ f nflu
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf hg;ª\Vof lzIff ;dGjostfs{ f] sfofn{ oaf6
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf bft[ ;+:yf tyf g]kfn ;/sf/;“u ;dGjo
u/L sfo{j|md th'd{ f ug,]{ cg'udg tyf dN" ofªs\ g Pjd\ cGo ljljw sfo{ x“'b} cfPsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;ª3\ ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfox{ ¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 173

cgfk} rfl/s hg;ª\Vof lzIff sfo{j|md

cgfk} rfl/s hg;ª\Vof lzIff sfoj{ |mdcGtu{t kf| 9} , oj' f, dhb'/ tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{
hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL rt] gf hufOG5 . ;fgf] kl/jf/ ;'vL kl/jf/sf] efjgf hufpg]
p2]Zon] hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ul/G5g\ .

lj=;=+ @)#* ;fnbl] v hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ ljleGg cgfk} rfl/s sfoj{ m| ddf PsLst[ u/s] f]
5 . o; sfoj{ m| dn] ljBfno guPsf oj' f tyf kf| 9} nfO{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] l:yltaf/] l;sfp5“ .
a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofaf6 hLjg :t/df kfg{] c;/af/] pgLx¿df rt] gf hufp5“ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{
hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] 1fg u/fp“5 . pgLx¿sf] cfkmg\ f] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g Nofpg o;af6 dbt kU' 5 . ;fy} >d ljefu, ;xsf/L ljefu, 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u ljefu, :yfgLo ljsf; kl| zIf0f kl| ti7fg, g]kfn kl/jf/ lgofh] g ;ª3\ ,
g]kfn :sfp6, /]8j|m; h:tf ;+:yf tyf lgsfon] klg cfcfkm\gf sfo{j|md ;“u;“u}
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfoj{ m| dnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= cfk\mgf] If]q / Onfsfsf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ePsf sfos{ f] vf]hL u/ / sIffdf
k:| tt' u/ .

@= hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf sf/0f cfk\mgf] 6f]n tyf 5/l5ds] df pTkGg x'g] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu ltdL s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5f} <

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf0{ f, cgu' dg, dN" ofªs\ g s;n] ub{5 <

-v_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf hg;ªV\ of lzIff kl/ofh] gfsf] e"ldsf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

-u_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;n+ Ug /fli6«o lgsfo tyf ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] ;r" L agfpm .

;fdb' flos sfo{

ljZjsf sltko bz] df hg;ªV\ of 36b\ } uPsfn] bz] sf] ljsf;df kT| oIf ke| fj k/L cGo
bz] af6 hgzlSt nu]sf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] b]zaf6 ljbz] df w]/} dflg; uPsf 5g\ . xfdf| ]
bz] sf] hgzlSt gk] fnd} ga;L lsg labl] ;Psf] xfn] f, sf/0f vfh] L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

174 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kg' /jnf]sg cEof;

!= l7s jf al] 7s 56' o\ fpm M

-s_ ;:' t ultdf ePsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] j[l4 tLj| hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 xf] .
-v_ j}1flgs tl/sfsf] hgu0fgf ePg eg] ;xL hg;ª\Vof yfxf gxg' ;S5 .
-u_ lj=;+= !((* df k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿ :jb]z kmls{P .
-3_ gk] fnaf6 cGo bz] df a;fO“ ;g{] k|ljm| of pTk|jf; xf] .
-ª_ @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] tLj| j[l4 b/ bv] fp5“ .

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
rt] gfsf] sdL ljsf;sf ;'ljwf a9fpg]
s'/Llt / cGwljZjf; lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{
ul/aL / k5f}6k] g cfocfhg{ Ifdtf a9fpg]
pRr a;fO;“ /fO r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{
sdhf]/ cflys{ l:ylt ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf

#= lj|mofsnfk

-s_ ltdf| ] ;db' fodf vfBfGg, cfjf; / :jf:Yo ;l' jwfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, df}hb' f
cj:yf, ;w' f/ ug{k' g]{ kIf, To;sf sf/0f, r'gft} L / pkfo ;d6] L kl| tjb] g tof/
u/ .

-v_ ltdL slxnb] l] v ljjfx of]Uo xG' 5f} < ltdLn] cfkmg\ f] hLjg ;v' L agfpg ljjfx ug,{]
;Gtfg hGdfpg,] hflu/ jf k;] f ug{] af/d] f s:tf] ofh] gf agfPsf 5f,} ;fyLx¿lar
cfcfkm\gf] efjL hLjgsf] of]hgfsf af/]df v'nf ¿kdf 5nkmn u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 175

PsfO

@ xfdf| ] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf

l;sfO pknlAw

ljleGg wd{cg';f/ ul/g] ;:+ sf/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{
ljleGg hfltcg';f/ ul/g] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ klxrfg / ;/+ If0fdf ;xofu] ug{
/fli6o« tfsf] hug] f{ ub{} o;sf] ;j+ wg{ x'g] ljm| ofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g
gk] fnL nfs] uLt, nf]s g[To / nf]s afhfx¿sf] dxŒj afw] ug{
:yfgLo 7fp“df kfOg] nfs] uLt, nf]s gT[ o / nf]s afhfsf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xofu] ug{
:yfgLo 7fp“sf] u/uxgf / klx/gsf] vfh] L u/L tLgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f sfod{ f ;xofu] ug{
P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfljisf/ ug]{ jf lj1fg;DaGwL sfo{ u/]sf] JolStTjsf] vf]hL ug{
j1} flgs JolStTjsf] sfdaf6 k/|] 0ff lng
:yfgLo ;db' fosf Pl] txfl;s JolStTjsf] vfh] L ug{ / ofu] bfg atfpg

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 15

kf7 M ! xfdf| ] wflds{ ;+:sf/

xfd|f] bz] df lxGb', af4} , O:nfd, ls/ft, hg} , l;v, O;fO, jf]g, k|s[lt, axfOnufotsf wd{
dflgG5g\ . oxf“ ljleGg wdf{jnDaLx¿sf lardf ulx/f] Pstf /x]sf] 5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf oL
wdc{ g';f/sf ljleGg ;:+ sf/ k|rlnt 5g\ . To;n} ] xfdf| ] b]zdf wd;{ u“ ;DalGwt kj{x¿df
ljbf lbg] rng 5 . h:t} M lxGb' wd;{ u“ ;DalGwt b;,“} ltxf/, 57, dxflzj/flq h:tf kjx{ ¿
k5g{ \ . af4} wd;{ “u ;DalGwt a'4 hoGtL, Nxf];f/ cflb kjx{ ¿ tyf ls/ft wd{;u“ ;DalGwt
pwfn} L, pef}nL kj{x¿ 5g\ . To:t} O:nfd;u“ ;DalGwt Ob, as/ Ob tyf O;fO;{ u“ ;DalGwt
lj|m;d; cflb kj{ k5{g\ . o:tf kj{x¿ slxn] slxn] kg{] /x]5g\, leQ] klqsf x/] .

lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLn] j]b, pklgifb,\ wdz{ f:q, k/' f0f, uLtf, Hofl] tif zf:q h:tf zf:qLo uG| y
k95\ g\ . tL uG| yn] atfPcg;' f/ ljlw / ;:+ sf/ kfngf u5g{ \ . lxGbn' ] ax| d\ f, lji0f,' lzj, bu' f,{
;/:jtL, nIdL, u0fz] , ;o" {, rGbd| f cflbnfO{ O{Zj/sf ¿kdf kH' 5g\ . logLx¿sf] dl" t,{ tl:a/
cflbsf] kh" f u5{g\ . lgTosd{ ug{ dg k/fp5“ g\ . k~rfk] rf/, bzfk] rf/, iff8] zfk] rf/ h:tf
kh" f ljlwx¿ ko| fu] u5{g\ . ljleGg ltly, af/ cflbdf jt| a:5g\ . :tf]q kf7 u/L Oi6bj] tfsf]
cf/fwgf u5g{ \ . bLgbM' vL, c;xfo, czSt, ul/a, afns, j4[ j4[ fsf ;]jf u5{g\ . lxGbx' ¿
bfg ug{ ?rfp5“ g\ .

af}4dfuLn{ ] uf}td a'4sf] dl" t{ tyf tl:a/df cfkm" n] rfxs] f] O{Zj/sf] kl| t¿k kfp5“ g\ . pgLx¿
uft} d a4' sf] gfddf k|fy{gf u5{g\ . Wofg u5{g\ . af4} wds{ f sG] bs| f ¿kdf uD' af agfp“5g\
/ ToxL“ kh" fkf7 klg u5{g\ . uf}td a'4sf] gfddf Wofg u/]kl5 cfk"mnfO{ klg zflGt k|fKt
ePsf] dx;;' u5{g\ . o; wds{ f hfts syf / lqlk6s k|dv' u|Gy xg' \ . ;To / clx+;f
af4} wd{sf] d"n dGq xf] eg] bfg ug{' csf]{ kd| 'v ljzi] ftf xf] .

O:nfdLx¿sf] wd{ uG| y s/' fg xf] . o; wd{df d"lt{ k"hf x'“b}g . pgLx¿ gdfh k9/] cNnfxsf]
elSt jf kf| yg{ f u5g{ \ . logLx¿sf] dV' o rf8 Ob xf] . logLx¿ bfg ugd{ f ljZjf; u5g{ \ . o;/L
lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf kr| lnt wfld{s ;:+ sf/sf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

16 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ul/Psf] bfgnfO{ lkmq elgG5 .

ls/ftn] ?v, hªu\ n, vf]nf, 9'ªuf, gbL, kxf8, lxdfn cflbdf cfkm" n] rfx]sf] O{Zj/sf]
¿k b]V5g\ / tLg} k|sl[ tsf] k"hf u5{g\ . tLg} j:t'df kf?xfª, ;'lDgdf / dfªxfªsf] kt| Ls
dfgL kh" f u5{g\ . logLx¿ k|s[ltsf] k"hf u/d] f OZ{ j/ k|fKt x'G5g\ eGg] ljZjf; /fV5g\ .
ls/ftsf] d'Vo wfld{s uG| y dG' w'd xf] .
O;fO{ wdfj{ nDaLx¿ lh;; jm| fO:6nfO{ cfÇgf] wds{ f kj| ts{ dfG5g\ . O;fOx{ ¿sf] wdu{ G| y
afOan xf] . oxL u|Gysf cfwf/df O;fO{x¿n] cfcfÇgf] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltsf] kfngf
u5g{ \ . cfk;df ze' sfdgf JoSt u5g{ \ . lh;; jm| fO:6sf gfddf rr{ agfp5“ g\ / ToxL“ uP/
kf| yg{ f u5g{ \ . jm| fO:6sf gfddf kf| yg{ f ubf{ OZ{ j/;u“ ;fIffTsf/ xg' ] s/' fdf ljZjf; u5g{ \ .
h}g wdf{jnDaLx¿ lty{ª\s/ -u'?_ df O{Zj/sf] ¿k b]V5g\ . dxfjL/nfO{ cfbz{ k'?if
7fG5g\ . tLgLx¿ OZ{ j/sf] gfddf bfg, ;]jf cflb sfo{ u5g{ \ . o;f] ubf{ cfkm" nfO{ ;v' zflGt
kf| Kt ePsf] dx;;' u5g{ \ . l;v wdf{jnDaLx¿ u?' gfgsnfO{ OZ{ j/sf] ¿k 7fG5g\ .
>L u?' uG| y ;flxa kf7 u5{g\ . u'?åf/fnfO{ kljq :yn 7fG5g\ . ToxL“ uP/ k"hfkf7 u5g{ \ .
o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿ O{Zj/ kf| Kt xg' ] s/' fdf ljZjf; u5g{ \ . o:t} cGo wd{ ;Dk|bfon] cfcfÇgf]
wflds{ dfGotfcg;' f/ ljleGg wfld{s ultljlw u5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdL cWoog ug{] sIffdf sg' s'g wd{;u“ ;DalGwt ;fyLx¿ 5g\, ;f]w]/ nv] .
@= wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;n] ;dfhnfO{ Pstfa4 / ;dG' gt s;/L agfp5“ ,
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= hf8] f ldnfpm M ;d"x ‘v’

;d"x ‘s’ ljBfsL bj] L
s'df/L O:nfd wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] wd{u|Gy
;/:jtL af}4 wds{ f] kd| v' uG| y
s/' fg ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx¿sf b]jL
ltyª{ s\ / hg} wdf{jnDaLx¿sf b]jtf
;l' Dgdf lxGb'x¿sL hLljt b]jL
lqlk6s

#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ltdLn] dgfpg] wfld{s ;:+ sf/sf af/]df Ps cgR' 5b] nv] .
-v_ d"lt{ jf tl:a/ kh" f ug]{ / gug]{ wd{x¿sf] ;"rL cnu cnu agfP/ bv] fpm .

-u_ ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx¿n] O{Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug{] tl/sf n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 17

kf7 M @ xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/

Pp6f lglZrt Ifq] leq a;fa] f; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{
;dfh elgG5 . ;dfhnfO{ lrgfpg] Pp6f d'Vo cfwf/
;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ klg xf] . gk] fnLx¿sf cfcfÇgf wflds{ ,
;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f 5g\ . tL k/Dk/fdf
cfwfl/t /Lltl:ylt, d"No / dfGotf klg km/s km/s
5g\ . tLg} /Lltl:ylt, d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t
eP/ xfdL gk] fnL ljleGg wd{x¿ dfG5f}“ . cfcfk"mn]
dflgcfPsf wflds{ kl| jm| of / tl/sfx¿ klg leGgfleGg}
/xs] f 5g\ . o:tf kl| jm| of / tl/sfnfO{ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf
;:+ sf/ eGg] rng 5 . ;fdfGotof dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s
z'4tfsf nflu ul/g] wfld{s sfox{ ¿ g} ;+:sf/ xg' \ . oL ;:+ sf/ hfltcg;' f/ leGg leGg
¿kdf kfOG5g\ .

s'g} klg ;d'bfo, hflt jf bz] nfO{ lrgfpg] dfl} ns kIf ;+:sl[ t xf] . ;:+ s[ltnfO{ ;+:sf/n]
klg k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . ljleGg hfltx¿nfO{ Psaf6 csf]{;“u 5'6\ofpg] ljlzi6
s/' fx¿ ;:+ sf/df /xs] f xG' 5g\ . sltko o:tf ;:+ sf/x¿df ;dfgtf klg kfOG5 . hGd, ljjfx,
d[To'nufotsf ljleGg sfo{df leGg ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fn] x/]s ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf
emNsfp5“ . To:t} g]kfnsf] ef}ufl] ns agfj6 / hnjfon' ] klg s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf ;fdflhs
;:+ sf/df 56' 6\ } klxrfg lbg] u/s] f] kfOG5 . lxdfndf a:g] dflg;sf] ;:+ sf/ / t/fO{ jf kxf8df
a:g] dflg;sf] ;:+ sf/df km/skg kfOG5 . hGdg' cl3bl] v dT[ ok' Zrft;\ Dd ul/g] ;:+ sf/x¿df
ljljwtf kfOG5 . dn" tM hGd ;:+ sf/, afNosfnsf ;:+ sf/, zl} Ifs ;:+ sf/, ljjfx ;:+ sf/, dT[ o'
;+:sf/, cflb xfd|f ;:+ sl[ tsf k|d'v kIf xg' \ .

xfdf| ] /fi6« ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, ;:+ sl[ t / ;Eotfsf] ;femf km' naf/L xf] . oxf“ ;a}
wdfj{ nDaLx¿ Ps cfk;df ldn/] a;]sf 5g\ . cfcfÇgf] wdc{ g';f/sf ;:+ sf/ dflgcfPsf
5g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M æk|To]s JolStnfO{ kr| lnt
;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/fsf] dofb{ f /fvL k/fkj" b{ l] v rlncfPsf] cfÇgf] wds{ f] cjnDag,
cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{] xs x'g] 5 . t/ s;}n] s;s} f] wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg kfpg] 5}g / Ps

csfs{ f] wdd{ f vnn kfg{] u/L sg' } sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;db' fodf kr| lnt ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/df sl] Gbt| eO{ To:tf ;:+ sf/sf pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ .

18 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

sfgg' adfl] hd cfÇgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL cfÇgf] wflds{ :yn / wflds{ u7' Lsf] ;~rfng /
;/+ If0f ug{] xs xg' ] 5 .Æ oxL sfgg' sf] kl/lwleq /xL xfdf| ] bz] df cfcfÇgf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f /
;+:sf/x¿ kr| ngdf /lxcfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnLx¿df wd{ jf ;:+ sf/sf gfddf em}emu8f ub}g{ g\ . Ps wd{sf dflg; csf]{ wds{ f
wfld{s :yndf hfG5g\ . wfld{s ;df/fx] , rf8kj{, hfqf, k"hfcfhfdf ;xefuL xG' 5g\ .
wflds{ ;lxi0f'tf oxfs“ f] cfbz{ / cg's/0fLo pbfx/0f xf] . t/ klg xfdf| ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/df
s]xL ljs[lt jf cGwljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5'jf5t' , hfltut ¿kdf e]befj,
nª} l\ us e]befj h:tf ;:+ sf/ut ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg ;:+ sf/sf sfd ubf{ cgfjZos
vr{ ug{], ef]het/] ug{,] kzk' IfLsf] aln lbg] cflb h:tf ljs[lt /xs] f 5g\ . o:tf ljs[lt
jm| dzM sd ub{} cfÇgf] ;+:sf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ wg{ ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk

;fyLsf] 3/df k|rngdf /x]sf] ;:+ sf/sf af/]df ;fw] /] n]v / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ;+:sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ xfdf| ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf k|d'v tLg ljz]iftf nv] .
-u_ æxfd|f] b]z gk] fn ljleGg hft, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] ;femf k"mnaf/L
xf] .Æ o; egfOsf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof u/ .
-3_ xfd|f] bz] sf] ;+ljwfgdf wd{ ;+:sl[ tsf af/]df s] s:tf] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5, n]v .
-ª_ xfd|f ;+:sf/sf ljs[lt jf ;d:ofsf] ;r" L agfO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfo klg n]v .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tn lbOPsf ljleGg kIfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿
;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ M

-s_ hGd ;:+ sf/, 56} L, Gjf/fg, kf:gL, r8" fsd{, 5]j/ jf cGo ;+:sf/
-v_ ljjfx ;+:sf/
-u_ dT[ o' ;+:sf/
-3_ vfgkfg, klx/g;DaGwL ;+:sf/
-8_ rf8kj;{ DaGwL ;+:sf/
-r_ dV' o wfld{s ;:+ sf/

-5_ kfx'gf;DaGwL ;+:sf/

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 19

k f7 M # sx] L hfltut ;:+ sf/

tnsf] tflnsfsf af/]df sIffdf ;fdl" xs 5nkmn u/ M k|dv' rf8kj{

hflt hGd ;+:sf/ ljjfx ;+:sf/ dT[ o' ;:+ sf/

zk] f{ af4} k/Dk/fdf dfuL, rf]/L, hf/L af}4 k/Dk/fdf t;] f| ], UofNjf] Nxf];f/, b'DhL,

kf“rbl] v !! lbgdf / k|]d ljjfx ;ftf“} / P3f/f“} lbgdf cf];f] cflb

nfdfåf/f Gjf/fg gfk/' sd{

tfdfª tLg lbgkl5 Gjf/fg dfuL / zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] ;fg] fd Nxf;] f/, a4' hoGtL

5f/] Lsf] kfr“ / 5f/] fsf ] rf]/L ljjfx tLg lbg h7' f] afg]{ /

5 dlxgfdf kf:gL 3j] f ug{]

/fO{ tLgb]lv 5 lbgdf dfuL / kd|] ljjfx zjnfO{ uf8g\ ,] zj ;fs]nf jf ;fsj] f

Gjf/fg ofqfdf aGb's k8s\ fpg] GjfuL, jf8fª\d]6

lnDa' aRrf hlGdPkl5 dfuL / rf/] L ljjfx d/s] f] zjnfO{ k|rlnt ks| l[ t kh" f, jifs{ f] bO' k{ 6s

5f]/L eP tLg lbg d;fg 3f6df nu/] uf8g\ ] pwf}nL / pefn} L k"hf

/ 5f]/f eP rf/ rfdfrf;fs]

lbgdf Gjf/fg

du/ !! bl] v !% Dffdf r]nL km'k" !) bl] v !# lbg leqdf gfu kh" f, nt' f] kmfNg]

lbg;Dddf Gjf/fg rn] f];u“ ljjfx sfhljml/of

dfuL / hf/L ljjfx

u'?ª klxnf] ;Gtfgdf dfuL / k|]d ljjfx !# lbg;Dd h'7f] afg{] lkts[ fo{ -c3{ lbg_]

ljz]if pT;j zj uf8\g] jf hnfpg] 3f6' / ;f/] 7L gfr

dgfpg] / k'6k6' ] c3f {“} td' Nxf;] f/

gfr gfRg]

afx'g lxGb' k/Dk/fcg;' f/ cfkm\ gf] ufq] 5n/] lxGb' k/Dk/fcg;' f/ b;,}“ ltxf/, lth,

jf If]qL !! lbg ;Dddf dfuL / k]|d ljjfx zj hnfpg,] !# lbg hg} k"l0f{df, cfdfaa' fsf]

Gjf/g, kf“r jf h7' f] afg]{ dv' x]g{], /fd gjdL, s[i0f

5 dlxgfdf kf:gL / hGdfi6dL, >Lk~rdL,

;ft jif{kl5 j|taGw df3] ;ªj\ m| flGt, tLh,

kmfu' k"l0fd{ f cflb

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo ;db' fodf /xs] f hfltut ;+:sf/sf] ;fw] vfh] u/L 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

20 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

hflt hGd ;+:sf/ ljjfx ;:+ sf/ d[To' ;+:sf/ k|d'v rf8kj{

lwdfn aRrf hlGdPkl5 dfuL / rf/] L ljjfx d/s] f] zjnfO{ tfl] sPsf ] ks| l[ t kh" f, jifs{ f] bO' k{ 6s

5f]/L eP tLg lbg hf/L ljjfx, ljwjf ljjfx, d;fg 3f6df nu/] uf8g\ ] pwfn} L / pef}nL k"hf

/ 5f/] f eP rf/ k|]d ljjfx, ;'kf/L

lbgdf rf]Vofpg] ljjfx

yf? aRrf hGd]sf] 5 dfuL, hf/L / kd]| zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] jf df3L -gof“ jif{sf ¿kdf_
kmfu' cflb
bl] v gf} lbgdf Gjf/fg ljjfxsf] kr| ng hnfpg]

g]jf/ aRrf hGds] f] rf/ OxL -a]n ljjfx_, cfÇgf] wdc{ g;' f/ d[To' ljleGg hfqfx¿,
b]lv !! lbg;Dddf dfuL / k]|d ljjfx ;+:sf/ -lxGb' jf af}4_ ltxf/df Dxk"hf cflb
Gjf/fg

ljm| ofsnfk

dflysf] tflnsfdf h:t} cfcfÇgf] ;d'bfodf kr| lnt hfthfltsf ;:+ sf/sf af/]df ;fw] vf]h
u/L 5nkmn u/ / n]v .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ gj] f/ hfltn] dfuL, ========== / ========== ljjfx u5g{ \ .
-v_ k|sl[ tsf] k"hf ug{] hflt ========== xf] .
-u_ ;f]/7L / 3f6' gfr ========== hfltn] dgfp5“ g\ .

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M

Dxk"hf yf¿
gfukh" f du/
GjfuL /fO{
lth zk] f{
bD' hL lxGb'
gj] f/

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ cfÇgf] hfltdf /x]sf] s'g} Ps ;+:sf/sf af/]df cleefjs;“u ;f]wL Ps
cgR' 5b] n]v .
-v_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf ;+:sf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s] s] ug{'knf{ <

-u_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf ;:+ sf/sf] ;+/If0f ubf{ xg' ] sg' } kf“rcf6] f kmfObf nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 21

kf7 M $ /fi6s« f] ;Ddfg / /fli6o« tfsf] hug] f{

ls/0f, xl;gf, kD] af / /fdbofn sIff ;ftdf k9g\ ] ;fyLx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿n] km' ;b{ sf] ;dodf
u/s] f] 5nkmn o; ks| f/ 5 M

ls/0f M xl;gf, ltdLn] bz] sf] enfO x'g] s'g} sfd u/] h:tf] nfU5 <

xl;gf M clxn] t d ljBfyL{ g} 5' . ldlxg]t u//] k95\ ' . ;fjh{ lgs wf/f, kfj} f, af6f,]
k'n, d7, dlGb/, dl:hb cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;xofu] u5'{ . ;fdflhs tyf
ljsf;sf sfddf ;xofu] u5{' . cgz' f;gdf a:5' . c¿nfO{ cgz' fl;t aGg
k]l| /t u5'{ . ljs[lt, ei| 6frf/ / b'/frf/sf lj?4 r]tgf kmn} fpg] sfd u5'{ .
oL sfdn] klg b]zsf] enfO x'G5, xfO] g / <

kD] af M xl;gfsf] h:t} ug{ ;s] t bz] sf] ;j] fsf ;fy} cfkm" nfO{ klg cfTd ;Ddfg ldN5 .

/fdbofn M xf], xfdf| ] b]z ljljwtfo'St b]z xf] . oxf“ ljleGg hflt, ei] fe"iff, efiff / ;:+ sl[ t
5 . efu} f]lns ljljwtf 5 . oxL
ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg g} /fi6s« f] ;Ddfg
xf] . xfdLdf dn] ldnfksf] efjgf
5 . hftLo / ;f+:sl[ ts Pstf
5 . xfdL ;a} Psn] csfs{ f] ;Ddfg
u5f+{} . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zsf]
;Ddfg a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] xf]nf
xfd|f] b]znfO{ cg]stfdf Pstf
ePsf] b]z klg elgG5 lg .

k]Daf M ls/0f, ltdL eg t xfd|f] bz] df uf/} j ug]{ s/' f s] s] 5g\ <

ls/0f M n ;g' , ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf, zflGtbt" uft} d a4' / pgsf] hGd:yn
nl' DagL cflbn] xfdf| ] hGdel" dnfO{ lrgfO/fvs] f 5g\ . of] bz] jL/ ufv] fn{ Lsf]
bz] eg/] klg kl/lrt 5 . of] bz] sf] /fli6o« emG8f, /fli6o« ufg, lgzfg 5fk, /fli6o«
km" n / /fli6o« r/f xfdf| ] bz] df uf/} j ug{] s/' f xg' \ . c¿ s] s] xfn] fg,\ xl;gf <

xl;gf M c/lgsfn] ] xfdf| ] bz] df kr| lnt snfnfO{ lrgdf nuL gfd sdfPsf lyP . es[ 6[ Ln]
cGt/fl{ i6«o ¿kdf d}qL ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;xofu] u/s] L lyOg\ . logLx¿n]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo ;db' fodf k|rlnt uf}/j ug{ nfossf s/' fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

22 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ljZj;fd' g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg ;xofu] u/]sf 5g\ .
/fdbofn M xfd|f] b]z cfh;Dd s;}sf] pklgj]z ags] f] 5}g . xfdL gk] fnLn] :jfledfgL eO{

afR“ gk' 5{ eGg] s/' f kv' fn{ ] l;sfPsf 5g\ . o;tkm{ xfdL ;as} f] Wofg hfgk' 5{ .

kD] af M P ;fyL xf] ¤ lxhf] lzIfsn] egs] f] lal;{Psf 5f} ls Sof xf] <

ls/0f M s] s'/f xf], sl' Gg < gk] fn xf] xfd|f] bz] gk] fnL xf“} xfdL

kD] af M z'j|maf/ x'g] ljBfno :t/ ljZjdf g} gk] fnLx¿ ag]sf 5g\ gfdL
Lo uLt ufog kl| tof]lutfsf
nflu tof/L x'b“ } 5 t < gk] fnsf hfthflt efiffefifL ;a} gk] fnL

xl;gf M ;/n] uLt vfh] /] NofOlbG5' ;a} wd,{ ;+:s[lt, j0f{ / ji] fei" ff g]kfnL .
eGge' Psf] lyof] . lbge' of] t < lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO,{ dw]; ;a} xfd|f] gk] fn
kD] af M NofOlbge' Psf] 5 . ;G' g] xf] < eb] x}g, åGå x}g, ;dtfdn" s g]kfn .

ls/0f M d t To; lbg bf/} f ;?' jfn ;lxi0ft' f, ;be\ fj;fy sfod 5 /fi6« Pstf
nufp5“ ' x} .
cfTd ;Ddfg, :jfledfg /fvL u/f“} ldqtf

xl;gf M d t ul' gp“ rf]nf] nufp“5' . otf lxdfn ptf kxf8 ;dy/ t/fO{
ltdL lg /fdbofn < gk] fnL 5g\ ;a} oxf“ sfx] L 5g} g\ k/fO{ .

/fdbofn M d st' f{ ;?' jfn nufp5“ ' .

-olQs}df lzIfsn] NofP/ lbPsf] uLt ;fdl" xs ¿kdf ufpg] k|of; u5{g\ ._

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ljBfno jf ;db' fodf /fli6o« tfsf] hug] f{ ug]{ vfnsf sfo{jm| d ePsf 5g\ ls
5}gg\ < olb 5g\ eg] cge' jL JolStsf] ljrf/ ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm . olb 5g} g\
eg] ljBfno jf ;db' fonfO{ sfoj{ m| d cfofh] gf ug{ kl|] /t u/ / cfkm" klg ;xefuL xfp] m .

@= /fli6o« tf / /fli6o« uf/} j emNsg] uLt, syf, sljtf cflb tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ /fi6k« l| t xfd|f] s] s:tf bfloTjx¿ /xG5g\ <
-v_ ‘/fi6l«xtnfO{ ;jfk{] l/ /fVg' gk] fnLsf] stJ{ o xf] .’ o; egfOsf af/d] f cfÇgf] ts{ k:| tt' u/ .
-u_ :jfledfgL eP/ af“Rg s] s] ug{'k5{ <
-3_ s] s] u¥of] eg] b]zsf] ;Ddfg x'G5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 23

kf7 M % xfdf| ] /Lltl/jfhsf sx] L k|dv' kIf

k/Dk/fbl] v rlncfPsf] Jojxf/, rfnrng, kr| ng, /Lltlyltsf] ;dli6 ¿k /Lltl/jfh xf] .
o;df hGd, d[To' / ljjfx ;+:sf/sf ;fy} rf8kj{nufotsf ljljw kIfx¿ k5g{ \ . dfl} ns
k;] f, efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, ji] fei" ff klx/g, vfgkfg cflb ;DaGwL s/' fx¿ klg /Lltl/jfhdf k5g{ \ .

g]kfn ax'hftLo, axw' fld{s tyf ax'eflifs bz] xf] . oxf“ ljleGg wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hfthfltsf
dflg;sf] a;fa] f; 5 . x/]s wd,{ ;Dkb| fo, hfthflt / Ifq] sf cfcfÇgf ljlzi6 dN" o /
dfGotf 5g \ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf kfxg' fnfO{ ;Tsf/ ul/G5 . cfdfafa,' j[4j[4f / cfÇgf]
pd/] eGbf kfsfnfO{ dfg;Ddfg / ;j] f ul/G5 . a6j' fsf cf/fdsf nflu rf}tf/f,] kf6Lkf}
jf agfpg] rng 5 . wf/f, sj' f agfpg] / ltvfP{ sfnfO{ kfgL lbb“ f wd{ x'g] ljZjf; 5 .
wfld{s :yn, kfgL3f6, af6f,] ;8s cflb 7fp“df j/, lkkn / cGo af6] la?jf nufpg] ul/
G5 . dbfk{ bf{ Psn] csf{nfO{ ;ss] f] ;xofu] ug{] kr| ng 5 . sg' } Pp6f kl/jf/n] ug{k' g{]
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;a} hgf Psh'6 xG' 5g\ . k}r“ f], ;fk6L, kd{ h:tf
dfWodaf6 cfk;df ;xof]u ug{] ufp“3/sf ljzi] ftf g} xg'  \ . ;fd'bflos lxtsf nflu ljleGg
;db' fodf u7' L, Sna, cfdf ;dx" , dlxnf ;dx" , wflds{ ;d"x h:tf ;fdflhs ;ªu\ 7gn] sfd
u/]sf 5g \ . ljleGg ;db' fosf rf8af8n] gk] fnL ;dfhnfO{ a;e{} l/ pNnf;do agfPsf 5g \ .
ljleGg ;ªu\ Lt / gfrufgn] gk] fn ljZjel/ kl/lrt 5 . oxfs“ f ljlzi6 klx/gn] o; bz] nfO{

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo txdf kr| lnt /Lltl/jfhsf af/]df sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

24 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;f+:sl[ ts

/ªu\ el" d h:t} agfPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf sx] L ;f:+ sl[ ts /Lltl/jfhnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M

ljz]if klx/g

a9L kr| lnt klx/geGbf km/s dfl} ns ks| l[ tsf kf;] fs, nu' fkmf6fnfO{ ljzi] f klx/g elgG5 .
gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns Ifq] , lnªu\ , hfltljzi] fcg;' f/ ljleGg ks| f/sf ljzi] f klx/g kr| lnt 5g\ .
kxf8L d"nsf dlxnfn] nufpg] ljz]if klx/gdf ;f/L÷ul' gp,“ rf]nf], kml/of, k5\of}/f, k6s' f,
wft] L, hfdf cflb x'g\ . kxf8L d"nsf ljleGg ;d'bfosf k'?ifn] nufpg] klx/gdf bf/} f÷ef6] f],
;?' jfn, hjf/Lsf6] , O:6sf]6 / 6f]kL cflb x'g\ . To:t} t/fO{ Ifq] sf k'?ifn] nufpg] ljz]if
klx/gdf st' f,{ sldh, kfOhfdf, wft] L, uD5f, ku/L cflb k5g{ \ . lxdfnL Ifq] sf dlxnfn] kfªb\ g]
-sDd/eGbf tn em' G8\ofP/_ nufp5“ g\ . d';ndfg dlxnfsf] lz/ 9fSg] ;n÷:sfkm{ tyf u?' ª
/ du/ hfltsf k'?ifn] nufpg] efª\u|fsf] ufbf] klg ljz]if klx/gdf k5{g\ . 3n]s, l6lsof
-sDd/sf] k5fl8 nufpg]_ u'?ª, du/ / tfdfª hfltsf dlxnfn] nufpg] ljzi] f klx/g x'g\ .
aVv' z]kf,{ tfdfª, u'?ª ;db' fosf k?' ifn] nufpg] ljzi] f klx/g xf] . o;/L gk] fndf ljleGg
hft, lnªu\ , wd{, Ifq] cg';f/ ljleGg klx/g nufOG5 .

u/uxgf

dflg;n] cfÇgf gfs, sfg, 3f6“ L, xft, v'66\ f cflbdf nufpg] z[ªu\ f/sf ;fwgnfO{ u/uxgf
elgG5 . gk] fnLsf u/uxgfn] gk] fnL /Lltl/jfhsf] klg k|ltlgwTj u5g{ \ . ef}uf]lns If]q,
hflt, lnª\u cflbsf cfwf/df u/uxgfdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . uxgfx¿ ;'g, rf“bL, lx/f
dft] L h:tf wft' / kTy/af6 agfOG5 . o:tf uxgfx¿ z/L/sf ljleGg cªu\ df nufOG5 .
cf“}7L, l;jm| L, afnf h:tf uxgf bz] e/s} dlxnf k?' ifdf kr| lnt /xs] f 5g\ . l;/aGbL 9'ªu\ |L
k'mnL, an' fsL, ltnx/L, gfu} ]8L h:tf uxgf afxg' , Ifq] L, u?' ª, du/, /fO,{ lnDa' cflb hfltn]
nufp5“ g\ . 3f6“ Ldf nufOg] x;“ n' L t/fOd{ f kr| lnt 5 . sfgdf nufOg] dfs;L gj] f/ hfltdf kr| lnt
5 . 3f“6Ldf nufpg] tfo klg gj] f/Ldf kr| lnt 5 . r/' f, kf]t], wfuf], sf6“ f, 6Lsf cflb k|foM
;a} hfthfltn] nufp“5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= :yfgLo 7fp“df kfOg] kfr“ cf6] f u/uxgfsf] lrq agfpm .
@= ltdf| ] kl/jf/ tyf l5d]ssf dflg;n] nufpg] nu' f / u/uxgfsf] gfd ;ªs\ ng u/ /

hfltcg';f/sf klx/g tyf u/uxgf juLs{ /0f u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ gk] fnL ;dfhsf /Lltl/jfhsf tLg cf]6f ljzi] ftf n]v .
-v_ æljlzi6 klx/gn] xfdf| ] bz] nfO{ ;f:+ sl[ ts /ªu\ el" d agfPsf] 5 .Æ o; egfOsf JofVof u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 25