सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा जनसंख्या शिक्षा

%PsfO xfdf| ] k[YjL

l;sfO pknlAw

kY[ jLsf] w/ftnnLo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] afxo\ tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] kl/ro lbg
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfosf vf]hL ug{
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfosf] cjnDag ug{ Pjd\ p4f/ sfo{df ;n+ Ug xg'
g]kfnsf] kf| sl[ ts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg
k|fs[lts :j¿kcg;' f/ xfjfkfgL / hghLjgsf] kl/ro k:| tt' ug{
cIffz+ / bz] fGt/sf] kl/ro lbg
Unf]a / gS;f ko| fu] u/L b]zfGt/ / cIffz+ sf] ;xfotfn] sg' } :yfg sxf“ 5 eg]/ kQfnufpg
o/' fk] / c:6]l« nof dxfb]zsf] gS;f cWoog u/L Toxf“sf] k|fsl[ ts cj:yfnufot ljleGg
kIfsf] j0f{g ug{
o/' fk] sf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug{
o/' f]k / c:6]«lnof dxfb]zsf] ljleGg Ifq] sf dflg;x¿sf] hghLjg / ljsf;sf] cj:yfaf6
k/]| 0ff k|fKt ug{

76 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ! cIffz+ / b]zfGt/sf] kl/ro

-cIff+z_ -bz] fGt/_
-pQ/_

-e"dWo -klZrd_ -k"j_{
/v] f_

-blIf0f_ -kw| fg dWofGx_

xfdL al;/x]sf] kY[ jL s:tf] cfsf/sf] 5, slt 7'nf] 5 eGg] ltdLx¿n] yfxf kfO;s]sf 5f} .
kY[ jLsf] sg' } Ps efudf a;/] cGo :yfgsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg, Toxfs“ f] b'/L / cjl:ylt
yfxf kfpg k[YjLdf ljleGg cIffz+ / bz] fGt/sf] ;xof]u lnOG5 . cIff+z / bz] fGt/
/v] fsf af/d] f ltdLn] sIff 5df hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f} . To;n} ] ljBfnodf /x]sf]
Unf]a Nofcf } . Unfa] x]//] cIff+z b]zfGt/sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/ x} t ¤

cIff+z

!= ed" Wo /v] fsf] sG] bl| aGba' f6 pQ/ jf blIf0fdWo] sg' } 7fps“ f] sf0] fdf gflkPsf] cyft{ \ sfl] 0fs
b/' LnfO{ cIff+z elgG5 .

@= sg' } 7fps“ f] cIffz+ eGgfn] ed" Wo /v] f / ;f] 7fp“af6 lvrs] f] /v] f ldn]/ k[YjLsf] s]Gbd| f
ags] f] sf0] fnfO{ a'emfp5“ .

#= ed" Wo /]vfsf] pQ/tkm{ ()) / blIf0ftkm{ ()) u/L !*)) cIff+Zf x'G5g \ . tL cj:yfnfO{
b]vfpg lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ cIff+z /v] f elgG5 .

$= cIff+zsf] dbtaf6 s'g} 7fp“ e"dWo /]vfb]lv pQ/ jf blIf0fk6\l6 slt 6f9f k5{ eGg]
s'/f yfxf xG' 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

gS;fdf cIffz+ / bz] fGt/ /]vfsf] ;xfotfaf6 ljleGg 7fps“ f] cjl:ylt kQf nufpg] cEof; u/fpgx' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 77

%= cIffz+ sf] dbb\ taf6 s'g} 7fps“ f] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

^= cIff+zsf] dbtaf6 sg' } avt s'g} lglZrt 7fpd“ f lbg / /ftsf] nDafO yfxf x'G5 .

&= cIff+zaf6 s'g} :yfgsf] jf:tljs b'/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

b]zfGt/

!= k|wfg dWofxg\ -lug| ljr ldg6fOd_ /v] fsf] kj" { jf klZrdsf] sg' } 7fp“sf] sf0] fdf gflkPsf]
b/' LnfO{ bz] fGt/ elgG5 . k|wfg dWofxg\ /]vfsf] b]zfGt/ z"Go l8u|L x'G5 . oxL zG" o
l8u|Lsf] kw| fg dWofxg\ /]vf / To;sf] kj" { jf klZrdsf] s'g} 7fpa“ f6 lvlrPsf] /]vf
ldn/] aGg] sf0] f g} To; 7fp“sf] bz] fGt/ xf] .

@= bz] fGt/ k|wfg dWofx\g /]vfsf] k"j{df !*) cz+ / klZrddf !*) c+z u/L hDdf #^)
cz+ x'G5g \ . bz] fGt/ b]vfpg lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /v] fnfO{ b]zfGt/ /]vf elgG5 .

#= bz] fGt/af6 sg' } :yfg dV' o dWofx\g /]vfb]lv k"j{ jf klZrd slt 6f9f 5 eGg] s'/f
yfxf x'G5 .

$= b]zfGt/sf] ;xfotfaf6 ljleGg :yfgsf] :yfgLo ;do yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

%= k[YjL x/]s rf/ ldg6] df Ps l8uL| b]zfGt/ 3D' 5 . cyft{ \ !% l8uL| bz] fGt/ klZrdaf6
k"jt{ km{ 3D' g Ps 306f nfU5 . o;sf/0f k|To]s Ps l8u|L kj" {sf] 7fpn“ ] klZrdsf] eGbf
rf/ ldg]6 klxn] ;o" s{ f] ls/0f k|fKt u5{ . o; s/' fsf cfwf/df g} kY[ jLsf] ;do lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf uf/} Lzªs\ / lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;do lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cIffz+ /
b]zfGt/sf] ;xfotfn] ;du| k[YjLsf] b'/L / :yfgsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . To;}n]
cIff+z / bz] fGt/nfO{ ef}ufl] ns lgofds klg elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= Unf]a jf gS;f x]/]/ cIff+z /v] f / bz] fGt/ /]vf klxrfg u/ .

@= P6nf; jf leTt] gS;fx¿df ePsf] /fhgLlts gS;f x]//] g]kfn / g]kfnsf
l5d]sL d'ns' sf] cIff+z / bz] fGt/ kQf nufpm .

cEof;

tnsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

!= cIffz+ eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= b]zfGt/ egs] f] s] xf] <
#= cIff+z / b]zfGt/lar km/s bv] fpm .

$= cIff+z / bz] fGt/ /]vfsf] pkof]lutf nv]  .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M @ w/ftnLo :j¿k

kY[ jLdf sxL“ cUnf,] sxL“ xf]rf], sxL“ vfN6f] 5 . To:t} sxL“ Hofb} cUnf] kxf8, sxL“ k7f/
-pRr ;d:ynL_, sxL“ db} fg cflb efu 5g\ . kY[ jLsf] oxL c;dfg aflx/L ;txnfO{ w/ftn
(topography) elgG5 . hldgn] s'g} g sg' } cfsf/ lnO{ b]lvg] cfs[ltnfO{ w/ftnLo :j¿k
elgG5 . oL :j¿ksf] lgdf0{ f jf cfs[lt jf :j¿k ;w“} Psgf; geO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jtg{
eO/xG5 . o:tf :j¿ksf] ljsf; Ps} k6s geP/ ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf] xf] . o;/L xg' ]
kl/jt{g cge' j ug{ ;lsg] xG' 5 .

;do / km}nfj6sf cfwf/df w/ftnLo :j¿kdf ljljwtf /xs] f] 5 . k[YjLdf afx\o cfj/0fdf
dxfb]z / dxf;fu/ u/L b'O{ d'Vo :j¿k /xs] f 5g \ . o:tf] :j¿k Ifl0fs geO{ bL3s{ fnLg
x'G5g \ . To;kl5 dxfb]zcGtu{t ljsf; ePsf kd| 'v :j¿kx¿ kj{t, kxf8 / d}bfg xg' \ .
dxf;fu/cGtu{tsf :j¿kx¿df dxfåLkLo lsgf/f, dxf;fu/Lo db} fg, dxf;fu/Lo 8f8“ f
x'g\ . oL :j¿ksf] ljsf; / lgdf0{ fdf afx\o / cfGtl/s zlStsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf
:j¿k :yfoL geO{ c:yfoL x'G5g\ .

w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jt{g ug]{ tŒjx¿

w/ftnLo :j¿kdf ljleGg kl| jm| ofn] kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 . w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jt{g ug]{
tŒjx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s / afx\o u/L b'O{ efudf af8“ g\ ;lsG5 M

-s_ afXo tŒj M afx\o ¿kdf w/ftnsf] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] gbL, jfo,' tfk, lxdgbL,
jiff,{ hLjhGt' cflb afx\o tŒjx¿ x'g\ . o:tf tŒjn] s'g} Ps 7fpd“ f lvofPsf] df6f]
cf;] f//] , cGoq} y'kf/]/ gof“ cfsl[ t agfp“5 . h:t} gk] fnsf] kxf8L Ifq] af6 gbLn]
lvofP/ nu]sf] df6f] t/fOd{ f y'kf/L d}bfg ag]sf 5g\ . To;n} ] kf]v/fdf gbLn] ulx/f]
uN5L agfPsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

w/ftnLo :j¿k :ki6 kfg{] Unfa] , gS;f jf P6nf;sf] ko| fu] u/L cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 79

-v_ cfGtl/s tŒj M w/ftnsf] :j¿knfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ tŒj cfGtl/s tŒj
elgG5 . es" Dk / Hjfnfdv' L h:tf tŒjn] kY[ jLsf ;txdf t?' Gt} kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ g \ .
es' Dksf] sf/0f hldg dfly p7g\ ,] tn efl;g,] lr/f kg{] / klx/f] hfg] xG' 5 . Hjfnfdv' L
ljikmf6] xb“' f kY[ jL leqsf] tftf] nfef aflx/ lg:sG5 / yl' kP| / kxf8 aG5 . o;/L afxo\
/ cfGtl/s bj' } tŒjn] kY[ jLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] ub{5g \ .



lj|mofsnfk

!= P6nf; jf kY[ jLsf] w/ftnLo gS;f cWoog u/ / gS;fsf cfwf/df kxf8, ;dy/
db} fg / ;db' | ePsf tLg tLg cf]6f :yfgsf gfd 5nkmn u/L n]v .

@= lzIfssf] ;fydf uO{ cfkm\ gf] ljBfno glhssf] vfn] f lsgf/sf] cjnfs] g u/L Toxf“
lvofpg], cf];fg]{ / yk' fg{] dWo] s'g sg' sfd ePsf,] To;n] Toxf“sf] w/ftndf s]
kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5, kQf nufpm / sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

#= ltdL /xs] f] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] cfGtl/s / afxo\ tŒjx¿ s] s] xg' ,\
n]v .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ w/ftnLo :j¿k egs] f] s] xf] <

-v_ k[YjLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k s:tf] 5 <

-u_ w/ftnLo :j¿kdf ke| fj kfg{] afxo\ tŒjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-3_ w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jtg{ ug{] cfGtl/s / afXo tŒj s] s] xg' \ < logn] s;/L
w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofp5“ g\ <

-ª_ es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' LnfO{ lsg w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] cfGtl/s tŒj elgPsf] xf] <

;fd'bflos sfo{

cfcfÇgf] ljBfno jl/kl/sf] e":j¿k /fd|/L cjnf]sg u/ . To;sf] cfsf/ ks| f/ tyf cGo
ljz]iftf cfÇgf] cEof; k'l:tsfdf nv] . tL :j¿kx¿ s] s;/L ags] f xfn] fg,\ s] tL ;w}“
To:t} /xnfg\ < olb kl/jtg{ ePsf] eP sx] L ;ª\st] kQf nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

80 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns cj:yf

p

lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L kb| ]z t/fO{ kb| z]

– g]kfndf s'n If]qkmnsf] – t/fO{b]lv pQ/ tyf lxdfnL – t/fO{ kb| ]znfO{ dw]; kb| z]
efu} fl] ns ljefhgcg;' f/ sl/a k|b]zsf] blIf0fdf ^!) ld6/b]lv klg eGg] ul/G5 .
!% k|ltzt e"efun] cf]u]6] ##)) ld6/;Ddsf] e"efunfO{ – gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf blIf0fL efudf
sf] 5 . k"j{ d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd
kxf8L k|b]z elgG5 .
– g]kfndf pQ/L efudf kg{] ;d'b|L ;tx nueu ^)
lxdfnL k|b]z ##)) ld6/ b]lv – *) lsnfl] d6/ bl] v !@* lsnfl] d6/ ld6/b]lv ^!) ld6/;Ddsf
**$* ld6/;DDfsf] prfOdf – rf8} fOdf k}mlnPsf] kxf8L k|b]zn] prfOsf] ;dy/ e"efunfO{
/x]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] sn' Ifq] kmnsf] ^* kl| tzt t/fO{ k|b]z elgG5 .
ee" fu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
– %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf – t/fO{ k|bz] k"jd{ f @% ls=ld=
;a} kj{t z[ª\vnfx¿ lxp“n] gk] fnsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt kj" {b]lv / klZrddf #@ ls=ld=;Dd
5fl] kG5g\ . klZrd;Dd k}mlnPsf] ^!) ld6/ kml} nPsf] 5 .

– lxdfnL k|b]zdf cfwf hlt b]lv !*&@ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd – r'/] / dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLsf]
jiff{ ;do lxp“n] 9fSg] ePsf] kj{t dfnfnfO{ r'/] kj{t lardf leqL dw;] /xs] f] 5 .
ub{5 . To;n} ] oxf“ w/} pAhgL dflgG5 .
x'“b}g . oxf“ cfn', hf,} :ofp – g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !&
h:tf vfBfGg / kmnk"mn – ;d'bL| ;txb]lv !%)) ld6/bl] v k|ltzt e"efu t/fO{ k|b]zn]
pTkfbg x'G5g \ . #^^) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf] cf]u6] sf] 5 .
df]8bf/ kj{tnfO{ dxfef/t n]s

elgG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

t'ngfTds rf6{ jf tflnsf agfP/ gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns kb| z] sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 81

lxdfnL kb| z] kxf8L k|bz] t/fO{ k|b]z

– lxdfnL k|b]zdf hg;ª\Vofsf] – dxfef/t kj{t / lxdfno – t/fO{ kb| z] sf] ee" fu ;dy/
rfk Psbd} sd 5 . of] kj{tlardf 7'nf 7'nf kxf8sf tyf pj{/ /xs] f] 5 .

Ifq] df ef6] ,] xo\ fN] df,] zk] f,{ nK] rf, ;fy} tfn, a;“] L / pkTosf klg – o; kb| z] sf dflg;sf dV' o
ysfnL, u?' ª cflb hfltsf dV' o /x]sf 5g \ . k];f v]tLkftL / kz'kfng

a;f]af; 5 . – kxf8L k|b]zdf ljleGg hflt, xf] eg] o; Ifq] df ljleGg

– lxdfnL k|b]zsf dflg;x¿n] hghfltsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ . ks| f/sf pBfu] klg /x]sf
kjt{ f/fx] 0f ko6{ g, kzk' fngnfO{ – kj" L{ gk] fndf /fO,{ lnDa"sf] afx'No 5g\ .
d'Vo k];f agfPsf] kfOG5 . 5 eg] dWo tyf klZrd gk] fndf – o; Ifq] df afxg' , /fhkt' ,
h8La'6Lsf Jofkf/ klg o; afxg' , Ifq] L, gj] f/, du/, u?' ª cflb yf?, rdf/, lwdfn,
If]qsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] xf] . hflt a:5g \ . To:t} blntx¿sf] d';ndfg, d';x/, ofbj,

– hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/n] o; ;ªV\ of klg kz| :t kfOG5 . emf“u8, kf;jfgnufotsf

Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] – o; k|b]zdf cfn,' ux'“, ds}, sfb] f], hflt a;f]af; u5{g\ .

hLjg z}nLdf yk ;d:of wfg, cn}“rL, cb'jf, ;'Gtnf cflb
l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 .
pTkfbg xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfnsf] ef}lts gS;f x]//] t/fO,{ kxf8 / lxdfnL efu sxf“bl] v sxf“;Dd xf],
5'6o\ fpm .

@= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpm . To;df t/fO{ kxf8 / lxdfnL If]q 5'6\6f 5'6\6} jf
;ªs\ t] lbP/ 5'6\ofpm . To;df /ª e/ / sIffdf k|bzg{ u/ .

#= ltdL s'g ef}uf]lns kb| ]zdf a:5f}, cfkm\ gf] ef}ufl] ns kb| z] sf] ef}ufl] ns ljj/0f
pNn]v u/L Pp6f kq ldqnfO{ lr7L n]v .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ lxdfn / kxf8L kb| z] lar km/s 56' \ofpm .
-v_ t/fO{ k|b]zsf dV' o kfr“ cf]6f ljzi] ftf nv]  .

82 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M $ ljljwtfsf] ;ªu\ d gk] fn

gk] fn ;fgf] 5 t/ of] cfkmd“} f ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ljzfn 5 . gk] fnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/
x]g{ ;lsG5 M

s|= ;= Ifq] ljljwtf

!= Eff}uf]lns ljljwtf – Pp6} b]zdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{÷dw]; /x]sf÷] jg hª\un,

gbLgfnf, cflbdf ljljwtf

@= k|fs[lts ljljwtf jftfj/0fLo ljljwtf – lxdfnL Ifq] , kxf8L / t/fOd{ f ljljw
k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f /x]sf] -xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf_

udL{b]lv clt hf8f] x'g] xfjfkfgL

hLjhGtd' f ljlzi6tf -t/fO,{ kxf8, lxdfndf x'g] hLjhGt,'
hgfj/df ljljwtf /x]sf]_

h}ljs ljljwtf -ljleGg hLj, la?jf h8La'6Ldf ljljwtf_

#= s[lifhGo ljljwtf lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{df kfOg] sl[ ifhGo jfnLgfnLdf ljljwtf
/xs] f]

$= ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf km/s km/s hflt wd,{ ;:+ sf/ /;:+ spltdf /dfO{ cgs] tfdf
Pstfsf] efjgf /x]sf,] rf8kj{, /xg;xg d]nf, hfqfdf ljljwtf
/xs] f] ;:+ s[lt cg'¿k klx/g, vfgkLg gfrufg, afhf /x]sf]

%= hftLo ljljwtf %( hghflt bl] v lnP/ ;of“} y/ ufq] sf hghLjgdf hftLo
ljlzi6tf /xs] f,] !@% eGbf a9L hflt /x]sf

^= eflifs ljljwtf gk] fndf sl/a !@# efiff /x]sf 5g\ .

&= Wffld{s ljljwtf gk] fndf lxGb,' af}4, ls/ft, dl' :nd, ljm| l:rog, h}g, lzv,
axfOnufot ljleGg wdf{jnDaL /xs] f 5g\ 

*= ;fdflhs ljljwtf efiff ;:+ sl[ tdf ePsf] ljljwtfn] ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf]
kl| tlglwTj u/s] f ]

ljleGg hft hfltsf cfcfÇg} ks| f/sf ;fdflhs klxrfg
/x]sf

(= juL{o ljljwtf gk] fndf clt wgLb]lv clt ul/a;Ddsf] a;fa] f; /x]sf] . ul/a

/ wgLlarsf] b'/L a9\g' Ps r'gft} Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj 83

of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ :yfgLo kl/jz] nfO{ klg pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k:| tt' u/L 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

g]kfnsf] s'n Ifq] kmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . ;fgf] If]qkmn eP/ klg g]kfn ;db' |
;txaf6 sl/a ^) ld6/ prfOb]lv ljZjsf] ;jfR]{ r lzv/ *,*$* ld6/;Dd km}lnPsf]
5 . blIf0fdf t/fO{bl] v pQ/df lxdfn;Dd k'Ubf oxf“ ljljw k|sf/sf e:" j¿k b]lvG5g\ .
To:t} xfjfkfgL, jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . efu} f]lns ljlzi6tf ePs} sf/0f gk] fnsf
cgs] hflt, ;f:+ sl[ ts :j¿k, kf| s[lts ;Dkbf cflbdf ljljwtf dfq geP/ ljlzi6tf /
dfl} nstf kfOG5 . gk] fnsf] hnjfo' clt 708fbl] v clt udL;{ Dd 5 eg] cUnf] lxdfnbl] v xfr] f]
db} fg;Ddsf] w/ftn /xs] f] 5 . efu} f]lns ljljwtfn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, k|zf;lgs
/ /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;d]t ljljwtf NofPsf] 5 . kf| s[lts jftfj/0fsf] ljljlwtfn] kzk' IfL
Pjd\ k|fs[lts jg:klt / hghLjgdf Jofkstf e]l6G5 . To;}n] g]kfnnfO{ ljljwtfsf]
;ªu\ d elgPsf] xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ‘ljljlwtfsf] ;ª\ud gk] fn’ ljifodf Ps kj| rg sfoj{ |mdsf] cfofh] gf u/ . lnlvt
jf df}lvs k|jrg kfnk} fnf] k|:tt' u/ .

@= ltdL a;]sf] If]qdf kfOg] ljljwtf / ljlzi6tf s] s] 5g,\ ;f]wvf]h u/]/ n]v .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ljljwtf egs] f] s] xf] <

-v_ gk] fnnfO{ ;;+ f/df lrgfpg] kfr“ cf6] f ljlzi6 u'0f n]v .

-u_ gk] fnsf] w/ftn / xfjfkfgLdf ePsf ljljwtfsf tLgcf6] f pbfx/0f n]v .

-3_ gk] fndf s:tf] ;dflhs ljljwtf kfOG5 <

-ª_ ‘gk] fn ;fgf] 5 t/ ;+;f/ 5 .’ o; egfOsf] k'li6 u/ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

ltdL a;]sf] :yfgsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, w/ftn, xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, df6f] / hghLjg
-;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:sl[ ts_ kIfsf af/d] f cWoog u/]/ Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ u/ . o;
sfod{ f cfjZostfcg';f/ lzIfs, ;db' fodf hfGg] JolSt jf bfh' lbbLsf] ;xofu] n]pm .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M % gS;f sfo{

e";txsf] If]qnfO{ s'g} gfksf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj xg' ] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cfsf/nfO{ gS;f
elgG5 . Jojxf/df O;fk"j{ t];f| ] ztfAbLbl] v gS;fsf] ko| f]u xb“' } cfPsf] xf] . gS;fsf]
k|ofu] ug]{ sfo{ cfh cfP/ cTofwl' gs x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . Pp6f sf]7fdf a;]/ OG6g6] sf
dfWodn] ;+;f/e/sf] gS;f x]g{] k|ljlw cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoogdf gS;fsf]
ko| fu] clt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . sg' } klg :yn, j:t' jf lgld{t ;/+ rgfsf] l:ylt b]vfpg gS;fsf]
k|ofu] ul/G5 . gS;f d'Vo ¿kdf bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ M

-s_ kf| s[lts gS;f M– k|fs[lts j:tx' ¿ b]vfpg

-v_ ;f+:s[lts gS;f M– dfgj lgldt{ j:t'x¿ b]vfpg

o;afxs] ljzi] f cj:yfsf cfwf/df w/ftnLo gS;f, ef}ufl] ns gS;f / cfly{s gS;f xG' 5g\ .
To:t} oftfoft ;DaGwL gS;f, xfjfkfgL;DaGwL gS;f, P]ltxfl;s gS;f, ljt/0f bv] fpg] df6f]
sf] juLs{ /0f b]vfpg] gS;f cflb ljljw ks| f/sf gS;f klg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

sg' } Ifq] sf] gS;fnfO{ ljifout gS;f (thematic map) elgG5 . o;sf] vf; p2]Zo g} To;
If]qnfO{ bZ[ odfg u/fO{ cyjf cf“vfn] b]vs] f] h:tf] u/fO{ hfgsf/L kb| fg ug{' xf ] . kY[ jLsf]
w/ftndf /xs] f ljleGg efu} fl] ns j:ts' f] l:ylt, jftfj/0fLo kl/jtg{ tyf ;fdflhs ;f:+ sl[ ts
l:yltnfO{ ptfg{ sl7g x'G5 . t;y{ To:tf ljifosf] j:t'l:ylt tyf To;sf] :j¿ksf] ljzi] ftf
Pjd\ cfsf/sf cfwf/df ljleGg ;fª\sl] ts lrx\gx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L gS;fåf/f ljj/0f k|:tt'
ul/G5 . gS;fdf ;ª\s]taf6 b]vfOg] sx] L :j¿kx¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

dfgj lgld{t :j¿kx¿ dlGb/, ;8s, 3/, kn' cflb 

hn :j¿kx¿ gbL, tfn, ;db' |, gx/ cflb 

:yn :j¿kx¿ kxf8, le/, r'r'/f,] d}bfg cflb 

jg:kltsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg gS;fdf jg hªu\ n, sl[ if pTkfbg
cflb

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

P6nf; jf gS;f x/] /] gS;f ptfg{, 6«]; ug{ jf ptf/]sf] gS;f eg{ ;ªs\ ]t;lxt cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfg;' f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 85

o;/L gS;fdf :yfg / ;dfh;u“
;DalGwt w/} hfgsf/Lx¿
k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 . gS;faf6
sg' } :yfg ljz]ifsf] hfgsf/L
l56f] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;}n] elgG5, Pp6f tl:a/
xhf/ zAb a/fa/ dxŒjk"0f{
xG' 5 . ca, oxf“ xfdL gk] fnsf]
gS;f agfpg] cEof; u/f“} M 

!= !) ;]=ld= nDafO / ^
;]=ld= rf}8fOsf] Pp6f
cfot lvr . 7n' f] ki[ 7df agfpg' k/] o;sf] gfk a9fP/ lng ;S5f,} h:t} M @) ;]=ld=
x !@ ;]=ld=sf] cfot .

@= @ ;]= ld= sf] km/s kf/L cfotsf] sg' faf6 /]vfx¿ tfg . afs;sf] l7s laraf6 Pp6f
7f8f] /]vf klg tfg . oL /]vfx¿n] xfdf| bz] sf] gS;fsf s'gfx¿ b]vfp“5g \ .

#= !) ;=] ld= x ^ ;=] ld=sf] cfot eP ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ *) ls=ld= xG' 5 t/ @) ;=] ld= x !@
;=] ld= eP ! ;=] ld= n] $) ls=ld= bv] fp5“  . of] :sn] klg gS;fsf] Ps 5p] df nv]  .

$= of] cEof; w/] } k6s bfx] f]¥ofpm .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= dfly pNnv] ePafxs] cGo tl/sfaf6 cfkm\ gf] sfkLdf kfgfel/sf] gk] fnsf] gS;f
tof/ u/ / kf“r ljsf; Ifq] df af8“  .

@= cfk\mgf] ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf cfk\mgf] 3/ sxf“ k5{ < b]vfpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ gS;f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ gS;f lsg cfjZos 5, o;sf] dxŒj n]v .

;fdb' flos sfo{

ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf l;dfgf kxf8, dV' o gbL, s[lif e"ld, a;fa] f; ePsf]
If]q, k|d'v ufp“ jf 7fpx“ ¿ wflds{ tyf Pl] txfl;s s]Gb,| af6f3] f6f]nfO{ pkoS' t /ª jf
;ª\st] lrxg\ k|of]u u/L b]vfpm .

86 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M ^ o/' f]k dxfbz] sf] ef}lts, cflys{ /
;fdflhs hghLjg

o'/f]k dxfb]z k[YjLsf] pQ/L uf]nfw{df /x]
sf] 5 . o;sf] blÔ0fL efusf] e"dWo
;fu/Lo Ô]qdf xfd|f] lxdfnosf kj{t >0] fLx¿
h:t} y'k}| kjt{ >0] fLx¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ cfNk;
kjt{ z[ª\vnf klg elgG5 . pQ/L v08df
Hofb} k/' fgf s8f r66\ fgn] ags] f] pRrel" d
(highland) 5 . :s6NofG8 / :sl] G8g]leof
(Scandinevia) sf Ô]qx¿ o;df k5g{ \ . of]
ee" fu k[YjLsf clt k/' fgf e"efudWo]sf] Ps
xf] . oxfs“ f] pRr el" d / blÔ0fL v08sf] kj{t
zª[ v\ nfsf] lardf lj:tt[ db} fgL ee" fu 5 .
efN] uf / 8G] oa' oxfs“ f dV' o gbLx¿ xg' \ . oxf“
aUg] gbLx¿df leq leq;Dd klg Jofkfl/s
8ª' u\ fx¿ rNg ;S5g \ . o;n] ubf{ klg o/' fk] sf] db} fgL efudf a:tL Hofb} afSnf] 5 / oxf“ pBfu]
Jofkf/, oftfoft cflb Hofb} pRr :t/sf] 5 . :kg] , km| fG;, hdg{ L, gb] /NofG8, ?dflgof, l:j6h\ /
NofG8, O6fnL an] fot, gj,{] l:j8g] , 8g] dfs,{ lkmgNofG8 / ?; cflb oxfs“ f d'Vo bz] x¿ xg' \ .
oL ;a} bz] x¿sf] xfjfkfgL klg :jf:Yosf] bl[ i6n] pkoS' t 5 . pQ/L efudf a9L 7G8f / blÔ0fL
efudf Gofgf] xG' 5 . klZrdL v08df j;e}{ l/ kfgL k5{ t/ blÔ0ftkm{ lxp“bdf dfq kfgL k5 { .
o:tf] lxpb] jiff{sf] xfjfkfgL kmnkm" n vt] Lsf lglDt pkoS' t x'g] ePsfn], :kg] , k|mfG;, O6fnL,
lu;| df cª\u/' nufotsf ljleGg kmnk"mnx¿ pAhfOG5g \ . o;n} ] tL bz] nufotsf Ifq] nfO{ ;;+ f/sf]
aur“} f (Garden of World) elgG5 . o'/fk] n] Lx¿sf] hLjg:t/ w]/} pRr /x]sf] 5 . oxf“ cª\u]h| L,
km| G] r, :kl] g;, 8r, /l;og cflb efiff afN] 5g \ . km| fG; h:tf bz] x¿ ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿kn] Hofb} ;an
5g\ . clwsf+z dflg;x¿ lj|ml:rog xg' fn] ljm| ;d; tyf O:6/ h:tf rf8 dgfp5“ g\ . o'/fk] n] L
bz] df Pl;ofnL tyf clk|msL d"nsf dflg;x¿ klg :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; u/s] f] kfOG5 .

pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nL klg ltg} o/' f]kn] Lsf] h:t} 5 . of] dxfbz] ljsl;t 5 . o'/fk] sf]
bz] x¿ ldn/] o'/f]lkog o'lgog u7g u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;a} bz] sf nflu ;femf d'b|f
o'/fkr| ngdf NofPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/, Joj;fo / cGo cflys{ sf/f]af/
ug{ Hofb} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ o'/f]k dxfbz] sf] ef}lts, cflys{ / ;fdflhs hghLjgsf
ljleGg kIfsf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 87

of] dxfbz] sf clwsfz+ bz] wgL ePsfn] lzÔf / :jf:Yosf] ;l' jwf Hofb} g} /fd|f] 5 . sltko
b]zdf ljBfno :t/;Ddsf] lzÔf / :jf:Yo ;l' jwfx¿ lgMz'Ns 5g \ . xfd|f] b]z g]kfnn]
o'/f]ksf y'k|} b]z;“u bf}To ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 / ltgaf6 7'nf] ;xof]u klg k|fKt
ul//x]sf] 5 . xfdf| ] bz] df cfpg] ljbz] L ko{6sx¿dWo] w]/h} ;f] ltg} dn' 'saf6 cfp“5g\ .
o;af6 klg gk] fnn] w/] } kmfObfx¿ lnO/xs] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= o/' fk] sf] dfglrq x]/ / lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ bv] fpm M

cfNk; kjt{ zª[ v\ nf, :sl] G8gl] eof pRr el" d, dWojtL{ db} fg, kl] /;, d:sf,] pQ/L cfGw|
dxf;fu/, ed" Wo;fu/, ;d' ?] dxf;fu/, o/' fn kjt{ , /fOg gbL, 8g] dfs,{ O6fnL, lu;| , efN] uf
gbL, Oªl\ n; Rofgn, 8]Go'a gbL / cª\uh|] L efiff af]Ng] / n]Vg] Ps bz]  .

@= dfly kf7\oj:t'df plNnlvt o'/f]ksf b]zx¿ gS;f x]/L kQf nufpm / gfd
pNnv] gePsf c¿ b]zx¿ sg' sg' xg' \, nv]  .

#= gk] fnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] o'/fk] ]nL b]zx¿ sg' s'g xg' \, ltgn] u/]sf ;xof]usf af/]df
k:' tsfnosf k':ts / kqklqsfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ ljj/0f tof/ u/L sÔfdf
5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ o/' fk] dxfbz] sf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf nv] .

-v_ o'/fk] dxfb]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f u/ .

-u_ lxp“b] jiff{ x'g] o/' f]lkog bz] x¿nfO{ lsg ;+;f/sf] au“}rf elgPsf] xf]nf <

-3_ o'/f]knfO{ lsg ljsl;t dxfbz] elgPsf] xf] <

;fdb' flos sfo{

o/' fk] sf sg' } dn' s' df ed| 0f u/s] f s;n} fO{ e6] L pxf;“ u“ s/' fsfgLåf/f jf cGo sg' } ;~rf/
dfWodåf/f o/' fk] s:tf] /x5] , hfgsf/L lnO{ sÔfdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M & c:6]l« nof dxfb]zsf] ef}lts,
cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjg

c:6«]lnof dxfb]z blÔ0fL
ufn] fwd{ f /x]sf] 5 . o;
dxfb]zdf b'O{cf]6f b]z
c:6«]lnof / Go'lhNofG8
dfq k5{g\ . cGo
;;fgf /fHox¿ klg oxL
dxfbz] df 5g \ .

c:6«]lnofsf] k"j{ v08df
pQ/ blÔ0f kml} nPsf] kjt{
>]0fL 5 . o;nfO{ u|]6
l8efOl8ª /]Gh (Great
dividing range) elgG5 .
of] o'/fk] sf] :s]lG8g]leof pRr e"ldeGbf gof“ t/ lxdfno / cfNk; kjt{ zª[ v\ nfeGbf k'/fgf]
xf] . c:6]l« nofsf] klZrdL v08 Hofb} k'/fgf] r66\ fgn] ags] f] efu xf] . of] k7f/ pRrel" dn]
´G8} c:6]«lnofsf] cfwf efu cf]u6\5 . larsf] v08df ;dtn db} fg 5 . o;sf] pQ/
tkm{ lkm\ nG8;{ (Flinders) gbL 5 . of] gbL pQ/tkm{ au]/ uNkm ckm sfkG{] 6]l/ofdf v:5 .
dWov08af6 au]/ cfPsf] c:6«]lnofs} ;a}eGbf 7n' f] gbL d/–] 8flnª{ blÔ0ftkm{sf] ;db' |df
cfP/ v:5 . sx] L cGo gbLx¿ cfP/ tfndf v:5g \ . blÔ0ftkm{sf] db} fg blÔ0ftkm{ 9Nss] f]
5 eg] pQ/L v08sf] w/ftn pQ/lt/ jm| dzM xf]rf] xb“' } uPsf] 5 .

c:6]«lnofsf] xfjfkfgL ;a} 7fpd“ f Psgf; 5g}  . klZrdL efu d?el" d xf] . pQ/df u|Lid
ofddf kfgL k5{, blÔ0fL v08df lxpb“ d\ f / kj" L{ v08df uL| iddf a9L kfgL k5{ . oxf“ uL| id
xb“' f xfdL sxf“ lxpb“ \ / xfdL sxf“ u|Lid x“b' f oxf“ lxp“b\ xG' 5 . ;db' s| f] ke| fj a9L kg{] xb“' f
tf:dflgof / Gol' hNofG8df xfjfkfgL dflg;sf lglDt c´} /fdf| ] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] kf| sl[ ts / ;f:sl[ ts gS;fsf] ;xofu] lnO{ o; dxfbz] sf efl} ts, cflys{ / ;fdflhs

kIfsf af/]df lzIf0f ug{'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 89

c:6«l] nofdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5g\ . ;;+ f/df cGt st} gkfOg] sªu\ f?
c:6«]lnofdf kfOG5 . oxf“sf] hgcfjfbL w]/} 5}g t/ ljt/0f eg] Hofb} c;dfg 5 .
klZrdL v08sf] d?e"lddf a:tL 5g} eg] klg x'G5 . Toxfs“ f b'O{ cf]6f kl| ;4 ;'gvfgLx¿
sfnu'nL{ / s'nuf8Ld{ f eg] d?el" d eP klg a:tL afSnf] 5 . blÔ0fL / blÔ0fLk"j{ v08df
7n' f ;x/x¿ 5g\ / cfjfbL Hofb} afSnf] 5 . of] dxfåLkdf ;g' sf] cltl/St sfO] nf / kmnfd
k|z:t kfOG5g\ . oxf“ o'/fk] n] L d"nsf uf/] f hftsf dflg;x¿ / oxf“sf cflbjf;L klg 5g\ .
ltg} cflbjf;LnfO{ Pjf/] f]lhlgh elgG5 . logsf] hLjg:t/ Hofb} k/' fgf] 3d' Gt] k|sf/sf] 5 .

of] dxfb]z klg pBf]u, Jofkf/ cflbsf] lx;fan] cufl8 5 . hLjg:t/ dfly 5 . gk] fnaf6
y'k}| ljBfyLx{ ¿ cWoogfy{ Toxf“ hfG5g \ . sltko t ToxL sfd u/]/ klg a;]sf 5g\ . o;
dxfbz] sf b'O{ bz] c:6l]« nof / Go'lhNofG8;u“ g]kfnsf] /fd|f] ;DaGw 5 . logn] gk] fnsf]
ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥' ofO/x]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L jg hªu\ n ;/+ Ô0f / pkof]udf c:6l«] nofsf]
;xofu] ;¥xfgLo 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= P6nf;df ePsf] c:6]«lnofsf] gS;fdf lgDglnlvt tYox¿ bv] fpm M

u6|] l8efOl8ª /]Gh, c:6l]« nog d?e"ld, lkm\ nG8;{ gbL, cfo/ tfn, t:dflgof 6fk',
sfk]G{ 6l] /ofsf] vf8L, Gol' hNofG8, kz| fGt dxf;fu/, lxGb dxf;fu/, ds/ /]vf, l;8g\ L,
dn] jg{, Pl8n]8 / 3gf cfjfbLsf] Ps Ô]q .

@= c:6«]lnofn] h:t} ljsf; ug{ g]kfnn] s] s] ugk'{ nf{, sÔfdf 5nkmn u/L Ps ;´' fj
tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ c:6«l] nof dxfbz] sf] efl} ts cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
-v_ c:6l«] nof dxfb]zsf] cflys{ cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
-u_ c:6]«lnofsf] xfjfkfgL s:tf] 5 <
-3_ c:6«l] nof dxfbz] sf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] lrq0f u/ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf c:6«l] nof;“u hfgsf/ JolStx¿;“u e6] L pSt dxfbz] sf af/d] f ef}uf]lns,
cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lnO{ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

90 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M * hnjfo' kl/jt{g

d'gf d:' tfª lhNnfsf] hglxt dfWolds ljBfno hfd] ;fd] df sIff ;ftdf k9l\ 5g \ . pgsf
aa' f Toxfs“ f] lhNnf lzIff sfofn{ odf sdr{ f/L x'gx' G' 5 . pgL aa' f;u“ } hf]d;f]ddf al:5g\ .
pgL clxn] b;}“ labfdf cfÇgf] hGd 3/ lrtjg cfPsL 5g \ . s]xL jif{bl] v d':tfªdf ePsf]
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ nfO{ kqklqsfn] ;dfrf/ agfO/xs] f 5g\ . ;f]sf af/]df pgn] cfÇgf sfsf
/ lbbL;u“ u/s] f] ;j+ fb tn k|:t't 5 M

sfsf M dg' f, s:tf] nfUof] t ltdLnfO{ hf]d;fd] <

dg' f M sfsf ¤ d':tfª t crDds} lhNnf /x]5 . Toxf“af6 t lxdfn klg pQ/ / blIf0f
b'jl} t/ /x]5 . ;w“} lr;f] xfjfkfgL xb“' f] /x]5 . t/ clxn]sf] hfd] ;fd] sf] xfjfkfgL
klxn] klxn]sf] h:tf] 5}g /] sfsf ¤

lbbL M P d'gf ¤ s] ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodn] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ eP/ lxdfndf lxp“ klg hDg
5f8\of] eG5g\ . d:' tfªdf klg To:tf] c;/ k/]s} xf] <

d'gf M hfd] ;f]ddf klxn] klxn] kfgL g} kbg{} Yof] /] ¤ o; jif{ t kfgL k/]/ 3/x¿ klg elTsP
/ tLg hgfsf] Hofg} uof ] . To:t} lxp“ hDg 5f8/] lxp“ /lx/xg] 8f8“ f klg l/Q} bl] vg
yfn] eG5g\ Toxf“ t ¤

sfsf M dn} ] klg /]l8of]af6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ :ofp pTkfbgdf c;/ u¥of], nfdv6' 6\ ]
gkfpg] 7fp“df klg clxn] bl] vg yfn,] cln cln dfq kg{] kfgL o; jif{ bs/{] k/]sfn]
df6fsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/ elTsb“ f w]/s} f] larNnL 5 eGg] ;'g]sf] lyP “ .

d'gf M xf] sfsf ¤ Toxf“ To:tf] 36gf ePs} xf] t/ s] sf/0fn] To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf <

lbbL M hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / To;sf] ke| fjaf/d] f ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5g} <

dg' f M xg' t sIff 5df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/rosf af/]df t 5nkmn u/]sf lyof}+ t/
To;sf af/]df Tolt w]/} hfgsf/L 5}g dnfO{ t ¤ eGgx' f;] \ g lbbL ¤ To;sf af/]df .

lbbL M hnjfo' kl/jtg{ egs] f] k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkjm| d jl[ 4n] hn, jfo' / jftfj/0fdf
xg' ] gsf/fTds kl/jtg{ xf] . sfO] nf, k6] «f]lnod kbfy{, bfp/f, kf| sl[ ts Uof;
a9g\ fn] jfod' 08ndf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f xl/t
u[x Uof;x¿, h:t} M sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8, Snf/] fÇ] nf/] f]
sfa{g cflb j[l4 eP/ jfod' 08ndf tx agfP/ a;]sf 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfg{ ljleGg Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lbb“ } 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 91

sfsf M c¿ sf/0f klg atfObp] m g gfgL ¤

lbbL M j}1flgs k|ofu] zfnfaf6 lg:ss] f] Uof;“ n] ubf{ xl/t ux[ Uof;“ sf] dfqf a9\b} uPsf]
5 . ;"oa{ f6 k[YjLdf kg]{ k|sfz k[YjLdf 7fl] SsPkl5 sx] L ls/0f k[YjLn] ;f;] /] afs“ L
kms{G5 . Tof] ls/0fnfO{ xl/t u[x Uof;n] kg' M kY[ jLlt/ kmsfO{ lbG5 . o;n] ubf{
k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a9\5, lxp“ kUnG5 / cgfo;} kfgL k5{ . af9L, klx/f] / e"MIfo eO{
;d'bs| f] ;tx a95\  .

d'gf M xj;\ t cfh w/] } dxŒjk"0f{ s/' fdf 5nkmn eof] . ef]ln km]l/ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf]
k|efj jf c;/sf af/d] f 5nkmn ug]{ 5f“} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fsf af/d] f 5f6] f] lgaGw nv] L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= olb ltdLx¿ d:' tfªjf;L ePsf] eP hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/x¿ sd ug{ s] s] sfd
ug{ ;SYof,} tnsf ab“' fsf cleefjs;u“ 5nkmn u/L sfo{ ofh] gf tof/ kf/ M

-s_ ul/g] sfd -v_ sfo{ kl| jm| of -u_ ;do

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eg M

-s_ s'g lhNnfsf] blIf0fdf lxdfn k5{ <
-v_ d':tfªdf 3/sf 5fgf s]n] agfOPsf /x5] g\ <
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ ss] f sf/0f jfod' 08nsf xflgsf/s Uof;n] tx agfO/x]sf xG' 5g\ <
-ª_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ lxdfndf ======= hDg 5f8o\ f ] .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] ubf{ ======= pTkfbgdf c;/ u¥of] .
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] af9L, klx/f] / e"Ifo eO{ ========== ;tx a95\  .
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ================ ;do tflnsfdf kl/jt{g xG' 5 .

92 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ( hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj

efO alxgLx¿, cl3Nnf] kf7df d'gf,
lbbL / sfsfn] u/s] f] ;j+ fb clego u/]
em“} o; kf7df klg clego u/ M

d'gf M xfdLn] lxhf] hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ sf af/d] f dxŒjk0" f{
5nkmn u¥of}“ . lxh}sf]
;Nnfxcg;' f/ cfh hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ sf] ke| fjsf af/d] f
5nkmn u/f“} g .

lbbL M g]kfndf uPsf] #) jif{sf]
df};dsf] cWoog ubf{
-;g\ !(&) bl] v @))) ;Dd_
)=^ l8u|Lsf b/n] tfkj|md
a9]sf] lyof] . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] tfkj|md j[l4 ePsf,] cltjl[ i6 / cgfj[li6 ePsf],
:jf:Yo If]qdf c;/ k/]sf] / k[YjLsf] ;f}Gbo{ gf; xb'“ } uPsf] 5 .

dg' f M sfsf ¤ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] u/]sf c;/af/] ;'Gg' ePsf] 5 ls < atfOlbgx' f];\ g .

sfsf M hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljleGg c;/ kfb{5 . n ;'g sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ M

;db' s| f] ;tx a9g\ uO{ 6fk' bz] x¿ / xfr] f :yfgdf ePsf a:tL 8A' g ;S5g,\ h:t} M
dflNbE; .

lxdfnsf] lxp“ kUng uO{ lxdfnx¿ gfª\uf 8f“8fdf kl/0ft xG' 5g\ .
lxp“ kUn]/ ag]sf lxdtfn km6' \bf 7n' f] Iflt x'G5 .
tfkjm| d a9\gfn] cGg afnL pTkfbgdf sdL xG' 5 .
df;} dL kmnkm" nsf] ;do tflnsfdf kl/jtg{ x'G5 .
kY[ jLsf] ;fG} bo{ gf; x“'b} a;fa] f;sf nflu ofU] o Ifq] sd x'G5g\ .
lxdfnaf6 aUg] d"n tyf gbLx¿ ;'Sb} hfG5g\ .
lbbL ¤ tkfO+n{ fO{ o;sf] c;/ sd ug]{ pkfo yfxf 5 ls <





dg' f M

lbbL M 5, Wofg lbP/ ;'g x} t M

lzIf0f ;'emfj

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ke| fj / c;/sf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lbP/ 5nkmn jf clego u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 93

xl/t u[xsf] k|efj 36fpg hn ljB't\ pTkfbg a9fO{ ljB'tLo pks/0fsf]
ko| fu] ug'{k5 { .
sfO] nf, bfp/f / k6] f« n] h:tf j:ts' f] ko| f]u sd ug{'k5 { .
sf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] kb| "if0f Gog" ug'k{ 5 { .
Snf]/f]Çnf/] f] sfa{g cflb xl/t ux[ Uof; a9fpg] j:ts' f] pkofu] sd ug{k' 5 { .
sfsf M o;sf nflu ;fd"lxs ko| f; klg eO/x]sf 5g \ . ltgLx¿dWo] dflNbE;n] kfgLd'lg
u/s] f] dGqL kl/ifbs\ f] a7} s ;g\ @))(, gk] fnn] ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/el" d sfnfkTy/df
u/]sf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;g\ @))(, d]lS;sf]df /fi6« ;ª\3Lo hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;Ddn] g ;g\ @)!) cflb kd| v' 5g \ . o;n] lug| SnfOd6] kmG8 :yfkgf
u/L ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf k|Tos] jif{ Ps ca{ p7fpg] lg0f{o u/s] f] 5 . o;af6
ul/a /fi6n« fO{ hnjfo' c;/ /f]Sg ;xofu] ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
d'gf M cxf] ¤ dnfO{ t xh/' cfdfn] af]nfpg'ePsf] lyof] . clxn] hfG5' x}, yk s'/f e/]
u/f“}nf x} .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ljleGg kqklqsf, ;dfrf/kq cflbdf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / o;sf c;/x¿sf af/]
df ks| flzt nv] tyf ;dfrf/x¿ cWoog u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / c;/ sd
ug]{ pkfox¿ l6kL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ae' mfpm .

@= ltdL a:g] cf;kf;sf If]qdf ePsf] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] ke| fj :ynut cWoog
u/L sg' } b}lgs klqsfsf nflu nv] tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ c;/x¿sf] l6kf]6 u/ .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/ sd ug{ ckgfpgk' g{] pkfox¿ nv]  .
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/ sd ug{] s] s:tf k|of; eO/xs] f 5g\ <

94 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M !) ljkt\ Joj:yfkg

>L af/fxL df=lj= sf sIff ;ftsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ljkt\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljifodf jSt[Tj snf
k|:tt' u/s] f 5g\ . /fh]z gsdLn{ ] JoSt u/s] f] ljrf/ o; ks| f/ 5 M

Kof/f ;fyLx¿,

d ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df sx] L s'/f /fVg uO/]x]sf] 5 ' . x'g t xfdLn] sIff 5df cfunfuL,
8“9]nf], af9Lklx/f] h:tf ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/d] f sx] L 1fg, l;k k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f “} .
To;}n] xfdLnfO{ To;af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L ePs} 5 .

;jk{ y| d t xfdLn] ljkt\ egs] f] s] xf] eGg] af/d] f g} :ki6 x'g h?/L 5 . ljkt\ egs] f] sg' }
k|fs[lts jf dfgjåf/f l;lht{ jf lgld{t 36gfx¿af6 cfpg] clko| kl/0ffd xf] . o:tf
ljkt\n] ;d'bfo, /fi6« jf ;dfhsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfeGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] dfu ub{5 . o;n]
;fdfGo hLjgnfO{ l5GgleGg kfb{5 . o;/L ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f To:tf] kl/l:ylt jf 36gf xf]
h;n] kL8f jf lrGtf Nofp“5 . o;n] wghgsf] Iflt jf ljgfz ub{5 . ;fdfGo hghLjgdf
vnn kfb{5 . dflg; jf hLj hgfj/sf] d[To' xg' ], 3fOt] xg' ] / ckfªu\ xg' ] ub{5 . e'sDk,
Hjfnfdv' L, lj:kmf]6, klx/f,] af9L, e'Ifo, cfunfuL, dxfdf/L, xh} f, b3' {6gf, cf“wLa]x]/L, cl;gf,
cftªs\ jfbL lj|mofsnfk cflb ljkt\sf ¿k xg' \ . oxf“ xfdL d"ntM dxfdf/L x}hf, / b3' 6{ gfaf6
xg' ] ljkt\sf af/d] f sl] Gbt| xg' uPsf 5f“ } . ul/aL / hgrt] gfsf sdLn] klg ljkt\ cfOkg{]
u/s] f] 5 . dxfdf/L / x}hf egs] f] :jf:Yo;“u ;DalGwt ljkt\ xf ] . To:t} b3' {6gf klg
c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f lglDtG5 .

dxfdf/L xh} fsf sf/0f b'3{6gfsf sf/0f

!= :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] sdL != c;fjwfgLkj" s{ lgdf0{ f sfo{ ug'{

@= hgr]tgfsf] cefj @= oftfoftsf ;fwg b'36{ gfdf kg{'

#= c:j:y jftfj/0f / vfgkfg #= ?v, le/ / kxf8af6 n8g\ '

$= ;/;kmfOsf] sdL $= sdhf/] k"jf{wf/

%= vfk] ;O' { cflb lgoldt ¿kdf gnufpg' %= sg' } xltof/ rnfpg ghfGg'

^= cGwljZjf; ^= gbL / ;d'b| kf/ ubf{ c;fjwfgL x'g'

&= cJojl:yt a;f]af; &= hgrt] gfsf] sdL xg' '

*= c;fjwfgL *= lahn' L / cfunfuLaf6 x'g] b3' {6gf

(= cGo ljkts\ f sf/0faf6 x'g] b'36{ gf

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljkts\ f ljleGg 36gfx¿ k:| t't ub}{ To:tf 36gf xg' k' j" ,{ 36gf 36s] f] ;do /  o;kl5 Wofg lbg'kg{]
s'/fsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 95

o;/L ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ljkt\ cfOk5 { . o:tf ljkt\ cfpg glbg kj" ;{ fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ .
kl5 ljkt\ cfOk/d] f To;sf] ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug'k{ 5 { . gq emg\ ljktd\ fly ljkt\
ylkg k'U5 . ;fyLx¿ klg o:tf ljkts\ f af/]df ;r]t /xg] u/ x} t, wGojfb .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;fyL ljBfnosf] 5t jf dflyNnf] tnfaf6 v;]/ b'3{6gfdf k¥of] eg] s] s]
u5f}{ < 5nkmn u/L n]v .

@= ljkt\ cfpg glbg s:tf k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg'knf{, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L 5f6] f]
ljj/0f k:| tt' u/ .

#= c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f ePsf] b3' 6{ gfsf] Ps ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f agfpm / ljBfnosf]
leTt] klqsfdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ljkt\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljkt\ cfOkgfs{ f sf/0f s] s] xg' \ <
-u_ dxfdf/L / xh} f cfpg'sf sf/0fsf] ;"rL agfpm .
-3_ b3' 6{ gf lsg x'G5, b'3{6gf xg' s' f dV' o sf/0fsf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ ljkt\ eg]sf] ========= xf] .
-v_ ========= ;fdfGo hLjgnfO{ l5GgleGg kfb5{ .
-u_ =========== sdLn] ljkt\ cfOk5{ .
-3_ cfunfuL ============= xf] .

96 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M !! ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf kj" ;{ fjwfgLsf] dxŒj

ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / kj" {;fjwfgLsf af/]df wd]G{ b| emfn] k:| tt' u/s] f] ljrf/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

;fyLx¿,

cl3Nnf] jStf -cl3Nnf] kf7df_ /fh]zhLn] ljkt\sf] kl/ro, o;sf sf/0f / k|efjsf
af/d] f tkfOx“{ ¿;u“ cfÇgf ljrf/ /fVge' of ] . d ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/d] f sx] L eGg rfxG5 ' .

ljkt\ Joj:yfkg eGgfn] ljkt\ cfpg' cufl8 / k5fl8 ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/g] sfo{nfO{
ae' mfp5“ . o;df ljkt\ kg'{ cufl8 ljkt\ /fS] g jf To;sf] c;/ sd ug{ ckgfOg] pkfo
Pp6f xf] . To:t] 36gf jf ljkt\ k/]kl5 ul/g] Joj:yfkg o;sf] bf;] |f] kIf xf] . ljkt\
Joj:yfkgcGtut{ ;jk{ y| d t xfdLn] ljkt\ cfpg} lbg' xb“' g}  . dflg;sf sf/0f l;lht{ xg' ] ljkt\
xfdf| cfkmg\ } c;fjwfgL / sdL sdhf/] Ln] x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] dxfdf/L, x}hf, b3' {6gf h:tf
ljkt\ cfpg glbg kj" {;fjwfgL ckgfpg h?/L xG' 5 . dxfdf/L, xh} f h:tf ljkt\ cfpg glbg
cfÇgf] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f :j:y /fVgk' 5{ . ;/;kmfO ug,]{ :j:ys/ vfgf vfg], lgoldt ¿kdf
:jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg,] vfk] ;O' { cflb lgoldt ¿kdf lng] ug'k{ 5{ . ;?jf /f]u s;/L nfU5,
s;/L ;5{ / s:tf] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ eGg] af/d] f :Jff:Yo lzIff lng'k5{ . o;sf nflu
hgrt] gf a9fpg'k5{ . cGwljZjf;df nfu]/ wfdL em“fj|mL nufpg], b]jL b]jtfnfO{ efsn ug]{
ug{' xb'“ g}  . jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug'k{ 5 { . Jojl:yt a;fa] f; ug{k' 5 { . /f]u lgDTofpg] vfnsf
ultljlw / lj|mofsnfk ug'{ x'“b}g . To:t} b'3{6gfaf6 aRg xfdLn] kj" {;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ .
lgdf0{ f sfo{ ubf,{ oftfoftsf ;fwg, r9b\ f, embf,{ rnfpb“ f ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' 5 { . sg' }

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cfkm\ gf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 97

vt/fhgs xftxltof/, ljBt' \ cflbsf] ko| fu] ubf{ ljzi] f ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5 { . cfunfuL xg'
glbg ;hstf ckgfpgk' 5 { . le/ tyf kxf8 r9b\ f, vfn] fgfnf tbf{ ljzi] f ;hutf ckgfpgk' 5 { .

olt ubf{ klg sg' } sf/0fjz ljkt\ cfOnfud] f cflQg' x“'b}g . wo} { u//] p4f/sf sfd
ug{'k5 { . dxfdf/L xh} f nfu]df t?' Gt} :jf:Yo sG] b|, c:ktfn k¥' ofpg] jf 8fS6/sf] ;j] f lng]
Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5 { . hlt;Sbf] rf“8f] :jf:YosdL;{ dIf k¥' ofpg'k5 { . To:t} dxfdf/L xh} f
/fS] g ;/;kmfO ug,{] ;'O{ lbg], :jf:Yo lzlj/ rnfpg] nufotsf sfo{ ug'{k5{ . hyfefjL vfgf
/ kfgL ko| fu] ug{' xb'“ g}  . hyfefjL lb;f tyf lk;fa u//] kmf]xf]/ ug{ lbg' xb'“ }g . :jf:Yo
;:+ yf tyf ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfdf ;xofu] sf nflu va/ ug'k{ 5{ . To:t} sfx] L b'3{6gf k/]df
tTsfn p4f/ u/L k|fylds pkrf/ ug{'k5 { . k|fylds pkrf/kZrft\ :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf n}hfg]
ka| Gw ug'k{ 5{ . 3fOtn] fO{ ;/' lIft 7fp“ jf lzlj/df nuL pkrf/ u/fpgk' 5 { . yk ljkt\
cfpg glbg ;tst{ f / ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5 { . o:tf s/' f g} xfdf| ] kl/jz] df pkoS' t xf] eGg]
dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . yk s/' f sIffd} 5nkmn u/f }“ . n t d]/f egfO cGTo ub5{ ', wGojfb .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ufp“ jf 6fn] df sg' } /fu] sf] dxfdf/L cfpg glbg s] s] s'/fdf k"j;{ fjwfgL
ckgfpgk' 5,{ 5nkmn u/]/ n]v .

@= olb ltd|f] ufp÷“ 6f]ndf dxfdf/L kml} nP s;n] s] s] ug{'knf{ < ;fd"lxs 5nkmn
u/L n]v M

ltdLn] ljBfnon] ;db' fon]

:jf:Yo ;+:yfn]

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ b3' {6gf lglDtgs' f ltg sf/0f / o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ nv]  .
-u_ ‘ljkt\ cfPkl5 Joj:yfkg uge'{ Gbf ljkt\ cfpg} glbg' ;ae} Gbf a'l4dfgL xf] .’ o;
egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

ltdf| ] ljBfno ejg, sIff sf]7fsf] kvfn{ , ‰ofn, 9f]sf 5t, ljBfnosf] kl/;/ b3' 6{ gfaf6 ;'/
lIft 5 jf 5g} , cjnf]sg u/ . o;nfO{ cem ;'/lIft agfpg s] s] k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg'knf{,
ljj/0f tof/ u/L kw| fgfWofksnfO{ nfO{ k|ltjb] g bp] m .

98 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k'g/jnfs] g cEof;

;fdb' flos sfo{

!= ltd|f] ufpk“ flnsf jf cf;kf;sf ufpd“ f hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] kf/s] f] c;/sf] :ynut ¿kdf
cjnfs] g e|d0f ug{ ;fyL ;fyLsf] ;dx" agfpm . :yfgLo ;db' fosf] ;xof]udf ed| 0f u/L
To;nfO{ sd ug{] pkfox¿ ;d]6L k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ M

-s_ p2]Zo -v_ ljlw

-u_ j:tl' :ylt -!) jif{ klxn,] % jif{ klxn] / clxn_] / sf/0fx¿

-3_ c;/ sd ug{] pkfox¿ -ª_ lgisif{

@= o/' f]ksf] s'g} bz] sf Ps ljBfyLx{ ¿;u“ kq ldqtf a9fpg s] ug{ ;S5f,} kq ldq agfpg]
sf]l;; u/ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fn / c:6«]lnofsf dflg;x¿lar cfk;L ;DaGw a9fpg s] ug'{knf{ < s] ;DaGw
a9fp“bf b'j} kÔnfO{ kmfObf xG' 5, sÔfdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\ gf] /fo pNn]v u/ .

@= k:' tsfno, kqklqsf tyf OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu] u/L ltdLn] a;fa] f; u/e] Gbf leGg w/ftnLo
:j¿ksf af/]df ljljw hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng u/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

#= lbOPsf] gS;fsf cfwf/df o/' fk] sf]
l;dfgf / gS;fdf ePsf bz] x¿sf
gfd nv] M

kl/of]hgf sfo{

ltdf| ] ;db' fodf dxfdf/L jf x}hf cfpg] ;Defjgf 5 ls 5}g < ;db' fodf olb dxfdf/L jf
x}hf cfPdf To; ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;]jf ;l' jwf s] s:tf 5g,\ cWoog
u//] cfufdL lbgdf ;w' f/ ug'k{ g{] ljj/0f tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 99

^PsfO xfd|f] ljut

l;sfO pknlAw

dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] kl/ro lbg
dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf;u“ kl/lrt x'g
dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:s[ltsf] j0fg{ ug{
dfgj ;Eotfsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg
x\jfª\xf] gbL / d];f]kf6] fldof ;Eotfsf] kl/ro lbg
xj\ fª\xf] gbL / d;] fk] f]6fldofsf] ;Eotfn] dfgj hLjgdf kf/s] f] ke| fj atfpg .

100 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ! dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] kl/ro

xfdLnfO{ lzIfsn] dWosfnLg g]kfnsf af/d] f ljleGg k:' ts tyf klqsf k9/] o;af/]
df yk cWoog ug{ u[xsfo{ lbge' Psf] lyof] . xfdLn] klg ljleGg ;fyLlar sfo{ ljefhg
u¥of“} . o; jm| ddf ljBfnosf] k':tsfno / ;d'bfosf] ;fdb' flos cWoog s]Gbd| f /xs] f
k:' tsx¿sf] cWoog u¥of“} . pSt cWoogaf6 tof/ ePsf] dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] kl/ro;DaGwL
hfgsf/L tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ dWosfnsf] ;dofjlw

gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df lj= ;+= (#^ bl] v dWosfn cf/De ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fn ;j+ t\ o;}
jifb{ l] v cf/De ePsfn] o;n} fO{ cfwf/ dfgL sfn ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj= ;=+ (#^
bl] v lj=;=+ !*@% df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f“} pkTosf ljho gu?Gh]nsf] ***
jif{nfO{ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] dWosfn dflgG5 .

-v_ ef}uf]lns ljefhg

dWosfndf gk] fnsf] ljv08g ePsf] lyof] . dWosfnLg g]kfnnfO{ d"ntM lgDglnlvt
/fHox¿df af“8/] x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-c_ sf7df8f“} pkTosf

dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf tLg /fHox¿ sflGtk'/, nlntk/' /
eStk/' lyP . oL /fHox¿ kf| rLg tyf dWosfnbl] v g} cl:tTjdf /xb“ } cfwl' gs gk] fnsf]
PsLs/0f;Dd sfod} lyP . dWosfndf d"ntM lnR5lj / dNn j+zsf
/fhfx¿n] zf;g u/s] f lyP .

-cf_ l;df| }gu9 -ldlynf_ /fHo

gfGob]jn] lj=;+ !!%$ df o; /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . o; /fHonfO{ lt/x't
jf 8fo] /fHo klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;df| }gu9df lyof] .
xfn of] af/f lhNnfdf k5{ . of] /fHo pQ/L ljxf/ / gk] fnsf] t/fO{ eu] df kml} nPsf]
ePtf klg o;sf] l;dfgf ls6fgL;fy pNn]v ePsf] kfO“bg} .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

o; kf7nfO{ syfsyg ljlw ko| f]u u/L lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ . ;fy} ljleGg ;do /v] fsf dfWodn] j|mda4 36gf
j0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 101

-O_ ;]g /fHo
;f]xf| }“ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ gk] fnsf] k"jL{ tyf dWoefudf ;]g j+zsf] zf;g :yfkgf

ePsf] lyof] . ?b| ;]g o; j+zsf k|yd k|fdfl0fs /fhf dflgG5g\ . ;]g /fHodf
dn" tM dsjfgk'/, ljhok'/ / rfb} 08L kb{y] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fk"j{ klZrddf
kfNkf, a6' jn, /fhk'/, ko} '“ / tgx'“ tyf kj" d{ f dsjfgk/' , rf}808L Pjd\ ljhok/'
;g] jz+ L /fHocGtu{t ky{] .
-O_{ afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHo
afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHo :yfkgf xg' k' j" { klZrd gk] fndf ljzfn v; /fHo /xs] f] lyof] .
kf| rLg sfndf s0ff{nL Ifq] df v; /fHo lgs} zlStzfnL lyof] . To; an] f o;sf]
l;dfgf k"jd{ f lqz"nL gbL, klZrddf sd' fp u9jfn / pQ/df dfg;/f]j/ tyf
blIf0fdf afw] uof nufotsf t/fO;{ Dd kml} nPsf] lyof] . t/ O=;=+ !$%) ;Dd
cfOk'Ubf of] /fHo lj36g eO;s]sf] kfOG5 . v; /fHo lj36g ePkl5 jm| dzM
afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHox¿sf] pbo eof] . o;kl5 s0ff{nL Ifq] df afO; /fHonfO{
;+o'St ¿kdf afO;L /fHo elgof] . To;}u/L u08sL Ifq] sf rfl} a; /fHonfO{
rfl} a;L /fHo elgof] . ;do j|mddf oL /fHox¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9\b} uP klg kl5;Dd
klg afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHo g} eGg] ul/of] . To;}n] afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHosf] gfd
/ ;ª\Vofdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . o;/L dWosfnLg gk] fndf ljleGg /fHox¿ /x]sf]
kfOG5 . oL /fHosf] /fhgLlts, cflys{ , ;fdflhs cflb kIfdf kl5Nnf kf7x¿df
cWoog ug{] 5f“} .
lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg k':ts, kqklqsf cWoog jf ;f]wvfh] u/]/ dWosfnLg ;dosf afO;L /
rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] gfd nv] .

@= g]kfnLnfO{ efjgfTds ¿kdf Ps agfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / PsLs[t gk] fn agfpg ltdL
s:tf] ;'emfj lbG5f}, ab'“ fut ¿kdf nv] .

#= :yfgLo P]ltxfl;s :ynsf] cWoog e|d0f u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] dWosfn eGgfn] sg' ;dofjlwnfO{ hgfp5“ <
-v_ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf k|d'v /fHox¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

102 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M @ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf

dWosfn /fhtGqfTds zf;g k4ltsf] sfn xf ] . dWosfnnfO{ kj" { dWosfn / pQ/ dWosfn
u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfndf gk] fn pkTosfleq / aflx/ /fhtGqfTds
Joj:yfcGtut{ cgs] kl| ;4 /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/s] f lyP .

P3f/f}“ ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dddf gk] fn 6l' jm| P/ ltg /fHodf kl/0ft eof] . kmn:j¿k klZrd
/ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf dNn /fHo sfod eP eg] blIf0fsf] l;df| }gu9df lt/xt' /fHo sfod
eof] . klZrd g]kfnsf] s0ffn{ L kb| z] df rNn tyf dNn y/ ePsf 7s/' L v; /fhfx¿n] /fHo
u/s] f lyP . rNn y/sf /fhfx¿n] klg dNn n]vs] f] Oltxf; kfOG5 . czf]s dNnkl5sf
/fhfx¿n] cfkmn" fO{ dNn nV] g yfn] . oL /fhfx¿dWo] kY[ jL dNn cToGt kt| fkL /fhf
lyP . g]kfnsf] blÔ0fL efusf] l;df| }gu9 -l;d/fjgu9_ df gfGob]jåf/f :yflkt lt/x't /fHo
lyof ] . To;u} /L kfNkf Ô]qdf ?b;| g] n] ;g] j+zL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . logsf] 5f]/f d'sG' b;]g
k|yd d'lg ds' G' b ;]gsf] gfdaf6 kl| ;4 lyP . logsf 5f/] fx¿n] ljzfn kfNkfnL /fHonfO{
6j' |mo\ fP/ zf;g ug{ yfn] .

sf7df8f“} pkTosfdf bj] tyf dNn y/sf /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/s] f lyP . logsf /fHonfO{
gk] fn d08n klg elgGYof ] . o; ;dodf cgs] kl| ;4 /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP . /fhf
u'0fsfdbj] n] sflGtk'/ ;x/ a;fn ] . To;nfO{ cGo dNn /fhfx¿n] lj:tf/ ub}{ nu ] . cl/
dNn g]kfn d08nsf k|yd dNn y/wf/L /fhf lyP . oL /fhfx¿dWo] hol:ylt dNn, oÔ
dNn, lhtfldq dNn, e"ktLGb| dNn, /0flht dNn, l;l4g/l;+x dNn, /Tg dNn, dx]Gb| dNn,
kt| fk dNn, hoks| fz dNn OToflbn] eStk'/, sflGtk'/ / kf6gnfO{ ljsl;t ;G' b/ ;x/
agfpg pNnv] gLo ofu] bfg u/s] f lyP . o;}u/L uf/] vfsf /fhf /fdzfxn] ;w' f/sf gof“
k/Dk/fsf] yfngL u/]sf lyP . o; ;dodf lgDgfg;' f/sf ;w' f/x¿ ePsf] kfOG5 M

-s_ zf;g k0| ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of;

o; sfndf /fhf ;j;{] jf{ xG' y ] . Gofo, ;g] f tyf kz| f;g kd| v' /fhf g} xG' y ] . logLx¿n]
cfÇgf] /fhsfhdf ;xofu] ug{ sG] bd| f dlGqkl/ifb\ agfpy“  ] . dlGqkl/ifb\ kf| oM u/L kfr“
dGqL xG' y ] . tLdWo] Ps hgf rft} f/f -dV' odGqL_ xG' y ] . :yfgLo kz| f;g rnfpg k/dfg
-a8f xflsd_ lgoS' t ul/GYof ] . ;;fgf j:tLsf] kz| f;g rnfpg eg] ‘åf/’] lgoS' t ul/Gy ] .

:yfgLo kz| f;g sfon{ fO{ ;xofu] sf ;fy} kf6L kf}jf, af6f]3f6f], dlGb/, k'n, km8\s] cflb
lgdf{0f ug{] / wd{ tyf ;:+ sl[ t ;DaGwL sfd ug{ k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
To; ;dodf k~rfotnfO{ k~r srx/L, kf~rfnL jf k~r ;dR' ro elgGYof ] . To;

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljleGg ;f| ]t ;fduL| cWoog u/L cfkm" :ki6 eP/ o; kf7sf] ljifo j:t' lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ . o;sf nflu
cfjZostfg';f/ ljljw ljlwsf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 103

sfndf d'Vo ;x/nfO{ k|zf;sLo b[li6sf0] fn] ljleGg 6fn] df ljeflht ul/Psf] x'GYof ] .
To; an] f eStk'/, nlntk'/nufotsf rf}la; 6fn] lyP . 6f]nsf] /]vbv] ug{ ‘kw| fg’
lgoS' t ul/Psf lyP .
-v_ Goflos ;'wf/
gk] fnsf] tTsfnLg /fhgLlts kl/kf6L Jojl:yt xg' g;s] klg Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
ug{ vfh] s] f lyP . pSt sfndf wfld{s k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh cflbsf cfwf/df Gofo lbg]
ul/GYof] .
-u_ wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;
To; an] f lxGb' wd{sf] kd| v' :yfg lyof] . lxGb' wdz{ f:qsf cfwf/df cfÇgf] wd{ tyf
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f x'g] ub{Yof] . ;+:st[ efiff, gk] fnL efiff / gk] fn efiff ;flxTosf] pTyfg
ug{ tTsfnLg /fhgLlts g]tT[ j cu|;/ ePsf] bl] vG5 . To; a]nf lgdf0{ f ePsf d7
dlGb/df snfs[ltsf] klg w]/} k|ofu] ePsf] kfOG5 .
dWosfnsf] cGTolt/ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] gt] T[ jdf g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] yfngL ePsf]
lyof ] . dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL gf/Lx¿n] klg pNnv] gLo
ofu] bfg u/]sf lyP . oLdWo] dxf/fgL b]jnb]jL -b]jnIdLbj] L_ / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsL
hi] 7dftf rGbk| |efjtL b]jL / /fgL /fh]Gbn| IdLsf] el" dsf cToGt dxŒjk0" f{ /xs] f] lyof ] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf;DaGwL k|jrgsf lglDt d'Vo a'“bfx¿ agfpm .
@= dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfaf6 l;Sg ;lsg] tyf ;w' f/ ug{'kg]{ kIf klxrfg u/L

sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub}{ tLg jfSo n]v .
-v_ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfaf6 /fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jtg{ xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ nv] .
-u_ dWosfndf sg' s'g efiff / ;flxTo ljsf; ePsf lyP <

;fd'bflos sfo{
!= dWosfnsf] ;tL ky| f tyf bf; ky| f /fhgLlts ku| ltsf lglDt ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lyof ] .

To:tf] ;d:of kTtf nufpg ;dfh ;w' f/s tyf /fhgt] fnfO{ ;fW] g] k|Zg agfpm .
@= agfOPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ kl/dfhg{ tyf ;w' f/ ug{ ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/ .
#= ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt hjfkmsf cfwf/df efif0f tof/ u/L sÔfdf ;'gfpm .

104 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf

b]zdf ljBdfg /fhgLlts cj:yfn] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf k|efj kf/s] f] xG' 5 . dWosfndf
g]kfndf ;o+ S' t zf;g rNYof ] . o:tf] ;o+ 'St zf;g afa'5f/] f, bfhe' fO tyf sfsfelthfsf
lardf klg rn]sf] lyof] . o;s} f] ;]/fk] m/] f]df ;+o'St kl/jf/ ky| f, j0f{ Joj:yf, gfdsf] k5fl8
y/ /fVg] rng, jz+ sf] gfds/0f, 8f]nfhL ky| f, ljwjf tyf k'gM ljjfx, /Lltlylt, rf8kj{,
gf/Lsf] :yfg cflb ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf dn" cfwf/x¿ kr| ngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;+o'St kl/jf/
kl5Nnf] -gof“ hGd lnPsf_] k:' tfbl] v aa' f, xh/' aa' f, km' k," lbbL, alxgL, sfsfsfsL, efO elthf,
cflb ;a} hLljt ;b:ox¿ Ps} 7fp“ jf 3/df a;]/ ;dfg ;'ljwf ef]u ug{] kl/jf/nfO{ ;+o'St
kl/jf/ ky| f elgG5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf klg ;o+ S' t zf;g ky| f /x]sfn] dWosfndf ;+o'St
kl/jf/sf] kr| ng clgjfo{ h:t} dflgGYof] . ;fy} ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf cfly{s sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ dWosfndf dflg;x¿ ;o+ 'St kl/jf/df a:g] uy]{ . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] ufp“ jf a:tLsf]
3gTj a9L g} ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
j0f{ Joj:yf
j0f{ Joj:yf lnR5lj sfnaf6 ;?' ePsf] xf ] . o; sfndf ;dfhnfO{ rf/ hft tyf c7f/
j0f{df ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j¿k dWosfndf klg rf/ hft tyf
5TtL; j0fd{ f ljeflht ul/of] .
jz+ sf] gfds/0f
dWosfndf 8f]6L / sf7df8f“} pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ‘;"o{jz+ L’ egL kl/lrt
u/fP . ;fy} pkTosf aflx/sf zfx /fhfx¿n] ‘rGb|jz+ L’ eGg yfn] . o;/L ;o" j{ z+ L /
rGbj| z+ Lsf gfdn] jz+ k/Dk/f ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf :yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 .
y/sf] pTklQ
dWosfnLg gk] fndf Clif, uf]q, :yfg cflbsf cfwf/df y/ /fVg] rng lyof] . t/ sfd
-Joj;fo_ sf cfwf/df klg cg]s y/x¿sf] pTklQ ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
dWok"j{sfndf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf sfdsf cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ jB} , v8\sf -v8uf8f_, e08f/L,
hf]zL OToflb /fvL ;'? ul/Psf] k|rngnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf eg] /fhf
hol:ylt dNnsf] /fHosfndf dGqLnfO{ ‘d'NdL,’ ef/bf/nfO{ ‘lzi6 jf >i] 7’ / kw| fg dGqLnfO{
‘dxfy’ eGg] rng lyof ] . To;u} /L sf7df8fs“} f gj] f/ ;db' fodf cfrfo,{ j}B, >i] 7 / bj} 1
rf/ y/Lsf] jr:{ j /xo\ f ] .

8f]nfhL k|yf

dWosfndf bn' xfnfO{ bn' xLsf] 3/d} jf bn' xLnfO{ bn' fxfsf] 3/ jf cf;kf;sf] Ifq] df l´sfO{
lzIf0f ;e' mfj

afnaflnsfnfO{ Pl] txfl;s tYo jf ljj/0f 3f]sfpge' Gbf To;af6 lzIff lnO{ jtd{ fgdf To;sf] pkofu]
ug{] 1fg, l;k, ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 105

ljjfx ug]{ ky| fnfO{ 8fn] fhL ky| f elgGYof] . o; k|yfåf/f ljjfx ug]{ b'nxfn] b'nxLsf] y/
u|x0f ug'{kYof {] . o;}cg';f/ s'df/ hol:yltn] /fhs'df/L /fhNnbj] L;u“ ljjfx u/]kl5 dNn
y/ u|x0f u/] . To;u} /L s0ffn{ L kb| ]zsL /fhsd' f/L zs'g dfnf;u“ ljjfx u/k] l5 kfnjz+ sf
k'0o kfn k'0o dNn eP .
ljwjf k|yf tyf k'gM ljjfx
dWosfndf ljwjf ky| f tyf k'gM ljjfx sfod lyof ] . dWosfnsf] ;'?cftdf dNn /fhfx¿n]
zf;g u/ ] . logLx¿sf] kl/jf/ lgs} 7'nf] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿sf w]/} /fgLx¿ lyP . o;} sf/0f
cfÇgf] jz+ k/Dk/f sfod ug{ / zlSt dha't agfO/fVg dlxnfnfO{ ljwjfsf ¿kdf /fVg]
rngsf] ;'?cft eof] . eStk/' sf /fhf ?b|dNnsL 5f]/L gfosb]jLsf] klxnf] ljjfx sfzLsf
/fhsd' f/ xl/ZrGb;| u“ / bf];f| ] lt/x'tsf /fhs'df/ hutl\ ;x+ sD' x/;u“ ePsf] lyof ] . of]
kg' M ljjfxsf] pbfx/0f xf] .
/Lltlylt tyf rf8kj{
dWosfndf cfzf]r tyf ;"ts afg{] h:tf /Lltlylt sfod lyP . k|frLg lxGb' wflds{
dfGotfcg';f/ hGd, d[To' / cGo ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/sf cfwf/df /LltyLlt rn]sf] kfOG5 .
o;afxs] ;dfhdf b;},“ ltxf/, ufO{hfqf, OGbh| fqf, 306fs0f{ -u7]dª\un_ h:tf rf8kj{
k|rngdf lyP .
gf/Lsf] :yfg
dWosfndf gf/LnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ ul/GYof] . l;d|fg} u9sf /fhf xl/l;+xb]jsL /fgL
b]jnb]jL sf7df8f}d“ f cfO{ cfÇgf] ke| 'Tj hdfpg ;kmn ePsL lyOg \ . o;af6 s] yfxf x'G5
eg] dWosfndf cfÇgf] 3/, ufp“ / /fHodf dfq geO{ cGoq klg gf/Lsf] :yfg dof{lbt lyof] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;db' fodf /x]sf y/sf] pTklQaf/] cleefjs;“u ;f]wL sIffdf k:| t't u/ .
@= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ljwjf k|yf / k'gM ljjfxnfO{ s;/L lnOG5, 6f]n l5d]sdf

5nkmnsf] cfofh] gf u/L ;w' f/ ug'k{ g{] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL u/ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ dWosfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yfdf s] s] s'/f k5g{ \ <
-v_ 8fn] fhL ky| faf/] Ps cg'R5]b nv]  .
-u_ dWosfndf gf/LnfO{ s;/L xl] /GYof,] pbfx/0f;lxt n]v .

;fdb' flos sfo{

dWosfnLg g]kfndf ePsf w]/h} ;f] s'/fx¿ xfn;Dd klg ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf xg' ;S5g \ . ltgnfO{
yfxf kfpg ;d'bfosf dflg;;u“ ;f]Wg] kZ| gx¿sf] gd'gf agfpm .

106 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M $ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] cfly{s cj:yf

kf| rLg ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ltAat, rLg / ef/t;u“ c6'6 ¿kdf /xs] f] kfOG5 .

o;nfO{ dWosfnLg zf;sn] ljzi] f Wofg lbPsf lyP . To;sf/0f pBfu] , jfl0fHo / Joj;fosf]

ljsf;n] ubf{ dWosfnsf] cflys{ lj|mofsnfkdf tLa|tf cfPsf] lyof] . hol:ylt dNnn]

k/Dk/fut Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tf/ u/s] f lyP . logn] cfGtl/s Jofkf/df klg ;'wf/ u/]sf lyP .

aU] nfaU] n} gfk ePsf dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fhd' f klg Pp6} gfk agfP/ ;'wf/ u/s] f lyP .

gk] fnL Jofkf/Lx¿ cfÇgf pBfu] df pTkflbt j:tx' ¿ ljbz] df ar] ]/ ljbz] L db' |f cfh{g ub{y] .

‘ef]hsf] o'lStsNk t¿’ eGg] k':tsdf g]kfndf ag]sf] t/af/ ef/tsf] ahf/df lgs} nfs] lk|o

/x]sf] s/' f n]lvPsf] 5 . To;u} /L ‘/;/Tg;d'Roo’ gfdsf] dWosfnLg k:' tsdf gk] fnaf6

ef/tdf lgof{t ul/g] tfdfsf] aofg ul/Psf] 5 .

dNnsfnLg ahf/ efp M g=] ;+= *%) -!&*^ lj= ;+=_

j:t' kl/df0f dN" o

rfdn !& kfyL ! df]x/

g'g ! kfyL ! df]x/

t]n ! kfyL ! dfx] /

skf; % kn ! dfx] /

;f| t] M wgah| ah|frfo{, gk] fn kl/ro

hol:ylt dNnn] el" d ;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg ljzi] f Wofg lbPsf lyP . pgn] hUufsf]
pAhgLsf cfwf/df e"ldnfO{ cAjn, bfo] d, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ efudf juL{s/0f u/] .
;fy}, dfnkft] p7fpg / cflys{ :t/ ldnfpg ;a} hldgsf] Ifq] kmn kl/jt{g ul/of] .
o;cg;' f/ cAan hUuf Ps ju{df (% xftsf] 3]/f, bf]oddf !)# xft, l;ddf !!@ xft /
rfxf/df !@% xftsf] 3/] fsf] gfk dflgof ] . To; an] f hUuf hldg gfKgn] fO{ Ifq] sf/ elgGYof] .
hUuf gfKgnfO{ xftsf] gfk lgwf/{ 0f ul/of] . a9' L cf}“nfsf] rfl} a; cª\un' a/fa/ Ps xft
dflgof] . sflGtk'/sf /fhf dx]Gb| dNnn] Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n agfpg rf“bLsf] db' |f k|rngdf
NofP h;nfO{ dx]Gb|dNnL elgG5 . ækY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ug{ vf]hs] f ;'wf/x¿ pgn] lbPsf]
lbJo pkb]zdf kfOG5 . sfd ubf{ /fHo /fHodf u'Ktr/ eO{ gfn} f lsl;dsf sfdx¿ l;sL
cfpg,' sfd l;Sg hf“bf yfxf kfO{ sb} u¥of] eGof cfÇgf d'n'ssf] ux' o\ s;n} fO{ geGg', df/]
dg'{, cfÇgf ?l9a8' L a9' fkfsf s'nn] u¥of /fvs] f wd{ gud' fO{ rfv] f] sfdx¿ l;sL Nofpg'

jf ug'{ .Æ cflb k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf pkbz] lyP .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] cflys{ cj:yfnfO{ jtd{ fg;u“ tn' gf ub{} cflys{ ljsf;df dWosfnsf] el" dsfsf

af/d] f :ki6 kfg{'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 107

uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxn] klg
ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s ;'wf/x¿
u/]sf lyP . logn] Jofkf/df ;'wf/
ug{ dfgf, kfyL, 9s, t/fh'sf] gof“
Joj:yf u/] . logn] gfksf lglDt
!) d7' Lsf] Ps dfgf, cf7 dfgfsf]
Ps kfyL / tfn} sf lglDt !) nfnsf]
Ps df;f, !) df;fsf] Ps tf]nf, @&
tf]nfsf] Ps af8] L, rf/ af8] Lsf] Ps la;f}nL / b'O{ la;fn} Lsf] Ps wfgL{ lgwf{/0f u/] . logn]
wfts' f dfgfkfyL, 9s t/fh' OToflbdf ;/sf/L 5fk nufpg'kg]{ lgod a;fn]sf lyP . /fd
zfxn] Aofh ;DaGwdf rnfPsf] lgodcg';f/ gub C0fsf] sf/f]af/df !) k|ltzteGbf a9L
/ lhG;Ldf @% kl| tzteGbf a9L Aofh lng gkfpg] lgod agfP .

/fd zfxn] efOef/bf/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf latf{ glbg,' latf{ lb“bf hldgsf] Ô]qkmn rf/ lsNnf
;a} v'nfP/ :yfgLo ebe| nfb\dL /fvL ;f“w l;dfgf;dt] 5'6\ofOlbg' eGg] lgb]z{ g lbPsf lyP .
logs} ;dobl] v xfn;Dd klg hUuf wgLnfO{ tlN;ª / vghf]t u/L sdfO ugn{] fO{ dfx] L eGg]
rng rNb} cfPsf] 5 . sflGtk/' sf /fhf kt| fk dNnsf] zf;g sfndf ltAat;“u ePsf]
jfl0fHo ;lGwaf6 gk] fnnfO{ lgs} cflys{ nfe ePsf] lyof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= bl} gs Jojxf/df d'bf| sf] dxŒj ljifodf jStT[ j snf cfof]hgf u/ .

@= dWosfndf ePsf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkaf6 sg' sg' ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg eP < ;dfrf/sf
¿kdf sÔfdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ cfÇgf] sfkLsf] kfgfdf dNnsfnsf] d'b|fsf] lrq agfpm .
-v_ cfkm" ;u“ ePsf] db' f| nfO{ dNnsfnsf] db' f| ;u“ tn' gf ug{] tflnsf agfO{ sÔfdf k:| tt' u/ .
-u_ dWosfnLg cflys{ cj:yf / jt{dfg cfly{s cj:yflar kfr“ a'“bfdf t'ngf u/ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

!= dWosfndf ePsf sg' s'g /fd|f cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkx¿ xfn 5}gg\ / xfn ePsf s'g
s'g /fd|f cfly{s ultljlwx¿ dWosfndf lyPgg\ egL lzIfs jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{
kZ| g ;f]w]/ k|fKt hjfkmsf cfwf/df kl| tj]bg tof/ u/ .

@= dWosfnsf] ahf/ efp / xfnsf] ahf/ efp ´Nsg] t'ngfTds tflnsf agfpm .

108 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M % dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] snf / ;:+ s[lt

kBdfb] o df= lj=,
/fdzfx ky, sf7df8f}“

@)&%÷)%÷@%

Kof/f] ;fyL zfGt/fh, gd:sf/ ¤

ltdLn] hD' nf pkTosfsf] snf / ;+:sl[ tsf af/]df nv] ]/ k7fPsf] kq kf| Kt eof] . d xfn
sf7df8f“}df /xg] ePsfn] ltdLn] dnfO{ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] snf ;:+ s[ltsf af/]df n]v/]
k7fpg eg]sf /x5] f} . ltdf| ] cg/' fw] cg;' f/ dn} ] dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf ;:+ sl[ tsf af/d] f
w]/} ;fw] k5' u/“] . To; an] fb]lv /xs] f snf / k/' ftŒjsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] kT| oIf cjnf]sg klg
u/“] . To;sf cfwf/df dn} ] ltdLnfO{ of] kq n]v]sf] x“' .

snf / ;+:s[lt dfgj hLjgsf] kl/rfos xf] . dflg;sf] dN" o, dfGotf, cf:yf, lzNk cflbsf]
k|ltlglwTj snf / ;+:s[ltn] u/s] f] xG' 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] kl| tlglwTj ub{5 .
gk] fn snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf b[li6n] wgL dflgG5 . g]kfnLx¿;“u df}lns snf / ;+:s[ltsf] vfgL
/x]sf] 5 . gk] fnL hLjg zn} Lsf] lgdf0{ fdf snf / ;:+ s[ltn] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
;fdl" xs cf:yf, ljZjf;, k/Dk/f Pjd\ dN" ox¿ snf tyf ;:+ sl[ tsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ .

k|frLg gk] fnsf] snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf af/d] f ltdLn] sIff ^ df kl9;ss] f] 5f} . d oxf“
dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:s[ltsf af/]df n]Vg uO/x]sf] 5' . lj= ;+= (#^ b]lv
lj=;=+ !*@% ;Ddsf] ;donfO{ dWosfnLg ;do elgG5 . dWosfnLg gk] fn snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf
bl[ i6n] lgs} dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5 . o; ou' df w/] } dlGb/ / bj] Lbj] tfsf dl" t{ :yflkt ePsf
5g\ . To;}n] o; an] fnfO{ 3/eGbf w]/} dlGb/ / dfG5e] Gbf w/] } b]jtf ePsf] ;do klg
dflgG5 . oL dlGb/ / bj] tf;Da4 w/] } rf8kj{ klg
ljsl;t eP . kmn:j¿k dWosfndf w]/} hfqf /
kjx{ ¿ kr| lnt lyP . sltko hfqf / kjx{ ¿ clxn;] Dd
sfod} 5g\ .

dWosfndf ljleGg b/af/ / dlGb/df ;'Gb/
snfsl[ t lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . To:t} wf/f, kf6L, kf}jf,
rft} f/f, 8anL h:tf ;f:+ sl[ ts kIfdf klg snf kb| lzt{
lyof] . sfi7snf, k:| t/snf / jf:ts' nfsf bl[ i6n] klg
ljsl;t lyof] . uD' ah tyf lzv/ zn} Ldf d7, dlGb/,
rT} o, ljxf/ cflb ags] f lyP . b/af/, 3/, dlGb/sf

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

o; kf7df dWosfnLg gk] fnsf snf / ;:+ sl[ t;DaGwL 5f6] f hfgsf/L dfq k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\ . ctM ljifo
j:t;' Da4 ljleGg ;f| t] ;fdu|L cWoog u/L ljifo j:t'df cfkm" :ki6 eO{ lzIf0f ug{x' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 109

‰ofn, 9f]sf tyf 5fgf agfpb“ f snfTds ¿kdf agfOGYof], h:t} M eStk'/sf] krkGg ‰ofn]
b/af/ . dWosfn nu' f, vfB kl/sf/ / lzi6frf/sf nflu kl| ;4 5 . o;/L dWosfnLg
gk] fn ;flxTo, snf tyf ;:+ sl[ tsf b[li6n] pj{/ dflgG5 . o:tf snf / ;+:s[ltsf gd'gf
cem} klg sf7df8f}“ pkTosf / bz] sf cGo 7fpx“ ¿df k|z:t 5g\ . of] ;fgf] kqdf oL ;a}sf]
lj:tf/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsPg . csf]{ k6s lj:tf/df yk rrf{ u/fn“} f, clxnn] fO{ labf rfxG5' .

pxL ltdf| ] ;fyL
/fdsi[ 0f dxh{g

lj|mofsnfk

-s_ ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf snf / ;+:sl[ t emNsfpg] sg' } ;Dkbf xg' ;S5g\ . To;sf af/d] f
lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f tof/ kf/ M

:yfkgf÷lgdf0{ f ldlt÷;do
lgdf{0f stf{
;Dkbfsf ljzi] ftf
;Dkbfsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf
;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f ;j+ wg{ sf nflu ug'k{ g{] sfo{

-v_ ltd|f] If]qdf ePsf sg' } snfTds ejg, dlGb/, uD' af, ljxf/, rT} o, dl:hb, rr{,
dfªlvd, d"ltd{ Wo] s'g} Pssf af/d] f cfk"meGbf hfGg] JolSt;u“ ;f]wk5' u/L kT| oIf
cjnf]sg u/]/ snfTds ljz]iftfsf af/d] f 5f]6f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ .

-u_ snf / ;:+ sl[ t lsg cfjZos k/]sf] xfn] f, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ snf / ;+:sl[ t eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ‘snf / ;:+ s[ltn] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ .’ k'li6 u/ .
-u_ dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] snf / ;:+ s[lt s:tf] lyof] <
-3_ dWosfnLg snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf d'Vo If]qx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-ª_ dWosfnLg snf / ;+:s[ltsf] kfr“ cf]6f ljzi] ftf nv] .

110 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M ^ x\jfª\xf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotf

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ gS;fdf lbOPsf] s'g b]z xf] <
gS;f cWoog u/ t . of] rLgsf] gS;f xf] . o;df
rLgsf] kl| ;4 xj\ fª\xf] gbLsf] gS;f klg 5 . of]
gbLn] rLgsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒj afs] ]sf] 5 . xfdf| ]
b]zsf] pQ/lt/ hgu0ftGq rLg k5{ . hgu0ftGq
rLgsf] klxnf] ;Eotfsf] ljsf; x\jfª\xf] gbLsf]
pkTosfdf ePsf] lyof] . xj\ fªx\ f] rLgsf] bf];f| ]
;a}eGbf 7'nf] gbL xf ] . o;nfO{ kx]“nf] gbL (Yellow
Rever) klg elgG5 . xj\ fªx\ f] gbL lsgf/df /xs] f
7'nf 7n' f ;x/dWo] nfgrcf], kfcfr] cf,] rªrcf] /
rLgfg kd| v' rf/ ;x/ xg'  \ . rLgdf /xs] f kd| v' gbL
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

rLgsf d'Vo tLg 7n' f gbLx¿

gfd nDafO -lslddf_

5fªofª (Changeang) ^,#))

xj\ fªx\ f] (Huanghe) %,$^%

x]Onª' :ofª (Heilungciang) @,(^%

;f| t] M rLgsf] e"uf]n

xj\ fªx\ f] gbL kfofgxf/ kj{tsf] pQ/af6 au]/ kj" {sf] af]xfo (Bohai) ;fu/df ldl;G5 . of]
gbL Ps bh{geGbf a9L pkTosf eP/ aU5 . To; Ôq] df !^ cf}“ ztfAbL O= k"= df g} sf]bf],
ds}, wfg, ux“', /;] d OToflbsf] pTkfbg ul/GYof ] . kf| rLg sfndf lrlgof“ ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf]
;'/Ôfsf lglDt rLgsf] pQ/tkm{ 7'nf] kvf{n agfOPsf] lyof ] . of] kvf{n xfn;Dd klg /x]sf]
5 . o; kvf{nnfO{ o'g]:sfs] f] ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf /flvPsf] 5 . cGtl/Ifaf6 b]Vg ;lsg]
dfgj lgldt{ ;+;f/sf] Psdfq j:t' rLgsf] 7n' f] kvf{n g} xf] . of] kvfn{ rLgsf] pQ/tkm{
k"j{ klZrd eP/ af]xfo ;fu/;u“ hfl] 8Psf] 5 .

lrlgofx“ ¿n] o; kvf{nnfO{ bz xhf/ ln kvfn{ (ten thousand li wall) egL gfds/0f u/]sf
5g\ . t/ jf:tljs ¿kdf o;sf] nDafO !@ xhf/ ln= -5 xhf/ lsnfl] d6/_ /xs] f] 5 . of]
kvfn{ l5g (Chin) j+zsf ;df| 6\ xªrªsf] ;dodf k/" f eof ] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj
xj\ fª\xf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotf emNsg] lrq, syf, ;j+ fb cflb tof/ u/L ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf]

k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 111

l5g j+zsf log} ;df| 6\n] 5 cf6] f /fHonfO{
lht]/ ljzfn rLgsf] lgdf0{ f u/] . o;} jz+ sf
gfdaf6 To; 7'nf] kvf{nsf] k|To]s !))
ld6/df bO' { tn] xg] {] 3/ (watch tower) agfOPsf]
5 . of] 3/sf] dflysf] tnfaf6 jl/kl/sf]
6f9fsf] bZ[ o b]Vg ;lsG5 . To; avt of] 3/
b':dgsf] ultljlwnfO{ xg] { agfOPsf] lyof ] .

Oªrªn] kl5 xfªtL -;d|f6_\ sf] pkflw wf/0f
u/] . logL g} rLgsf ky| d ;d|f6\ lyP .

rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhª (Beijing) af6 *$
lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df a8flnª (Badaling) eGg]
7fpd“ f /x]sf] kvf{n x]g{ w/] h} ;f] ko6{ sx¿ hfg]
ub{5g\ . o; 7fpd“ f /x]sf] kvfn{ sf] efu *=%
ld6/ cUnf] / %=& ld6/ rf8} f 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltdL a;s] f] Onfsfdf kf| rLg sfndf ag]sf lsNnf, kvfn{ , eUgfjz]if cflb :yfg jf
j:tx' ¿ 5g\ eg] ltgsf] ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf rLg / rLgsf] kvf{n b]vfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ kf7sf cfwf/df rLgsf] xj\ fª\xf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotfsf] kl/ro b]pm .
-v_ xj\ fªx\ f] gbL / lrlgof“ ;Eotflarsf] ;DaGw s]nfpm .
-u_ rLgsf] gfds/0f s;/L /xg uof,] n]v .

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ xfdf| ] bz] sf] pQ/L l5dsL =========== xf] .
-v_ rLgsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] gbLsf] gfd ========== xf] .
-u_ xj\ fªx\ f] gbL ============= ;fu/df ldl;G5 .
-3_ =========== rLgsf ky| d ;d|f6\ xg' \ .

-ª_ rLgsf] /fhwfgL =========== xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

112

kf7 M & d;] f]kf6] fldofsf] ;Eotf

d;] fk] f]6fldofsf] ;Eotfaf/] lzIfs bf]h]{ nfdf /
ljBfyL{ s]bf/ zdf{sf lar ePsf] s/' fsfgL o;
k|sf/ 5 M

s]bf/ M d;] fk] f6] fldofsf] ;Eotf egs] f] s] xf] <

bfh] ]{ M nf} ;'g, jtd{ fg ;dodf dWok"jd{ f
kg{] /fi6« O/fs -Iraq_ cGtut{ kg]{
l6lu;| (tigris) / ok' m| 6] ; (euphrates)
gbLsf] larsf] efunfO{ d;] fk] f]6fldof
elgG5 . k|frLg sfndf o;} 7fp“df
ljsl;t ePsf] ;EotfnfO{ g} d];f]
kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotf elgG5  .

s]bf/ M d;] fk] f6] fldof d;] f] (meso) / kf6] fdf;]
(potamos) zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] eGg] ;'g]sf] lyP“ . oL b'O{ zAbsf] cy{ klg
atfOlbgx' f];\ g .

bfh] ]{ M og' fgL (greek) efiffdf d;] fs] f] cy{ ‘df´’ / kf6] fdf;] sf] cy{ ‘gbLx¿’ eGg] al' ´G5 .
bO' { gbLsf] df´df /x]sf] 7fp“ ePsf] xg' fn] o; 7fp“nfO{ d];fk] f6] fldof gfds/0f
ul/Psf] xf ] .

s]bf/ M d;] f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f s'g s'g ;Eotfx¿ ldn/] ePsf] xf] <

bfh{] M ;'d]l/of -Sumeria_, a]lanf]lgof -Babilonia_, cl;l/of -Assyria_ / rflN8og
-Chaldean_ ;Eotfx¿ ldnL d];fk] f]6fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] lgdf0{ f ePsf] xf] .

sb] f/ M ;d' l] /ofsf] ;Eotf slxn]b]lv slxn;] Dd /x\of] <

bf]h{] M ;'dl] /ofsf] ;Eotf rf/ xhf/ O= k"= bl] v bO' { xhf/ O= k"= ;Dd sfod /xo\ f ] .

sb] f/ M ;d' l] /ogx¿df kh' f/L g} /fhf x'Gy] . To;n} ] logLx¿nfO{ k'hf/L /fhf elgGYof] xf]
nf, xg} t . oL k'hf/L /fhfx¿n] s] s] sfd uy{] xf]nfg\ <

bfh] ]{ M k'hf/L /fhfn] sn' Lgx¿sf] ;xofu] lnP/ e"/fh:j ;ª\sng ug,{] l;r“ fOsf] Joj:yf
ug,{] ;fjh{ lgs ejg tyf tnt} nf ePsf] cUnf] dlGb/ lhu'/ft (ziggurat) sf]
lgdf{0f uy] { .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljleGg k':ts, klqsf / OG6/g]6 cflbsf dfWodaf6 dfgj ;Eotf;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng ug{
nufpgx' f];\ . ;fy} tfTsfnLg ;Eotf / jtd{ fg ;Eotflar t'ngf u/fpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 113

s]bf/ M lhu/' ftleq s] s] x'Gy] < lhu'/ftsf] jf:tljs
cy{ s] xf] <

bf]h]{ M lhu/' ftleq Gofofno, kf7zfnf, ahf/, aª} s\ ,
snsf/vfgf, cGgsf] e08f/ OToflb x'Gy ] .
lhu/' ftsf] jf:tljs cy{ rfs} f6] k/s] f] / v08
v08 ePsf] dlGb/af6 3l] /Psf] kf| rLg d;] fk] f6] fldofsf] 3/ eGg] al' ´G5 .

sb] f/ M ;;+ f/sf ;ft cfZros{ f j:tx' ¿dWo] al] anf]gsf rflN8og j+zsf ;df| 6\ g]jr' ]
Gbgh] / (Nebuchandnezar) n] agfPsf] cfsfzdf ´'Ng] aur}“ f -Hanging Garden_
s:tf] lyof <

bfh] ]{ M ;df| 6\ g]jr' ]Gbg]h/n] cfÇgL /fgLnfO{ v';L kfg{ b/af/sf] 5fgf]dfly v08 v08
kf//] ;G' b/ au}“rf agfP . o; au}“rfsf k"mnx¿df l;r“ fO ug{ gx/ agfPsf
lyP . of] au}r“ f o:tf] b]lvGYof] . dfgf,}“ cfsfzdf ´l' n/xs] f] xf];\ t/ bM' vsf] s'/f
al] anfg] sf] of] ´N' g] au“r} f cfh 5}g .

s]bf/ M d];fk] f6] fldofsf] ;Eotf slxn] ljsf; ePsf] xf] lg <

bf]h]{ M d;] fk] f6] fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] ljsf; kf“r xhf/ O;fk"j{df ePsf] xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sÔfsf s'g} bO' { hgfn] kf7df lbOPsf ;+jfbnfO{ ;an} ] ;G' g] u/L k9 . b'O{ hgf ;fyLn]
;j+ fb kl9/xb“ f cGo ;|ft] fx¿n] To;sf d'Vo d'Vo ab“' fx¿ l6kL sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

@= d;] f]kf6] fldofsf] gS;f tyf lrq agfP/ sÔfdf 6f“; .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ d;fk] f]6fldof ;Eotfaf/] Ps cg'R5b] df j0fg{ u/ .
-v_ d;] f]kf]6fldof ;Eotfdf lhu'/ftsf] s] s:tf] :yfg 5 <
-u_ g]j'rG] bg]h/n] agfPsf] au“r} fsf sg' } bO' { ljzi] ftf nv] .

@= l7s / al] 7s 5'6o\ fpm M

-s_ og' fgL efiffdf d;] f]sf] cy{ gbLx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 .
-v_ ;'dl] /ogdf /fhfn] kh' f/L xg' k' Yof]{ .
-u_ a]lanfg] sf] aur“} f cfh;Dd klg 5 .
-3_ d;] fk] f6] fldof l6lu;| / ok' |m]6; gbLsf] lsgf/df k5{ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

d;] f]kf6] fldofsf] ;Eotf h:t} gk] fndf s'g} k|frLg ;Eotf jf Oltxf;sf af/]df cfkme" Gbf hfGg]
JolSt;“u ;fw] k5' u/ . k|fKt hfgsf/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

114 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k'g/jnf]sg cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ dWosfn ============== zf;g k4ltsf] sfn xf ] .
-v_ ========== n] ;g] j+zL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/ ] .
-u_ /fd zfx ========= sf /fhf lyP .
-3_ dWosfnLg dlGqkl/ifbd\ f =========== hgf dGqL xG' y ] .
-ª_ lsNnfsf] /IfsnfO{ ============ elgGYof] .

@= hf8] f ldnfpm M lj= ;+= (#^
h7' f] ;'ts afg{] rng
;o+ S' t kl/jf/ rGbj| z+ L
8fn] fhL ky| f ;a} ;b:o Ps} 3/df a:g] kl/jf/
/Lltlylt b'nfxf lemsfO{ ug]{ ljjfx
zfx /fhf
dWosfnsf] ;'?jft

#= l7s / al] 7s 5'6o\ fpm M

-s_ kf| rLg sfndf ltAat;u“ gk] fnsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lyPg .
-v_ dNnsfnLg ahf/df !& kfyLnfO{ Ps dfx] / kYof{] .
-u_ dWosfndf hldg gfKg]nfO{ Ifq] kmn elgGYof] .
-3_ ltg la;f}nLsf] Ps wfgL{ xG' 5 .
-ª_ hUuf wgLnfO{ df]xL elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= g]kfnnfO{ PsLs[t agfO{ /fVg s] s] ug{'knf{, ;r" L agfP/ sÔfdf k|:t't u/ .
@= /fi6«sf] pGgltsf lglDt eljiodf ltdLn] k¥' ofpg] of]ubfgsf] ofh] gf agfpm .
#= dWosfnLg zf;g k0| ffnLsf] tn' gfTds cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L xfnsf] zf;g k0| ffnLsf

u|x0fLo kIf atfpm .
$= ltdLn] klg a]lanfl] gofsf] h:t} cfkm\ gf] jf cfkm\ gf l5d]sLsf] 3/ jf aur}“ fdf /fdf|

/fd|f km" nx¿ b]v]sf xfn} f . cfk"mn] b]vs] f] au“r} fsf] lrq agfO{ sÔfdf kb| z{g u/ .
cfkm\ gf] 3/df klg km" n /fk] L aur}“ f agfpm .
;fd'bflos sfo{

!= cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf jf ;x/sf] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] cfkm" nfO{ dg k/]sf] k/' fgf] 3/ jf
au“}rf jf c¿ sg' } Ps j:t'sf] lrq agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 115

&PsfO xfdf| ] cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk

l;sfO pknlAw

gk] fnsf kf| s[lts ;|ft] ;fwg -el" d, hn, jg / vlgh_ sf] jt{dfg cj:yf atfpg
g]kfnsf k|fsl[ ts ;fwgsf] ;bk' of]u ug{
gk] fndf pBf]usf] jt{dfg cj:yf atfpg
g]kfndf pBf]usf] dxŒj af]w ug{
s[lif / pBf]u larsf] ;DaGw :ki6 ug{
gk] fndf pBf]usf] ljsf;df bl] vPsf] ;d:of / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNn]v ug{
gk] fndf Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf atfpg
g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] dxŒj pNn]v ug{
Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / kj| w{gdf bl] vPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNnv] ug{

116 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ! g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg /
ltgsf] pkof]u

ks| l[ tdf lgMzN' s ¿kdf kfOg] ;DkbfnfO{ kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf elgG5 . k|sl[ tdf kfOg] o:tf
j:t'x¿nfO{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwg klg elgG5 . o:tf ;f| t] ;fwgx¿df el" d -hldg_, hn
-kfgL_ jg / vlgh d'Vo x'g \ . o:tf ;fwg ;|ft] x¿n] dflg;sf] hLjgdf 7'nf] ke| fj kf5{g \ .
hxf“ o:tf j:tx' ¿sf] ;xL pkof]u x'G5, Toxfs“ f] hghLjg ;xh / ljsl;t x'G5 . hxf“ o:tf
j:t'x¿ sd xG' 5g,\ Toxf“ ljsf; geO{ hghLjg sl7g x'G5 . To;n} ] k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbfsf
cfwf/df klg bz] x¿ wgL / ul/a xG' 5g\ .
gk] fn klg kf| sl[ ts bl[ i6n] wgL bz] dflgG5 . gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts ;fwgdf ljljwtf kfOG5 .
gk] fnsf k|fsl[ ts ;fwgsf af/]df tn 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ hldg M gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns agfj6cg;' f/ el" dsf] cj:yfdf ljljlwtf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf kfu“ f] df6f] kfOG5 . oxf“sf] df6f] s[lifsf nflu lgs} pAhfp /x]sf]
5 . To:t} leqL dw]; / r/' ] kxf8sf] bj' } df]x8fdf anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f] kfOG5 .
dxfef/tsf kxf8sf 7f8f le/x¿df /ftf] km' ;f| ] df6f] kfOG5 . pkTosfdf tn}of df6f]
/xs] f] 5 . lxdfnL e]udf sd pAhgL x'g] df6f] /xs] f] 5 .
-v_ hn M hn egs] f] kfgL xf ] . k|fs[lts ¿kdf jxg] gbL, vf]nf gfnf, tfn, tn}of tyf
hldgd'lgsf] kfgL cflb hn ;Dkbfsf ;f| ]t xg'  \ . To:t} lxdfnaf6 lxp“ kUn/] klg
gbLx¿ aUg] ub5{ g\ . kf| s[lts ;DkbfdWo] hn;Dkbf klg dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbf xf ] . hn
;Dkbfdf ljZjdf gk] fn af| lhnkl5 bf;] f| ] wgL b]z xf] . hn ;Dkbfaf6 vfgk] fgL, l;“rfO,
hnljBt' \sf ;fy} hn oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo kl/jz] sf] kf| sl[ ts ;fwg / ;f| t] x¿sf] klg kl/ro u/fp“b} ltgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{] af/d] f 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 117

g]kfndf af/} dlxgf c6'6 ¿kdf kfgL axg] gbLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf gbLx¿df
sf];L, u08sL / s0ff{nL x'g\ . oL gbLx¿ lxdfnsf] lxp“ kUn]/ aUg] x'gfn] lxp“bdf
klg kfgLsf] dfqf 36\b}g . To;}n] o:tf gbLx¿af6 ljB't\ vfg]kfgL / l;“rfO ;'ljwf
k¥' ofpg ;lsG5 . To:t} hn ko6{ gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fndf dxfef/t kjt{
z[ª\vnfaf6 klg gbLx¿ pTklQ ePsf 5g\ . t/ oL gbLdf lxp“bd\ f kfgL Hofb} sd /
jifft{ d\ f lgs} a9L xg' ] ub{5 . r/' ] kjt{ af6 klg jiffd{ f dn" km'6L gbLx¿df kfgL aUg] xg' fn]
To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

ltdL a;]sf] 7fp“df s] s:tf kf| sl[ ts ;fwgx¿ /x]sf 5g\, ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] ;fwg egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ gk] fnsf kd| v' kf| s[lts ;fwgx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ g]kfnsf] hn ;Dkbfsf] dxŒj 5f6] s/Ldf n]v .
-3_ g]kfnsf] hldgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M -s_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]
-v_ tn}of df6f]
!= t/fO { -u_ kfu“ f] df6f]
@= dxfef/t kxf8 -3_ sd pAhgL x'g] df6f]
#= leqL dw;] / r'/] kxf8 -ª_ /ftf] k'm;|f] df6f]
$= pkTosf -r_ bnbn] df6f]
%= lxdfnL e]u


kl/ofh] gf sfo{

g]kfndf ckf/ hn;|f]t /x]sf] 5 t/ hn;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]u ug{ g;Sbf ljB't\sf]
cefjdf dflg; c“Wof/f]df a:g afWo 5g\ . ;Lldt If]qdf ePsf] ljB't\ klg lxp“b\df
nf8] ;l] 8ª x'G5 . ljBt' \ geO{ pBfu] wGbf snsf/vfgfnufot dl] ;g/L j:t' ;~rfng x'“bg} g\ .
o;n] b]zsf] pTkfbgdf k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s;/L hn ljB't\sf] plrt
ko| f]u ug{ ;lsPnf, cfk"meGbf hfGg] dflg;sf] ;xofu] lnO{ hn;|ft] sf] pRrtd k|of]u ug{]
pkfo n]v .

118 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M @ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf ¿kdf
jg / vlgh


jg M g]kfnsf] e"w/ftndf ljljwtf
5 . o; ljljwtfn] ubf{ gk] fnsf] jg
hª\undf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 .
gk] fndf ;bfjxf/, df;} dL, ktem/, sf0] fwf/L,
ns] fnL / 6'G8«f jg:klt kfOG5g\ .
t/fO{ Ifq] df ;bfjxf/ vfnsf] jg kfOG5 .
t/fO{sf jgdf ;fn, l;;f} h:tf
dxŒjk"0f{ ?vx¿ kfOG5 . lxdfnL
If]qdf h8La'6L kfOG5 . To:t} kxf8L
If]qdf df};dL ktem/ hª\un /x]sf]
5 . o:tf hª\unaf6 sf7, bfp/f,
h8La'6L kfOG5 . To:t} ufO{, e}“;L
cflbnfO{ :ofpnf, 3f;“ , ;f]Q/ cflb ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf] kmlg{r/
tof/ ug,{ 3/ agfpg ;lsG5 . jg pBfu] , Joj;fo / 3/]n' cfjZostf kl/k"lts{ f] d"Nojfg\
;fwg xf] . jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 x/fe/f /fVg klg jg ;Dkbfn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf v]N5 .
af9L klx/f] h:tf e"Ifo /f]Sg klg jgn] ;xofu] k¥' ofp“5 . jgn] ljleGg ks| f/sf jGohGt'
kzk' G5Lsf nflu jf;:yfg kb| fg ub5{ . jgn] ko6{ g Joj;fonfO{ kj| wg{ ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
o;/L jgaf6 xfdLn] w/] } kmfObf x'g] ePsfn] ‘xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg’ klg eGg] ul/Psf]
5 . To;n} ] jgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ub}{ o;sf] ;/+ If0f ug{' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo klg xf] .

vlgh M vlgh klg k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|ft] sf ¿kdf kfOg] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbf xf] . gk] fndf
klg ljleGg k|sf/sf vlghx¿ kfOG5g \ . kmnfd, tfdf, ces| , sf]Onf, rg' 9'ªu\ f, l;;f,
k6] f« l] nod, kf| sl[ ts Uof; cflb kf| sl[ ts vlghx¿ gk] fndf kfOG5g \ . o:tf vlhgdWo] sx] Lsf]
cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . t/ gk] fndf kof{Kt dfqfdf vlgh kbfy{sf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g}  .
vlgh ;Dkbfsf] ;bk' of]u ug{ ;sd] f ljleGg pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf pBf]un]
/f]huf/L l;hg{ f ug{'sf ;fy} pTkflbt j:t' ljbz] df k7fP/ ljbz] L db' |f cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

k|fs[lts ;f| ]t ;fwgsf ¿kdf jg / vlgh kbfy{sf] dxŒjnfO{ :yfgLo jg / vlgh kbfy{ ;d]t;u“ tn' gf
ub{} :ki6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 119

g]kfndf kf| s[lts ;fwgsf] kof{Kt e08f/ /x/] klg logsf]
;d'lrt k|of]u ug{ g;Sbf To;n] pGglt ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g . k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsPdf
/fh] uf/L l;hg{ f x'g,] sfd vf]Hg ljbz] hfg' gkg{], jb} ]lzs
d'bf| cfhg{ xG' 5 . t;y{ ofh] gfa4 / Jojl:yt ¿kdf
vlgh ;fwgsf] ;dl' rt ko| fu] ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf ] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= jg km8fgL tLj| eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fdf
kT| oIf k|efj kg{ uPsf] 5 . sltko 7fpd“ f af9L klx/f] uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dflg;sf]
hghLjg nufot ks| [ltd} c;Gtn' g cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] ug'k{ nf{,
5nkmn u/L pkfo lgsfn .

@= ltdf| ] a;fa] f; jl/kl/ /xs] f d'Vo k|fsl[ ts j:tx' ¿sf] vf]hL u/L ltgsf] ;"rL agfpm .
cfk"meGbf hfGg] JolStx¿;u“ ;fw] ]/ ltgsf] ;xL ;bk' of]u ug]{ pkfox¿ n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ‘xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg’ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfndf ePsf] vlgh kbfy{sf] lsg ko| f]u ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ jg ;+/If0f ug{k' gf{sf s'g} tLg sf/0f n]v .
-3_ g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts vlghx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] e"w/ftndf ========= kfOG5 .
-v_ jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 /fVg ======== ugk{' 5{ .
-u_ =========== df ;bfjxf/ jg kfOG5 .
-3_ tfdf =========== kbfy{ xf] .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;xL ¿kdf ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, kTtf
nufpm . olb ;xL ¿kdf ko| f]u gePsf] eP ;xL ;b'kofu] ug{ s] ugk{' nf{, ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

120 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # cfB} fl] us ljm| ofsnfk

hglxt dfWolds ljBfno d:' tfªsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf af/d] f :ynut
cWoog ug{ zl} Ifs ed| 0f uPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] u/s] f] zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf] kl| tjbg] o; ks| f/ 5 M

hglxt df= lj=, hf]d;f]d, d':tfª

zl} Ifs e|d0fsf] k|ltjb] g

!= ed| 0f ug{'sf] p2Z] o M g]kfnsf] cfB} fl] us ljm| ofsnfksf] cjnf]sg

@= ed| 0fdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof M @% hgf

#= e|d0f ul/Psf :yfgx¿M kf]v/f, x]6f“8} f, jL/uGh lj/f6gu/, ;'g;/L, sf7df8f}“

$= ed| 0f u/Psf :yfgdf /xs] f pBf]ux¿sf] cjnf]sg / cjnf]sgaf6 kf| Kt cge' jsf] ljj/0f

j|m= ;= :yfg cjnf]sg ul/Psf] pBfu] pTkflbt j:t'

!= kfv] /f kf]v/f cfB} f]lus Ifq] cGtu{tsf rfprfp, la:s'6, bU' whGo kbfy{,
la:s6' pBfu] , bU' w pBf]u, ;nfO{ ;nfO{, 9fsf sk8f
pBfu] , sk8f pBfu]

@= uf/] vf uf/] vsfnL /a/ pBf]u 6fo/

#= x]6f}“8f gk] fn 6f]afsf] sDkgL, x]6f8“} f r/' f6] , l;d]G6, sk8f
l;d]G6 sf/vfgf, x]6f8}“ f sk8f
pBfu]

$= jL/uGh h4' Dofr ÇofS6L« , jL/uGh ;u' / ;nfO,{ lrgL
ÇofS6L«

%= lj/f6gu/ lj/f6gu/ h6' ldn, Hofl] t Dofr h'6, ;nfO,{ lrgL
ÇofS6L« , df]/ª ;'u/ ldN;, /3k' lt
h6' ldn

^= ;'g;/L lrgL pBf]u, vfB pBf]u, ;fa'g lrgL, vfBfGg, ;fag' , h'6
pBf]u, h'6 pBf]u

&= sf7df8f }“ un“r} f pBf]u, O6f 6fon pBfu] , unr}“ f, 6fon, O“6f, tof/L kf;] fs,
tof/L kf;] fs pBfu] , h;' pBf]u, h'Ttf, h;'
cfi} fwL pBf]u

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

cfÇgf] ufp“, 5/l5d]s jf lhNnfsf] cfB} f]lus lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t eP/ kf7df h:t} z}lIfs e|d0fsf]

k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 121

%= k|fKt cge' j

-c_ gk] fn k/Dk/fut sl[ if k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t d'ns' xf] . oxf“ sx] L pBf]u ;~rfng
ePtf klg tL pBf]ux¿ sl[ if k|0ffnLdf cfa4 /x]sf] kfOof] . s]xL pBfu] x¿
ljb]zaf6 sRrf kbfy{ cfoft u/L ;~rfngdf /xs] f 5g \ . pBfu] n] /fh] uf/Lsf]
/fdf| ] Joj:yf ubf]{ /x5]  . t/ klg g]kfnsf] kl/jz] df s[lifsf] cfwl' gsLs/0f
geP;Dd pBfu] km:6fpg g;Sg] kfOof ] .

-cf_ pTkfbgsf] k|s[lt / ;j] fsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf pBf]ux¿sf] ljefhg M
-s_ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u -v_ lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]u -u_ pmhf{d"ns pBf]u

-3_ vfgLhGo pBf]u -ª_ ko{6g pBf]u -r_ lgdf{0f pBf]u -5_ ;]jf pBf]u
-h_ ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pBf]u -em_ sl[ if tyf jg kb} fjf/ pBfu]
-O_ nufgL / k“h' Lsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf pBfu] sf] juL{s/0f
-s_ n3' pBf]u -v_ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u -u_ ;fgf pBf]u
-?= % s/f]8;Dd l:y/ kh“' L ePsf pBf]u_ -3_ demf}nf pBf]u -?= % s/f8] eGbf
a9L / !% s/f]8;Dd kh'“ L ePsf cfB} fl] us Joj;fox¿_ -ª_ 7n' f pBf]u -?= !%
s/f]8eGbf a9L l:y/ k'“hL ePsf pBf]u_

^= lgisif{

d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ / :tDesf ¿kdf cf}Bfl] us ljsf;
/xs] f] xG' 5 . xfdLn] s[lif Ifq] sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub{} n}hfg'k5{ . jt{dfg a]/fh] uf/L,
cw{ a]/f]hf/L tyf ul/aL sd ug{ cfB} f]lusLs/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xg] b]lvG5 .
cfB} f]lus If]qdf nufgL a9fpg], pBf]usf] ;'/Iff lbg], dhb/' x8t\ fn /f]Sg] / :jbz] L
pBfu] nfO{ a9fjf lbg' cfhsf] dV' o cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v

-s_ z}lIfs e|d0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <

-v_ cfB} f]lus lj|mofsnfksf] e|d0f ugf{n] s] s:tf] kmfObf xG' 5 <
-u_ g]kfndf kd| v' pBfu] x¿ sd] f lge/{ 5g,\ lsg <
-3_ pBfu] af6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-ª_ gk] fnsf] pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ dV' o s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <

122 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M $ s[lif / pBfu] lar ;DaGw

sl[ if / pBf]ularsf] ;DaGwsf af/d] f k"j{ cWoog u/L sIffdf ;ljm| o ;xeflutf hgfpg
;fg] fd / nfSkfn] ;Nnfx u/] . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf sfsf;“u u/s] f] 5nkmn o; ks| f/ 5 M
;fg] fd M sfsf xfdL tkfO;“{ u“ sx] L 5nkmn ug{ cfPsf lyof,“} xh/' ;u“ ;do slQsf] 5 sl' Gg ¤
kf;fª M s] af/d] f 5nkmn ug{ vf]hs] f xf} t < u/fn“}+ f lg ¤
nfSkf M xfdLn] cfh cfB} fl] us ljm| ofsnfksf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u¥of “} . gk] fnsf pBfu]

sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t /x5] g\ eGg] s/' f t yfxf eof ] . tfklg sl[ if / pBfu] larsf] ;DaGwsf
;a} s/' f hfg/] uof] eg] efl] n sIffdf /fdf| ] k:| tl' t ug{ ;lsG5 egL 5nkmn ug{ cfPsf .
kf;fª M g]kfn dn" tM sl[ if k|wfg b]z ePsf] s'/f t ltdLx¿nfO{ yfx} 5 . oxf“sf sl/a &$
kl| tzt dflg;sf] hLjg lgjfx{ ug]{ dV' o k;] f sl[ if xf] . s[lifn] /fli6«o cyt{ Gqdf
sl/a #@=% kl| tzt ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf] 5 . To:t} oxfs“ f pBfu] x¿ dn" tM sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t
5g\ lsgeg] cfB} fl] usLs/0fsf nflu dV' otM pBfu] sf] sRrf kbfys{ f] cfjZostf k5 { .
gk] fndf sRrf kbfys{ f ¿kdf sl[ if pTkfbg g} kd| v' xf] . sl[ if / pBfu] lar ;f]emf]
;DaGw /xs] f] 5 .
;f]gfd M g]kfnsf s'g s'g pBfu] df s] s:tf s[lifhGo sRrf kbfy{ k|ofu] xG' 5g,\ sfsf <
kf;fª M d ltdLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ sfkLdf n]v]/ b]vfOlbG5' M

jm| = ;= pBf]usf] ljj/0f ko| f]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{
!= lrgL pBf]u pv'
@= la:s6' , rfprfp pBfu] db} f -ux“,' ds_}
#= h6' pBfu] h'6
$= h;' pBf]u ljleGg kmnk"mnx¿
%= r'/f6] pBf]u ;"tL{
^= h8La6' L k|zfw] g pBfu] ljleGg h8La'6L / sl[ ifhGo kbfy{
&= l3p, t]n pBf]u kz'sf] bw' / t]nxg
*= ljleGg vfBfGg pBf]u, h:t} M ljleGg vfBfGg
rfdn, ux',“ rf]s/, 9'6f]
(= 5fnf h'Qf pBfu] kz'x¿sf] 5fnf
!)= lrof pBf]u lrofsf] dg' f

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo ¿kdf /xs] f s[lif pTkfbgx¿ s] s;/L k|of]u ePsf 5g,\ ltgnfO{ pBf]udf ko| fu] ug{ s] ugk{' nf{

eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 123

nfSkf M xf] t g]kfndf ;~rflnt k|dv' pBf]usf sRrf kbfy{ t sl[ if Joj;fo;“u ;DalGwt
/x]5g \ . vfBfGg, gub]afnL, kz'kfng, h8La6' L v]tL cflbaf6 To:tf pBfu] ;~rfng
x'g] /x5] g \ . s[lifaf6 sRrf kbfy{ pknAw xg' ] xf] eg] t ls pBf]u aGb x'g] ls t
aflx/L b]zaf6 vl/b ugk{' g{] kf] /x5]  .

;f]gfd M g]kfns} sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u x'g] ePsfn] To:tf pBfu] rn]sf /x5] g\ . oLafx]s
kmnfd, tfdf, h:tf cflb vlghaf6 ;~rfng xg' ] pBf]u t afx\o b]zaf6 sRrf
kbfy{ Nofpg' kgf{n] dxu“ f] kg{] /x]5g\ x}g t <

kf;fª M xf,] gk] fn cfkm“}df s[lif k|wfg b]z ePsfn] o;}df cfwfl/t pBf]u km:6fpg' /fdf| ]
xf ] . sl[ ifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{ ;sd] f To;sf] k|efj pBf]udf klg kg{] lyof ] . sl[ if
pTkfbg w/] } ePdf To:tf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t' ljbz] lgof{t u/]/ ljbz] L d'bf|
klg sdfpg ;lsg] lyof] .

nfSkf M xf] t sl[ ifdf /fdf| ] ljsf; ug{ ;s] pBf]u klg km:6fpg] / lbuf] ¿kdf rNg] /x5] g \ .
kml] / sRrf kbfy{ c¿ bz] af6 Nofpg' klg gkg {] . Psflt/ ls;fgn] u/s] f] pTkfbg lajm| L
xg' fn] si[ fsn] klg plrt dN" o kfpg] / pBfu] n] klg sRrf kbfy{ kfpg] xb“' f bfx] f/] f] kmfObf
xg' ] /x5]  .

kf;fª M xf] t, To;n} ] xfdLn] pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ klg ;jk{ y| d s[lifsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 .

;f]gfd M n t sfsf cfh xfdLn] jf:tljs s/' f ae' mo\ f,“} of] s/' f efl] n sIffdf klg /fV5f “} .
5nkmn ug{ xh'/n] ;do pknAw u/fO{ cdN" o 1fg lbg'ePsf]df cfef/L 5f “} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdLn] k|ofu] u/s] f sg' } kf“r cf6] f j:ts' f] gfd n]v / tL s] sa] f6 ags] f 5g\ < ltgsf]
pTkfbg ug{ s] s] sRrf kbfy{ rflxg] /x5] , 5nkmn u/L ;r" L agfpm .

@= ltdf| ] Ifq] sf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ s[lif pBfu] sf ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ s] s] ugk'{ nf{, hfGg]
JolSt;“u ;d]t ;f]wk5' u/L Pp6f ;fgf] l/kf6] { agfpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ dflysf] ;+jfbsf] dV' o ;f/ s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnsf] sl[ if / pBfu] lar ;DaGw bv] fpg] ltg a'b“ f nv]  .
-u_ g]kfnsf pBf]u km:6fpg lsg s[lifd} cfwl' gsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ugk'{ /s] f] xf] <
-3_ sl[ ifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ s] s] ug'k{ nf{ <

124 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M % Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfk

ldlt M @)&)÷!)÷)%

;k' /dfs6{] , sf7df8f“}

Kof/f] elth, /z] d

z'e cfzLjfb{ ¤

ltdLn] 6l] nkmfg] df d;u“ s'/fsfgL ubf{ g]kfnsf] Jofkf/sf af/]df nv] ]/ k9fpg cg/' fw] u/]sf
lyof } . d Ps Jofkfl/s kl| ti7fgdf sfd ug{] gftfn] dn} ] Jofkfl/s cge' j ;u“ fns] f] 5 ' . To;n} ]
g]kfnsf] Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfksf af/d] f s]xL n]v]/ ltd|f] lh1f;f d6] fpg] k|of; u/]sf] x '“ .

bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df Jofkf/sf] 7'nf] dxŒj x'G5 . nfesf] efjgfn] kl]| /t eO{ j:t' tyf ;]
jf ljlgdo ug]{ sfon{ fO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . s'g} klg b]zn] cfÇgf] b]zdf pTkfbg gePsf j:t'
aflx/L b]zaf6 cfoft u/L Nofp“5 . To:t} cfÇgf] b]zsf] cfjZostf k"/f eP/ af“sL /x]sf
j:t' aflx/L b]zdf lgof{t ub5{  . Pp6} bz] ;“u dfq Jofkf/ gu/L ljleGg dn' s' ;u“ ljleGg
j:ts' f] Jofkf/ ug]{ sfon{ fO{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f klg elgG5 . To:t} b]zleq} klg Ps 7fpd“ f
gx'g] j:t' csf{] :yfgaf6 NofOG5 . cfÇgf] 7fpd“ f a9L ePsf j:t' tyf ;fdfg csf]{ If]qdf
nu/] a]lrG5 . o;/L bz] leq tyf bz] aflx/ j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ljm| ofsnfk
g} Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfk xf] .

g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf cfh} f/x¿, k6] f« l] nod kbfyx{ ¿, ljleGg pBf]usf sRrf kbfyx{ ¿
gk] fndf pTkfbg gx'g] j:t'x¿ ljbz] af6 NofOG5 . To:t} gk] fndf tof/L ePsf un}r“ f, tof/L
kf;] fs, h8La'6L, bnxg, jg:klt l3p cflb ljb]z k7fOG5 . To;} u/L g]kfnleq klg Ps
7fpd“ f pTkfbg ePsf j:t'x¿ b]ze/ nfg] Nofpg] ul/G5 . gk] fnaf6 aflx/L bz] df k7fpg]
;dfgeGbf ljb]zaf6 Nofpg] ;fdfg a9L x'g] u/s] f] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ljb]z;“usf] Jofkf/df
g]kfn 3f6fdf 5 .

gk] fnsf pBfu] df ljut sx] L jifb{ l] v bv] fk/s] f] c;xh jftfj/0fn] pBfu] x¿ aGb xb“' } uO/xs] f
5g\ . o;n] ubf{ c¿ bz] af6 Nofpg] ;fdfg lbg lbg} al9/xs] f] 5 . c;'/lIft jftfj/0f,
ljBt' \ cfkl" td{ f ;d:of, Joj;foL tyf sfdbf/lar pTkGg ljjfb cflb sf/0fn] gk] fnsf]
pTkfbg 36b\ } uPsf] 5 . o;sf] ke| fj Jofkf/df klg k|ToIf kg{ uPsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo txdf x'g] Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfksf af/]df kf:] 6/, rf6{, tflnsf jf lr7L tof/ ug{ nufP/ 5nkmn
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 125