सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा जनसंख्या शिक्षा

kf7 M ^ xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt

nfs] hLjgdf Jojxf/df cfPsf] ;:+ sl[ t
g} nf]s ;+:s[lt xf] . of] ;dfhdf
k/Dk/fbl] v Ps k:' tfaf6 csf{] k:' tfdf
x:tfGt/0f x“b' } cfPsf] xG' 5 . nf]s
;+:s[ltdf ljleGg uLt, syf, snf,
lzNk / b}lgs hLjgsf Jojxf/x¿
k5g{ \ . o;df nfs] hLjg;u“ ;DalGwt
ljleGg k|yf, k/Dk/f, ljZjf;, wd{,
;:+ sf/ / ljrf/ k5{g\ . o; kf7df
xfdL nfs] ;:+ s[ltcGtut{ nfs] uLt,
nf]s afhf, nfs] wg' / nfs] gT[ osf
af/d] f 5nkmn ug{] 5f}“ .

nf]s uLt

dfl} vs ¿kdf nfs] hLjgdf kr| lnt
uLtx¿ g} nfs] uLt x'g\ . o:tf uLtdf b'Mv;'v, rfnrng, Jojxf/, ljZjf; cflbsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] x'G5 . s7f]/ xb[ onfO{ kufNg' nf]s uLtsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . o:tf uLtn] cfÇgf b'Mv
si6nfO{ la;f{p5“ . efs] / /f]u e'nfp5“ . sx] L nf]s uLtsf pbf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ —
k|fy{gf uLt M dfun, r'8\lsnf, ehg cflb† ;:+ sf/ uLt M /Tof}nL, hGdd[To';u“ ;DalGwt
uLt cflb† kj{ uLt M lth, uf/} f, e}nf] bp] ;L cflb . lxhf]cfh kr| lnt nfs] uLtdf ‰ofp/],
sf}/f, df?gL, ;f/] 7L, bp] 8f cflb k5g{ \ .

nf]s afhf

nfs] hLjgdf kr| lnt k/Dk/fut afhfx¿nfO{ nfs] afhf elgG5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf k|rlnt
k|d'v nf]s afhfdf k~ra} fhf, dfbn, ;f/ªu\ L, lagfof,] dr' ª{' u\ f cflb k5g{ \ .

nf]s wg'

ljleGg nf]s hLjgdf k|rlnt uLt, ;ª\uLt / gT[ odf ko| f]u x'g] k/Dk/fut wg' nfO{ nfs] wg'
elgG5, h:t} M dfn>L, rf“r/L, ;f/] 7L, ah[ ef/ cflb gk] fnsf dfl} ns nfs] w'g x'g \ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo txdf kr| lnt nf]s ;:+ s[ltsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

26 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

nf]s g[To
:yfgLo ;db' fodf k/Dk/fb]lv kr| lnt g[TonfO{ nfs] g[To elgG5, h:t} M bp] ;L en} f,] b]p8f,
afng, ;l“ ugL, df?gL, sf8} f, 3f6', VofnL, ;]nf], ;fsn] f, lemlemof, gjbu' f{ gfr, sflTts] gfr,
af3e}/j gfr, nfdf gfr, wfg gfr, nfv] gfr, emfu“ 8 gfr, ;tf/ gfr, x'8s\ ] gfr, af/
df;] uLt, 3/uLt, j;Gt, ;jfO,{ cflb xfd|f kr| lnt nf]s gT[ o xg' \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fnL nf]s afhf, nf]s uLt, nfs] g[To, nf]s w'g cflbsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ltdL s] s]
ug{ ;S5f,} Pp6f 5f]6f] ofh] gf agfpm .

@= :yfgLo 7fp“df k|rlnt nf]s uLt sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . s;n] ufPsf] l7s 5, d"Nofªs\ g
;ldlt agfO{ d"Nofªs\ g ug{] Joj:yf;dt] u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ nf]s uLt egs] f s:tf uLt xg' \, o;sf tLgcf]6f ljz]iftf n]v .

-v_ ;ft cf6] f nfs] afhfx¿sf] gfd nv] / sg' } b'Oc{ f]6fsf] lrq agfpm .

-u_ nf]s wg' egs] f] s] xf,] :yfgLo txdf kr| lnt tLgcf6] f nfs] wg' sf] gfd nv] .

-3_ dfnl;/L nf]s wg' s'g rf8 ljz]ifdf agfpg] kr| ng 5 <

-8_ bp] 8f uLt sg' Ifq] df kr| lnt 5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf kr| lnt nfs] uLtsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf / tLgsf] ;/+ If0fsf pkfo ;DaGwdf
;db' fodf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= ltd|f] ;db' fodf kr| lnt sg' } Pp6f nfs] uLt ;ª\sng u/ / sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 27

kf7 M & gk] fnsf] k|yd j1} flgs u]x]Gb;| d;/]

hg/n u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] hGd lj= ;+= !(@* sf] kf}if
dlxgfdf ePsf] lyof] . ;fg}bl] v pgsf] :jefj r~rn,
tflss{ , nx8L / cfkm" nfO{ nfus] f] sfd u/L 5f8g\ ] lsl;dsf]
lyof] . pgL zf/Ll/s Jofofd, vn] s'b, ;ª\uLt / gof“
gof“ cfljisf/df ?lr /fVy] . pgnfO{ sx] L g s]xL gfn} f]
/ c¿sf] eGbf ky[ s\ sfd u/]/ bv] fpg] OR5f xG' Yof] .
pgsf] :jefjcg;' f/ afa' jL/;d;/] n] ;g] fdf etL{ u/s] f
lyP . ;]gfdf /x“bf pgn] gk] fnL ;]gfsf] xftxltof/, uf]
nLu67\ f, af?b, k6sf agfpg] lhDdf kfPsf lyP . To; sfdsf nflu rflxg] ;fwg ;f| t] pgsf]
l;kmfl/;df kf| Kt x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .

lj= ;=+ !($@ df jL/;d;/] gk] fnsf >L # dxf/fh / kw| fgdGqL eP . To;kl5 ux] G] b;| d;/] nfO{
klg dg km'sfP/ sfd ug{] / ws km' sfP/ vr{ ug]{ dfs} f ldNof] . pgn] g]kfnL ;g] fsf
nflu geO{ gxg' ] xftxltof/, ufn] Lu67\ f, hQ' f, lah'nL, wfg s'6\g] sn, jfo'sn cflb agfpg
yfn] . To;sf nflu pgn] hdn, -;t] f] b/af/_, ;'Gb/Lhn, afnfh' / 7f];] -/fd5] fk_ h:tf
7fpd“ f sf/vfgf v8f u/] . gk] fndf xltof/ agfpgnfO{ sfO] nf / kmnfd aflx/af6 Nofpgk' Yof{] .
Tof] bv] /] pgn] gk] fnsf] kmnfd / sf]Onfsf] ko| f]u u/]sf lyP .

lj= ;+= !(%^ sf] cGTolt/ u]xG] b;| d;]/n] a]nfotsf] kmf]8{ sDkgLaf6 df6] / lemsfP . Tof]
df]6/sf Ps Ps k'hf{ k'msfn]/ pgn] gof“ agfpg] k|of; u/] . t/ /fhf kY[ jLjL/ljj|md zfxn]
Tof] df]6/ r9\g] OR5f u/] . o; sf/0f pgsf] k|oTg lar}df :ylut eof] .

ux] ]Gb;| d;]/n] cfÇgf] lgjf; ;]tf] b/af/ k|fª\u0fdf wfg s'6g\ ] sn :yfkgf u/] . To;} u/L
xfjfsn (wind motor) h8fg u/L hldgleqsf] kfgL tfGg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} 5fnf
kz| fw] g ug]{ sf/vfgf ;d]t :jb]zd} vf]n] . To; sf/vfgfnfO{ afnfh' 5fnf sf/vfgf
elgGYof] . hg' an] f;Dd g]kfnLx¿n] lahn' L s:tf] xG' 5 eGg] bv] s] f lyPgg\, ToxL a]nfdf
u]x]Gb;| d;/] n] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lahn' L afn]/ bv] fOlbPsf lyP . pgn] kfgLleq klg
lahn' L aTtL afNg ;lsG5 egL kb| zg{ ;dt] u/s] f lyP . pgn] gk] fndf klxnf] k6s aGb's
agfPsf lyP . o;/L xfd|f] b]zdf klxnf] k6s j1} flgs sfos{ f] k|f/De u/]sfn] pgnfO{
g]kfnsf] klxnf] j}1flgs klg elgG5 . cbe\ t" snfsf wgL j}1flgs u]x]Gb;| d;]/sf] d'To' #%

jif{sf] pd/] df lj= ;=+ !(^# df eof] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo ;db' fodf /xL s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/s] f JolStx¿sf] ofu] bfgsf af/d] f klg 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

28 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg ;dodf ks| flzt kqklqsfsf] ;xofu] df jf ;dfrf/ ;g' s] f] cfwf/df gk] fndf
j1} flgs cfljisf/ ug{] jf To; Ifq] df sfd ug{] JolStx¿sf] gfd / pgLx¿sf] sfdsf]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

@= ltd|f] ;db' fodf ePsf cfljisf/ / j}1flgssf] vfh] u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ u]x]Gb;| d;]/sf] hGd ========== df ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ u]xG] b|;d;/] n] a]nfotsf] ========== af6 df]6/ lemsfP .
-u_ u]xG] b;| d;/] ======================= sf 5f/] f lyP .

@= tnsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df Ps cgR' 5b] n]v M

ux] ]Gb|;d;/]
hGd M lj= ;+= !(@* kf}if
d[To' M lj= ;=+ !(^#
xft xltof/, uf]nLu77\ f, h'Qf, lah'nL, wfg s'6g\ ] sn, jfo'sn cflb agfpg sf/vfgf

:yfkgf
;]tf] b/af/ kf| ª\u0fdf jfo'sn h8fg
5fnf kz| fw] g ug{] sf/vfgf :yfkgf

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ux] ]Gb|;d;]/n] cfljisf/ u/s] f j:ts' f] ;r" L agfpm .
-v_ ltdLn] kl5 uP/ s] s] sfd ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf 5f} <
-u_ ltdf| ] ;db' fodf of]ubfg ug{] sg' } Ps JolStsf] gfd / sfd n]v .
-3_ ux] ]Gb|;d;]/sf] hLjgLaf6 ltdLn] s] s] lzIff kfof} <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 29

kf7 M * s]xL Pl] txfl;s JolStTj

x/s] bz] sf] Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug{] sfddf dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofpg] JolStnfO{ Pl] txfl;s
JolStTj elgG5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf j|mddf k|frLg sfnb]lv cfh;Dd w]/}
JolStTjsf] of]ubfg /xs] f] 5 . cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] Oltxf; lgdf0{ fnfO{ ljleGg sfnv08 /
r/0fdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; ;dosf sx] L kd| 'v r/0f jf df8] sf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] ljj/0f

tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

j|m= ;= gfd sfo{ jf ofu] bfg

!= kd| 'v rf/ ;lxb M @))& ;fnsf] jm| flGtsf] k[i7el" ddf /f0ff

zj' m| /fh zf:qL, wde{ St Zff;gsf] lj/fw] / kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu

dfy]df, uªu\ fnfn >i] 7, hLjg ;dk{0f

bz/y rGb

@= ljZjZ] j/k;| fb sfO] /fnf kh| ftflGqs ljrf/wf/fsf] g]t[Tj

k|yd hglgjfl{ rt k|wfg dGqL

@)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbfn] gsf ;fy} hgdt
;ª\ux| df axb' nLo Joj:yfsf] kIfdf jsfnt
/ g]t[Tj

#= ki' knfn >i] 7 gk] fndf sDol' g:6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf

sDol' g:6 ljrf/wf/fsf] cuj' fO

$= u0f]zdfg l;x+ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbfn] gsf] gt] T[ j

ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] kg' M:yfkgfdf ofu] bfg

%= si[ 0fk|;fb e66\ /fO { @)$& ;fnsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/sf]
kw| fg dGqL

g]kfn /fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& lgdf0{ fdf
;ljm| o ofu] bfg

^= dgdf]xg clwsf/L g]kfnsf k|yd jfdkGyL k|wfg dGqL

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo txdf /xs] f P]ltxfl;s JolStTj jf ;d'bfosf lxtdf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/s] f JolStTjsf af/]df
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

30 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

&= lul/hfk|;fb sfO] /fnf lj:tt[ zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] gt] T[ j

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# lgdf{0f /
nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq 3fi] f0ff ug{] sfos{ f] cuj' fO

*= uhG] bg| f/fo0f l;x+ t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts hfu/0f cleofgsf k0| ft] f

(= dª\unfbj] L >i] 7 dlxnf cfGbfn] gsL cu'jf

!)= åfl/sfb]jL 7s/' fgL g]kfnsL ky| d dlxnf dGqL

!!= /fd/fhfk;| fb l;x+ u0ftGqjfbL g]tf

lj|mofsnfk

kf7df plNnlvt JolStTjafxs] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fdf w]/} ;lxb, /fhgLlts gt] f /
JolStTjsf] cdN" o ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . ljleGg k:' ts cWoog u/L /fli6o« , :yfgLo JolStTjsf]
vf]hL u/ . To:tf JolStTjsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 6f;“ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ s:tf JolStnfO{ P]ltxfl;s JolStTj elgG5 <

-v_ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'g} Ps JolStTjsf]
ofu] bfgsf] 5f]6f] rrf{ u/ .

-u_ b]z lgdf{0fdf ;lxbsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . lsg <

@= ltdLn] eljiodf /fi6«sf nflu s:tf] ofu] bfg ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf 5f,}
5f6] s/Ldf n]v .

;fdb' flos sfo{

:yfgLo ;db' fodf /xs] f hfGg] a'emg\ ] dflg;nfO{ ;fw] /] ltdf| ] ;dfhdf ;]jf ug]{ JolStn]
u/]sf sfdsf] ljj/0f nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 31

k'g/jnf]sg cEof;

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdL sg' } klg wflds{ ;:+ sf/ ;Da4 ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL ePsf 5f} < 5f} eg] ltdf| ]
cge' j nv] . olb ;xefuL ePsf 5g} f} eg] To:tf sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' ] sg' } JolSt;u“ p;sf
cg'ej l6kf6] u/ / sIffdf ;g' fpm .

@= ltdLn] dfGb} cfPsf] sg' } Ps wflds{ ;:+ sf/sf af/d] f lgDgfg;' f/sf JolStx¿sf] ljrf/
;ªs\ ng u/L tflnsfdf k:| t't u/ M

-s_ ltdf| ] kl/jf/sf] Ps hgf ;b:osf] ljrf/ -v_ s'g} Ps hgf lzIfssf] ljrf/

-u_ s'g} Ps hgf ;fyLsf] ljrf/ -3_ sg' } Ps hgf j4[ JolStsf] ljrf/

-ª_ cfÇgf] ljrf/

ljrf/ lbg] JolSt ;+:sf/df gu/L ljrf/

gx'g] sfo{ c;n kIf ;'wf/ ug{k' g{] kIf

#= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf sg' sg' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; 5, kTtf nufpm . wfld{s
k/Dk/f / ;:+ sf/ pkofu] ubf{ cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿ s] s] 5g,\ ;"rL agfpm / tLgsf
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s:tf xg' ;S5g,\ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ tflnsf agfP/ sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .

$= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf kr| lnt nfs] uLt, nfs] afhf, nfs] gT[ ox¿sf af/d] f cfkme" Gbf hfGg]
ae' mg\ ] JolSt;u“ ;fw] k5' u/ . o:tf nfs] ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ sf nflu cfkm\ gf]
tkma{ f6 ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f sfo{ ofh] gf tof/ u/ .

%= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf /xs] f /fli6o« dxŒjsf j:tx' ¿ vfh] L u/ . tL j:ts' f] s;/L ;/+ If0f /
pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5, a“b' fut l6kf]6 u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

32 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

#PsfO ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

l;sfO pknlAw

;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg ug{
cGwljZjf;af6 pTkGg xg' ] ;d:of klxrfg ug{
;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ ljjfx, a|taGw, rf8k{ j{ cflbdf ul/g] kmh'n vr{lj?4sf] ljm| ofsnfkdf
;xefuL xg'
dfgj ar] ljvg lj?4 r]tgf hufpg / /f]syfddf ;xefuL x'g
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;r]t /xL /fli6«o :t/sf ;ª\3;+:yf / ljBfnon]
ug]{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg'
kl/jf/ / 5/l5ds] df x'g] åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] ug{
åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] ke| fjsf/L el" dsf pNnv] ug{
lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ pkfox¿sf] pkofu] ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 33

kf7 M ! ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt

cfÇgf] ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ . clg tnsf] 36gf
cWoog u/L ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t klxrfg u/ x} t ¤ ltdLx¿n] vf]h] h:t} cfhsf] Ps
cvaf/df ;fdflhs ljsl[ tnfO{ o;/L k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

dl0fk'/ ufpd“ f Ps si[ fs kl/jf/ 5 . Tof] kl/jf/df bz jif{sL 5f]/L l5g \ . pgL 3/d} sfd
ul5{g \ . s[ifssf] !% jif{sf] 5f]/f] klg 5 . pgL glhss} f] ljBfnodf gf} sIffdf k95\ g \ .
s[ifsn] 5f/] Lsf] ljjfx ug{ nfUb} 5g\ . tkfOn“{ ] lsg olt ;fg} pd/] df 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx ug{
nfus] f] eGbf s[ifs eG5g\, æxfd|f] rng g} o:t} 5 . ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx u/] k0' o ldN5 eGg]
rng klg 5 . To;}n] ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ugk{' /s] f] xf ] .Æ s[ifs yK5g,\ æ5f]/L ljjfx ubf{
s6] f kIfaf6 bfOhf] dfluG5 . 5f]/LnfO{ hlt w/] } k9fof], plt g} k9]sf HjfO“ rflxG5 . clg
lsg emd]nfdf kg]{ lg <Æ

si[ fs cfkm" vt] af/Ldf sfd sd u5{g\ . ljleGg axfgf u/L lbge/ h'jf tf;df /Dg] u5{g\ .
pgL hf“8 /S;L klg ;]jg u5{g \ . ;sL g;sL eP klg efh] et]/ rf8kj{ dgfp“bf kh" fcfhf,
bfg wd{ ubf{ cfÇgf] IfdtfeGbf a9L g} vr{ u5g{  \ . 3/ kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/] wfdL
emfj“ m| Lsxf“ nh} fG5g\ . s;n} ] c¿nfO{ afS] ;Lsf] cf/f]k nufP klg kTofp5“ g \ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

cfÇgf] ;db' fodf kr| lnt ;fdflhs, ljsl[ t, s/' Llt / cGwljZjf;sf af/d] f sl] Gbt| eO{ 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

34 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ltdLx¿n] klxrfg u/] h:t} 36gfaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt klxrfg
ug{ ;lsG5 M

— 5f]/f / 5f/] Llar eb] efj ug]{ — afn ljjfx ug{]

— bfOhf] ky| fnfO{ k>| o lbg ] — kmhn' vr{ ug]{

— cGwljZjf; -afS] ;L, wfdL emf“jm| L cflb_ dfGg] — hj' f tf; v]Ng]

— hf8“ /S;L ;j] g ug]{ cflb .

ljm| ofsnfk

sIffsf ;fyL x/]sn] cfcfÇgf] ;db' fodf /xs] f Ps Pscf]6f ;d:of eg . ;fyLn] eg]
sf ;d:ofsf] ;r" L agfpm . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf Ps Ps pkfo;dt] ;ªs\ ng u/ .

cEof;

!= l7s al] 7s 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ 5f/] LnfO{ bfOhf] lbge' Gbf lzIff lbg' /fd|f] xf] .
-v_ 5f]/Lsf] pd/] gkU' b} ljjfx u/] k'0o ldN5 .
-u_ km' ;b{ sf] pkof]u ug{ slxns] fxL“ hj' f tf; v]Ng' l7s xf] .
-3_ cGwljZjf; kmhn' vr{ / bfOhf] k|yf ;dfhaf6 pGd"ng ug{k' 5{ .
-ª_ hf“8 /S;L ;j] g ug'{ :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv]  M

-s_ ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf s:tf ;d:ofx¿ 5g\, kf| yldstfsf cfwf/df nv]  .

-v_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t s] sf/0fn] pTkGg xG' 5g\ <

-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 <

;fdb' flos sfo{

!= cfÇgf] ;db' fodf uO{ Toxf“ ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ / ltgsf]
;r" L agfpm . ;d'bfosf j[4j[4f;“u pSt ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf pkfosf af/d] f
5nkmn u/ .

@= ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ljsl[ taf6 kLl8t kl/jf/;u“ e]6/] To;af6 aRg] pkfoaf/]
vfh] L ;f]sf cfwf/df cgR' 5b] tof/ kf/L cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 35

k f7 M @ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f

xfd|f] ;dfhdf ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f / cGwljZjf; /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;dfhsf] ;Gt'lnt
ljsf;df afwf kl//xs] f] 5 . o:tf ljsl[ t cfpgfsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf]
vf]hL ug{' cfjZos 5 . xfd|f ;dfhdf /x]sf s]xL d'Vo ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf sf/0f /

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿nfO{ o;/L tflnsfdf k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M

;d:of / ljsl[ t sf/0f ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

!= afn ljjfx ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f rt] gfd"ns cleofg

;~rfng ug{]

ul/aL /fh] uf/dn" s sfo{k|lt ;a}nfO{

wd{sf gfddf ul/Psf] cfslift{ ug]{

sk' r| f/ sfg'gL kf| jwfgsf] hfgsf/L

lbg]

@= 5f/] f / 5f/] Llar – k/Dk/fut ;fr] ;dfg xs / cj;/ kb| fg

e]befj – k}ts[ ;DklQkl| tsf] xs cfÇgf] xs, clwsf/ /

– ?l9jfbL kr| ng / cj;/ k|flKtsf nflu
kf| ]T;flxt ug{]

#= bfOhf] ky| fnfO{ k|>o – r]tgfsf] cefj bfOhf] lng / lbg aGb]h ug{]

– sk' y| fsf] lg/Gt/tf ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{]

– b]vfl;sL lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg]

$= cGwljZjf; – cf8Da/ / nfe] L kj| [lQ ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfdfkm{ t

-afS] ;L, wfdL, – clzIff hgr]tgf km} nfpg]

em“fjm| L cflb_ – ?l9jfbL ;fdflhs lrGtg o:tf sfo{ ugn{] fO{ ;fdflhs

alxisf/ ug{] / sfg'gL

sf/afxLsf nflu ;xof]u ug{]

%= kmh'n vr{ – e8l\ snf] ;fr] kmhn' vr{ ug{]nfO{ ;Demfpg]

– bv] fl;sL ldtJooL eO{ Jojxf/ k|bzg{

ug]{

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

cfkmg\ f] ;dfhdf kr| lnt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf sf/0f / ltgaf6 aRg] pkfo tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf

tl/sfsf af/d] f sl] Gbt| eO{ 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

36 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;d:of / ljs[lt sf/0f ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

^= hj' f tf; / dfbs – k/Dk/fsf gfddf lelqPsf ] – dlxnf ;dx" u7g u/L o:tf

kbfy{ ;j] g s;' +:sf/ sfon{ fO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf

– a]/fh] uf/L, cN5Lkgf, g/fdf| ] aGbh] ug{'kg]{

;ª\ut, dlxnfx¿sf] cGofo – ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug]{

klg ;xg] afgL, sfgg' sf] – /fh] uf/Lsf Ifq] x¿ a9fpg]

sfof{Gjog gxg' ' cflb – o:tf JolStsf] ;ªu\ t x6fpg]

– sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{

ljm| ofsnfk

tnsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;fdflhs ;d:of kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vfh] L u/ M

k|e'gf/fo0fn] cfkm\ g} 5f/] L ;f]gjfsf] k9fO 5'6fOlbP . e/v/ !% jif{ k'us] L ;fg] jf k9\g
kfOg“ eg]/ emu8f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf lyOgg\ . clxn] pgL k0" f{ ul[ x0fL eP/ a;]sL 5g\ .
3/ aflx/ pgL cfk\mg} v]taf/L / s/;] faf/L;Dd hflG5g\ . kl/jf/;“u eGbf aflx/ hfg]
cgd' lt ;f]gjfnfO{ 5}g . clg sIff kfr“ df k9\b} u/s] L 5f]/Lsf] k9fO 56' fpb“ f ;f]gjfsf
lktf ke| 'gf/fo0fnfO{ klg s'g} k5'tf] 5g}  . pN6} ef]ln 5f]/L glaSnL / ;dfhn] kfgL afnf{
eGg] lrGtfdf lyP, k|eg' f/fo0f .

lsg 5f]/Lx¿dfly o;/L eb] efj eO/x]sf] 5 t < eGg] kZ| gdf :yfgLo csf{ ;dfh ;j] L
ofu] G] bk| ;| fb ofbj yK5g,\ 5f]/L ljjfx ubf{ s6] f kIfaf6 bfOhf] dfluG5 hlt w/] } 5f/] LnfO{
k9fof,] To:t} HjfO“ klg lzlIft rflxG5, bfOhf] klg a9L rflxG5 . clzlIft ;dfhdf w/] }
k9]sf 5f]/LnfO{ s;n] kf] ljjfx u5{ / < o;} ;DaGwdf ;dfh ;j] L ofbj eG5g,\ ‘xfdL;“u
;DkGgtf / ;n' etf 5 t/ 5f/] Lx¿sf af/d] f afN] g ;Sbg} f “} . aGbh] df /fV5f “} . o:tf] s;' :+ sf/
lj?4 5f/] Lsf] kIfdf afn] /] lsg ;dfhaf6 alxisf/ eO/xg], x}g / xh/' <’

;fef/ M g]kfn ;dfrf/kq

bfOhf] k|yfnufot dfly plNnlvt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf c;/sf af/]df kl/jf/sf
dfGohgnfO{ ;fw] L l6kf6] tof/ kf/ . pSt l6kf6] ;fyLefO;u“ 5nkmn u/L ;w' f/ u/ /
sIffdf ;g' fpm .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv]  M

-s_ ‘rf8kj{df a9L vr{ ug]{ rngn] ul/aL a9fPsf] 5 .’ of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .

-v_ ‘hftLo cfwf/df 5j' f5t' ul/g] xg' fn] ;dfhdf ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 .’ o;

egfOaf/] cfÇgf] ts{ k:| tt' u/ .

-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[t ;dfwfg ug{ tTsfn / bL3s{ fndf s] s:tf pkfo ckgfpgk' nf{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 37

kf7 M # dfgj a]rlavg

-/ftsf] !! alh;s]sf] 5 . -a]lrP/ ljb]z k'u]/ kmls{PsL kfgdfof cfkm\gf] ljut ;Demb“ } cf]
R5o\ fgdf klN6/xs] L l5g\ ._ lgb|f nfus] f] 5}g, kfgdfof lgbfpg an ul5g{ ,\ pgsf] dgdf
w]/} s/' f v]ln/x]sf 5g\ ._

pkm\ ¤ hlt lal;g{ vf]Hof], plt uf9f eP/ cfp5“ g,\ tL 36gfx¿ .

cfkm\g} a'l4 / ul/aLn] g} t xf,] o; cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf] . dn} ] klg ;fg}b]lv ljBfno uP/
k9\g] cj;/ kfPsf] eP…¤ clg 3/df ul/aL gx'“bf] xf] t, d klg cfh ljBfnodf lzIfs x'Gy]“
xf]nf . o;/L ljbz] L ;x/df al] rg'kg{] lyPg xfn] f . k9fpg] sfd dnfO{ ;f/} dg kYof{] .

dnfO{ a/afb ugn{] fO{ d kfgLd'lg uP klg 5f8] \lbg“ . To;nfO{ kj|m]/ sfgg' L sf/afxL
gu/fP;Dd To:tf ck/fwLx¿sf] dgfa] n cem} a95\ / d h:tf ;fe] mf rn] Ln] al] rO/xg'k5{ .

lrGb} glrgs] fn] æd ltdLnfO{ dfof u5',{ ljjfx u5'{Æ eGbf l56\6} ljZjf; ul/xfNg] d klg
slt ;f]emL /x]5' . p;}n] cfkmGt e]6g\ hfg] eg]/ ljb]zdf nu/] aR] of] .

d]/} kl/jf/df dfq lsg ;d:of cfO/xG5g\ xfn] f ¤ sfG5f] efO klg ufpd“ f vt] LkftL ug{
hfu“ / gu/]/ ;x/ k:of] . xf6] n] df ef“8f dfem]/ afn>d ug{ afWo eof] . xf]6n] dflnssf]
b'Joj{ xf/ ;xg g;sL l/g u/]/ ljb]z hfg] /x/ u¥of] . bnfnsf] hfndf k/]/ k};f klg
8a' fof] . clxn] gSsnL kf;kf6] s{ f] sf/0f ljbz] sf] hn] df k//] w/] } bM' v kfPsf] 5 c/] . oL dfgj
t:s/nfO{ s;n] sf/afxL ug]{ < d/] f] efO h:tf ;fe] mfsf] ul/aLsf] kmfObf p7fP/ dfgj ar] lavg
ugl{] j?4 slxn] sf/afxL xfn] f < lhDdj] f/ lgsfon] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] o:tf ljsl[ tx¿df
;w' f/ cfpg ;SYof] ls ¤ pm klg t ae' m/] uPsf] eP To:tf] x'GgYof] xfn] f lg >d :jLs[lt
5 ls 5}g, s:tf] j}bl] ;s /fh] uf/ sDkgL xf], slt k};f nfUg] xf,] s] sfd ug]{ xf,] sfdsf
nflu tflnd lng'kg{] gkg,]{ tflnd sxfF lng] h:tf s/' f gae' mL ljbz] df t k};}k;} f al;g{ ] h:tf]
u/L uof] . cflv/ b'Mv kfof] . -kfgdfof p7/] kfgL vflG5g\ clg cf5] \ofgdf klN6lG5g\ ._

wGo ¤ al] rPsf rn] Lsf] p4f/df sfo/{ t ;+:yfsf] kxndf ;dod} d To; g/saf6 aflx/
cfpg kfPF . cfh Pp6f kg' M:yfkgf s]Gbd| f tflnd / k9fOnfO{ cl3 a9fO/x“bf s]xL
ug{] cf6“ a9]/ cfPsf] 5 .

ca d}n] rf/cf]6f s'/f ugk{} 5{ .

klxnf], dnfO{ km;fpg] bnfnnfO{ kj]|m/ kx| /L k|zf;gsf] lhDdf nufpg;] bf];|f,] cfkm" ;/+ lIft

38 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

;:+ yfdfkmt{ cfkm\gf] ufpd“ f ;fIf/tf / r]tgfdn" s sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug;{] t];f| ], ljbz] df cfk"m
h:t} al] rPsf rn] Lx¿sf] p4f/ sfod{ f ;n+ Ug /xg;] rf}yf], efO h:tf 7luPsfnfO{ sf/afxL
ug{ k|x/L kz| f;gdf ph/' L u/L Gofo k|bfg ug{ nflukg]{ .
-oL s/' fx¿ ;fR] b} hfb“ f pgsf dgdf bM' v kfPsf rn] La6] Lsf] p4f/df ;n+ Ug cu0| fL dlxnfx¿sf]
ofb cfp“5 . log} ofb ;u“ fNb} pgL lgbfpl“ 5g\ ._

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg klqsfdf ks| flzt dfgj ar] lavg;u“ ;DalGwt ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L
sIffdf k:| t't u/ / pTs[i6 ;dfrf/nfO{ ljBfnosf] ;r" gf kf6Ldf 6f;“ .

@= rn] La6] L ar] lavg;DaGwL r]tgfdn" s uLt, sljtf, syf jf gf6s tof/ kf/ /
sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

#= ‘dfgj ar] lavg h3Go ck/fw xf]’ eGg] ljifodf cfkm\gf] egfO /fv .

$= ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of klxrfg ug{ ;fyL;“u 5nkmn u/ .

%= kfgdfofnfO{ k/s] f h:t} ;d:ofx¿ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf s;}nfO{ k/]sf] 5 < ;db' fodf
sfo{/t ;fdflhs ;:+ yf jf JolStnfO{ e6] ]/ ;fw] k'5 u/L hfgsf/L n]pm / sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ afn>d eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ dfgj ar] ljvgsf] d'Vo sf/0f ul/aL / clzIff xf] . o; egfOk|lt cfkm\ gf ;xdlt jf
c;xdltsf a'“bfx¿ k|:t't u/ .
-u_ kfgdfofn] ug{] eg]sf rf/ s/' fdWo] ltdLnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} Pp6f s'/f nv] L dg kgf{sf]
sf/0f;d]t n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 39

kf 7 M $ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

cluNnf] kf7sf] k;| ª\u / ;dfhdf /xs] f cGo ljsl[ t tyf ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/
kf/s] f] tnsf] kl| tjb] g cWoog u/ M

;fdb' flos sfos{ f] kl| tjb] g

xfd|f] ;d'bfosf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt

-s_ kl/ro
gk] fn ljleGg hfthflt, ju,{ ;db' fo ldn/] ags] f] bz] xf ] . To;n} ] oxf“ ljleGg ks| f/sf /Lltl/jfh,

wd{ ;+:s[lt, rfnrng, afgL a]xf]/f cflb /x]sf 5g \ . dflg;x¿n] cfcfÇg} ks| f/sf k];f, Joj;fo
u/L hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] ;d'bfo klg o:t} ;dfhsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf ] . xfdf| ]
;db' fodf ljleGg ks| f/sf ;fdflhs dN" o, dfGotfx¿ kr| lnt 5g\ . o:tf dN" o dfGotfdf sltko
/fdf| kIfx¿ 5g \ . Psn] csfn{] fO{ ;xofu] ug,{] ldn/] a:g,] wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f sfod /fVg,] cltly ;Tsf/
ug]{ h:tf /fd|f kIfx¿ klg 5g \ . To:t} xfd|f] ;db' fodf s]xL ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofn] klg
;tfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf] cWoog ug{ ;fdb' flos sfoc{ Gtu{t of] kl| tj]
bg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
-v_ ;fd'bflos sfos{ f] p2Z] o
!= ;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of klxrfg ug{ '
@= To:tf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfosf af/]df ;'emfj ;ª\sng ug' {
-u_ ;fdb' flos sfos{ f] ljlw
!= ;dx" ljefhg u/L k|ZgfjnL tof/ ug{] / k|ZgfjnLsf cfwf/df ;d'bfodf ;fw] k'5 ug{] 
@= ;dx" af6 hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng u/L ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf] clGtd ;"rL tof/ ug {]
#= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf] ;fdb' flos sfos{ f] 5f6] f] kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{] / sIffdf k:| tt' ug{ ]
-3_ ;fdb' flos sfoa{ f6 kf| Kt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L

;fd'bflos sfoc{ Gtut{ sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{ ldnfP/ agfOPsf ltg cf]6f ;d"xaf6 NofPsf ;"rgf
tyf hfgsf/Ldf ljljwtf kfOof ] . ;a} ;d:ofnfO{ PsLst[ u/L k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

;dx" sfoa{ f6 k|fKt ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿df k/Dk/fut ?l9jfb / cGwljZjf;, ofg}
b/' frf/, >d zfi] f0f, dBkfg, dfbs kbfy{ ;j] g, afn >d zfi] f0f, nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ gL, kmhn' vr,{ nfu'
kbfy{ cf;] f/k;f/ / lajm| L ljt/0f, dlxnf k?' if / 5f/] f5f/] Llar eb] efj, r/' f6] , vg} L, ;t" L,{ tdfv' ;]
jg, wgL / ul/alar eb] efj, czSt, c;xfo / ckfªu\ k|lt ckx]ngf, dfgj ckx/0f tyf xTof,
bfOhf] k|yf, rGbf cftªs\ , hj' f, tf;, dfgj cª\u lajm| L, rf]/L, 8s}tL, xlnof, uf7] fnf sd}of k|yf,
bf;bf;L, sdf/f sdf/L k|yf, cjw} wGbf, dfgj ar] lavg, 5j' f5t' cflb /xs] f 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] sg' } Ps ;d:of jf ljsl[ tdf cfwfl/t eO{ sg' } Ps ;fdb' flos
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

40 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

-ª_ ;d:ofsf sf/0f

;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;jk{ y| d ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfg ugk'{ g]{ ;e' mfj

kf| Kt ePsf lyP . xfd|f] ;db' fosf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/0f o; ks| f/ kfOP M

!= ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs aGwg / cGwljZjf; @= r/d ul/aL / cflys{ ;d:of

#= clgolGqt hg;ª\Vof / a;fO“ ;/fO $= lzIffsf] kx'r“ / cj;/sf] sdL

%= juL{o, hftLo / If]qLo eb] efj ^= b08xLgtf

-r_ ;dfwfgsf pkfo

!= lzIffsf] cj;/ / kxr“' df jl[ 4 ug'k{ g]{ @= rt] gfd"ns sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{]

#= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{] $= /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{]

%= hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ ^= /fli6«o cfo / ah]6sf] ;dtfdn" s

&= :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljt/0f ug{]

*= b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug]{

cg;' "rL

;d"x sfo{sf nflu kZ| gfjnL

!= xfdf| ] ;db' fodf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿ /xs] f] dx;;' uge{' Psf] 5 < tL s] s] xg' \ <
@= o:tf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/0f s] xg' \ / ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf < s'g}

pkfo b]Vge' Psf] 5 <
#= o;af/]df tkfO“{sf] yk sx] L eGg' 5 ls <
pQ/bftfsf] gfd M =========================== pd]/ M =========== lnªu\ M ===============

o;/L dflysf ;e' mfj ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;db' fo, ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / gful/s ;d'bfonufot ;a} ldn/]
sfofG{ jogdf Nofpgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfno / /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿n] r]tgfd"ns
sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug]{, cfocfhg{ / :j/f]huf/sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ .

cEof;

!= pQ/ eg M

-s_ kf7df s]sf af/d] f kl| tj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 <
-v_ kl| tj]bgsf] p2Z] o s] /x5] <
-u_ ;fdb' flos sfo{ ug{ s:tf] ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5 <
-3_ ltdLn] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ agfpg' k/] s] s] nV] 5f} <

@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .
-v_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf dV' o kfr“ sf/0f nv]  .

-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t ;dfwfgsf s] s:tf pkfo xg' ;S5g\ < ;r" L agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 41

k f7 M % ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfno /
/fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf


xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of 5g\ . ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf ljBfno / /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf]
el" dsfaf/] ltd|f] l5ds] L ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿n] u/]sf] ;+jfb o; ks| f/ 5 M

ljdnf M lgªd\ f ¤ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ePsf dV' o ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf af/d] f cluNnf sIffdf
5nkmn u¥of“} . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgdf xfdL / xfd|f] ljBfnon] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ugk{' nf{ <

lgª\df M ljBfno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] k|tLs xf ] . rl/q lgdf0{ fdf ljBfnosf] 7n' f] e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 . :jfjnDagsf] kf7 l;Sg', cg'zf;gdf /xg', cfÇgf] k/Dk/f /
/Lltl:yltsf] 1fg kfpg' klg ljBfnodf lbOg] c;n lzIffsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
vlrn{ f] /xg;xgaf6 ;dfhdf kg{ ;Sg] s'ke| fjkl| t ;hutf ckgfpg klg c;n
lzIff g} rflxG5 .

ljdnf M ltdLnfO{ t w]/} yfxf /x]5 . ljBfnodf ul/g] cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk / /rgfTds
ultljlwsf] dfWodaf6 klg cfk;df d]nldnfksf] efjgf hfu[t xG' 5 . ;fy} cfk;L
5nkmnaf6 ;fdl" xs sfd ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . o;af6 ;dfgtfsf] efjgf
hfu[t eO{ ;fdflhs ljs[lt l;hg{ f xg' lbb“ g}  .

lgªd\ f M ljBfno lzIffsf] sG] b| xf] . ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyLs{ f] cfgLafgL / cgz' f;g
cgs' /0fLo ePdf o;sf] k|efj ;dfhdf k5{ . To;n} ] ljBfnosf] t dxŒjk"0f{
el" dsf /xG5 x}g / <

ljdnf M xf] t, ljBfnon] pTkfbg u/]sf] hgzlStn] g} kl5 uP/ ;dfhsf] gt] T[ j ug{] x'“bf
ljBfnon] rl/q ljsf;df ljzi] f gdg' f bv] fpg'k5{ . s;f] lgªd\ f <

lgªd\ f M clg ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf /fli6«o ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] el" dsf lg <

ljdnf M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfg ug]{ p2Z] on] w]/} ;ª3\ ;+:yf sfo{/t 5g\ .
sf]xL cGt/f{li6«o, sf]xL /fli6«o / sf]xL :yfgLo ¿kdf sfo/{ t 5g\ . tLdWo] /fli6«o
¿kdf sfo{/t wflds{ , ;fdflhs / ;+:sl[ ts ;ª3\ ;:+ yfnfO{ k|d'v dflgG5 . o:tf

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf /xs] f ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / ljBfnon] u/s] f sfdx¿sf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ltgsf] e"ldsfsf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

42 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿sf] u'7L, d7, dlGb/, r}To, uD' af, ljxf/, dl:hb, Sna;u“ kT| oIf
;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . logLx¿ b}lgs ¿kdf ;dfhsf ljleGg txsf dflg;;u“
kU' 5g \ . ;]jfsf] efjgfn] sfd u5g{ \ . ctM o:tf ;ª3\ ;+:yfn] cfÇgf] ultljlw
/ ljm| ofsnfksf] dN" ofªs\ g u/L ;xL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'k5 { . o;n] ;an} fO{
;xof]u k'¥ofp5“  .
lgªd\ f M k;] fut ;ª\3 ;ª\u7gn] klg ul/aL lgjf/0f, lzIffsf] ljsf;, hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f
h:tf sfo{x¿df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . logLx¿n] ;dfhdf x'g] / eO/xs] f ;fdflhs
ljs[ltx¿ x6fpg ljleGg r]tgfdn" s tyf ;Gbz] d"ns sfoj{ m| d u5g{ \ . o;n]
klg ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5, xf]Og / <

ljdnf M xf,] lgªd\ f . To;} u/L pBfu] L Joj;foLx¿sf] ;:+ yf tyf l;ljg, dfOtL gk] fn
h:tf u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ljsl[ t x6fpg ljleGg sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng
u5g{ \ . To:t} ;e' mfj, ;Nnfx / lgbz{] gsf ;fy ;f| t] / ;fwg lbO{ ;xofu] klg u5g{  \ .

lgª\df M xf], xfdLn] k9] h:t} cgz' f;gdf a:g], cfb/ ;Tsf/nfO{ cfÇgf] clgjfo{ st{Jo
7fGgk' 5{ . To:t} cfkmv" ';L gug{] / ;a}k|lt ;b\efj hufpg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{'k5 { .
aflx/L ;+:s[ltsf] k|efjdf k/]/ cfÇgf] df}lns z}nLnfO{ 5f8\g x“'b}g . o;n]
xfdL ;as} f] df}lns klxrfg b;fp{ 5“  .

ljdnf M nf} t cfh w/] } 5nkmn eof] . cfhnfO{ 56' l\ 6cf“} . efl] n klg yk 5nkmn u/fn“} f .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;db' fodf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t lj?4 sfo{ ug]{ JolStnfO{
ljBfnosf] tkm{af6 lbOg] k|z;+ f kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ .

@= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfnosf] el" dsfaf/] 5nkmn u/L kl| tjb] g k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf sfo{/t ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .
-v_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf eO/x]sf /fd|f / g/fd|f sfdx¿ l6kf6] u/ .
-u_ æljBfno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] k|tLs xf] Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .
-3_ ljBfnon] s] s;/L ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5, nv]  .
-ª_ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6o« ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf] el" dsfaf/] Ps cg'R5b] nv]  .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdf| ] ljBfno j/k/ jf ;d'bfodf ePsf ;ª\3;+:yfdf ;Dks{ /fvL ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ePsf k|of;x¿ ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 43

kf7 M ^ åGå Joj:yfkg

k9 / 5nkmn u/ M
åGå s] xf] <
-s_ åGå eg]sf] dflg; jf ;dx" jf ljrf/sf lardf ljjfbsf] cj:yf xf ] .
-v_ ;xL ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg gxb'“ f jf unt ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fn] klg åGå l;h{gf u5 { .
kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5ds] df åGå xg' s' f d'Vo sf/0fx¿
-s_ unt ;r" gf jf ;Gb]z kj| fx xg' '
-v_ jf:tljstf yfxf geO{ unt ;Gbz] aflx/ hfg'
-u_ kl/jf/ jf 5/l5d]sdf ljjfb xg' hfg'
-3_ Psn] csfn{] fO{ ;Ddfg gug{' jf x]Kg vfH] g'
-ª_ ;r" gfdf cj/f]w jf unt ae' \mg'
-r_ :jfy{ aflemg'
-5_ lhDd]jf/L k/" f gug'{
-h_ kIfkftk0" f{ Jojxf/
-em_ an ko| f]u
-`_ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf
-6_ ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf] cefj
-7_ c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] cefj

kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5ds] df åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfo

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

o; kf7sf] dV' o p2]Zo åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 1fg l;k k|bfg uge{' Psfn] ljleGg Jofjxfl/s ;d:of k:| t't
u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

44 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

åGå l;h{gf ePkl5 ;dfwfg ul/Pg eg] To;n] b'ikl/0ffd Nofp“5 . To;}n] ;dod}
åGå ;dfwfg ugk{' 5{ . åGå x'gs' f] vf; sf/0f klxNofO{ åGå sd ug{] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f
ugk{' 5{ . åGå ;dfwfgsf sx] L pkfo o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ ;Ddfgk"js{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{
-v_ c¿sf] s/' f Wofgkj" s{ ;G' g]
-u_ :ki6 efiff / cleJolStsf] k|of]u ug]{
-3_ cfjZostf, rfxgf a'‰g]
-ª_ ;dfg cj;/ / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{]
-s_ cfk;df ;d' w'/ ;DaGw sfod ug{]
-v_ kf/bzL{ Jojxf/ ug]{
-u_ åGå l;h{gf ePdf 5nkmn u/L åGå x6fpg]
-3_ ;sf/fTds ;~rf/ ug{]
-ª_ :ki6 a'lemg] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf hfgsf/L / ;r" gf k;| f/ ug{]

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ tyf ljBfyL{ ljBfyLl{ ar dgd'6fj jf åGå l;hg{ f
eof] eg] To;sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, 5nkmn u/L pkfo lgsfn .

@= kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf åGå l;hg{ f ePdf To;af6 kg{] ke| fjsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L
ke| fjsf/L åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfo k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ åGå eg]sf] s] xf] < åGån] s:tf] ;d:of Nofp5“ <
-v_ åGå l;hg{ f xg' 'sf] ltg sf/0f n]v .
-u_ åGå l;hg{ f xg' glbg s] ug'k{ 5{ <
-3_ åGå l;h{gf eof] eg] s;/L ;dfwfg ugk'{ 5{ <
-ª_ ltdL / ;fyLlar åGå l;h{gf eof] eg] ltdL s] u5f}{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 45

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/L jfSo k/" f u/ M

-s_ dflg; jf ;dx" jf ljrf/ ljrf/lardf ljjfbsf] cj:yf ================== xf] .
-v_ ================= sf/0fn] åGå l;hg{ f xg' hfG5 .
-u_ åGå ;sf/fTds / ========== u/L b'O{ ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ .
-3_ åGåsf] vf; sf/0f klxrfg ePdf åGå ========== ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

46 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M & ;~rf/ / To;sf] ke| fj

tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/ M

cfbz{ dfWolds ljBfno cfÇgf] If]qs} /fdf| ] ljBfno dflgGYof ] . To; ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, kw| fgfWofks, lzIfs / ljBfyLl{ ar /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] . ;a}n] ljBfnosf] z}lIfs
ljsf;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u uby{  ] t/ cluNnf] jif{sf] lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIffdf sIffsf] klxnf] ePsf]
ljBfyLn{ ufot ;ft hgf c;kmn eP . ;a}nfO{ ul0ft ljifo nfu5]  t/ c¿ ljBfyL{n] ul0ft
ljifodf pTsi[ 6 cªs\ NofPsf lyP . ul0ft lzIfsn] cfw'lgs tl/sfn] k9fpy“ ] . ;a} ljBfyL{
klg ;Gti' 6 lyP . t/ ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ v:ss] f] eg]/ htftt} rrf{ rNof] . :yfgLo
;/fs] f/jfnfn] ul0ft lzIfs sdhf]/ ePsfn] ul0ft ljifodf ljBfyL{ c;kmn ePsf] 7fg ] .
To:t} :yfgLo /l] 8of] / l6eLn] klg 36gfnfO{ k;| f/0f u/] . o;n] ubf{ cleefjs klg
ul0ft lzIfs;u“ l/;fP . To:t} Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|wfgfWofksn] klg ul0ft lzIfssf]
lhDdj] f/Lkl| t kZ| g p7fP . pgnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 ljBfyL{ c;kmn ePsfdf :ki6Ls/0f ;fl] wof ] .
o;af6 ul0ft lzIfs w]/} xtfT] ;fxL eP . To;kl5 pgsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, kw| fgfWofks;uF
/fdf| ] afn] rfn klg ePg . ul0ft lzIfsn] klxns] } h:tf] ldlxgt] klg ug{ 5f]8 ] . slxNo}
ljBfyL{ glk6\g] ul0ft lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ klg lk6\g yfn ] . ljBfyL{ klg pgL;“u afN] g 5f8 ] .
o; kl/l:yltdf c¿ jifs{ f] glthfdf emg\ cfwf ljBfyL{ c;kmn eP . o;n] k|wfgfWofksnfO{
a];/L lrlGtt tN' ofof ] . To;kl5 pgn] o;sf] sf/0fsf] vf]hL ug{ sfod{ "ns cg';Gwfg u/ ] .
sfod{ "ns cg;' Gwfg ubf{ lgDg lnlvt tYo kmn] f k¥of ] M

!= klxnf] jif{ ul0ft ljifodf c;kmn ePsf ljBfyL{ ul0ft k/LIffsf] lbg ufp“df cfPsf]
emf8f kvfnfsf sf/0f la/fdL eP5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ Ufl0ftsf] k/LIffsf lbg nV] g
g;ss] f sf/0f c;kmn ePsf /x]5g\ .

@= jf:tljs sf/0f yfx} gkfO{ ;av} fn] ;/f]sf/jfnf, kqklqsf, /]l8of,] l6eL;dt] n] vf;
;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/]sf] sf/0fn] lzIfssf] dgf]an v:s]sf] /x5]  .

#= ;Dk]|lift ;~rf/sf sf/0f Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / kw| fgfWofksn] vf; sf/0f klxrfg gu/L
lzIfsnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ vfH] bf To;sf] ke| fj emg\ pN6f] kg{ uP5 .

$= lzIfs / k|wfgfWofkslar dgd6' fj x“'bf To;sf] c;/ ljBfnodf kg{ uP5 .

%= lzIfs / ljBfyL{lar klg afn] rfn gxg' ] / lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ lk6\gfn] k9fOdf emg\
gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] /x5]  .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljBfno / :yfgLo ;db' fosf pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 47

pko{'St sf/0f kTtf nfu]kl5 jf:tljstf ;dfrf/ dfWodaf6 ;w' f/ u/L k;| f/0f eof ] . To:t}
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, kw| fgfWofks, lzIfs, ljBfyLl{ ar klg ;DaGw kg' M ;l' wo| f] . o;sf] ke| fjn]
;du| k7g kf7g klxn]s} h:t} eof] . ;a} ljBfyLn{ ] ul0ft ljifodf klg pTsi[ 6 glthf Nofpg
;kmn eP . o;af6 c¿ ljifodf emg\ ;sf/fTds ke| fj kg{ uof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

dflysf 36gfsf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vfh] M

-s_ s] sf/0fn] ul0ftdf ;ft hgf ljBfyL{ c;kmn ePsf lyP <
-v_ ;/fs] f/jfnfn] ;xL ;r" gf k|;f/0f gubf{ To;sf] k|efj s:tf] k¥of] <
-u_ bf;] f| ] jif{ klg ul0ftdf cfwf ljBfyL{ c;kmn x'g'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-3_ o; 36gfdf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, kw| fgfWofks, lzIfs tyf lzIfs ljBfyL{lar åGå

a9\gs' f] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-ª_ åGå ;dfwfg s;/L xg' uof] <

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ kf7df k:| tt' 36gfdf cfGtl/s åGå b]vfpg] tLgcf6] f 36gf n]v .
-v_ ;fyL ;fyLlar afn] rfn gxg' ' åGåsf] sf/0f xf], :ki6 u/ .
-u_ ‘cfGtl/s åGå ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]df JolSt jf ;+:yflarsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/

/xG5 .’ o; egfOsf] k'li6 u/ .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf unt ;~rf/sf sf/0fn] åGå ePsf] xg' ;S5 . To:tf åGb klxrfg u/L

sf/0f;d]t kTtf nufpm / ;f] åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .

48 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M * zflGt / o;sf] cfjZostf

zflGtsf] cy{ / dxŒjsf af/]df zflGt :jod\ Ps kfq / ljBfyLl{ ar ePsf jftfn{ fk k9 /
5nkmn u/ .

ljBfyL{ M zflGt ltdL sf] xf} < ltdLnfO{ xfdLn] sf] eg/] a‰' g] t <

zflGt M d/] f] Jofks cy{ 5 . ‘d’ eg]sf] qf; / eo/lxt :j:y dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s l:ylt
x“' . JolStn] :jtGq / cfgGbk"js{ cfkm\gf ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ d/] f] vfh] L
ul/G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ‘d’ sf] x'“ eGg] s'/f lgDglnlvt cj:yfn] :ki6 u5{ M

cfgGbdf /xg,' /dfpg ' c¿nfO{ afwf gk¥' ofO{ rfxs] f] s'/f k/" f ug{'

Gofo kfpg' dfof / ddtf kfpg'

cfk;df ;Ddfg ug{' cGofo, 8/, lx;+ f, o4' jf n8fO“sf] l:ylt gxg' '

lx+;fsf] cjz]if g/xg' ;fdflhs Gofo ljBdfg /xg'

ljBfyL{ M cxf,] zflGt eg]sf] t jf:tjd} dfgj hLjgsf nflu geO{ gxg' ] s/' f /x5]  .
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] zflGtnfO{ ;sf/fTds zflGtsf ¿kdf a‰' g ;lsg] /x5]  .
To;f] eP ltdLnfO{ kfpg -zflGt kfpg_ sf nflu cfjZos tŒjx¿ s] s] xg' \ t <

zflGt M ‘d’ cyft{ \ zflGtsf nflu cfjZos tŒjsf] ;r" L nfdf] x'g ;S5 . d dV' o
tŒjsf af/]df atfp5“ ' M

;a}sf] ;xeflutf ;femf a'emfO ;xof]u

;ljm| o ;'gfO ljlwsf] zf;g cfb/ / ;Ddfg

;dtf / ;dfgtf ;fdflhs Gofo kf/blzt{ f

d]nldnfk ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO ;'/Iff

nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ ;xgzLntf cfwf/et"
cfjZostf k"lt{

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf / dxŒjsf af/d] f ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljleGg ;dx" agfO{ 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .
;fy} ;dx" sf] k|:t'ltsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;'emfj klg lbgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 49

ljBfyL{ M cf]xf], ;dfhdf ltdf| ] 7n' f] dxŒj /x]5 . ;dfhnfO{ zflGtsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj
s] 5 t <

zflGt M dflg;n] dnfO{ sxL“ vf]Hg'kb{g} . cfGtl/s ¿kdf zfGt xg' ;Sg'k5{ .
;a} JolSt zfGt /xg ;s] ;dfhdf d/] f] kf| lKt xG' 5 . To;kl5 dnfO{ ke| fj kfg]{
lhDdj] f/ tŒj dfgj ;db' fo xf ] . To:t} d/] f nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf] klg plTts}
cfjZostf k5 { . ;fdflhs Gofosf] cefjdf ;dfhleq ckT| oIf ¿kdf lx;+ f
dfn} fpg kU' 5 . cfTd ;Ddfg ug,]{ c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug,]{ kf/bzL{ xg' ,] c;n ;fr] ,
efj / Jojxf/ ug]{ h:tf s/' fn] d/] f] kf| lKt xG' 5 . dv' n] zflGt zflGt eGb} lx8“ g\ ]
t/ Jojxf/df To;f] gubf{ d]/f] pkl:ylt x'“b}g . c¿nfO{ afwf
gk¥' ofpg,' c¿sf] cfTd ;Ddfgdf 7;] gk¥' ofpg' / ;dfhsf] clxt xg' ] sfo{ gug{'
g} d/] f] pkl:yltsf dfu{ x'g \ .

ljBfyL{ M ljBfnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfpg s] ug{'knf{ t <

zflGt M ljBfnodf d]/f] pkl:ylt rfxG5f} eg] ljBfnodf lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug'{kb{5 M

ljBfnodf eodS' t jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{]

eb] efj/lxt jftfj/0f agfpg]

ljBfnodf ;a} ;dfg ;xefuL x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg]

;dfj]zL jftfj/0f agfpg] –lx;+ fTds ultljlw ;~rfng gug{]

cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug] { –;d:of zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{]

gd| af]nL / c;n –;a}nfO{ cfb/, ;Ddfg / dfof ug]{ 

Jojxf/ ug]{ –afnd}qL lzIf0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{

o;/L JolSt, 3/ kl/jf/, ;db' fo / ljBfnon] dnfO{ kfpg ;S5g\ .

ljBfyL{ M cfh}bl] v xfdf| ] ljBfnonfO{ zflGt If]q agfpg xfdL ;xofu] u5f{“} . zflGtsf]
cfjZostf atfpge' Psfdf wGojfb ¤

50 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ljm| ofsnfk
!= l;sfOsf nflu pkoS' t jftfj/0f ePsf] zfGt ljBfno agfpg ljBfyLn{ ] ugk{' g]{ bz
cf6] f sfox{ ¿sf] ;r" L agfpm / sIffdf 5nkmn u/]/ clGtd ¿k bp] m, h:t} M
;fyLx¿;“u ldn]/ a:g]
gd| af]nL / c;n Jojxf/ ug{] cflb

@= ‘zflGt ljsf;sf] cfwf/’ zLifs{ df jsT[ jsnf sfo{jm| d ;~rfng u/ .
cEof;

-s_ zflGt eg]sf] s] xf] < zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ckgfpgk' g{] tLg pkfo nv] .

-v_ zflGtsf cfjZostf / dxŒj ae' mfpg] kf“r jfSo nv]  .

-u_ ljBfnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfpg s] s] ugk{' nf{ <

k'g/jnfs] g cEof;
lj|mofsnfk

!= ‘dlxnf / k?' if Ps /ysf bO' { kfªu\ f| xg' ’\ , s] ltdf| ] ;dfhdf of] tYo k/" f ePsf] 5 <

@= ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of x6fpg s] s] k|of; ePsf 5g\,
;f]wk5' u/L nv]  .

#= ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ . ljleGg pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6
;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:oflarsf] leGgtf klxNofpm .

$= ljleGg kqklqsf, ;dfrf/kq cflbdf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf
ks| flzt nv] tyf ;dfrf/x¿ cWoog u/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxrfg u/L sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .

%= ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfno / /fli6o« ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n]
v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ / lgisif{ lgsfnL lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 51

;fdb' flos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf klg ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of xf]nfg \ . cfÇgf] sIffdf
ePsf ;a} ljBfyL{ ;ªV\ ofcg';f/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ lzIfssf] ;xofu] n] ltgbl] v kf“r ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/ . To;kl5 x/]s ;dx" cfcfÇgf] ;d'bfodf uO{ tnsf k|Zgsf cfwf/df
cfÇgf] ;db' fodf ePsf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf af/d] f vf]hL u/ M

-s_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ljsl[ t /xs] f] dx;'; u/s] f 5f} <

-v_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf s] s:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of 5g\ <

-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf sf/0f s] s] xG' 5g\ <

-3_ o:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

-ª_ ljBfno / /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsf s] s] xfn] fg\ <
cfjZostfcg';f/ c¿ kZ| g klg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL kZ| gsf cfwf/df cfPsf
pQ/nfO{ ;a} ;d"xn] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf ;'gfpm / tLgcf]6} ;dx" af6
kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ldnfP/ Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .

52 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

$PsfO gful/s rt] gf

l;sfO pknlAw

/fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjsf] ;ªl\ IfKt kl/ro lbg
;l+ jwfgdf /xs] f dfl} ns xsx¿ atfpg
afn clwsf/sf] cy{ / dxŒj atfpg
afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf ePsf k|of;x¿sf] ;r" L agfpg
/fli6«o ;r" gf cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo atfpg
;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;"rgf kf| Kt ug]{ k|lj|mof atfpg
gful/s clwsf/ ;/+ If0f;DaGwL sfod{ f ;xefuL eO{ nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/ kb| zg{ ug{
;fyL, 3/kl/jf/, 6fn] l5ds] / ;d'bfodf ;a}kl| t ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{
;fdflhs lgodsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ kfngf ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 53

kf7 M ! /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒj M el" d / hg;ª\Vof

/fHosf] kl/ro

/fHo egs] f] ;d'bfox¿sf] klg ;db' fo xf] . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts ;db' fo klg elgG5 . lglZrt
l;dfgfleq a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;sf] ;db' fonfO{ /fHo dfGg] ul/G5 . o:tf] /fHoleq ljleGg
hfthflt, ju{, lnªu\ / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; /xs] f] xG' 5 . /fHo dflg;sf] lxtsf
nflu ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .

/fHosf] pTklQ dflg;sf] pTklQ;u“ ePsf] dflgG5 . c/:t' eGg] bfz{lgs eG5g\, æ/fHosf]
pTklQ dfgjLo /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k/" f ug{ ePsf] xf] .Æ /fHo dflg;sf]
rfxgf kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] k|fsl[ ts ;:+ yf xf ] . /fHo ;/sf/eGbf km/s x'G5 .
/fHosf] Pp6f kIf dfq ;/sf/ xf] . /fHosf] kl| tlglwsf ¿kdf ;/sf/ /xs] f] xG' 5 . /fHo
:yfoL :jefjsf] xG' 5 eg] ;/sf/ kl/jtg{ zLn xG' 5 . /fHo;“u dfl} ns clwsf/ / zlSt
xG' 5 eg] ;/sf/;u“ ;+ljwfgåf/f lbOPsf] clwsf/ / zlSt dfq xG' 5 .

/fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒj

efO alxgLx¿, ltdLx¿n] k9s] } 5f,} xfO8f« h] g / clS;hg Uof;“ ldn/] kfgL ags] f] xG' 5 . xfdf| ]
z/L/ klg xf8, df;,' kfgL cflb ljleGg tŒjn] ag]sf] 5 . Pp6f 3/ agfpb“ f klg ljleGg
tŒjsf] cfjZostf k5 { . To:t} Pp6f /fHo xg' sf nflu ljleGg cfwf/et" tŒj cfjZos
x'G5g\ . o:tf tŒjsf] cefjdf /fHo x'g ;Sbg}  . /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjx¿df e"ld, hg;ª\
Vof, ;/sf/, ;fj{efd} ;Qf / ;l+ jwfg /xs] f x'G5g \ . oL tŒjdWo] o; kf7df e"ld / hg;ª\
Vofsf af/d] f tn 5f6] f] kl/ro k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

e"ld

el" dnfO{ hldg jf e"efu klg eGg] ul/G5 . el" d gePsf] /fHo xg' ;Sbg}  . x/]s /fHosf]
lglZrt e"ld xG' 5 . e"ld /fHosf] z/L/ h:t} xf] . z/L/lagf dflg;sf] hLjgsf] sNkgf ug{
g;lsP h:t} e"ldlagfsf] /fHo aGg ;Sb}g . el" dnfO{ /fHosf] efl} ts cfwf/ klg elgG5 .
/fHo aGgsf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf hgtf a:g] lglZrt el" d rflxG5 . e"ldleq l;df Ifq] ,
jfod' 08n, vlgh kbfy{, jg hªu\ n gbL gfnf, ;d'bL| t6 cflb k5g{ \ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

/fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjsf ¿kdf el" d / hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL ljleGg ;f| t] ;fduL| cWoog u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
:ki6 kfl/lbgx' f];\ .

54 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

hg;ªV\ of

s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qleq
a;fa] f; ug{] ;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{
hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof klg
/fHosf nflu geO{ gxg' ] clgjfo{ tŒj xf ] .
sltkon] o;nfO{ k|yd clgjfo{ tŒj
dfg]sf 5g\ . hg;ª\Vof /fHosf]
ultzLn tŒj xf] . /fHosf nflu slt
hg;ªV\ of rflxG5 eGg] lglZrt 5g}  .
c/:t' eGg] bfzl{ gsn] c;n gful/s ePdf
/fHo klg c;n x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ .
/fHodf ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;:+ sl[ t /xs] f] kfOG5 . /fHosf] k|ult Toxf“ a:g] hg;ª\Vofsf]
u'0f / Ifdtfdf e/ k5{ .

o;/L /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjsf ¿kdf el" d / hg;ªV\ of kd| v' tŒjsf ¿kdf /xs] f xG' 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] ljBfno klg Pp6f ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . /fHo xg' sf nflu
lglZrt clgjfo{ tŒj rflxP h:t} ltd|f] ljBfno /fdf| ;] “u ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf clgjfo{
tŒj rflxG5, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nv]  .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ /fHo egs] f] s] xf] <

-v_ /fHo xg' sf nflu clgjfo{ tŒjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-u_ /fHo / ;/sf/df s] km/s 5 <

-3_ /fHosf] k|dv' tŒjsf ¿kdf lsg e"ldnfO{ lnOPsf] xf] <

-ª_ ‘c;n gful/s ePdf /fHo klg c;n x'G5 .’ o; egfOsf] kl' i6 u/ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;db' fo s] s]af6 ags] f] 5 < ;d'bfosf cfwf/et" tŒj s] s] xg' ;Snfg,\ cfk"meGbf
hfGg] JolSt;“u ;fw] k5' u/L n]v / ;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 55

kf 7 M @ /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒj M ;/sf/,
;fj{efd} ;Qf / ;l+ jwfg


xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df /fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒjdWo] Gofokflnsf
e"ld / hg;ª\Vofsf af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}“ . ca
o; kf7df ;/sf/, ;fje{ fd} ;Qf / ;l+ jwfgsf af/] Joj:yflksf sfok{ flnsf
df 5nkmn ug{] 5f}“ .

;/sf/

/fHosf] t];|f] clgjfo{ tŒj ;/sf/ xf] . e"ld
/ hg;ª\Vofn] dfq /fHo aGb}g . ;/sf/
/fHo ;~rfngsf] dfWod jf ;fwg xf ] . ;/sf/lagfsf] hgtf jf hg;ª\Vof c;ª\ul7t /
c/fhs xG' 5 . To;n} ] ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf kl/rfng u5 { . ;/sf/n] cfÇgf] l;dfsf]
;'/Iff, sfg'g lgdf0{ f, zflGt, ;'/Iff u5{ . To:t} /fh:j ;ª\sng, kz| f;g ;~rfng ug{]
jb} l] zs ;DaGw sfod ug{] nufotsf sfo{ u5{ . ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ug{ sfok{ flnsf, Joj:yflksf,
Gofokflnsfnufot cGo ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf
nfs] tflGqs / hgtfsf] OR5fcg;' f/ rNg] ;/sf/ /fdf| ] dflgG5 .

;fje{ fd} ;Qf

;fj{ef}d;Qf Ps k|sf/sf] ljz]if zlSt xf] . o;nfO{ zf;g ;~rfngsf] clwsf/
dflgG5 . cfÇgf] l;df If]qleq /fHonfO{ k|fKt ;Qfsf] clwsf/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf xf] .
;fj{efd} ;QfnfO{ ;Dk|e'tf klg elgG5 . of] /fHosf] clt dxŒjk"0f{ / clgjfo{ tŒj xf] .
o;nfO{ /fHosf] k|f0f klg elgG5 . o;sf] cefjdf /fHon] k0" f{tf kf| Kt ug{ ;Sb}g . o;n]
/fHonfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dxŒj / dfGotf k|bfg u5 { . ;+ljwfg, sfgg' df ;fje{ f}ldstf
s;df /xg] eGg] s/' fsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gk] fnsf] ;fje{ f}
d;Qf gk] fnL hgtfdf /xg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 .

;+ljwfg

/fHosf] csf]{ dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj ;l+ jwfg klg xf] . of] b]zsf] dn" sfg'g xf] . o;n] /fHo ;~rf-
ngsf tf}/tl/sf / hgtfsf clwsf/ / xsx¿sf] ;l' glZrt u/]sf] x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

/fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒjsf ¿kdf ;/sf/ / ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DaGwL ljifo j:ts' f nflu yk ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf]
cWoog u/L lzIf0f ug'x{ f;] \ .

56 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

o;/L Pp6f ;kmn / ;an /fHo xg' sf nflu ljleGg tŒjsf] cfjZostf k5{ . /fHon] ;/
sf/dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf ;l' jwf pknAw u/fp5“  . hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ub}{ bz] df zflGt
sfod ug{' /fHosf] dV' o bfloTj xf] . hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ nfs] tflGqs zf;g k4lt ck-
gfpg' x/s] /fHosf] st{Jo xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjsf] cfk;df s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5, ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn
u/L cGt/;DaGw s]nfpm .

@= s] ltdf| ] 3/kl/jf/ klg s]xL lglZrt lgod cfbza{ f6 ;~rflnt ePsf] 5 < 3/
kl/jf/nfO{ /fdf| ];u“ ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf s'/fx¿ cfjZos k5g{ \, 5nkmn u/L
;fgf] l/kf6] { agfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ;/sf/ egs] f] s] xf] < /fHosf nflu of] lsg cfjZos x'G5 <

-v_ s:tf] ;/sf/ /fd|f] dflgG5, c;n ;/sf/sf kfr“ cf]6f u'0f nv] .
-u_ ;fj{efd} ;QfnfO{ lsg /fHosf] k|f0f klg elgPsf] xf]nf <

-3_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHosf] Ps cfwf/et" tŒjsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . lsg <

-ª_ /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒjsf] ;r" L agfO{ sg' } Pssf] 5f6] f] JofVof u/ .

@= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;d"x ‘s’ ;dx" ‘v’

el" d /fHosf] ky| d clgjfo{ tŒj
hg;ª\Vof /fHosf] ;fwg

;/sf/ /fHosf] k|f0f

;fj{efd} ;Qf /fHosf] z/L/

;l+ jwfg /fHosf] dfkb08

/fHosf] d"n sfgg'

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 57

kf7 M # dfl} ns xs / stJ{ o

c;fh] # ut] gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg nfu' ePsf]
lbg . ;l+ jwfg lbj; dgfpg ‘zflGt ;dfh’
gfd u/s] f] oj' fx¿sf] Ps ;:+ yfn] To; cj;/df
‘gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg / dfl} ns xs’ ljifodf kj| rg
sfo{j|md cfof]hgf u/s] f] lyof ] . kj| rgdf
cltly jStfsf ¿kdf /fhg u?' ª cfPsf
lyP . /fhg u'?ªsf] kj| rg o:tf] lyof] M

cfb/0fLo bfhe' fO, lbbLalxgLx¿ ¤

;j{k|yd cfh nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
;l+ jwfg ags] f] lbgsf] ;Demgf ub}{ oxfx“ ¿ ;a}nfO{ awfO / z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5 ' . ;l+ jwfg
lbj;sf] pknIodf of] sfo{jm| d cfofh] gf ug]{ o'jf efOalxgL klg awfOsf kfq ePsf 5g\ .
zflGt ;dfhn] dnfO{ jStfsf ¿kdf af]Ng] df}sf lbPsfdf d cfef/L 5' .

sg' } klg bz] sf gful/s ePsf gftfn] ko| fu] ug{ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ dfl} ns xs xg'  \ . dfl} ns xsnfO{
gful/s xs klg elgG5 . /fHosf] sfgg' åf/f dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . g]kfnsf]
;l+ jwfg bz] sf] dn" sfgg' xf] / o;d} f dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :jtGqtfkj" s{ afR“ g
kfpg,] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg,] lx8“ 8\ n' ug,{] afN] g] :jtGqtf nufotsf xs dfl} ns xs xg'  \ . ;a}
gful/s sfgg' sf bl[ i6df ;dfg xg' ' klg dfl} ns xs xf ] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] gk] fnL gful/snfO{
ljleGg xs kb| fg u/]sf] 5 . tL xsx¿ d sljtfsf ¿kdf tkfO{x“ ¿;dIf /fVg rfxG5' M

:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, 5j' f5't tyf hftLo eb] efj lj?4sf] xs .
;Ddfgkj" {s afR“ g kfpg] xs ef]u ug{ gdfGg';\ x} ws ..
jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo Pjd\ csf]{ xs xf], lzIff, efiff tyf ;:+ s[lt .
/f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iff yk xs xf] cfh{g ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ ..
dlxnf, afnaflnsf, wd{, ;fdflhs Gofo ;DaGwL klg 5g\ x} xs dfl} ns .
lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xs oftgf lj?4sf] / ;r" gfsf] xs ..
;~rf/, cfjf;, vfB clg pkef]Stfsf] xs .
Gofo ug{' ;a} blnt, hi] 7 gful/s ..

lzIf0f ;'emfj

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwsfg sIffdf NofP/ To;df /xs] f dfl} ns xs / stJ{ osf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

uf]klgotf, zfi] f0f lj?4sf] xs tyf >d ;DaGwL xs ;a} .
bz] lgsfnf lj?4 / ck/fw lkl8t xs klg x'“b}g ge} ..

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] wf/f !^ bl] v $^ ;Dd hDdf #! cf]6f df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
oL xsx¿sf] ;xh / :jtGq ¿kdf pkefu] ug{ kfpg' xfdf| ] clwsf/ xf ] . o:tf df}lns
xsx¿sf] ;xh / :jtGq ¿kdf xfdL ;an} ] pkef]u ug{ kfpgk' 5{ . t/ xs clwsf/sf]
s/' f ubf{ xfdLn] xfdf| ] stJ{ osf] klg Vofn /fVgk' 5{ . To;}n] xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgn] k|To]s gful/s
/fi6k« |lt lgi7fjfg\ xb'“ } g]kfnsf] /fli6o« tf, ;fje{ f;} Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug,{' ;+ljwfg /
sfgg' sf] kfngf ug'{, /fHon] rfx]sf avt clgjfo{ ;j] f ug,'{ ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;/' Iff /
;/+ If0f ug{'k5{ egL st{Jo tfs] s] f] 5 . xfdL ;a}n] cfÇgf] xssf] vf]hL ubf{ csf{sf] xssf]
xgg xg' lbg' xb'“ }g . ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L,{ ltgsf sfos{ tf{ ;an} ] cfcfÇgf st{Jo lgefpg'
cfhsf] dV' o cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . cfhsf] ;l+ jwfg lbj;sf] pknIodf ;a} gk] fnLn] ;jk{ y| d
stJ{ o k/" f u//] clg xs vfH] g] kj| l[ Qsf] ljsf; xf;] \ eGg] z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5 ' . cGtdf
g]kfndf zflGt / ;z' f;g a9f;] \ eGb} d]/f ljrf/ oxL 6'ªU\ ofp5“  ' . wGojfb ¤

lj|mofsnfk

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf wf/f #! df lzIff ;DaGwL lgDglnlvt xs /x]sf 5g\ M

!= k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/et" lzIffdf kx“'rsf] xs xg' ] 5 .
@= kT| o]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/et" tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf

dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMzN' s kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
#= ckfª\utf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg'gadfl] hd lgMzN' s pRr

lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
$= bl[ i6ljxLg gful/snfO{ an|] lnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf afn] fO ;DaGwL ckfª\utf

ePsf gful/snfO{ ;fªs\ l] ts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfgg' adf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff
kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
ltd|f] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg eO{ ltdLn] lzIff;DaGwL klxnf] xs / bf];f| ]
k|ofu] ug{ kfP gkfPsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ df}lns xs eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ‘dfl} ns xs / stJ{ o Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f xg' \ .’ efj :ki6 u/ .

-u_ gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf df}lns xssf] ;"rL agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 59

kf7 M $ afn clwsf/

afnaflnsf bz] sf] efjL gful/s x'g\ . To;n} ] ;a} afnaflnsfn] af“Rg kfpgk' 5 { . cfÇgf]
ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kfpg'k5 { . k9g\ / n]Vg kfpgk' 5{ . plrt :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] cj;/ /
;/' Iff kfpg'k5 { . o;/L afnaflnsfsf geO{ gx'g] ljleGg cfjZostfnfO{ afn clwsf/sf
¿kdf lnOG5 .

sIffsfo{ !

ltd|f] 3/kl/jf/ / 5/l5ds] df afnaflnsf 5g \ . pgLx¿ cfÇgf cleefjs;“u, æd}n]
egs] f] s'/f ;'lglbg'xf]; \ . dnfO{ k9\g k7fpg'xf];\ . d ;Sg] hlt dfq sfd u5'{ x} . dnfO{
/fdf| nu' f lslglbgx' f;]  \ . 3d' lkm/ ug{ nh} fgx' f;]  \ .Æ cflb dfu /fVg] u5g{  \ . oL dfun] st} afn
clwsf/nfO{ t lrq0f ug{ vfl] h/xs] f] 5g} g,\ 5nkmn u/ .

xf], ltdLx¿n] atfPem}“ plrt x]/rfx, pko'St lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;r" gf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/,
ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg afn clwsf/sf If]qleq k5{g\ . ;fy} hf]lvdaf6 ;+/If0f, dgf/] ~hg,
zf]if0fsf] cGTo, ;dfg Jojxf/, ljeb] /lxt Jojxf/ cflb klg afn clwsf/sf If]qleq k5{g\ .
3/ kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;dfh / /fHon] o;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ cfcfÇgf] stJ{ o / bfloTj
lgjfx{ ugk{' 5 { . o;y{ xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfd ug'k{ 5{ .
;a} vfn] e]befjaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/' lIft /fVgk' 5{ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ / efjgf a'emL
plrt sfo{ ug{ kf| T] ;fxg ug'k{ 5{ .

sIffsfo{ @

afnaflnsfsf s] s:tf clwsf/ x'G5g\, 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .

xf,] ltdLn] lgsfns] f] lgisif{ h:t} afn clwsf/nfO{ rf/cf]6f kd| 'v kIfdf af“8g\ ;lsG5 M

!= af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ M vfgf, cfjf;, sk8f, plrt :jf:Yo / ;/' Iff kf| Kt ug{] clwsf/ .

@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/ M lzIff, v]ns'b, Jofofd, dgf]/~hg, ;xof]u, kfl/jfl/s dfof
ddtf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ .

#= ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ M eb] efj, zf]if0f, ckx]ngfaf6 ;+/lIft xg' ], hfl] vdk0" f{ sfoa{ f6
;+/lIft x'g], >d zfi] f0f ;fdflhs lje]baf6 ;/+ lIft xg' ], b08,
o4' tyf hfl] vdk"0f{ sfoa{ f6 ;/+ lIft xg' ] clwsf/ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f jf k|;ªu\ lbb“ } afn clwsf/ xgg ePsf 36gf cflbsf]
clego ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

60 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ M afn ljsf;sf ljleGg ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg], cfÇgf]
ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg,] wflds{ , ;fdflhs tyf cGo ljm| ofsnfkdf
;xefuL x'g kfpg,] cfÇgf] hLjg;“u ;DalGwt kIfdf lg0f{o x'“bf
;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ cflb .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= olb ltd|f] 6fn] l5d]sdf afn clwsf/sf] xgg eO/x]sf] bV] of} eg] ltdL s] u5f,{}
s'g} 36gfdf cfwfl/t eP/ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ nv] .

@= afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu ltdf| ] ljBfnodf xfn;Dd s] s:tf sfo{ ePsf
5g\, 5nkmn u/ .

#= tn s]xL 36gfx¿ k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\ . tL 36gfsf cfwf/df afn clwsf/ xgg
ePsf] 5 ls 5g} , olsg u/ M

-s_ ;G' tnLsf] ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx eof ] .
-v_ kNnf] ufps“ f sx] L blnt ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljBfnodf c¿ ljBfyL;{ u“ } a:g lbOPsf] 5g}  .
-u_ sf]xnk'/sf] Ps a:tLdf afnaflnsfn] ;s]sf] sfddf cfÇgf cfdfa'afnfO{

;xofu] u5g{  \ .
-3_ uf]/vfkq bl} gs klqsfdf emf8fkvfnf nfUbf pkrf/ gkfP/ tL afnaflnsfsf]

d[To' ePsf] ;dfrf/ ks| flzt ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ ;8s afnaflnsfx¿ vfg]s/' fsf] cefjdf ef]sef]s} ;'lt/xs] f 5g\ .
dfly lbOP h:t} u/L c¿ 36gfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ / xfdLn] afn clwsf/sf nflu

ug'k{ g{] sfdsf] ;r" L agfpm / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ afn clwsf/leq s] s] s/' fx¿ k5{g\, ;"rL agfpm .
-u_ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dV' o rf/ kIf s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fdf kl/jf/sf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf /xG5 <
-ª_ afn clwsf/sf] dxŒj atfpm .

-r_ afn clwsf/sf] pkofu] df ljBfnosf] el" dsf pNn]v u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 61

kf7 M % afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf k|of;

xfdLn] cluNnf] kf7df afn clwsf/sf]
kl/ro k|fKt ul/;ss] f 5f}“ . afnaflnsf
eg]sf] b]zsf] efjL s0f{wf/ x'g\ .
To;n} ] pgLx¿sf] eljio ;l' glZrt eP dfq
bz] sf] eljio pHHjn xG' 5 . afn clwsf/sf]
;dl' rt ¿kdf ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ug{ ;s] dfq
/fi6« ;dG' gt x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] x/]s b]zn]
afn clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu ljleGg ko| f;
u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf afn clwsf/sf
nflu ePsf pNnv] gLo sfdnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/
;r" La4 ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= afn clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f / ljsf;sf nflu ;g\ !(*( df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ af6 afn clwsf/
dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] 5 . pSt dxf;lGwnfO{ gk] fnn] klg cgd' fb] g u/s] f] 5 .

@= ;fsn{ ] ljleGg sfo{jm| dsf ;fy ;g\ !(() nfO{ aflnsf jif,{ ;g\ !((! bl] v ;g\ @)))
;Dd aflnsf bzs, ;g\ @))!–@)!) ;Dd afn clwsf/ bzssf ¿kdf dgfPsf] lyof ] .

#= gk] fn ;/sf/n] afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gsf nflu afnaflnsf ;DaGwL Pg] , @)$*
/ afnaflnsf lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfu' u/s] f] 5 .

$= xfd|f] b]zdf afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu afn sNof0f u[x, afn ;w' f/ ux[ , afn Ohnf;
cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

%= lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno / dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf hi] 7 gful/s dGqfnodfkmt{
ljleGg sfoj{ |md ;~rfng eO/xs] f 5g \ . ;fy} afn ;ªu\ 7g, s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf afn
sNof0f ;ldlt, ;:' t dgl:ylt sG] b| cflb ;+:yfdfkm{t klg afnaflnsfsf xslxtsf sfd
eO/x]sf 5g \ .

^= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsfsf] xsnfO{ dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

:yfgLo :t/df afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu ePsf Jofjxfl/s ko| f;sf dfWodaf6 afn clwsf/
;+/If0fsf af/d] f :ki6 kfgx'{ f;] \ .

62 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

&= afn ;ª\u7g tyf afn sNof0f ;ldltdfkm{t afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0f tyf afnaflnsfsf]
xslxtsf nflu ljleGg sfdx¿ xg' ] u/s] f 5g\ .

sIffsfo{

afn clwsf/sf nflu ePsf sfo{x¿ s] s] xf]nfg\, cWoog / ;f]wvfh] u/L a“b' f l6kf]6 u/ .

ljm| ofsnfk

-s_ afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ sf nflu s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5, ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn u/L
sfdsf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ .

-v_ ltdf| ] 6fn] jf l5ds] df afnaflnsfsf] pGglt ku| lt, ug{] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug JolSt jf ;:+ yfn]
u/]sf] c;n sfo{sf af/]df Pp6f n]v tof/ kf/ .

-u_ afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fdf s] s:tf ;d:of bv] s] f 5f,} ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf]
tflnsf agfpm / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

-3_ ltdf| ] ufp6“ fn] df tnsfdWo] s'g k|sf/sf] afn>d x'g] u/]sf] 5, 5nkmn u/L 5f6] f]
l6kf6] agfpm M

s[lif sfo,{ lgdf0{ f sfo{, 3/]n' sfd÷3/fo;L sfd, k;n, snsf/vfgf, pBf]uwGbf,
O“6f e6\6f, Joj;fo, ko{6g tyf kbofqf, of}g Joj;fo, sdn/L, nfu' cf}ifw
cf];f/ k;f/, /fhgLlts sfo{, åGå, bf;bf;L, sd/f sdf/L, xlnof, uf]7fnf, sd}of,
ckx/0f tyf dfgj cª\u laj|mL 

-ª_ afn>d cGTo ug{ cfjZos ;e' mfj ;dfjz] u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

cEof;

!= gk] fnn] afn clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« dxf;lGwdf slxn] x:tfIf/ u¥of] <

@= afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu sfo{/t ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff & 63

#= hf8] f ldnfpm M gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L ul/Psf]
afnaflnsf lgodfjfnL
;g\ !(() afnaflnsf;DaGwL Pg]
;g\ !((! — @))) aflnsf jif{
;g\ @))! — @)!) aflnsf bzs
lj=;+ @)$* afn clwsf/ bzs
lj=;+ @)%^
lj=;+ @)&@

$= afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu ePsf ko| f;x¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;fyLnfO{
n]Vg] lr7Lsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ .

64 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ^ /fli6«o ;r" gf cfof]u

g]kfnL gful/ssf] ;r" gfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f, ;j+ wg{ / k|rng ugs{ f nflu /fli6«o ;"rgf cfofu] sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf lj=;= @)^% jz} fv @@ ut] ePsf] xf] . o; cfofu] df Ps
kd| 'v ;"rgf cfoS' t / Ps dlxnf;lxt b'O{ cfo'St /xG5g\ . o; cfofu] n] hg;/fs] f/sf ljifosf
;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ af6 nfu' u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . sg' } gful/sn]
s'g} ;fjh{ lgs lgsfodf sfgg' adf]lhd ;"rgf dfu ubf{ gkfPdf tL gful/snfO{ ;r" gf pknAw
u/fP/ Gofo lbnfpg] /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] dV' o sfd xf] . /fli6o« ;r" gf cfof]usf] sfof{no
sf7df8fdF} f /xs] f] 5 . o; cfofu] ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L www.nic.gov.np tyf !^!*)&)&*@$@^

gDa/ 8fon u/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fli6o« ;r" gf cfof]u / gful/ssf] xs

/fli6«o ;"rgf cfofu] sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /xs] f] ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;r" gf;DaGwL clen]v, lnvt tyf cGo
;fduL| sf] cWoog tyf cjnf]sg ug]{
To:tf] lgsfodf /xs] f] clenv] , lnvt jf cGo ;fdu|L;DaGwL ;r" gf ;r" Ls[t u/L ldnfO{ /
fVg cfb]z lbg]
;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;DalGwt ;fjh{ lgs lgsfonfO{ cfbz] lbg]
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gadf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf ug{ u/fpg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfb]z lbg]
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿nfO{ ;r" gfsf] xssf]
;/+ If0f / ;+jwg{ sf nflu cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] jf l;kmfl/; ug{]

;r" gfsf] xssf] ;/+ If0f, ;+jw{g / k|rng ugs{ f nflu cfjZos kg]{ cGo pkoS' t cfb]z lbg] .

gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;r" gf k|fKt ug{] k|ljm| of

-s_ cfkm"n] rfxs] f] ;r" gf k|fKt ug{ ;DalGwt sfofn{ odf sf/0f vn' fO{ ;"rgf clwsf/L
;dIf lgjb] g lbgk' 5{ . ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt / lg/If/ JolStn] dfl} vs ¿kdf ;"rgf
dfUg ;Sg] 5g\ .

-v_ To:tf] lgj]bg kfPkl5 ;r" gf clwsf/Ln] tTsfn lbg ldNg] ;r" gf eP tTsfn lbg] /
;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{'kg]{ eP a9Ldf !% lbgleq ;"rgf pknAw u/fpgk' g{] 5 .

-u_ bz k[i7;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt sfofn{ on] lgMzN' s lbg'kg{] 5 . To;eGbf a9L k[i7sf]
;"rgf lbgk' g]{ ePdf lgodcg;' f/ b:t'/ nfUg] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 65

-3_ lgj]bsn] dfu u/s] f] ;"rgf cfkmg\ f] lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt gb]lvPdf ;r" gf clwsf/Ln]
;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt lgjb] snfO{ lbgk' g]{ 5 .

-ª_ ;r" gf clwsf/Ln] ;r" gf glbP gful/sn] To; sfof{ nosf k|dv' ;dIf ph'/L u/]/
;"rgf dfUg'k5{ .

-r_ ;ft lbgleq sfofn{ o kd| v' n] klg ;r" gf glbP /fli6«o ;r" gf cfof]udf ;r" gf clwsf/L
/ sfofn{ o k|dv' lj?4 d2' f xfNg'k5{ .

-5_ Tof] d'2f xfn]sf] ^) lbgleq /fli6o« ;"rgf cfof]usf cfo'Stx¿n] ;r" gf lbgk' g]{ jf
gkg{] ljifodf km;} nf ug]{ 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ :yfgLo txsf ljleGg sfof{non] ug]{ sfox{ ¿ / pknAw
u/fpg] ljleGg ;"rgfx¿af/] k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar ;r" gfsf] xs ;DaGwdf ;dx" ut 5nkmn u/ .
@= sIffsf ;fyLx¿lardf sfofn{ o kd| v' , ;"rgf clwsf/L / ;]jfuf| xL gful/ssf] el" dsf

ljefhg u/L e"ldsf clego u/ .
#= gful/s ;;' l" rt xbF' f xg' ] kmfObf ;fyL;uF 5nkmn u/L ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .
$= ltdf| ] ljBfnosf] kw| fgfWofksnfO{ e6] / tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿ ;fw] L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ M
-s_ ljBfonsf] ;"rgf clwsf/L tfl] sPsf] 5 ls 5g} < 5 eg] sf] xg' 'x'G5 <
-v_ ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{dWo] 5fqjl[ Q k|fKt ug{] ;ªV\ of s] slt /x]sf] 5 <
-u_ ljBfnosf] jflif{s cfDbfgL / vr{ slt 5 <

cEof;

!= /fli6o« ;r" gf cfofu] sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo sfd s] xf] <
@= xfdLnfO{ ;r" gf rflxPdf ;a}eGbf klxn] s;nfO{ e6] \g'k5{ <
#= ;"rgf clwsf/L / sfof{no kd| v' bj' n} ] ;r" gf glbP ;"rgf kfpg s] s] ug'k{ 5,{ pNn]v

u/ .

66 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M & nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/

l;h{gf dfWolds ljBfno, l;DkfnLsf lzIfs >L 6Lsf/fd >i] 7nfO{ nfs] tflGqs Jojxf/
kf7 lzIf0f ugl'{ yof] . pgn] ljBfyL{af6} s:tf Jojxf/ nf]stflGqs xg' \ / s:tf Jojxf/
nfs] tflGqs xf]Ogg\ eGg] 5'6o\ fpg nufpg] ljrf/ u/] . pgn] Ps xKtfsf uf]/vfkq b}lgs
klqsfx¿ ltg ;d"xdf x]g{ nufP . klqsfdf ePsf ljleGg ;dfrf/af6 nfs] tflGqs Jojxf/
eP gePsf zLif{s l6Kg nufP / To;sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fP . 5nkmnaf6 nfs] tflGqs
;:+ sf/ egs] f] o:tf] lgisif{ lgl:sof] M

dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ugk'{ 5{ .

dflg; ;a} a/fa/ x'g\ . pgLx¿ ;ad} f ;dfg clwsf/ xG' 5 .

dflg;n] cfÇgf] clwsf/ vfH] bf csfs{ f] clwsf/ xgg\ ug'{ x“b' }g .

xTof, lx+;f, ck/fwhGo sfo{ dfgjLo Jojxf/ xf]Ogg\ .

;an} fO{ ;dfg sfgg' L pkrf/sf] xs x'G5 .

sfgg' sf] ko| f]udf ;a} ;dfg xG' 5g\ .

csfs{ f] OR5f ljk/Ltsf sfo{ ug'{ x'“bg} .

dlxnf / k?' if bj' n} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ .

x/s] JolStnfO{ af]Ng,] ljrf/ /fVg] :jtGqtf xG' 5 .

;xcl:tŒj, zflGt, d]nldnfk, :jfledfg cflb nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf d?] b08 xg' \ .

plNnlvt ljrf/cg';f/ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug'{ nf]stflGqs Jojxf/ xf] . ltd|f]
ljBfno, sIffsf]7fdf nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] l:ylt s] 5, 5nkmn u/ / unt ;+:sf/ eP
;'wfg]{ pkfo s] s] x'G5g\ < vf]hL u/, h:t} M nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ ckgfpg lgDg lnlvt
s/' fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ M

;an} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{
nfe] nfnr gug{]
JolStut :jfye{ Gbf ;fdflhs :jfy{nfO{ Wofg lbg]
;dosf] k/" f ;b'kof]u ug]{
cGwljZjf; s'/Lltsf] lj/f]w ug]{

c;n ljrf/ /fVg]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/sf af/d] f lzIf0f ug'k{ bf{ :yfgLo :t/sf pkoS' t gdg' f Jojxf/ jf

36gfsf pbfx/0f lbP/ :ki6 kfgx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 67

c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / >4f ug{ ]
;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;b'kofu] ug]{
cfÇgf] lhDdj] f/L k/" f ug]{
kmhn' vr{ gug]{
5'jf5t' ky| fsf] cGTo ug{]
sfgg' sf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug{]
x/s] dflg;nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg]
hflt, wd{, lnªu\ , j0f{ / If]qsf cfwf/df eb] efj gug{]
xfdLx¿n] klg cfk;df nfs] tflGqs Jojxf/ kb| zg{ ug{k' 5{ . x/]s JolStn] cg'zfl;t
Jojxf/ bv] fpg ;s]df ;dfh / b]z gdg' f aGg ;S5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ kfng ug]{ ;fyLsf] Jojxf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .

@= kf7sf cfwf/df nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/sf] rf6{ tflnsf tof/ kf/. ;ae} Gbf /fdf| ltg
cf]6f rf6{ tflnsf sIffdf 6f;“ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ nfs] tGq egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/sf kf“rcf6] f pbfx/0f n]v .
-u_ ltdf| ] ;dfhsf nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ lj?4 ePsf tLg 36gf n]v .
-3_ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ eP gePsf] yfxf x'g] kfr“ cf6] f cfwf/sf] ;"rL agfpm .

@= tnsf l7s Jojxf/ h:tfsf] t:t} / al] 7s Jojxf/ ;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M

-s_ xfdLn] ;fyLsf] ;Ddfg ubf{ ;fyLn] klg xfdf| ] ;Ddfg u5{ .
-v_ ckfª\utf ePsf, sd / a9L hfGg] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ ;ls“bg} .
-u_ csfs{ f] ljrf/sf] sb/ ubf{ cfÇgf]kg /x“bg} .

;fdb' flos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;db' fodf c;n u0' f ePsf dflg;x¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdx¿
/ pgLx¿sf c;n u'0fx¿ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5, cfÇgf] ljrf/ n]v/] ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

68 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M * ;dfg Jojxf/

;dfhdf Ps JolStn] csf]{ JolSt;“u sfod ug{] ;DaGw, cfr/0f jf rfnrngnfO{ Jojxf/
elgG5 . o:tf Jojxf/ ljleGg xg' ;S5g\ . u'0f, cfsf/ cflbsf bl[ i6n] pxL / p:t} jf
a/fa/ ¿kdf kb| z{g ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ elgG5 . sg' } JolStn] ;a} wd,{ j0f{,
lnªu\ , hfthflt, efiff ePsf JolStnfO{ pxL / p:t} Jojxf/ u5{ eg] Tof] ;dfg Jojxf/ xf] .

Pp6f c;n gful/sn] x/]s JolStnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{ . ;dfhdf ;dfg Jojxf/sf]
cefjdf emu8f / snx l;hg{ f x'g hfG5 . To;af6 ;dfhdf czflGt kmn} G5 . To;n] JolSt
/ ;dfhnfO{ cg'zfl;t Pjd\ dof{lbt agfpg x/s] gful/sn] ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{' clgjfo{
xG' 5 . ;dfhdf ;dfgtf sfod ug{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf dfl} ns xscGtu{t
;dfgtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . o; xsdf elgPsf] 5 M

!= ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] 5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5g} .

@= ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnª\u, zf/Ll/s cj:yf,
ckfª\utf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q,
j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo sg' } cfwf/df eb] efj ul/g] 5g} .

#= ;dfg sfdsf nflu nª} l\ us cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf eb] efj ul/g] 5g} .

dflysf Joj:yfn] s;}n] klg c¿k|lt c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]df Tof] sfgg' ljk/Lt x'G5 eGg]
s'/f :ki6 u5{ .

xfdLn] klg wgL, ul/a, hfltkftL h:tf s'/fsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{' x'“b}g . dflg; 7'nf] lbnn]
xG' 5, hftn] x“'bg} eg] em“} sfd / Jojxf/af6 dflg; c;n / v/fa x'G5 . To:t} dlxnf /
k'?if, 5f]/f5f/Llar klg ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ . 3/kl/jf/, 5/l5ds] / ljBfnodf ;a}n]
Ps csfk{ l| t ;Ddfg / ljZjf; ug{'k5{ . s;n} ] ;dfg Jojxf/ gu/]df p;nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/
ug{ ;xofu] / ;Nnfx lbgk' 5{ . ;fyL ;fyL, 3/ kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfodf ugk{' g{] ;dfg
Jojxf/sf sx] L pbfx/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljleGg c;n tyf ;dfg Jojxf/ / v/fa Jojxf/cg¿' ksf ljm| ofsnfk l;h{gf u/L sIffdf To;sf
af/]df clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 69

;dfg Jojxf/

;fyL ;fyLlar kl/jf/df 5/l5ds] df ;db' fodf

ldn/] a:g' / v]Ng,' ;a} ;b:osf] ;'vb'Mvdf ;xofu] wd{sf cfwf/df eb] efj
;/;Nnfx ug'{, cfb/, ;Ddfg, gug,'{ hftsf cfwf/
;xof]u lng' / lbg' dfof / ug{', ljrf/ / df eb] efj gug',{ efiffsf
csfs{ f] kL/dsf{ ;j] f ug'{, Ps ;Nnfx lng' / cfwf/df eb] efj gug{,'
a'e\mg' / czSt tyf csf{sf] ljrf/ / lbg,' af6f,] kfgL, sfdsf cfwf/df e]befj
ckfªu\ tf ePsfnfO{ efjgfsf] sb/ k“w]/f] cflbdf gug'{, 5j' f5t' sf cfwf/df
e]befj gug{' ug'{, sfddf ;xh ko| f]usf e]befj gug,{' wgL /
;xof]u ug{', nflu kxn ug{,' ul/alar eb] efj gug{'
;a;} u“ ld7f] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf
afn] L jrg ug'{ ;xof]u ug'{

ljm| ofsnfk

!= c;dfg Jojxf/af6 s] s:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5g\, To;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/] sIffdf
;d"x agfO{ 5nkmn u/ / kfnk} fnf] k|:tt' u/ .

@= ;fyL ;fyLlar x'g] ;dfg / c;dfg Jojxf/sf] ;r" L agfpm M

;dfg Jojxf/ c;dfg Jojxf/

!= ldn]/ a:g,] vN] g] cflb != ;u“ } a:g dg gk/fpg], vN] bf sg' } ;fyLnfO{ x]Kg,]
xf]Rofpg] gvn] fpg] cflb .

======================== ===========================

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;dfg Jojxf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ c;dfg Jojxf/af6 ;dfhdf s:tf] c;/ kg{ ;S5, pNn]v u/ .

-u_ g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf ;dfgtfsf] xsdf s] s] s'/f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 <
;fdb' flos sfo{

ltd+f| ] ;d'bfodf c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf xfn] fg\ . tL 36gfdWo] s'g} Psaf6 ;dfhdf kg]{
c;/ / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu ug'{kg{] s/' fx¿af/] ufps“ f s'g} ka| 4' JolStnfO{ e6] /] To;sf]
;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ ;f]wL l/kf6] { tof/ u/ .

70 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kf7 M ( ;fdflhs lgod

;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;dfhåf/f tof/ u/L Jojxf/df cfPsf lgod g}
;fdflhs lgod xg' \ . ;dfhnfO{ :jLsf/ xg' ] k/Dk/fut gLlt lgodnfO{ ;fdflhs d"No
dfGotf klg elgG5 . o:tf d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;fdflhs lgodsf ¿kdf ;an} ] kfngf u/s] f
x'G5g\ . d"No dfGotfnfO{ rfnrng klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} rfnrng /fd|f
dfq} x'“b}gg\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf /fdf| rfnrngnfO{ cg';/0f ug'{k5{ . ;dfhdf ljsl[ t Nofpg]
rfnrngnfO{ x6fpg kxn ug'{k5{ . c;n ;fdflhs rfnrngn] JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ ;xL
af6f]df lx8“ fpg ;xofu] u5{ .

sIffsfo{ M ltdLn] kfngf ug]{ u/s] f ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

ltd|f l5ds] L ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿n] xfdf| ] ;dfhdf k|rngdf /xs] f lgDgfg;' f/sf ;fdflhs
lgod l6kf6] tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . ltdLn] agfPsf lgod;u“ tn' gf u/L cWoog u/ M

cfk"meGbf 7'nfnfO{ cfb/ ug]{ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug]{

kl/jf/sf] hi] 7 ;b:on] egs] f] ;an} ] dfGg]

ljjfx, jt| aGw, Gjf/fg, kf:gL h:tf ;+:sf/df ;dfhdf ePsf ;a} hDdf eO{ ze' sfdgf
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljleGg c;n ;fdflhs lgod / v/fa Jojxf/sf] pbfx/0f, gdg' f lbO{ ;fdflhs lgod kfngf ug{
pTkl]| /t ug{x' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 71

rf8kjd{ f kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o hDdf eO{ /dfOnf] ug{]
;db' fodf sg' } JolStsf] dT[ o' ePdf ;a} hDdf eO{ bfx;:+ sf/ / cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{
;d'bfodf /x]sf s'jf, wf/f, Ogf/, s'nf], af6f], wfld{s :ynsf] ;/;kmfO tyf ;+/If0f
ug{] . To:tf 7fp“df kfnf] kv{g] afgL a;fNg]
b'MvL, czSt, ckfª\u, c;xfo, 6'x'/f, j[4j4[ f cflbnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{
;a}nfO{ ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug]{
kfx'gf, u'?, u'?cfdf, cfdf / a'afnfO{ b]jtf ;dfg dfGg]
c¿nfO{ c;lhnf] kbf{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{
JolStuteGbf ;fd"lxs lxtnfO{ kf| yldstf lbg]
cfÇgf] k/Dk/fut rfnrng / ;+:sf/ dfGg]
ldtJolotf kb| z{g ub{} :yfgLo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ko| f]u ug]{
afxo\ ;:+ s[ltsf] gsf/fTds ke| fjaf6 aRg] / cfÇgf] dfl} ns snf ;:+ sl[ t tyf ;fj{hlgs
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jwg{ ug{]
kf| sl[ ts / /fli6o« ;Dkbfsf] k|ofu] / ;/+ If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] cflb .
ltdLn] tof/ kf/s] f / dflysf ;fdflhs lgodlar s] cGt/ kfof} t, dgg u/ .
sg' } klg ;dfhsf] P]gf eg]s} Toxfs“ f] dflg;sf] rfnrng / Jojxf/ xf] . xfdLn] ;dfh
cgs' "n lzi6, cg'zfl;t Jojxf/ ckgfof“}+ eg] ;dfh klg To:t} aG5 . To;}n] ;dfhnfO{
;Eo / cfbz{ agfpg x/]s JolStn] ;fdflhs lgodsf] ;xL ¿kdf kfngf ug'{k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= s] ltd|f] ;dfhdf s]xL g/fdf| lgod jf kr| ng klg 5g\ < 5g\ eg] To:tf lgod
jf kr| ngsf] ;"rL agfpm / tL g/fd|f lgodnfO{ ;w' f/ ug{ s] ugk{' nf{, ;fyL;u“
5nkmn u/L pkfox¿ n]v .

@= ltdf| ] sIffsf]7fnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg lgod agfO{ sIff sf7] fdf 6f“; .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ;fdflhs lgod eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhs lgod lsg cfjZos k5{ <
-u_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf kr| lnt kf“rcf]6f dV' o lgod n]v .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff &

kf 7 M !) ;fdflhs lgod kfngfsf] ke| fj

;fdflhs lgodsf] 1fg / k|ofu] n] ;dfhnfO{ ;xL af6f]df 8f¥] ofp5“ . To;sf] ;sf/fTds
k|efj ;dfhsf x/]s Ifq] df k5{ . xfdLn] klg xfd|f ;dfhdf kr| lnt ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf]
kfngf ug'{k5{ . ltdf| ] l5ds] L ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿n] ;fdflhs lgod kfngfsf] ke| fjsf]
af/]df ;d"x sfo{ u/s] f lyP . pgLx¿n] tof/ kf/s] f] ;r" L o; ks| f/ 5 M

;fdflhs lgod kfngf ubf{ xg' ] kmfObf

!= ;db' fodf /xs] f sj' f, wf/f, Ogf/, != ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0f / ;bk' ofu] xG' 5 .

sn' f,] af6f,] wflds{ :ynsf] ;/;kmfO cgz' fl;t eO{ sfd ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; xG' 5 .
tyf ;/+ If0f ug]{ . To:tf sfo{sf] ;fdflhs sfdkl| t rf;f] / pQ/bfloTjsf]
ko| f]u ubf{ kfnf] kvg{ ] afgL a;fNg] afw] xG' 5 .

@= cfdf, a'af / u?' nfO{ cfb/ @= cfk"meGbf 7'nfsf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{] afgLsf]
;Ddfg ug{] ljsf; u/fp“5, u'?af6 yk 1fg lng
;xof]u k¥' ofp5“ , cfdfa'afaf6 Jofjxfl/s

s'/f l;Sg ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5 .
#= cgz' f;g / dofb{ fsf] kfngf ug]{ #= ;Eo xg' l;sfp5“ , cg'zf;g l;sfp5“ ,

;Hhg x'g l;sfp5“ , ;fdflhs lgod

$= cltlysf] ;Tsf/ ug{] l;sfp5“ .

$= ;j] fsf] efjgf ljsf; x'G5, dfgj ;Eotf

l;sfp5“ .
%= k|fs[lts j:t'sf] ;+/If0f -k|sl[ t %= jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng /fVg ;xofu] u5,{ ;[li6
kh" f_ ug{]
;~rfngdf ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .

^= hGdbl] v dT[ o;' Dd ul/g] ljleGg ^= kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf 3n' ldn u/fpg
;+:sf/ kfngf ug{] ;xofu] k'¥ofp“5, JolStsf] ofu] bfgsf] sb/
ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . stJ{ o k"/f ug{ ;xof]u

u5{ . sn' lkt[sf ;Demgf ug{ l;sfp“5 .

&= k/Dk/fut dN" o dfGotfsf] cg;' /0f &= cgz' f;g l;sfp“5, nfe] nfnraf6 arfp“5,
ug]{ Ifl0fs ef}lts ;v' lng] kj| l[ Tt 36fp“5,
dfgj ;j] f ug{ l;sfp5“ , wflds{ :yn ;/+

*= ljleGg rf8kj{ dfGg] If0f ug{ l;sfp“5 .
*= ;:+ sl[ t x:tfGt/0f xg' ,] ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f xg' ] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

;fdflhs lgod kfngf ;DaGwdf ;a} ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xefuL u/L ljleGg ljm| ofsnfk u/fO{ lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 73

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdf| ] kl/jf/ tyf ;db' fodf dN" o dfGotfsf gfddf /fd|f / g/fdf| b'j} rng /x]sf xg'
;S5g\ . To:tf rngx¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} ltg ;d"xdf ljefhg
u/L nv] M

h:tfsf] h:t} cg';/0f ugk{' g{] ;'wf/ u/]/ cg;' /0f ugk{' g ]{ x6fpg'kg{]
bfOhf] lng] / lbg]
kfxg' fsf] ;Tsf/ ;f+:sl[ ts k/Dk/f

5'jf5t' ug{]

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nv] M

!= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf lsg cfjZos xG' 5, 5f]6s/Ldf nv] .
@= ltdf| ] kl/jf/ jf ;dfhdf ePsf yk ;fdflhs lgod / To;af6 xg' ] kmfObf ab“' fut ¿kdf nv] .
#= ;fdflhs lgodsf] dxŒj zLif{sdf Ps cgR' 5b] n]v .
$= ;fdflhs lgod kfngf ubf{ xg' ] kmfObfx¿ ;"rLa4 u/ .

74 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff &

kg' /jnfs] g cEof;

;fdb' flos sfo{

-s_ gk] fnsf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #( df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj:yf 5 . ljBfno k':tsfno
jf lzIfs;u“ ePsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] k:' tsaf6 afnaflnsf ;DaGwL dfl} ns xsx¿sf] ;r" L
agfpm . pSt xsx¿ ltdf| ] ;db' fosf afnaflnsfdWo] sltn] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf
5g} g \ . ljj/0f agfpm . ;fy} ltgLx¿n] tL xssf] ko| fu] s;/L ug{ kfpnfg,\ 5nkmn
u/L lgrf]8 lgsfn .

-v_ ;l+ jwfg cWoog

;l+ jwfg cWoog u//] tn nl] vPsf ab“' fx¿ gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf] dfl} ns xsdf
eP l7s -√_ / geP a]l7s -X_ n]v M

!= :jtGqtfsf] xs - _ @= xftxltof/ ;lxt e]nf xg' ] xs - _

#= ;dfgtf xs - _ $= a9L xg' ]sf] vf;] /] lng] xs - _

%= dlxnfsf] xs - _ ^= k?' ifsf] xs - _

&= afnaflnssf] xs - _ *= k|f9} sf] xs - _

(= wd;{ DaGwL xs - _ !)= ;"rgfsf] xs - _

!!= 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befj !@= wds{ f cfwf/df eb] efj ug{ kfOg]

lj?4sf] xs - _ xs - _

!#= k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf !$= jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL

5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xs - _ xs - _

!%= lzIff tyf ;:+ sl[ t ;DaGwL xs - _

-u_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf k'/fgf] b/af/, u9L, dlGb/, rr{, u'Daf, dl:hb s'g} wfld{s :yn,
kf6Lkf}jf, rft} f/f], ;Qn cflbdWo] s'g} sg' } ;Dkbf kSs} xf]nf . pSt ;Dkbf /xs] f] 7fp“
s:tf] cj:yfdf 5 -/fdf| ,] laus]| f,] eTs]sf], ;kmf kmfx] f]/ cflb_ To;sf] cj:yfsf af/]df
nv] . pSt 7fp“sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ltdL PSn} jf ;d"x ldn/] s] ug{ ;S5f} < ;s]sf]
sfd u/ / s] sfd u¥of}, sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

ljm| ofsnfk

-s_ cfufdL afn lbj; eJo ¿kdf dgfpgsf nflu ;db' fosf dflg; / lzIfs;“u
;Nnfx u/L of]hgf agfpm .

-v_ bz] ;Gtl' nt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ sfok{ flnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf lar
zlSt ;Gtn' g / lgoGq0f lsg xg' k' 5{ xfn] f, ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff & 75