सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा जनसंख्या शिक्षा

gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns Joj:yfn] ubf{ lxdfnL eu] df kzk' fng h8La6' L, kmnk'mn / ;fgf]ltgf]
vt] Lafx]s c¿ j:t' pTkfbg xb'“ g}  . To;}n] Toxf“ t/fO{ tyf kxf8L If]qaf6 cGgnufot cGo
cfjZos j:t' nluG5 . kxf8L If]qdf klg gku' xg' ] vfBfGg nQf sk8fnufotsf j:t'
nluG5 . t/fO{df vfBfGg k'Ug] eP klg nQf sk8f tyf cGo j:tx' ¿ vl/b ul/G5 . Pp6}
ufp“ jf 7fpd“ f klg w]/} xg' n] ] aR] g] / yf/] } x'gn] ] lsGg] sfo{ lgoldt ¿kd} x'g] ub{5 . oL
;a} ultljlw Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfk g} xg' \ .

n t elth, d cfÇgf] gf]s/Ldf hfg] a]nf eof] . yk s'/f lzIfs / ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn
u//] hfg] g} 5f } . ;a}nfO{ d/] f] gd:sf/ elglbg' ¤

pxL ltd|f] sfsf
;Gtf]if du/


ljm| ofsnfk

Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f eGgfn] s] ae' mfp“5 < o;af6 s] s] kmfObf xG' 5, ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn
u/L pQ/ tof/ u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ Jofkf/ egs] f] s] xf] < Jofkfl/s ultljlw eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ g]kfnn] s:tf j:t' aflx/L bz] af6 Nofp5“ < s:tf j:t' g]kfnaflx/ k7fOG5 <
-u_ gk] fnsf] Jofkf/sf] l:ylt s:tf] kfp“5f} <

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] ;db' fodf /x]sf] Pp6f k;ndf hfpm . Toxf“ ePsf dV' o d'Vo j:ts' f] gfd n]v / tL
j:t'x¿ sg' sg' :jb]zL / sg' s'g ljb]zL /x]5g,\ To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

126 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;

axj' s} lNks k|Zg

-s_ uf/] vsfnL /a/ pBf]u s'g 7fpd“ f /xs] f] 5 <

-c_ tgx“'sf] 8d' |] -cf_ uf]/vfsf] cfa'“v/} g] L

-O_ uf]/vfsf] uf]/vf ahf/ -O_{ wflbªsf] gfl} a;]

-v_ kf“r s/f]8;Dd l:y/ kh'“ L ePsf pBf]unfO{ s:tf] pBfu] elgG5 <

-c_ n'3' pBfu] -cf_ ;fgf pBfu]

-O_ demfn} f pBf]u -O_{ 7'nf pBfu]

-u_ 7'nf pBf]u xg' sf nflu slt /sdeGbf a9L l:y/ k“h' L cfjZos x'G5 <

-c_ % s/f]8 -cf_ !) s/f]8

-O_ !% s/f8] -O{_ @) s/f]8

-3_ g]kfndf pBf]usf] ljsf; ug{ sg' s/' fdf hf]8 lbgk' nf{ <

-c_ nufgL a9fpg] -cf_ pBf]usf] ;/' Iff lbg]

-O_ :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] -O{_ dflysf ;a}

If]q e|d0f

!= ltdf| ] ufp“÷;x/df ;~rflnt pBfu] dWo] sg' } Ps pBf]udf uO{ lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f
l6k]/ Nofpm / sIffdf k|:t't u/ M

-s_ pBf]usf] k“"hL /sd -v_ pBfu] af6 pTkflbg j:t '

-u_ pBfu] df sfo/{ t hgzlSt -3_ pBfu] sf nflu cfjZos kg{] sRrf kbfy{

-ª_ pBfu] sf d'Vo ;d:of

@= ljBfno;u“ cg'/fw] u/L ;do ldnfP/ z}lIfs e|d0f hfpm / 5f]6f] k|ltjb] g tof/ u/ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] ;db' fodf pTkfbg xg' ] s[lifhGo j:tx' ¿ s] s] 5g\ < ltgsf] ;r" L agfpm . tL j:ts' f]
ko| fu] u/L s] s:tf pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5, 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 127

*PsfO xfdf| ] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u

l;sfO pknlAw

;fsd{ f gk] fnsf] el" dsf pNn]v ug{
;fs{ ultljlwx¿ vf]hL u/L atfpg
e"kl/jl] i6t b]zx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
e"kl/jl] i6t b]zsf ;d:of atfpg
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6s« f ;d:of Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfo pNn]v ug{
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t;' u“ ;DalGwt ljZjsf ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿ atfpg

128 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ! ;fs{ ultljlw

;fs{ ultljlw M Ps emns

!= gfd M South Asian Association For Regional Co-operation - SAARC cyft{ \ blIf0f
Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ªu\ 7g -;fs{_

@= :yfkgf M ;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ * df aª\unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf ePsf] k|yd lzv/
;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf]

#= ;lrjfno M ;fs{ ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] sf7df8f“}df /xs] f] 5 .

$= ;b:ox¿ M ;'?df ;fs{sf ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfn, ef/t, kfls:tfg, aª\unfb]z,
>Lnªs\ f, dflnbE; / e6' fg u/L & /fi6« lyP . ;g\ @))% df aªu\ nfbz] sf] 9fsfdf ePsf]
!# cf“} lzv/ ;Ddn] gn] ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ klg ;b:otf kb| fg u/L * ;b:o ePsf 5g\ .

%= ;fs{sf] a8fkq (charter) !) cf6] f wf/fdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .

^= ;fss{ f cª\ux¿ M
-s_ /fi6÷« ;/sf/ kd| 'vx¿sf] a}7s÷lzv/ ;Ddn] g
-v_ dlGqkl/ifb\
-u_ :yfoL ;ldlt
-3_ k|fljlws ;ldlt
-ª_ ;fs{ ;lrjfno

&= lzv/ ;Dd]ng au}F nf]/, ef/t -gf]e]De/, !(*^_
9fsf, aªu\ nfbz] -l8;]Da/, !(*%_

sf7df8f“}, g]kfn -gf]eD] a/, !(*&_ O:nfdfafb, kfls:tfg -l8;]Da/, !(**_

dfn,] dflNbE; -gf]e]Da/, !(()_ sf]nDaf], >Lnª\sf -l8;]Da/, !((!_
9fsf, aª\unfb]z -l8;]Da/, !((#_ gofFlbNnL, ef/t -dO,{ !((%_

dfn], dflNbE; -dO{, !((&_ sf]nDaf,] >Lnª\sf -h'nfO,{ !((*_

lzIf0f ;'emfj

;fss{ f ultljlwsf] ;r" L agfpg nufP/ ;dx" ut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fpb“ } ;fsa{ f6 gk] fnnfO{ ePsf kmfObfsf
af/d] f rrf{ ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ . xfn;Dd sltcf6] f lzv/ ;Ddn] g eO;ss] f 5g,\ ltgsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 129

sf7df8f},“ g]kfn -hgj/L, @))@_ O:nfdfafb, kfls:tfg -hgj/L, @))$_
9fsf, aªu\ nfb]z -gf]eD] e/, @))%_ gof“lbNnL, ef/t -clkn| , @))&_
sf]nDaf], >Lnªs\ f -cu:6, @))*_ lyDk', e6' fg -clk|n, @)!)_
c88\ ', dflNbE; -gfe] D] e/, @)!!_ sf7df8f},“ gk] fn -gf]eD] e/, @)!$_

*= !* cf“} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] g
!* cf“} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}d“ f @^ / @& gfe] D] a/, @)!$

-lj=;=+ @)&! dªl\ ;/ !) / !!_df ;DkGg eof] . gk] fnsf tkma{ f6 tfTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
;z' Ln sfO] /fnfn] gt] T[ j uge{' Psf] lyof] . !* cf“} lzv/ ;Ddn] gn] hf/L u/s] f] kl| ta4tfsf
dV' o a“b' fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= If]lqo ;xof]u @= blIf0f Pl;ofnL cfly{s ;ª3\
#= ;fs{ ljsf; sfi] f $= pmhf{ ;xof]u
%= ul/aL lgjf/0f ^= sl[ if tyf vfB ;'/Iff
&= dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf *= ;fdflhs ;/' Iff
;g\ @)!& dfr{ )! bl] v kfls:tfgsf chdb x;' g] aL l;ofn ;fs{ dxf;lrjsf ¿kdf
sfd ub{} x'gx' G' 5 . !(cf}“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng kfls:tfgdf xg' ] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ;fs{ :yfkgfn] gk] fnnfO{ ePsf kmfObfx¿ s] s] xfn] fg\ < ;fw] vf]h u/]/ ljj/0f agfpm .

@= ljleGg b]z ldn/] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:yf agfP h:t} ltdf| ] ;db' fodf ljleGg JolSt
jf ;:+ yf ldn/] agfPsf ;ª\3;:+ yf vf]h . ltgsf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo n]v / ltgn]
u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ;fs{sf] :yfkgf slxn] / sxf“ ePsf] xf,] ;fs{sf] k/" f gfd n]v .
-v_ ;fss{ f dV' o cªu\ x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ xfn;Dd sltcf]6f ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] g eP, ca sxf“ x+'b} 5 <

130 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M @ ;fsd{ f gk] fnsf] el" dsf

/fhs' f bfh' ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug{x' G' 5 . bfh' 3/df cfPsf]
;dodf /fh' / bfh'lar ePsf] jftfn{ fk oxf“ k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

/fh' M bfh', xh'/ t ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug'{xG' 5 . xfd|f]
;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ;fss{ f af/d] f k9g\ k' 5 { . To;df
klg cfh dnfO{ ;fsd{ f gk] fnn] v]n]sf] el" dsfsf af/d] f
atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <

bfh' M gk] fnn] cyfx hn;f| t] sf] pkofu] ug{ Ifq] Lo ;xofu] sf nflu
cfxj\ fg u/s] f] lyof ] . tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] bn| ] ;g\ !(&&
df sf7df8f“d} f a;s] f] sf]nDaf] ofh] gfsf] k/fdz{ bft[ ;ldltsf] a7} sdf pSt k|:tfj
/fvs] f lyP . oxL l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !(*) df aªu\ nfbz] sf /fi6k« lt lhofpn /xdfgn] ;fss{ f]
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/s] f lyP . log} ljrf/x¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;fss{ f] :yfkgf ePsf] xf ] .
To;n} ] ;fs{ :yfkgf ug{] an] fb]lv g} g]kfnsf] rf;f] /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .

/fh' M ;fs{sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] / g]kfnaf6 s;n] efu lnPsf] lyof] lg ¤

bfh' M ;fss{ f] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*% l8;D] a/ * df ;DkGg 9fsf ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] xf] .
o;sf] a8fkqdf gk] fnsf] tkma{ f6 tfTsfnLg /fhf :j= jL/]Gb|n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .

/fh' M ;fsd{ f gk] fnn] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 t bfh' ¤

bfh' M g]kfn ;fs{sf] ;:+ yfks ;b:o xf] . o;n] :yfkgf sfnbl] v g} ;fs{sf] ;j+ wg{ df
dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o; Ifq] sf] zflGt, :yfloTj / ;dl[ 4kl| tsf] g]kfnsf]
kl/sNkgf, ;fs{;“u ldNbfh'Nbf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ !(*% b]lv k//fi6« dfldnf;DaGwL
ljz]if k|ltlglw, k//fi6« dGqL / ;/sf/ kd| v' sf txdf ;fsn{ fO{ ljleGg ;ldltx¿df
a;]/ ;ljm| o el" dsf lgjfx{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

/fh' M bfh', ;fsd{ f g]kfnsf cGo e"ldsf s] s] 5g\, ab'“ fut ¿kdf atfOlbg'x'G5 ls ¤
bfh' M g]kfnn] ;fsd{ f k'¥ofPsf] el" dsfnfO{ o; k|sf/ k|:tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M

;fss{ f] ;lrjfno sf7df8f}“df :yfkgf ePsf ]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

Pl;of dxfbz] sf] gS;fdf ;fs{ bz] x¿ sxf“ sxf“ 5g,\ vf]Hg nufO{ gS;fdf ;fs{ b]z b]lvg] u/L /ª eg{
nufpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 131

g]kfnsf] eStk'/sf] l7dLdf ;fs{ Ifo/fu] sG] bs| f] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 

;fs{ ;r" gf sG] bs| f] ;lrjfno klg sf7df8f“d} f /xs] f] 

t];f| ], P3f/f“+} / c7f/f} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] g g]kfndf ePsf]

s[lif, :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, oftfoft, x'nfs, hnjfo' h:tf ljljw kIfdf
kf/:kl/s ;xof]u a9fPsf] 

gf/L, afn ljsf;, r]nLa]6L a]rljvg lgoGq0f, nfu' kbfy{sf] cf];f/ k;f/df
/f]syfd, cftªs\ jfblj?4sf] ;xofu] / ;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff e08f/sf] :yfkgfdf ;xof]
usf xft cufl8 a9fPsf ]

ul/aL lgjf/0f, u0' f:t/ lgwf/{ 0f, ck/fw lgoGq0fnufotsf sfod{ f gk] fnn] klg ;xdlt
hgfPsf] 

;fs{sf] kt| Ls lrxg\ -nf]uf_] g]kfnsf zn} G] b| dxh{gåf/f tof/ eO{ :jLs[t ePsf] 

ljleGg ;fs{ :t/Lo vn] s'b ;~rfng u/s] f] 

ljleGg ;fs{ :t/Lo lbj; / sfo{j|md sfofG{ jogdf ;lj|motf bv] fPsf] 

;fss{ f] s'n vrd{ f !!=#% kl| tzt vr{ g]kfnn] ax] fb] {} cfPsf] 

o;/L ;fs{sf ljleGg If]qdf gk] fnn] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

/fh' M cf]xf,] bfh' ;fsd{ f gk] fnsf] el" dsfsf af/]df Hofb} lj:tt[ hfgsf/L lbge' of] . dn} ] w/] }
hfgsf/L kfP “ . oL s/' f d sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ af“8\g] 5' .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= olb ltdL ;fs{sf] dxf;lrj kbdf 5flgof} eg] s] s] sfd u5f{}, kfr“ cf]6f a“'bf nv]  .

@= ;fs{n] g]kfndf s] s:tf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5, ljleGg k':ts tyf klqsf jf OG6/g]6af6
vf]h/] ;"rL agfpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;fss{ f] :yfkgfdf g]kfnn] s:tf] cu|;/tf bv] fPsf] lyof] <
-v_ ;fs{ :yfkgf ubf{ g]kfnsf tkm{af6 s;n] efu lnPsf lyP <
-u_ gk] fnn] ;fs{sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ug{] ;Gbed{ f s:tf] ;xof]u u/s] f] 5 <

-3_ ;fsd{ f g]kfnn] k'¥ofPsf] kf“rcf]6f ofu] bfgsf a“b' f nv]  .

132 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M # e"kl/j]li6t bz] sf] kl/ro

kY[ jLsf] ltg efudf bO' { efu kfgL / Ps efu hldg /x]sf] 5 . olt w]/} kfgL eP/ klg
;;+ f/df sltko bz] x¿df d?el" dsf] efu w/] } 5g \ . sltko bz] x¿ e"kl/jl] i6t 5g \ .
ek" l/jl] i6t zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ ‘e’" eg]sf] hldg / ‘kl/jl] i6t’ egs] f] jl/kl/ hldgn]
3]l/Psf] eGg] xG' 5 . o;/L e"kl/j]li6t b]z egs] f] cfkm\ gf] b]zsf] l;df jl/kl/ hldgn]
3l] /Psf] b]z eGg] al' emG5 . ek" l/jl] i6t b]zx¿sf] l;dfgf ;db' |;“u hf]l8Psf] xb“' }g .
;fd'lbs| Onfsf;u“ l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] / hn dfu{sf] kx“'r klg gePsf] bz] e"kl/jl] i6t xf] .
;+;f/sf sx] L e"kl/j]li6t b]zdWo] g]kfn klg xf ] . gk] fnsf] pQ/tkm{ lrgsf] l;dfgf k5{ .
To:t} k"j{, klZrd / blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] l;dfgf k5{ . ;fs{df gk] fn, e6' fg / ckmuflg:tfg
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6x« ¿ xg'  \ . ljZjdf g]kfn h:t} e"kl/j]li6t b]zsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M

j|m= ;= dxfbz] e"kl/j]li6t bz] sf] gfd
bz] sf] ;ª\Vof

!= Pl;of !) gk] fn, nfcf;] , e6' fg, ckmuflg:tfg,
dª\uf]lnof, sfhls:tfg, pHj]ls:tfg,
tfhls:tfg, lslu{:tfg, tl' s{dl] g:tfg 



@= o'/f]k !( cl:6«of, xªu\ /] L, l:j6\h/NofG8,

a]nf?;, nShDau{, cG8f/] f, dfNbfe] f

lnPr:6]G6fOg, dfg] fsf,] ;fgdfl/gf]

Eofl6sg l;6L, :nfe] flsof, cfd{]lgof,

ch/jh} fg, d;] f]8f]lgof, r]s u0ftGq,

;lj{of, sf];fe] f]

=# clk|msf !^ dfnL, ou' fG8f, dWo clkm| sL u0ftGq,

blIf0f ;'8fg, rf8, jfT] :jfgf, a'?G8L,

?jfG8f, :jflhNofG8, hflDaof, dnfjL,

gfOh/, al' jm{gf kmf;f,] n;] ]yf], lhDafj],

Olyofl] kof

$ blIf0f cdl] /sf @ af]lnleof, kf/fUj]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljZjsf] gS;f x]//] ;d'b|;“u ghf]l8Psf bz] x¿ 56' o\ fpg nufO{ e"kl/j]li6t bz] x¿sf] klxrfg u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 133

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kmf?s vfs“ f] jf;:yfg ;d'b|b]lv glhs 5 . p;nfO{ sg' s'g sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf]nf ,
;fdl" xs ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L 5f]6f] k:| t'lt tof/ u/ .

@= xs{ tfdfªsf] 3/ kxf8df 5 . Toxf“ cTofjZos j:t' jf ;fdu|L s;/L n}hfg ;lsG5 ,
;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/L n]v .

#= ltdL a;s] f] 7fp“ sg' } gbL, tfn jf vfn] f;u“ hfl] 8Psf] 5 jf cfkm\ gf] a:tL glhs} gbL, tfn
jf vfn] f 5 eg] To;af6 xg' ] kmfObf / ;d:ofx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g,\ 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ e"kl/j]li6t zAbsf] cy{ / ljz]iftf n]v .
-v_ Pl;of dxfb]zdf sltcf]6f bz] ek" l/jl] i6t 5g\ <
-u_ o/' f]k, clkm| sf / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf slt sltcf]6f b]zx¿ e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ <

@= hf8] f ldnfpm M Pl;ofsf] 7'nf] b]z
Pl;of dxfb]zdf /x]sf] b]z
>Lnª\sf clk|msf dxfbz] df /xs] f] b]z
kf/fUj ] blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zdf /xs] f] bz]
xªu\ ]/L o'/f]k dxfbz] df /xs] f] bz]
e'6fg ;db' n| ] 3l] /Psf] bz]
dfnL
jl/kl/

#= tnsf bz] x¿dWo] sg' b]z ek" l/jl] i6t x'g\ / sg' xfO] gg\, 56' o\ fpm M

ef/t, aª\unfb]z, e'6fg, ckmuflg:tfg, c:6l«] nof, cd]l/sf, rLg, DofGdf/, yfONofG8,
kf/fUj,] hdg{ L, ?;, dªu\ fl] nof, nfcf;] , xªu\ /] L, Sofg8f, 8g] dfs,{ gj,{] l:j8g] , l:j6h\ /
NofG8, a]lHnod, cfd{l] gof, stf/, ;fpbL c/a, blIf0f sfl] /of, hfkfg, >Lnªs\ f .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M $ e"kl/jl] i6t b]zsf ;d:of tyf
;dfwfgsf pkfo

stf/, bf]xf

Kof/f] efO cxdb, @)&)÷!!÷)% ut]
z'e cfzLjfb{ ¤

Toxf“ kl/jf/df ;a} ;b:o ;Gr} ePsf] yfxf kfp“bf v';L nfus] f] 5 . /fdf| ;] u“ k9g\ gkfpgfn]
d t ;db' k| f/ hfgk' ¥of] . ltdLn] /fd/| L k9g\ " / cfkm\ g} b]zdf /f]huf/L ug{ " . ;d'b;| u“
hfl] 8g] bz] / ghf]l8g] bz] sf] ljsf;df w/] } km/s kbf{] /x]5 . efO ¤ ;db' |;“u hf]l8Psf]
bz] df ;fdfg Nofpg / k7fpg Hofb} ;lhnf] Pjd\ ;:tf] xg' ] /x]5 . hndfu{df 9'jfgL ef8f
;:tf] kbf]{ /x]5 . xfdf| ] Toxf“ t :yn dfu{ ePsfn] ;fdfgsf] d"NoeGbf 9'jfgL a9L nfU5 .
xD' nf, 8f]Nkf, dgfª h:tf lhNnfdf ;fdfg k¥' ofp“bf ;fdfgsf] dN" oeGbf @÷# u'0ff a9L vr{
nfUg] ub5{  . u/f}“ / a9L jhg ePsf] j:t'sf] 9'jfgL ef8f t cem Tof]eGbf klg a9L nfU5 .
t/ hndfu{ x'g] 7fp“df Hofb} yf/] } / ;xh ¿kdf 9'jfgL xg' ] /x5]  .

ek" l/jl] i6t ePs} sf/0f klg gk] fndf ljsf; ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] 5 . o;sf cgs] f“} ;d:of
5g \ . ;db' ;| u“ ghfl] 8Psf bz] df w]/} ;d:of /x]5g \ . dV' o ;d:of o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

!= ;w}“ l5ds] L /fi6«sf] e/ kgk'{ g{] 

@= ;Ldf ;'/Iff Hofb} vlrn{ f] x'g ]

#= ljsf; / lgdf0{ fsf sfddf a9L vr{ nfUg ]

$= ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{ lgs} sl7gfO xg'  ]

%= ;fd'lbs| ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ gkfpg] 

^= cGt/fl{ i6o« Jofkf/ km:6fpg g;Sg ]

&= ;:tf] hn oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt /xg'kg{] 

*= l5d]sL /fi6x« ¿;u“ lvrftfgL, j}dg:o xg' uPdf gfsfaGbL x'g ;Sg] 

(= a9L dfqfdf Jofkf/df l5d]sL d'ns' ;u“ e/ kgk'{ g ]{

ek" l/jl] i6t b]zn] w]/} sl7gfO efU] g'kg{] /x]5 . xfdf| ] b]z klg o; ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5 . 
ks| l[ tn] h] h:tf] cj:yf lbof,] Tof] ;xg} kg]{ /x5]  . To;n} ] kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf ePs} cj:yfnfO{
/fd|f];“u k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . e"kl/j]li6t b]z ePsf sf/0faf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofsf] k|efj

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

e"kl/jl] i6t b]zsf ;d:ofx¿sf af/d] f Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fO{ To:tf bz] sf ;d:of Gog" ug]{
pkfosf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 135

sd ugt]{ km{ sbd rfNg'kb5{ . l5ds] L b]z;“u ldqtfsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L cfk\mgf]
bz] df gePsf ;fdu|L cfkl" t{ ug'{kb{5 . l5ds] L b]z;“u :j:y / ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw sfod
ugk'{ b5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f l5d]sL b]zaf6 ;db' |df kj| z] ug{ ef/t;“u dfq ;lhnf] ljsNk
5 . ef/ttkm{ jL/uGh, gk] fnuGh, lj/f6gu/, e/} xjf, /fhlj/fh, wgu9L, dxG] b|gu/ cflb
k|dv' gfsfx¿ /xs] f 5g\ . oL gfsfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg'k5{ . cfjZos cGo gfsf vfN] g
cg'/f]w ug{'k5{ . To:t} lrgtkm{sf gfsfx¿df cfn] fªrª' uf]nf, lsdfyfGsf, sf]bf/L, /;j' f,
d':tfª cflb eP klg Toxf“af6 ;db' |sf] b'/L w]/} 6f9f 5 . ef/t / ltAat;u“ Jofkf/ j[l4
ug{ /]ndfu{ h:tf ;:tf] / ;n' e dfus{ f] ljsf; ug{k' b5{ . e"kl/jl] i6t bz] ePsf] cfPsf
sf/0fn] ;d:of Go"g ub}{ hfg'k5{ .

e"kl/j]li6t ePs} sf/0f klg d ljbl] ;g' k/s] f] xf] ls eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . t;y{ efO,

ltdLn] ToxLs“ f] kl/j]zcg;' f/ /fh] uf/L kfpg] u/L k9g\  " . ljb]zdf l;k gePsf] dflg;n]

/fdf| ] sfd gkfpg] /x5]  . t;y{ sfdsf nflu laSg] lzIff lnb“ } ug"{ . k};fsf] vfr“ f] eP dnfO{

kmf]g ug{" n ¤ kl5 kml] / e]6f“}nf .

pxL ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ bfh'

kmf?s

lj|mofsnfk

!= ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«sf ;d:ofx¿df dfly lr7Ldf n]lvPafx]s c¿ klg w]/} ;d:of x'g
;S5g,\ ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/L ;"rLs[t u/ .

@= g]kfn h:t} e"kl/jl] i6t bz] ;+;f/df w]/} 5g \ . tL bz] dWo] s]xL bz] Hofb} ;DkGg /
ljsl;t 5g\ . tL bz] s] sf/0fn,] s;/L ;DkGg eP xf]nfg\ . xfd|f] bz] lsg To:tf] x'g
;sg] , kZ| gfjnL tof/ u/L cGo ljifosf lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv]  M

-s_ g]kfnsf] cflys{ ljsf; x'g g;Sgfsf kfr“ sf/0f n]v .
-v_ gk] fnsf] cjl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 ljsf;df cfOk/s] f ;d:ofsf] ;"rL agfpm .
-u_ ;d'b| / hldgaf6 ;fdfg 9'jfgL ubf{ xg' ] km/sx¿ n]v .
-3_ g]kfnsf] cflys{ ljsf; xg' g;Sgd' f ek" l/j]li6t klg Ps sf/0f xf,]  k'li6 u/ .
-ª_ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« ePsf sf/0f cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ s;/L Gog" ug{ ;lsPnf <

136 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf 7 M % ljZjsf ;d;fdlos ultljlw 

ljZjdf 36s] f ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿

efOalxgLx¿ cfh xfdL ljZjdf 36s] f ;d;fdlos ljifodf rrf{ ub{} 5f}F . o;cGtu{t ;fs{sf]
c7f/fF} lzv/ ;Ddn] g / To;sf dxŒjk0" f{ 3f]if0ffx¿sf] hfgsf/L lncfF} .

c7f/fF} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng sf7df8fFd} f lj=;= @)&! dªl\ ;/ !) / !! ut] ‘zflGt / ;+j[l4sf
nflu uxg ;Dd]ng’ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;dfkg ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf cf7 :yfoL ;b:o
/fi6| / cGo cf7cf]6f /fi6«x¿sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . o'/f]lkog o'lgog, rLg,
c:6l«] nof, O/fg, blIf0f sfl] /of, df}/l;;, Dofgdf/, cd]l/sf / hfkfg ko{jI] fs ;d"xdf lyP .
o; ;Ddn] gdf efu lng] Ps dfq dlxnf ;xefuL aªu\ nfb]zsL k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gf jfh]b
xg' 'xG' Yof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g g]kfnsf kj" k{ w| fgdGqL :juLo{ ;'zLn sfO] /fnfn] dª\l;/ !)
ut] /fli6«o ;efux[ df ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

;qfF} ;fs{ ;Dd]ngsf cWoIftf ug'{ePsf dflNbE;sf /fi6k« lt cAbN' nfx ofldg cAbn' uon] ;'zLn
sf]O/fnfnfO{ cWoIftf k|bfg u/]/ cf/De uge'{ of] .

;fs{ If]qLo ;xofu] , blIf0f Pl;ofnL cfly{s ;ª\3, ;fk\m6f / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, ;fs{ ljsf;
sfi] f, lzIff, oj' f, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, a;fOF;/fO, lj1fg / kl| jlw, b"/;~rf/,
ko{6g, ;+:s[lt, cfd;~rf/, cGt/;DaGw, cftª\sjfb / cGt/b]zLo ck/fw;DaGwL ljifodf
dxŒjk"0f{ 3f]if0ffx¿ ePsf lyP .

ljZjdf 36s] f cGo 36gfx¿

#! cS6f]a/ @)!! df ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof ;ft ca{ ku' ]sf] . ;g\ !((( sf] cS6fa] /sf]
cGTodf ljZjsf] hg;ªV\ of 5 ca{ /x]sfdf !@ jifk{ l5 Ps ca{ jl[ 4 ePsf]

;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfoj{ |md -UNDP_ n] ;g\ @)!# df ;fjh{ lgs u/]sf] dfgj ljsf;
kl| tjb] gdf g]kfn !%& cf}“ :yfgdf k/s] f] . ;g\ @)!) df !#* cf}+“ :yfgdf /xs] f]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kqklqsf, ;dfrf/ cflbsf] ;xofu] lnP/ ljZjdf eO/x]sf gof“ ultljlwaf/] ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 137

;g\ @)!! d] @ df cdl] /sL ;l} gs cfjm| d0fdf cf;] fdf lag nfbg] sf] dT[ o' ePsf]
cu:6 @%, @)!@ df rGbd| fdf ky| d kfOnf /fVg] cGtl/If ofqL lgn cfd:{ 6ª« u\ sf] dT[ o' ePsf]
;g\ @)!@ df a]nfotsf] nG8gdf cf]nlDks v]nsb' ;DkGg, $^ :j0f{, @( /ht / @(
sf:o;lxt cdl] /sf cu|:yfgdf, rLg bf;] f| ] / an] fot t];|f] :yfgdf ePsf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= xfn;Dd ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] gdf gk] fnsf tkma{ f6 gt] [Tj u//] efu lng uPsf /fi6«
kd| 'v÷;/sf/ kd| 'vsf] ;r" L vfh] ]/ nv]  .

@= ljZjdf xfn} 36s] f tLg k|d'v 36gf kqklqsf jf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 vf]h/] n]v .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

!= ;fss{ f] c7f/f}“ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf k|dv' bO' { ljz]iftf nv]  .
@= c7f/f}“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ePsf bO' { lg0fo{ nv]  .
#= c7f/f“} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t 3f]if0ff kqsf kfr“ d'Vo ab'“ f nv]  .
$= ;fss{ f] xfn;Dd slt cf]6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng eO;s]sf 5g\ < ca xg' ] lzv/ ;Dd]ng sg'

bz] df x'g] ePsf] 5 <

kg' /fjnfs] g cEof;

!= gk] fndf /x]sf ;fss{ f sfofn{ ox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g \ . tL sxf“ sxf“ 5g,\ ;f]wvfh]
u/]/ nv]  M

-s_ ;fs{ ;lrjfno
-v_ ;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf PrcfOe{ L P8;\ s]Gb|
-u_ ;fs{ cflys{ ;ª3\ sf] sfofn{ o
-3_ ;fs{ cf}nf] /f]u pGd"ng sG] b|
-ª_ ;fs{ ;efdv' tyf ;;+ b\ ;ª3\ sf] sfof{no
@= ;fs{ lsg cfjZos k/s] f] xfn] f < ;fs{ :yfkgfn] gk] fnLnfO{ s] kmfObf ePsf] xfn] f <

138 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

v08 -s_ v08 -v_

;fs{ ;r" gf s]Gb| kfls:tfg

;fs{ Ifo/f]u sG] b | e6' fg

;fs{ clenv] sG] b| >Lnªs\ f

;fs{ s[lif ;"rgf sG] b | g]kfn

;fs{ pmhf{ s]Gb | ef/t

;fs{ jg s]Gb | aª\unfb]z

;fs{ ;f:+ sl[ ts sG] b| dflNbE;

$= tn ;fs{sf xfn;Ddsf dxf;lrjx¿sf gfdsf] ;r" L lbOPsf] 5 . tL dxf;lrjx¿ sg'
sg' bz] sf x'g\, ;f]wvf]h u//] nv] M

klxnf] – ca'n cx;g bf;] f| ] – sfGtlszf/] efu{j

t;] |f] – Oa|flxd x;' ]g hfsL rfy} f] – ofbjsfGt l;njfn

kfr“ f}“ – gOdo'l2g x;g 5}6f}“ – lgxfn /f]lb«uf]

;ftf“} – SjfhL dxGdb cNtfkm /lxd cf7f}“ – r]g Sofk bfh] ]{

gjf“} – >L l;nsfGt zdf{ b;f“} – kmltdfy lwogf ;o} b

P3f/f}“ – cxdb ;lnd -@)^* kmfug' @( af6_ afx|f} — chg'{ j= yfkf

%= ek" l/j]li6t b]z ePsf] sf/0faf6 ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf sfddf g]kfnn] ef]Ug'k/s] f

;d:of / cGo ek" l/jl] i6t /fi6n« ] efU] gk' /s] f ;d:ofx¿df s] s] ;dfgtf Pjd\ s] s] leGgtf
kfOG5g,\ ;dfgtf / leGgtfsf] ;r" L agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 139

PsfO hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro /

( hg;fª\lVosLo cj:yf

l;sfO pknlAw

hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf If]qx¿ / ljsf; j|md pNn]v ug{
hg;ª\Vof tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ngsf k|lj|mof pNnv] ug{
hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL tYofªs\ sf ;|ft] x¿ ko| f]u ug{
g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4 b/sf] kj| [lQ atfpg
gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6] ljt/0f;u“ kl/lrt xg'

140 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ! hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] kl/ro

s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns PsfOleq a;f]af;
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{ hg;ª\Vof
elgG5 . lglZrt :yfg, ;db' fo, b]z cflbdf
a;fa] f; ug]{ ;Dk0" f{ dflg; g} To; :yfg, hflt,
;db' fo / bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of xf ] . hg;ªV\ ofsf]
1fgn] Toxf“sf] hg;ªV\ of slt 5 < pgLx¿
s;/L ljt/Lt 5g\ < pgLx¿sf] ;/+ rgf s]
xf] < hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ s;/L eO/xs] f] 5 eGg]
s/' fsf] hfgsf/L u/fp5“  . ;fy} o;n] hg;ªV\ ofsf
tŒj, kl| jm| of / dfkg ;DaGwL ul0ftLo / tYofªs\ Lo ljifo Ifq] sf] afw] u/fp5“  . og' :] sf] -!(&)_ sf cg;' f/
hg;ªV\ of lzIff o:tf] zl} Ifs sfoj{ m| d xf] h;n] kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjdf hg;ªV\ of
l:yltsf] afw] u/fO{ pSt l:yltkl| t ljj]sk"0f{ tyf pQ/bfoL kj| [lQ / Jojxf/ ljsf; ug{
;xofu] ub5{  .

hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ zl} Ifs lj|mofsnfksf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . of] ultzLn 36gf j|md klg
xf ] . o;cGtu{t hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f, agf6] / kl/jt{g h:tf hg;ªV\ ofsf d'Vo
If]qx¿ kb{5g\ . o;n] JolSt, ;db' fo, ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ hg;ª\Vofk|lt s:tf] wf/0ff lng]
jf s:tf] Jojxf/ ckgfpg] eGg] s/' f to ug{ ;xof]u u5 { . dflg;sf] ;ªV\ of a9b\ } hf“bf
cfjZostf klg a9b\ } hfG5 . a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfjZostfx¿ k/" f ug{ a9L ;|ft] / ;fwg
ko| fu] ug{k' b{5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jtg{ af6 JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh jf b]zdf kg{] cfly{s,
;f:+ sl[ ts, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5 . o;cGtut{ pSt ;d:of
/ ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/] JolSt Pjd\ ;dfhnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg hg;ªV\ of lzIffn]
dV' o el" dsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

hg;ªV\ of lzIffn] hg;ªV\ of 36g\ uPdf jf jl[ 4 ePdf kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6n« ] efl] u/xs] f /
cfOkg{] ;d:ofsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;sf c;/af/] atfp5“  / c;/nfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{k' g]{
pkfox¿ l;sfp5“  . ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df rt] gf hufp“5 / pgLx¿df ;dembf/Lsf]
j[l4 ug{ ;xofu] u5 { . kT| os] JolStnfO{ hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL ;d:of cjut u/fO{ p;sf]
Jojxf/df cg'sn" kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljleGg pbfx/0f, tflnsf tyf lrq bv] fp“b} hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 141

kmfObf

!= lglZrt :yfgdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;sf] hflt, lnª\u, wd{ / pd]/sf cfwf/df
hg;ª\Vofsf] hfgsf/L lng / lbg

@= hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 To; Ifq] df ePsf] hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf] cj:yf atfpg
#= ljjfx, ;Gtfgsf] ;ªV\ of / hGdfGt/sf nflu wf/0ff ljsf; ug{
$= ;du| hg;ª\Vofsf] pGglt / ljsf;sf nflu ofh] gf tof/ ug{

dxŒj

gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f hGd, dT[ o' 36gf btf{ k0| ffnLdf :yfloTj kf| Kt ug{ g;ss] f] jtd{ fg cj:yfdf
hg;fªl\ Vos tYofª\s Ps dfq e/kbf{] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgDgfg';f/sf dxŒj
/xs] f 5g\ M
/fhgLlts dxŒj M lgjfr{ g Ifq] sf] ;ªV\ of, ;ef;bs\ f] ;ªV\ of cflb lgwf/{ 0f ug { ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] .
;fdflhs tyf cflys{ dxŒj M lhNnf, ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf cflbnfO{ pknAw u/fOg]
ljsf; cg'bfgsf] lgwf/{ 0fsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|ofu] x'g ] .
tYofªs\ Lo dxŒj M ;jI{] f0fx¿, h:t} M gk] fnsf] hLjg :t/ ;jI{] f0f, gk] fn hg;fªl\ VosL :jf:Yo
;jI{] f0f, gk] fn >d zlSt ;jI{] f0f, ax;' r" sfªs\ ;jI{] f0f cflbsf nflu gdg' f pknAw u/fpg ] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= aemfª lhNnfsf] hfw] k/' ufp“df @)%* ;fndf !)) 3/df ;fnfvfnf ;ft ;ft hgfsf
kl/jf/ a:y ] . clxn] !!% 3/x¿ 5g\ . clxn] kT| o]s 3/df kfr“ hgf ;b:o 5g\ . oxf“
slt 3/ ;ªV\ of / slt dflg; eP < oxf“sf] hg;ªV\ of 36\of] ls a9o\ f], ;fyL;u“
5nkmn u/L nv]  .

@= ltdf| ] sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf kfl/jfl/s hfgsf/L nv] L sIffdf 6f“; M

j|m= ;= ;fyLsf] gfd hft÷y/ kl/jf/df JolStsf] ;ª\Vof k];f

)–!$ jif{ !$–%( jif{ ^) b]lv dfly

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro b]pm .
-u_ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf s'g} tLgcf]6f kmfObf n]v .

-3_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf s'g} tLgcf6] f dxŒj n]v .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M @ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] If]q

hg;ª\Vof lzIff axk' IfLo ljifo xf] . o;y{ o;sf ljifoj:tx' ¿ klg Jofks / lj:tt[ 5g\ .
o;sf Ifq] x¿ bz] , kl/l:ylt / cfjZostfcg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ;S5g\ . hg;ªV\ of lZfIffn]
JolStsf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg dbt u5{ . o;n] ;v' L / ;d[4 ;dfh l;h{gf
ugs{ f nflu ;fr] fOdf kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf u0' ffTds ;w' f/ Nofpg ;xof]
u u5 { . hg;ªV\ of lZfIffsf Ifq] x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt kf“r Ifq] df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

hg;fª\lVosL M hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, ef}uf]lns ljt/0fsf] ul0ftLo cWoognfO{
hg;fª\lVosL elgG5 . o;nfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] d]?b08 klg elgG5 . o;cGtu{t
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f, agf6] / kl/jtg{ af/] cWoog ul/G5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ egs] f]
hDdf ;ª\Vof xf] . ljt/0f egs] f] efu} fl] ns If]qsf cfwf/df xg' ] hg;ª\Vofsf] af“8kmf“8 xf] .
agf]6 egs] f] pd/] , lnªu\ , hflt, wd,{ ;Dk|bfo, Ifq] cflbsf cfwf/df ePsf] ljefhg xf] eg]
kl/jt{g eg]sf] ;ª\VofTds ¿kdf ePsf] 36a9 x'g' xf] . hGd, d[To' / a;fO“;/fO
hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf sf/s tŒjx¿ xg'  \ .

hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf lgwf/{ s tŒj M hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fOn] hg;ª\Vof yk36
eO/xG5 . o;df pRr lzz' hGdb/, clzIff, kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs tyf
;f:+ sl[ ts /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f, k/Dk/fut wflds{ dN" o / dfGotf, rngrNtL, ;:+ s[lt,
ljZjf; cflb sf/s tŒjx¿n] kd| v' e"ldsf vN] 5 . s'kf]if0f, :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] sdL, ul/aL,
cflbn] klg hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ df k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

hg;ªV\ of j[l4af6 kg]{ c;/ M hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4n] ubf{ vfBfGg, cfjf;, /fh] uf/L h:tf
cTofjZosLo j:t'sf] dfu a95\  . o;n] lzIff, :jf:Yosf] klg dfu a95\  . t/ ;Lldt
;|f]t / ;fwgn] ;a}sf dfu k/" f x'g ;Sbg} . kmn:j¿k w/] } kl/jf/sf] cflys{ l:ylt v:s“b}
hfG5 / ux[ snx, a/] fh] uf/L, efs] d/L, c;/' Iff cflb ;d:of b]vf k5{g\ . kf| s[lts ;f| ]t /
;fwgx¿ l/lQ“b} hfG5g\ . ;fy} jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' g vnalng ;S5 .

hg;ª\Vof 36\bf kg{] c;/ M hg;ªV\ of 36b\ f bz] nfO{ cfjZos kg{] pTkfbgzLn hgzlStsf]
cefj xG' 5 . To;sf] c;/ ;du| b]z ljsf;df kb5{ . ljsf; lgdf0{ f sfod{ f cfjZos
hgzlSt cGo bz] af6 ;xofu] lngk' 5{ . o;sf] ke| fj bz] sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts /
/fhgLlts Ifq] df klg kg{ hfG5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljleGg tflnsf, 8fouf| d, jQ[ lrq cflbsf dfWodaf6 hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf Ifq] sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 143

dfgj ofg} / kh| gg k0| ffnL M of}g Jojxf/, ljsf; / ;d:of tyf kh| gg k|0ffnL / ;Gtfg
pTkfbg h:tf Ifq] x¿ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf dxŒjk0" f{ If]q xg' \ . To:t} :qL / k'?ifsf] zf/Ll/s
;+/rgfsf] leGgtf, :qL / k?' ifsf] el" dsf tyf ljz]iftfn] klg hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf
c;/ ub5{  . oL ljifo j:t'n] kh| gg Jojxf/nfO{ ;+oldt / lgolGqt ug]{ pkfoaf/] atfp5“  .
eljiosf nflu ofh] gf M pko'St pd]/df ljjfx, ue{wf/0f, hGdfGt/, kl/jf/sf] of]hgf cflb
ljifoj:t' o; If]qcGtu{t kb5{ g \ . o;n] JolStut Pjd\ kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf ;'v tyf ;dl[ 4
xG' 5 . cfÇgf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

3gf a:tL / sd a:tL ePsf] ufp“lar tn' gf u/ . Toxf“ s:tf ;d:of 5g,\ kqklqsfsf]
cWoog u/L sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/L l6kf6] tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ hg;fª\lVosL egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ nv]  .
-u_ ltdf| ] ;db' fodf hg;ªV\ of j[l4af6 k/s] f sg' } tLgcf]6f c;/x¿ nv]  .
-3_ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf Ifq] x¿ pNnv] u/ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfÇgf] 6f]n tyf l5ds] sf kf“r 3/sf] ;j{I] f0f u/L ljut Ps jif{leqsf] hGd, dT[ o,' ljjfx,
a;fO“ ;/fO cflb sf/0faf6 hg;ª\Vofdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf
k|:tt' u/ .


144 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

khf7 M # g;ª\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf; jm| d

;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Ps cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf hg;ª\Vof lzIffnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .
;g\ !(#% af6 hg;ªV\ of lzIff ;Da4 ljifo If]qsf] cWoog ;'?cft ePsf] xf] . sfn] Daf]
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks P;= cf/= cfP] NofG8n] pSt sfos{ f] yfngL u/s] f lyP . o;n] kl5
uP/ ljifosf] :j¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] cfP] NofG8 -Wayland_ g} hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf
hGdbftfsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . hg;ªV\ of lzIff ljifosf] cfk} rfl/s lzIffsf ¿kdf cWoogsf
jm| d lgDgfg;' f/ /x]sf] 5 M

!= ;g\ !(#% df l:j8g] af6
@= ;g\ !(#& df cd]l/sfaf6
#= ;g\ !(&) df ljZjsf clwsfz+ bz] af6

o;kl5 hg;ª\Vof lzIff;DaGwL ljZjJofkL ¿kdf r]tgf km}nfO{ cjwf/0ff to ug{
lgDgfg;' f/sf sfo{zfnf uf]i7L ePsf] kfOG5 M

!= ;g\ !(&) df og' ]:sfs] f] ;lj|motfdf Pl;ofsf] a}ªs\ sdf ePsf] hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL klxnf]
sfoz{ fnf ufi] 7L ePsf]

@= ;g\ !(&! df dn]l;ofsf] SjfnfnDk'/df, ;g\ !(&# df 6sLs{ f] O:tfGj'ndf Pjd\
;g\ !(&$ df lrnLsf] :oflG6ofufd] f ePsf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] dxŒj
/ cfjZostf afw] u/fPsf] .

tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4n] gsf/fTds c;/af/] ;"rgf kj| fx / ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+o'St kxn
ug]{ cleofg:j¿k ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;Dd]ng klg ePsf 5g\, h;cg';f/ lgDglnlvt
;Dd]ngnfO{ k|d'v ¿kdf lnOG5 M

!= ;g\ !(&$ df /f]dflgofsf] a'vf/]:6df ePsf] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o ljZj hg;ª\Vof
;Dd]ng

@= ;g\ !(*$ df dl] S;sfd] f ePsf] ljZj hg;ªV\ of ;Dd]ng
#= ;g\ !(($ df OlhK6df ePsf] ljZj hg;ªV\ of ;Dd]ng

g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f lj=;=+ @)#& ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/ / o'g]:sfs] f] ;o+ S' t kxndf hg;ª\
Vof lzIff ljifonfO{ kf7o\ j|mddf ;dfj]z ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k[i7el" ddf
lj=;=+ @)#@ ;fndf hg;ª\Vof ;ldltsf] u7g / lj=;=+ @)#% ;fndf /fli6o« hg;ªV\ of
cfof]usf] u7g eO{ To;n] sfd u/s] f] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf /fli6o« hg;ª\Vof
cfof]u :yfkgf / PsLst[ ¿kdf hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ ljBfno / ljZj ljBfnosf] kf7o\ jm| ddf
;dfjz] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj=;=+ @)%@ ;fndf hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
ePaf6 hg;ª\Vof lzIff ljifon] cem dxŒj kfpg yfn]sf] lyof] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

;do /]vf / ljsf; jm| d bl] vg] 8fou|fd tof/ u/L lzIf0f ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 145

ljZjljBfnotkm{ lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf lj=;+= @)#* ;fnb]lv
hg;ªV\ of lzIff sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ePsf] xf] . Pd\=P8= txdf lj=;=+ @)$! bl] v / aL=P8=
txdf lj=;=+ @)$^ bl] v Pl] R5s ljifosf ¿kdf cWofkg sfo{ eO/xs] f] 5 . lj=;+= @)$@
;fnb]lv dfgljsL ;ª\sfon] hg;ª\Vof ljifodf :gfts txsf] sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/L
lj=;=+ @)$& vfnbl] v :gftsfT] t/ txdf k7gkf7g ;'? eof] . z}lIfs ;q lj=;+= @)%@ /
)%# b]lv j|mdzM lgdflj txsf] sIff 5b]lv cf7;Dd clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf hg;ªV\ of tyf
jftfj/0f ljifo lzIf0f ug{] Joj:yf eof] . o;} jm| ddf pRr:t/Lo /fli6o« lzIff cfof]u, @)%% sf]
k|ltjb] gcg;' f/ dfWolds txdf :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIffnfO{ PsLst[ u/L l;ª\uf]
ljifosf ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] 5 . To:t} dfWolds ljBfno txdf hg;ª\Vof lzIff
ljifo P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf k7gkf7g ul/G5 . ;fy} lgdflj txsf] kf7\oj|md, @)%* n]
sIff 5bl] v cf7df hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIff ljifo sfofG{ jogdf NofPsf] lyof] . cfwf/et"
lzIff kf7o\ j|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^( n] sIff 5b]lv cf7df ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof
lzIff ljifosf ¿kdf kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ k':ts ljsf; u/L sfofG{ jog ul//x]sf] 5 .

hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f lzIffsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{jm| dx¿df ljleGg :yfgLo,
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿n] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yfn]
klg ljleGg sfoj{ |md ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

k:' tsfnodf ePsf k:' ts / klqsf cWoog u/ . To;af6 gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of sfoj{ m| dnfO{ sg'
cfjlws k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfaf6 hf8] lbOof] / tTkZrft\ ul/Psf ofh] gfa4 sfoj{ m| dsf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

!= hf8] f ldnfpm M

gk] fndf ;jk{ y| d hg;ª\Vof lzIff k9fpg ;'? lj=;=+ @)#@
hg;ª\Vof ;Da4 klxnf] ufi] 7L lj=;=+ @)^*
klxnf] cGt/f{li6o« ljZj hg;ª\Vof ;Ddn] g ;g\ !(#&
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof ljifosf] Joj:yf ;g\ !(&)
hg;ª\Vof ;ldltsf] u7g ;g\ !(&$

@= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof ljifosf hGdbftfsf] gfd n]vL o;nfO{ clgjfo{ ljifo Ifq] dflggs' f]
sf/0f klg n]v .

-v_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL sfo{zfnf uf]i7L sxf“ sxf“ / slxn] slxn] eP <

-u_ gk] fndf hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf; jm| d nv] .

146 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M $ hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf ;f| t]

hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL tYofªs\ sf ;f| t] cGtut{ hgu0fgf, k~hLs/0f, k|zf;lgs nut, gd'gf
;j]I{ f0f cflb k5g{ \ . o;/L ;ª\slnt tYofªs\ af6 hg;ª\Vofsf] yk36af/] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
o:tf tYofªs\ x¿dWo] o; kf7df Hfgu0fgfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{] 5f}“ .

hgu0fgf

k|To]s 3/df sf] sf], slt slt pd/] sf, s'g wd{ dfGg,] s'g efiff afN] g,] s] slt k9]sf
;b:ox¿ 5g\ < ljut b; jifo{ tf hGd]sf afnaflnsf slt 5g\ < s;s;sf] d[To' ePsf]
5 < slt hgfsf] ljjfx ePsf] 5 egL kl/jf/sf] tYofª\s lng] sfo{nfO{ kfl/jfl/s tYofª\s
u0fgf elgG5 . o;/L kl/jf/, ;db' fo, ;dfh xb“' } bz] sf ;du| hgtfsf] tYofªs\ lng] sfon{ fO{
hgu0fgf elgG5 . ;fdfGotof k|To]s b; jifs{ f] cGt/fndf bz] sf] hgu0fgf ul/G5 . xfdf| ]
b]zdf hgu0fgfsf] ;?' cft lj= ;=+ !(^* af6 ul/Psf] xf] . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf
P3f/f“} xf] . o:tf] u0fgf ;f| t] ;fwg, efu} f]lns cj:yf / cGo ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ x/s] jif{
lng ;lsb“ g}  . gk] fndf a;fa] f;sf cfwf/df hgu0fgf ul/G5 .

pd/] , lnªu\ , z}lIfs cj:yf, hflt, wd,{ efiff, k;] f, Ifq] cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL hg;ª\Vofsf
;"rgfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cfjZos cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf]
oxL j:tl' :ylt / cfjZostfnfO{ kf| /lDes ;|f]t dfgL b]z ljsf;sf nflu efjL of]hgf,
sfoj{ |md, gLlt / /0fgLltx¿ to ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf nflu ;r" gf tyf tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng
ubf{ 3/ 3/af6 lnOPsf tYofªs\ jf ;"rgfnfO{ k|fylds ;|f]t elgG5 . cGo JolStn] leGg
k|ofh] gsf nflu lnPsf] tYofªs\ jf ;r" gfnfO{ låtLo ;|ft] elgG5 .

hgu0fgfsf] p2]Zo

!= gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agfj6, kl/jtg{ / ljt/0f;DaGwL ;dli6ut tYofª\s
;ªs\ ng ug]{ 

@= ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf of]hgf th'{df / cGo sfos{ f nflu cfwf/et" tYofªs\
(benchmark data) pknAw u/fpg] 

#= kl/jf/n] ko| f]u u/]sf ;'ljwfx¿sf ;fy} cGo kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f kf| Kt ug]{ 

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljleGg rf6{, tflnsf, j[Qlrq cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;|f]taf/] :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu :yfgLo

kl/j]zsf pbfx/0f k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 147

$= gdg' f ;jI]{ f0fx¿sf] e/kbf{] cfwf/ (frames) k|bfg ug {]

%= bz] sf] tNnf] k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿sf] ;d]t tYofªs\ pknAw u/fpg] 

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof ljj/0f

hgu0fgf jif { k'?if dlxnf sn'

@)@* %*,!&,@)# %&,#*,&*) !,!%,%%,(*#

@)#* &^,(%,##^ &#,@&,%)# !,%),@@,*#(

@)$* (@,@),(&$ (@,&),!@# !,*$,(!,)(&

@)%* !,!%,^#,(@! !,!%,*&,%)@ @,#!,%!,$@#

@)^* !,@*,$(,)$! !,#^,$%,$^# @,^$,($,%)$

;|ft] M /fli6o« hgu0fgf @)^* / ;fe] Gbf cufl8sf hgu0fgf

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdf| ] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ tyf 3/ kl/jf/sf] tn lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df tYofª\s ;ª\sng
u/L 5f6] f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ M

;ªV\ of hft lnª\u pd/] wd{ efiff k];f

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ tYofªs\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ tYofª\s / hgu0fgflar s] ;DaGw xG' 5 <
-u_ hgu0fgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ hgu0fgf lsg cfjZos x'G5 <
-8_ tYofª\ssf] kf| ylds / låtLo ;|f]tlar s] km/s 5 <

@= /fli6«o hgu0fgf ug'{sf d'Vo p2]Zox¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

148 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M % hg;ª\Vof tYofªs\ sf ;|ft] sf
¿kdf k~hLs/0f

hGd, ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b, a;fO“
;/fO tyf d[To' h:tf JolStut 36gf
btf{ ug{] / clen]v /fVg] tyf cBfjlws
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k~hLs/0f elgG5 . o;nfO{
JolStut 36gf btf{ klg elgG5 . o:tf]
sfo{ ug{] sfof{nonfO{ k~hLsflwsf/Lsf]
sfof{no elgG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df hGd, dT[ o,'
a;fO“;/fO / ljjfxsf] sfd dfq :yfgLo
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfofn{ oaf6 xg' ] u/s] f 5g \ .
;DaGwljR5b] sf] sfo{ cbfntaf6 ul/G5 .

kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfof{no klg ufp“kflnsf / gu/kflnsf sfof{no;“u} PsLs[t ¿kdf
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf 5g \ . g]kfndf
lj=;+= @)#$ ;fn jz} fv ! ut]af6 k~hLs/0f ug{] Joj:yf ;?' ePsf] xf] .

hgu0fgf kT| os] bz jif{df dfq xG' 5 . t;y{ hgu0fgf ePkl5sf] gf} jif{;Dd slt dflg;
hGd,] slt d/,] sltn] lax] u/,] slt a;fO“ ;/L uP, slt cfP eGg] s'/fsf] ;r" gf /fVg
k~hLs/0f ul/G5 .

k~hLs/0faf6 sfgg' L jw} tf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] gful/stf kf| Kt ug{ / ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f
ug{ ;xof]u u5 { . o;n] lglZrt ;d'bfosf] jf:tljs hg;ª\Vofsf] tYofªs\ jf ;"rgf kb| fg

u5 { . ljleGg lgsfoaf6 x'g] gLlt lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] u5{ .

cfwf/ @)$* ;fn @)%* ;fn

hGdb/ #* kl| txhf/df #@=% kl| t xhf/df

d[To'b/ !#=# k|ltxhf/df (=# kl| t xhf/df

a;fO;“ /fO { ^,%*,#&& &,^@,!*! -b]zaf6 aflx/ uPsf_

a;fO;“ /fO{ $#,($$ ^,)*,)(@ -b]zleq cGo bz] af6 cfPsf_

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfno glhs} k~hLs/0f ug{] jf gu/kflnsf sfofn{ o eP Toxf“ nu/] k~hLs/0fsf af/]df ;fw] k'5
ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 149

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] 3/ kl/jf/ tyf 6fn] l5ds] df ;Da4 36gfx¿sf] k~hLs/0f lsg ugk{' /s] f] xfn] f <
o;af6 b]znfO{ s:tf kmfObf x'G5g\, ;fyLefO, cfdfa'af, lzIfs cflb;“u 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

@= ltd|f] hGdbtf{ k|df0f kq x]//] hGdbtf{ kd| f0fkqsf] gdg' f tof/ u/ .

#= k~hLs/0f ug{ hgr]tgf hufpg] kf]:6/, krf{, kDKn6] , Kn] sf8{dWo] s'g} Ps agfpm /
sIffdf k|bzg{ u/ .

$= s] ltd|f] hGdbtf{ k|df0f kq 5 < cfk\mgf] cleefjs;“u dfu]/ x]// To;df ePsf
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . 5}g eg] tTsfn agfOlbg cg'/f]w u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ k~hLs/0f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
-v_ k~hLs/0fdf s'g s'g 36gf btf{ ul/G5 <
-u_ k~hLs/0faf6 x'g] sg' } bO' {cf]6f kmfObf pNn]v u/ .

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ g]kfndf kT| os] ============ jifd{ f hgu0fgf ul/G5 .
-v_ 3/ 3/af6 lnOPsf tYofªs\ nfO{ ========== elgG5 .
-u_ hgu0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ dlxnfsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof ========= 5 .
-3_ xfdf| ] bz] df ;DaGwljR5b] ========== af6 ul/G5 .
-ª_ k~hLs/0fn] ========== k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u u5 { .

;fdb' foLs sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf uO{ s;n] hGdbtf{ tyf ljjfx btf{ u/]sf 5g,\ s;n] u/s] f 5g} g\ < vfh] L
u/ . s;s} f] btf{ ug{ 56' ePdf 3/dn' Lsf nflu k~hLs/0f ugk{' gf{sf sf/0f;lxt btf{ ug{
hfg cg'/fw] u/]sf] Pp6f kq tof/ u/ .

150 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M ^ gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf] k|j[lQ

Hfg;ª\Vof ;w“} kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] k|ljm| of lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/xG5 . o;y{ hg;ª\
Vofsf] cfsf/ lglZrt ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t/ lglZrt 7fp“ / ;do tfs] ]df Toxf“sf] jf:tljs
hg;ª\Vof kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . hg;ªVofsf] 36g\ ] b/ / jl[ 4 b/ kTtf nufpg km/s
km/s ;dodf ul/Psf] tn' gfTds cWoog ug{ h?/L 5 . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ dgg u/L g]
kfndf k|To]s bz bz jif{df hgu0fgf u/L sn' hg;ª\Vof lgsfNg] ul/G5 .

gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of, hg;ªV\ of j[l4 / jflif{s j[l4 b/

jif{ -lj= ;=+ _ hg;ªV\ of -)))_ k'?if–:qLsf] cgk' ft jl[ 4 b/ hg3gTj–hg;ªV\ of

-k|ltztdf_ kl| tju{ lsnfl] d6/_

!(^* %,^#( ========= ========= #*

!(&& %,%&$ ========= –)=!@ #*

!(*& %,%## ========= –)=)& #*

!((* ^,@*$ ========= !=@& $#

@))(–!! *,@%& (^=* @=&# %^

@)!* (,$!# (&=) !=#! ^$

@)@* !!,%%^ !)!=$ @=)% &(

@)#* !%,)@# !)%=) @=^@ !)@

@)$* !*,$(! ((=% @=)* !@^

@)%* @#,!%! ((=* @=@% !%&

@)^* @^,$($ ($=!^ !=#% !*)

lj= ;+= !(^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] sn' hg;ªV\ of %^,#*,&$( lyof] . To;sf]
#) jif{kl5 lj= ;+= !((* df of] ;ª\Vof sl/a ^# nfv ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] jl[ 4b/
sfod ePsf] eP g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof bfA] a/ xg' nueu @)) jif{ nfUg] cgd' fg lyof] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7df lbOPsf tYofªs\ nfO{ af/uf| km jf :tDe lrqaf6 bv] fO{ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 b/sf] kj| l[ Q :ki6 ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 151

t/ !((* ;fnkl5 gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of tLj| ¿kdf a9s] f] b]lvG5 . o; sf/0f lj=;=+ !(^*
bl] v lj=;+= @)^* ;Ddsf] !)) jifd{ f g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of emG8} rf/ u'0ffn] a9]sf] bl] vG5 .
lj=;=+ @)$* – @)%* sf] b;sdf jflif{s hg;ªV\ of j[l4 b/ @=@% k|ltzt ePsf] kfOG5 .
t/ lj=;+= @)%*–@)^* sf] bzsdf jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ !=#% k|ltzt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . oxL b/df hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePdf sl/a %@ jifd{ f hg;ªV\ of bfA] a/ x'G5 . o;n]
hg;ªV\ ofsf] jl[ 4b/ s]xL xb;Dd lgoGq0f xg' ku' ]sf] bl] vG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdf| ] ljBfnosf] ljut bz jif{sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\sng u/ . ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof w]/} jf
yf]/} s] eof,] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfTds cWoog lsg h?/L 5 <
-v_ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/nfO{ tflnsfdf k:| t't u/ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of cfsf/sf] j[l4b/sf] kj| l[ Q s:tf] /xs] f] 5 <

@= tnsf k|Zgdf Ps If0f ;f]r / 5nkmn u/ M

-s_ dflg; hGdg 5f8] eg] s] xfn] f <
-v_ dflg; Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fp“df a;fO“ ;/]gg\ eg] s] xfn] f <
-u_ Ps} k6s w]/} dflg;sf] d[To' eP s] xfn] f <
-3_ ;a} dflg; !)) jif{;Dd afr“ ] eg] s] xf]nf <

;fd'bflos sfo{

gu/kflnsf jf ufpk“ flnsfsf] tYofªs\ af6 ltd|f] j8f jf 6f]ndf ePsf] hg;ªV\ of yk36nfO{
tflnsfdf k:| t't u/ / 3/ kl/jf/ Pjd\ l5ds] LnfO{ bv] fpm . hg;ªV\ of w/] } jf Go"g x'gfsf
sf/0f vf]h .

152 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M & g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6]

-pd]/, lnªu\ / wd{cg';f/_

hg;ªV\ of pd/] , lnªu\ , hflt, wd{, k];f, efiff cflb tŒjsf cfwf/df lng ;lsG5 . plNnlvt
tŒjx¿n] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6nfO{ hgfp“5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6n] ;dfh / ;d'bfosf]
oyfy{ j:t'l:yltsf] lrq0f ub5{ . o;n] /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿df k|efj kf/]sf]
xG' 5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] cWoogdf pd/] , lnªu\ / wds{ f cfwf/df tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{ h?/L 5 .
pd/] sf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] M pd/] sf cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ lzz,' afns, oj' f, kf| 9} ,
j[4 u/L af8“ g\ ] kr| ng 5 . t/ gk] fndf klg hgu0fgf ug]{ jm| ddf hg;ª\VofnfO{ )–!$,
!%–%( / ^) / ;f]eGbf a9L u/L tLg pd]/ ;dx" df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . pd/] sf cfwf/df
k];fut IfdtfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ul/G5 . pd/] cg;' f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of agf6] @)^* cg;' f/
tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

pd]/ ;d"x hg;ª\Vof kl| tzt

) b]lv !$ jif{ (@,$^,($^ #^=#!

!% b]lv %( jif{ !,%),(!,*$* %@=)(

^) eGbf dfly @!,%$,&!) !!=^)

hDdf @,^$,($,%)$ !))

lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 M lnª\udf dlxnf, k?' if / t;] |f] lnª\uL kb{5g\ . lnª\usf
cfwf/df hg;ªV\ of lngfn] nª} \lus c;dfgtf x6fpg] sfo{j|md tyf of]hgf Nofpg cfwf/
aG5 . lj=;+= @)%* / lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf]
n}ªl\ us agf]6sf] ljefhg tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

u0fgf jif { hDdf k'?if dlxnf n}ªl\ us cgk' ft

@)%* @,#!,%!,$@# !,!%,^#,(@! !,!%,*&,%)@ ((=*

@)^* @,^$,($,%)$ !,@*,$(,)$! !,#^,$%,$^# ($=!^

kl/jt{g ##,$#,)*! !@,*%,!@) @),%&,(^!

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo tYofª\ssf] k|of]u ub}{ ljleGg ;dosf] hg;ª\Vof agf]6sf] t'ngf ub{} hg;ª\Vof agf]6sf] k|j[lQsf
af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 153

wdc{ g;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] M gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ wdc{ g;' f/ ljleGg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f
ul/Psf] 5 . of] g} wd{cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6] xf] . xfd|f] bz] df lxGb,' af4} , dl' :nd cflb
wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g \ . xfd|f] b]zsf] wdc{ g;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 @)^* cg';f/ tnsf]
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
wd { hg;ªV\ of k|ltzt wd{ hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt
lxGb ' @,!%,%!,$(@ *!=# af}4 @#,(^,)(( (=)%
O:nfd !!,^@,#&) $=$ ls/ft *,)&,!^( #=!%
lj|ml:rog #,&%,^(( !=$ k|fs[t !,@!,(*@ )=%%
cGo &(,^(# )=#%

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] 3/df ePsf k?' if / dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof l6k/] sIffdf Nofpm . cGo ;fyLx¿sf]
3/df ePsf k?' if / dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof klg ltdf| ] kl/jf/ -k?' if / dlxnf_ ;“u hf8] /
To;nfO{ /]vflrqdf bv] fpm .

@= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg; x'g ;S5g \ . :yfgLo ;d'bfodf uO{ s'g sg'
wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g\, ltgsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ hgu0fgf @)^* df )–!$ pd]/ ;d"xdf ========= kl| tzt hg;ª\Vof /xs] f]
bl] vG5 .

-v_ ========== cg';f/ sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] $*=%) k|ltzt k'?if /xs] f] kfOG5 .
-u_ xfdf| ] b]zdf =========== k|ltzt dflg; lxGb' wd{ dfG5g \ .

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ pd]/cg';f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof agf6] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

-u_ nª} l\ us agf6] egs] f] s] xf] < lnªu\ cg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ <

154 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k f7 M * gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6]
-efiff / hfthflt cg';f/_


lj=;=+ @)^* ;fnsf] gk] fnsf] hgu0fgfdf dfte[ fiffcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf6] tn lbOPsf] 5 M

dft[efiff hg;ª\Vof k|ltztdf dft[efiff hg;ª\Vof k|ltztdf

g]kfnL !,!*,@^,(%# $$=^ dl} ynL #,)(,%*) !!=&

ef]hk'/L !%,*$,(%* ^ yf? !%,@(,*&% %=*

tfdfª !#,%#,#!! %=! gj] f/L *,$^,$%& #=@

du/ &,**,%#) #=) 8f]6n] L &,*&,*@& #=)
pb'{ ^,(!,%$^ @=^ alHhsf &,(#,$!* #=)
cGo #!,((,)$( !@

hDdf @,^$,($%)$ !))=))

dfly tflnsfdf gk] fnL efifL ;a}eGbf a9L / bf;] f| ] gDa/df dl} ynL efifL bl] vG5 eg] 8f6] ]nL,
alHhsf / pb'{ af]Ngx] ¿sf] ;ª\Vof ylkPsf] b]lvG5 .

hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6]

@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ hfthfltcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof agf]6sf] ljj/0f tnsf]
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

hflt ;d"x hg;ª\Vof hflt ;d"x hg;ª\Vof
-kl| tztdf_ -k|ltztdf_

Ifq] L !^=^ ofbj $=)

afxg' !@=@ d';ndfg $=$

du/ &=! /fO { @=#

yf? ^=^ u'?ª @=#(

g]jf/ %=) bdfO{ !=&@

tfdfª %=* lnDa ' !=%*

sfdL $=* ;fsL{ !=$)

cGo @$=$@ hDdf !))

lzIf0f ;'emfj

kf7df k|:t't tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg rf6{, af/uf| km jf :tDe lrq agfO{ tn' gfTds cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 155

hfltut hg;ªV\ ofdf ;a}eGbf w/] } Ifq] L !^=^ kl| tzt / bf];f| d] f a|fxd\ 0f !@=@ k|ltzt
bl] vG5 . hg;ª\Vofdf t;] |f], rfy} f] / kf“rf} gDa/df kg]{ hftx¿df jm| dzM du/, yf? /
tfdfª /xs] f 5g\ .

cEof;

!= l7s jf a]l7s 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ dft[efiffcg';f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 @)^* df lbOPcg';f/ gk] fnL dfte[ fifL
$$=^ k|ltzt 5g\ .
-v_ hfltcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ of agf6] @)^* df lbOPcg;' f/ ofbj $=)) kl| tzt /xs] f 5g \ .
-u_ k];fcg';f/ hg;ª\Vof agf]6 @)%* df lbOPcg';f/ $ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof
Jofkf/df nfus] f] kfOG5 .

@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf k|rngdf /xs] f efiffefifLsf] ;r" L agfpm .
-v_ dfte[ fiffcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof agf]6 @)^* nfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't u/ .
-u_ gk] fndf /x]sf hfltcg';f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 @)^* cg;' f/ j0fg{ u/ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf sg' sg' hfthfltx¿ a;f]af; u5{g,\ l5d]sdf ;fw] k5' u/L To;sf]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
@= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf dflg;x¿ s'g s'g k];fdf nfus] f 5g\, To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

156 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ( efu} fl] ns If]qcg;' f/ g]kfnsf]
hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f

xfdf| ] bz] nfO{ efu} f]lns If]qcg';f/ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ dw]; u/L ltg If]qdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . tL ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf] agf6] , xfjfkfgL / a;fa] f;df leGgtf kfOG5 . tL
If]qsf ufp“ tyf ;x/df hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f km/s km/s 5 . tL If]qsf ;l' jwfoS' t 7fp“df
hg3gTj w/] } 5 . sltko ;l' jwf gku' ]sf 7fp“df hg3gTj sd 5 . dflg; sfdsf] vf]hL,
cWoog / cGo ;l' jwfsf nflu ufp“af6 ;x/ hfG5g \ . To:t} sx] L b;sotf kxf8af6 t/fO{
Ifq] df a;f]af; ug{ hfg] kj| [lQ b]lvG5 . To;n} ] efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fdf
klg km/s kfOG5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ dw];sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf
lbOPsf] 5 M

efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f, @)%*

If]q hg;ªV\ of k|ltzt
lxdfn !,^*,&*%( &=#
kxf8 !),@%,!,!!! $$=#
t/fO÷{ dw]; !,!#,($,))& $*=$
hDdf !,!@,!@,$%# !))=))

ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f, @)^*

Ifq] hg;ªV\ of k|ltzt
^=&#
lxdfn !&,*!,&(@ $#=)!
%)=@&
kxf8 !,!#,($,))& !))=))

t/fO{÷dw;] !,##,!*,&)%
hDdf @,^$,($,%)$

lzIf0f ;'emfj

j[Ttlrq jf :tDe lrq;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L efu} f]lns Ifq] cg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljj/0f :ki6 kfg'{xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 157

plNnlvt efu} fl] ns If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fdf t/fO{ If]qsf] c+z ljut @)%* ;fnsf]
t'ngfdf @)^* df j[l4 ePsf] bl] vPsf] 5 . ljut @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf t/fO{ dw];df
sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] $*=$ kl| tzt lx:;f /xs] fd] f @)^* df jl[ 4 eO{ %)=@& kl| tzt ku' s] f] 5 .

lxdfnL If]qdf s'n hg;ªV\ ofsf] &=# k|ltzt cz+ /xs] fdf @)^* df sx] L sd eO{ ^=&#
kl| tzt /xs] f] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kxf8L If]qdf @)%* df $$=# k|ltzt /xs] fdf xfn
-@)^* df_ $#=)! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . nª} \lus cfwf/df ;dt] lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf
hg;ªV\ of 36]sf] / t/fO{ Ifq] df a9s] f] b]lvG5 .

nª} l\ us cg'kft ljut hgu0fgfdf h:t} @)^* df klg kxf8L If]qdf sd / t/fO{ If]qdf
a9L /xs] f] b]lvG5 . ut @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tn' gfdf xfn ;a} ef}uf]lns Ifq] x¿df
;f] cgk' ft 36]sf] kfOG5 . ljutsf] hgu0fgfdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ dw];df jm| dzM (*,
(^ / !)$ /x]sfdf @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf;Dd cfOk'Ubf j|mdzM ($, (@ / (& sfod
xg' ku' ]sf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ef}ufl] ns ¿kdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f lsg cfjZos k5{, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .

@= g]kfnsf] efu} fl] ns hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f kj| l[ Q s:tf] 5, tYofªs\ ;lxt n]v .
cEof; M

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f egs] f] s] xf,] pNnv] u/ .
-v_ ef}ufl] ns Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f @)%* sf] j0f{g u/ .
-u_ lxdfnL Ifq] df hg3gTj sd x'gfsf sg' } rf/ sf/0f nv]  .
-3_ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f @)^* cg';f/ efu} f]lns Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f
emNsg] tflnsf agfpm .

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ lj= ;+= @)%* eGbf lj= ;+= @)^* df ========= hg;ª\Vof a9L ePsf] kfOG5 .
-v_ lj= ;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ t/fOs{ f] hg;ªV\ of ======== kl| tzt /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ lxdfnL If]qdf ======== kl| tzt hg;ª\Vof /xs] f] 5 .
-3_ ef}ufl] ns Ifq] cg';f/ agf]6, xfjfkfgL / ======= leGgtf kfOG5 .

158 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kg' /fjnfs] g cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof lZfIffn] JolStsf] ============== kl/jtg{ Nofpg dbt u5{ .

-v_ hg;ªV\ of lZfIffsf Ifq] x¿nfO{ =========== If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ lglZrt ee" fuleq a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ ====== elgG5 .

-3_ ============== n] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng vnalng ;S5 .

-ª_ dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;sf nflu ============ cfwf/et" tŒjx¿ xg' \ .

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M

hg;fªl\ VosL pd/] , hflt, wd{, lnªu\ cflb

hg;ªV\ of lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ hg;ª\Vofsf] efu} f]lns ljt/0f

hg;ªV\ ofsf] ef}ufl] ns af“8kmf“8 wfld{s d"No dfGotf, ;+:s[lt cflb

hg;ªV\ ofsf j[l4sf c;/x¿ hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL ul0ftLo cWoog

hg;ª\Vof agf]6sf cfwf/x¿ a]/fh] uf/L, ef]sd/L c;'/Iff cflb 

hGd, d[To' / a;fO“;/fO

#= l7s jf al] 7s 56' \ofpm M

-s_ hg;ªV\ ofn] ;du| k|f0fLsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ a'emfp“5 .

-v_ hg;ªV\ of lzIffn] hg;ªVof;DaGwL 1fg, l;k, ;dembf/L tyf clej[lQ ljsf;
u/L dflg;sf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ Nofp“5 .

-u_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffn] ;v' L hLjgofkg ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp“5 .

-3_ hg;ª\Vof w]/} 36d] f ;dfh / /fi6n« fO{ kmfObf x'G5 .

-ª_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffn] r]tgf km}nfpg ;Sbg} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿sf] rf/ ;d"x agfO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro, dxŒj /
cfjZostf emNsg] kf:] 6/, tflnsf jf ;dfrf/ agfO{ 6f]n l5ds] df 6f“; .

@= glhss} f] j8f sfofn{ o jf ufp“kflnsfdf uO{ cfkmg\ f] a;f]af; If]qsf] hg;ªV\ ofaf/]
hfgsf/L Nofpm / vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf nflu of]hgf agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 159