सामािजक अ यन तथा जनसङ् ा
िश ा
क ा८
नेपाल सरकार
िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय
पा म िवकास के
सानोिठिम, भ पुर
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l56f] ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ . b]zdf ;a} dflg;x¿ OdfGbf/, ldlxgt] L / hfu“ l/nf ePdf
;dfhsf] l56f] ljsf; x'G5 . ljsl;t ;dfhdf hgtf lzlIft, tflnd k|fKt, :j:y / ;DkGg
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;lsG5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tdf vlgh kbfy{, kfgL, xfjf, jg:klt, 3fd, ;'Gb/ e:" j¿k, lxdfn,
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cfly{s ;|f]t tyf ;fwgdf k'“hL, d'b|f, ljQLo Joj:yf cflb k5g{ \ . ;f| ]t / ;fwgx¿ kofK{ t
dfqfdf pknAw ePsf] b]z ;DkGg / ljsl;t x'G5 . ;a} ;fwg eP/ klg dfgjLo ;fwgsf]
cefj 5 eg] To:tf dn' s' x¿ ljsf;df k5fl8 k/s] f] kfOG5 . bz] ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/
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5}g . !) xhf/ du] fjf6 hn ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{ ;s]df g]kfn ljBt' \ lgof{t u//] wgL
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txlar clwsf/ / lhDdj] f/Lsf] af8“ kmf8“ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . :yfgLo txdf ljsf;
lgdf0{ fnufotsf sfd ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
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/fli6o« cyg{ Llt lgdf0{ f / sfofG{ jog h:tf sfo{ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf
x'G5 . cfÇgf] kb| ]zleqsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg], b}lgs k|zf;g
;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ kb| z] cfkmn}“ ] u5{ . ljsf; gLltx¿ agfpg,] sfofG{ jog ug{] /
kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ko| fu] ug]{ clwsf/ klg k|bz] nfO{ g} xG' 5 . :yfgLo txdf
cfjZostf adf]lhd gLlt thd'{ f u/L sfof{Gjog xG' 5 . xfdf| ] bz] df g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;83\ Lo zf;g k0| ffnL nfu' ePsf] 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ sDtLdf rf/ ;dx" df ljefhg xfp] m . k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps hgf
;d"x g]tf, pkg]tf / ;b:o 5fg . ;d"xsf] gfd klg /fv . ;d"xsf] cfkm\ g} lgod agfpm
/ lhDdj] f/L klg tfs] . sIff dlg6/, ;xfos dlg6/ / tLg hgf ;xof]uL klg
5fgL lhDdj] f/L tfs] / sIffsf] lgod agfpm . sIffnfO{ b]z / sIffsf ;d"xx¿
kb| z] eP dlg6/sf] ;ldltnfO{ sG] b|Lo ;/sf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .
@= ljZjdf ;ª\3fTds zf;g k0| ffnL ePsf bz] x¿ ljleGg ;f| t] af6 vfh] L tLgLx¿sf]
cjl:ylt P6n;df kQf nufpm .
cEof;
!= ;ª3\ Lotf egs] f] s] xf] < 5
@= ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] dxŒjaf/] 5nkmn u/L nv] .
#= ;ª\3Lo /fHosf :j¿kx¿ pNnv] u/ .
$= ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/ / k|fbl] zs ;/sf/sf tLg tLg cf6] f sfo{x¿ n]v .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
kf7 M # vfg] kfgL
ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/x¿dWo] vfg] kfgL klg Ps xf] . vfg] kfgL
dfgj hLjgsf nflu clt cfjZos 5 . ljZjsf k|frLg
;Eotfx¿nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] kfgLsf] kof{Kt ;|f]t ePsf 7fp“df
g} dfgj j:tL s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . hn;|f]tdf ;DkGg
bz] x¿df af| lhnkl5 g]kfn k5{ . t/ oxf“sf clwsf+z u|fdL0f
tyf ;x/L If]qsf hgtfx¿n] :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] cefj
Joxf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf h'g cg'kftdf hg;ª\Vof j'l4,
;x/Ls/0f / cf}Bfl] usLs/0f eO/xs] f] 5, ;f] cgk' ftdf :jR5 vfg]
kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ x'g ;s]sf] 5g} .
;fdfGotof dfgj z/L/df b'O{ ltxfO efu kfgLsf] dfqf x'g]
u5{ . kfgLaf6 z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nj0fnufot
ljleGg tŒjx¿ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . vfg] kfgLsf cltl/St b}lgs 3/fo;L k|ofh] gsf
nflu klg kfgL cfjZos k5{ . b'lift vfg] kfgLn] x}hf, cfp“, ´f8fkvnf, 6fOkmfO8,
hlG8; h:tf ;ªj\ |mfds /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\ . To;af6 b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ :j:y hgzlSt pTkfbgdf ;d]t afwf x'G5 . o:tf /f]ux¿sf] /f]syfd tyf
lg/fs/0fsf nflu gful/s / /fi6«n] 7n' f] /sd vr{ ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . olb :jR5 vfg] kfgL
pknAw x'g ;s]df o;sf nflu vr{ xg' ] 7n' f] wg /flz hfl] uG5 .
g]kfnsf sltko :yfgdf vfg] kfgL lngsf nflu 6f9f 6f9f;Dd wfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
olb pgLx¿nfO{ :jR5 kfgL 3/ 3/d} pknAw u/fpg ;lsPdf ;do / >dsf] art
x'G5 . pgLx¿n] pSt ;do / >dnfO{ cGo sfddf pkof]u u/]/ kmfObf lng ;S5g\ .
;x/L If]qdf of] ;d:of c´} hl6n 5 . oxf“ kofK{ t wf/f gxg' ', ePsf wf/fdf kfgL gcfpg',
kfgL cfP klg kof{Kt / :jR5 kfgL gcfpg' h:tf ;d:of 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qsf hgtfx¿ vfg]
kfgLsf nflu e"ldut hn;|ft] df e/ kg{k' g{] cj:yf 5 . sltko el" dut hn;|ft] af6 pknAw
xg' ] kfgLdf cf;{]lgs eGg] ljiffSt /f;folgs tŒj kfOPsf] 5 . t/fO{ Ifq] df cf;{l] gs kfOg]
vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f jf 6o\ a' n] df /ftf] /ªsf] ljzi] f lrxg\ nufOG5 . o:tf] wf/fsf] kfgL vfg x'“b}g .
To:t} /fli6o« hn of]hgfn] ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;tkl| tzt hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ cfwf/et" :t/sf] vfg]
kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;'´fj M vfg] kfgLsf] ldtJooL k|of]u / ;|f]tx¿sf ;DaGwdf If]q ed| 0f, e"ldsf clego /
rt] gfdn" s sfo{df ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'xf;] \ .
6 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf vfg] kfgLsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg u/L pSt ;|f]taf6 kf| Kt kfgL
vfg ofU] o 5 ls 5}g, kQf nufpm . kfgL vfg of]Uo gePsf cj:yfdf vfg of]Uo
agfpg] tl/sf lrq jf k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfkåf/f sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
@= ltdf| ] 3/df k|of]u x'g] kfgLsf] ;f| ]tsf] lrq agfpm / sIffdf kb| z{g u/ .
#= ltdf| ] ljBfno jf glhssf] vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f j/k/ ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfoj{ |md agfpm /
z'j|maf/sf lbg ;/;kmfO u/ . o; sfo{nfO{ dlxgfsf] Ps k6s lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
;~rfng u/ .
$= tn lbOPsf] vfg] kfgL sfofn{ osf] cg/' fw] k9L vfg] kfgLsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{ s] s] ugk{' 5,{
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L k:| tt' u/ .
vfg] kfgL sfof{nosf] cg/' f]w
tkfO{n+ ] art u/]sf] Ps lunf; kfgLn] s;}sf] hLjg af“Rg ;S5 . To;n} ] lgDglnlvt
s/' fdf Wofg lbcf}“ M
wf/f ko| f]u ul/;sk] l5 aGb ug{] afgL a;fnf“} .
wf/f vn' f /fv]/ cGo sfd gu/f}“ .
wf/fdf 6'6L /fVg] u/f}“ .
vfg] kfgLnfO{ l;r“ fOdf ko| fu] gu/f“} .
nu' f wg' / ;/;kmfOdf cfsf;] kfgLsf] ko| fu] u/f“} .
kfgLnfO{ l;w} gvfcf“} . 5fg/] , cfi} fwL /fv/] , ;fl] 8; u//] jf pdfn/] dfq vfg] afgL a;fnf“} .
kfgL dfq :jR5 eP/ xb'“ }g . kfgL /fVg] ef8“ f, kfgL yfKg] :yfg / kfgL lkpg] ef8“ f Pjd\
xft kmfx] f]/ ePdf kfgL b'lift eP/ /f]u nfUg ;S5 .
kfgLsf] d'xfg j/k/ kmf]xf]/ gu/f}“ .
ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt / afn aflnsfnfO{ ;xh x'g] :yfg / prfOdf wf/f /fvf“} .
cEof;
!= dfgj hLjgdf vfg] kfgLsf] dxŒj a'“bfut ¿kdf n]v .
@= gk] fndf vfg] kfgLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] 5, rrf{ u/ .
#= ltdf| ] 3/df wf/fdf kfgL gcfPsf] xg' fn] kfgLsf] nfOg ddt{ ul/lbg vfg] kfgL ;ldlt
jf ;:+ yfgnfO{ cg/' fw] ub}{ Ps kq n]v .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 7
kf7 M $ pmhf{
aQL afNg, vfgf agfpg, pks/0fx¿ rnfpg / snsf/
vfgf rnfpg zlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . cfuf], afNg, lx6/
afNg / d]l;g 3'dfpg zlStsf ¿kdf xfdL pmhfs{ f] ko| fu]
ul//x]sf xG' 5f“} . o:tf] pmhf{ hn ljBt' \, hg] /]6/, ;f}o{ zlSt,
afof]Uof;, bfp/f, sfO] nf, kf| s[lts Uof;, kfgL 36\6, jfo' zlSt,
Aof6L« h:tf ;|ft] x¿af6 kf| Kt x'G5 . To:t} cf0fljs e6\6L, k]6«f]
lnod kbfy{, h}ljs / kmfx] f/] hGo kbfy{ cflbaf6 klg pmhf{ kf| Kt
xG' 5 .
xfd|f] b}lgs lj|mofsnfksf nflu pmhf{n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
vn] s] f] xG' 5 . 3/fo;L pkofu] , sfofn{ o ;~rfng ug,{ c:ktfndf
ljleGg pks/0f rnfpg, cf}b\of]lus k|of]hgsf nflu ;d]t
pmhf{sf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;sf/0f pmhf{ dfgj hLjgsf nflu
geO{ gx'g] cfjZostf ags] f] 5 . ljsl;t bz] df pmhf{sf] vkt
a9L x'G5 . To;}n] pmhf{ ljsf; dflg;sf] ;v' , ;j+ l[ 4 / cfly{s
ljsf;;u“ ;DalGwt 5 .
gk] fndf pmhf{ pTkfbgsf kz| :t ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . le/fnf] ;txaf6
c66' ¿kdf aUg] gbLx¿ k|z:t ePsfn] gk] fndf *# xhf/
du] fjf6 hn ljB't\ pTkfbg xg' ;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo]
sl/a $# xhf/ du] fjf6 hn ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{ cflys{ tyf
k|fljlws bl[ i6sf0] faf6 ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ xfn;Dd Ps
xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't\ klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . g]
kfndf xfn;Dd pTkflbt hnljBt' \ ljzi] f u/L ;x/L If]qdf a9L
pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . uf| dL0f Pjd\ b'ud{ If]qx¿df e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] kxr'“ k'Ug ;ls/xs] f] 5}g .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ltd|f] 3/df s] s] sfo{sf lglDt pmhfs{ f] k|of]u ul/G5, ;r" L agfpm .
@= tn afs;df lbOPsf] gful/sn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ k9L c¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpm . oL
a“'bfx¿dWo] /fd|f] nfus] f] a'“bf 7n' f cIf/df n]vL ;fjh{ lgs :yndf 6f“; .
lzIf0f ;'´fj M o; kf7df ;db' fodf ;~rflnt gjLs/0fLo js} lNks pmhf{ k|ljlw, n3' hn ljb\o't
kl/ofh] gf h:tf :yfgx¿sf] ed| 0f u/fpg'xf;] \ .
8 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
lhDdj] f/ gful/sn] lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 M
3/df sd ljB't\ pkof]u ug]{ pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{
ljB't\ sd rflxg] l;PkmPn lrd jf ln8 aQLsf] k|ofu] ug]{
sf]7fdf ;t] f] jf kx“n] f] /ªsf] ko| fu] ug]{
;w' fl/Psf] rn' f] ko| fu] ug]{
Uof; k|ofu] ubf{ ‰ofn vfN] g] / ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 /u] 'n]6/ aGb ug{]
uO' “7f afNge' Gbf ufa] / Uof;sf] k|of]u ug]{
#= Ps If0f ;f]r t M
-s_ ljB't\ geP s] xfn] f <
-v_ clxn] ev/{ } ljZjdf k6] «fn] ;lsof] eGg] ;dfrf/ k;| fl/t eof] eg] s] xf]nf <
-u_ olb k]6«fl] nod kbfy{ -k]6f« ]n, l8h]n, xjfO{ OGwg, dl6t]n, vfgf ksfpg] Uof;_
;lsof] eg] s:tf] cj:Yff xfn] f <
$= g]kfn hn;f| t] sf] wgL d'ns' xf] . o;af6 hn ljBt' \ pTkfbg u//] ljbz] df lgsf;L ug{
;lsG5 . g]kfn lah'nL a]r]/ ljZjsf wgL / ljsl;t d'n'ssf] nx/df pleg
;S5 . o;sf lgldQ s;n] s] ug'{knf{, cfÇgf] ljrf/ b]pm .
cEof;
!= pmhf{sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ;|f]tx¿ pNn]v u/ .
@= pmhf{sf] dxŒj a“'bfut ¿kdf nv] .
#= gk] fndf pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6 pTkGg x'g glbg] kfr“ cf6] f pkfo n]v .
$= tnsf] afs;sf s/' fx¿ cWoog u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] dxŒj emNsfpg] rf6s{ f]
gdg' f tof/ u/ .
s] tkfO{+ nf]8;l] 8ªsf] ;d:of ef]lu/xg'ePsf] 5 < lrGtf glngx' f;] \ . ca tkfO+s{ f] 3/df slxNo}
aQL lgEg] 5}g . ;fn] f/ Kofgnn] tkfOn+{ fO{ slxNo} klg g;lsg] ;f}o{ pmhf{ pknAw u/fO/xG5 .
lsGbf dxu“ f] nfUg] t/ dlxg} lkR5] k;} f ltl//xg' gkg{] xG' 5 . lgMzN' s kf| Kt xg' ] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkef]
u a9fpgt] km{ cu;| / x'g'xf;] \ . tkfO{s+ f] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] Ifdtfdf kfpg' x'g] 5 . o;af6
aQL afNg, /]l8of] ;G' g, df]afOn kmf]g rfh{ ug{, sDKo6' / rnfpg / l6eL x]g;{ d]t ;lsg] x'G5 .
s] tkfO+{ cToGt jfo' rNg] :yfgdf a:gx' G' 5 <xfdL;“u csf]{ ljsNk klg 5 . l;Qd} f v]/ uO/x]
sf] xfjfnfO{ pmhf{df abNg ;lsG5 . lgMz'Ns kf| Kt xg' ] pmhfs{ f] pkefu] a9fpg ;lsG5 . xfdL
jfo'af6 lahn' L lgsfNg] pks/0f h8fg ul/lbg] 5f“} . ca nf]8;l] 8ªsf] lrGtf 5f8f}“ . j}slNks
pmhf{ /fh] f}“ . js} lNks pmhf{ ljsf; sfoj{ m| d
;fdb' flos sfo{
ltdf| ] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno jf ;db' fodf ko| f]u ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf pmhf{x¿sf] gfd ;ª\
sng u/L sg' sg' sfos{ f nflu tLgsf] ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5, n]v .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 9
kf7 M % hgzlSt
dflg;, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo jf b]zsf] ;du| kIfdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ ljsf;
elgG5 . of] bL3s{ fn;Dd lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kl| j|mof xf] . oxL ljsf;s} kl/0ffd :j¿k lxhf]sf
xfdf| kv' f{x¿sf] hLjg :t/eGbf cfh xfd|f] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ljsf; gePsf]
eP xfdL / xfd|f k'vf{x¿sf] hLjg k4lt cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfpg] lyPg . b]zsf] ;fdflhs
/ cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
lzIff, 1fg, l;k / cg'ej k|fKt, zf/Ll/s ¿kdf :j:y / dfgl;s ¿kdf ;rt] Pjd\
ljj]szLn ;lj|mo hg;ª\VofnfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg elgG5 . dfgj ;fwgnfO{ hgzlSt,
>dzlSt cyjf dfgj k“'hL klg eGg] ul/G5 . dfgj ;;+ fwgnfO{ cbIf, cw{bIf / bIf
u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . bz] ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ks| f/sf hgzlStsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . hgzlSt cfkm“} b]z ljsf;sf nflu kofK{ t eg] xf]Og . o;sf nflu bz] df
cGo ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ klg pknAw xg' k' 5{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf hgzlStsf] kl/rfngaf6 b]
zdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] ;d'lrt ;bk' of]u xg' hfG5 .
b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;a} If]qsf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; x'g'k5{ . :jf:Yo If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf, uf| dL0f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{, dft[lzz' sfos{ tf{,
:jf:Yo ;xfossf] cfjZostf k5{ . To:t} kl/rfl/sf -g;_{ , Nofa Pl;:6G] 6, j}B, slj/fh,
8fS6/, kmdf{sf]nf]lh:6, k|zf;s cflbsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
lzIf0f ;´' fj M o; kf7df hgzlSt;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg lrq, rf6{sf] ko| fu] u/L cbIf, cw{bIf / bIf
hgzlStsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
10 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf nflu s[ifs, h]= 6L= P=, h=] 6L=, s[lif dhb'/ cflbsf] cfjZostf
k5{ . s[ifsnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf gk] fndf /fdf| ] ;Defjgf ePsf] dT:o kfng
Joj;fo km:6fpg ;S5 . To:t} kmnkm' n v]tL, t/sf/L vt] L, kz'kIfL kfng, k'ik Joj;fo
cflb ;kmntfkj" s{ ;~rfng x'g ;S5 . :jf:Yo, sl[ if, lzIff, ko{6g, lgdf0{ f pBf]u, oftfoft,
;~rf/ h:tf If]qsf] ljsf;sf] klg k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf nflu log} If]q;“u ;DalGwt
hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . t/ l;koS' t hgzlStsf] cefjn] ubf{ oL If]qsf] ljsf;df
xfdL kl5 k/s] f 5f}“ .
cy{tGqsf If]qx¿dWo] sl[ if, Jofkf/, lghfdtL ;j] fnufotsf If]qdf hgzlStsf] kof{KQtf
eP klg cf}ifwL lj1fg, OlGhlgol/ª, ;~rf/nufotsf If]qdf hgzlSt Go"g 5 . oL
Ifq] df cfjZos hgzlStsf] cefjn] ljsf;sf lj|mofsnfk ;r' f? ¿kn] ;~rfng xg' ;s]sf
5}gg\ . ;dfhdf sfd ;fgf] jf 7'nf] eGg] e]befj sfod /x]df a/] f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9\b}
hfG5 . ;dfhdf ;a} lsl;dsf sfd / hgzlStsf] ;dfg dxŒj 5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf;
x'g' cfjZos 5 . sg' } Ps lsl;dsf] hgzlStsf] cefjn] klg xfd|f] hLjg sl7g xg'
hfG5 / bz] sf] ljsf;df afwf pTkGg xg' hfG5 . ;a} hgtfn] cfÇgf] 1fg / l;k ko| f]u
u/]/ l;hg{ zLn, bIf / OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd u/d] f dfq bz] sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . bIf hgzlStsf]
ljsf;sf nflu lzIff tyf tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ . lzIff / tflndn] JolStnfO{ l;hg{ zLn,
pQ/bfoL, ;xofu] L, :jfjnDaL / ljjs] zLn agfp“5 .
gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] b/ a9fpg lj1fg / kl| jlwsf Ifq] df l;koS' t l;h{gzLn Pjd\ of]
Uo hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'k{ g{] bl] vG5 . /fHon] x/]s If]qsf] ljsf;sf gLlt / /0fgLlt tyf
ofh] gfsf] lgdf{0f / k|efjsf/L sfofG{ jgsf nflu cfÇg} b]zsf] dfgj ;|f]tdfly e/ kg{'k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= ltd|f] ;db' fodf s'g s'g lsl;dsf hgzlSt 5g,\ tLgsf] ;"rL agfpm .
@= ltdL eljiodf bz] ljsf;sf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] hgzlSt aGg rfxG5f,} sf/0f bp] m
cEof;
!= bz] sf] ljsf;df hgzlStsf] e"ldsfaf/] JofVof u/ .
@= gk] fndf cflys{ / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{
s] s:tf ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\ <
#= bIf hgzlSt / cbIf hgzlStdf s] leGgtf x'G5, pNn]v u/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 11
kf7 M ^ gk] fndf ljsf; cfofh] gf
g]kfndf ;8s, vfg] kfgL, ;~rf/, ljB't\, ;/;kmfO, lzIff, :jf:Yo;u“ ;DalGwt cfofh] gfx¿
;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] sltko ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] sltko ;~rfng xg' ]
tof/Ldf 5g\ . o:tf cfofh] gfsf sx] L pbfx/0f o; ks| f/ 5g\ M
klZrd g]kfndf u|fdL0f vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf M klZrd gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f
If]qdf vfg] kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf ;w' f/sf nflu lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xofu] df gk] fn
;/sf/n] klZrdf~rnsf wjnflul/, u08sL, nl' DagL / dWo klZrdf~rnsf] /fKtL c~rndf
of] cfofh] gf ;~rfng u/s] f] lyof] .
ljBfno Ifq] ;'wf/ sfoj{ m| d M gk] fn ;/sf/n] && cf6] } lhNnfdf of] sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng
u/s] f] 5 . o;n] ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'r“ lj:tf/ ug{] / z}
lIfs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L z}lIfs u0' f:t/ clej'l4 ug{] h:tf pBZ] ox¿ lnPsf] 5 . o;
sfo{jm| dnfO{ ljleGg bft[ lgsfosf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt 5 . o;cGtu{t ljBfnosf] ef}lts
kj" f{wf/ ljsf;, afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, kf7\ojm| d, lzIfs tflnd, k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;w' f/
h:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
w'lnv]n–l;Gw'nL–alb{af; ;8s cfof]hgf M ldq /fi6« hfkfgsf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf
w'lnv]n–l;Gw'nL–jlb{af; ;8s cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ sf]
gfe] D] a/bl] v ;8s lgdf0{ f sfo{ ;?' u/s] f] o; cfofh] gfsf] dV' o pBZ] o kj" L{ t/fOs{ f lhNnfx¿nfO{
;8sdfkmt{ \ /fhwfgL sf7df8f;“} u“ hf8] g\ ' /xs] f] 5 . o; dfun{ ] To; Ifq] sf hgtfsf] ;fdflhs /
cflys{ kl/jtg{ Nofpg] ljZjf;;dt] ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;8ssf] nDafO !%* lsld xg' ] cgd' fg
5 . o;nfO{ sf7df8f“} hf8] \g] j}slNks dfu{sf ¿kdf ;dt] lnOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf && cf6] } lhNnfdf ljBt' \ nfOg k'Uof]
g]kfnsf && lhNnfdWo] du' ' lhNnf ljBt' \af6 jl~rt lyof] . ljs6 efu} fl] ns cj:yf /
oftfoftsf] c;l' jwfsf sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd klg Toxf“ ljBt' \ ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg .
oxf“ lj= ;=+ @)%* df lgdf0{ f ;?' ePsf] cuduf9 vf]nf ljB't\ cfof]hgf cw'/f] cj:yfdf
5fl8Psf] lyof] . gk] fn ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] o; cfof]hgfnfO{ cfk\mg} ko| f;df ;DkGg
u/]kl5 Toxf“ lahn' L k'u]sf] xf] . g]kfndf lj= ;=+ !(^* df ;j{k|yd ljB't\ pTkfbg ;'?
ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] !)) jif{ k'us] } jif{ gk] fndf ;a} lhNnfdf ljB't\ ku' ]sf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;´' fj M gk] fndf ;~rflnt ljleGg ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿sf af/d] f kq klqsfx¿df k|sflzt
;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .
12 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
lj|mofsnfk
!= gk] fndf ;~rflnt ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;dfrf/sf gdg' fx¿ agfpm /
sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
@= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf klg ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿ ;~rfng ePsf xf]nfg\ . oL cfof]hgfx¿sf
af/]df cfkm\ gf cleefjs jf 5/l5d]ssf hfgsf/ JolSt;“u ;f]w . pSt ljsf;sf sfo{
s;/L, s;n,] slxn] / s] u/s] f /x]5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/L sIffdf
;'gfpm .
#= ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 xfdLx¿nfO{ s] s:tf kmfObf k'Ug] /x]5 eGg]
;DaGwdf ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .
$= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf s] s:tf ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cfjZos xf]nfg\ <
cEof;
!= klZrd g]kfndf u|fdL0f vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] dV' o sfd pNn]
v u/ .
@= ljBfno Ifq] ;'wf/ sfoj{ |mdn] s] s:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 <
#= w'lnvn] –l;Gwn' L–abLa{ f; ;8s cfofh] gfsf] dV' o p2Z] o s] xf] <
;fdb' flos sfo{
;dx" df ljefhg eO{ cfkm\ gf] ;db' fodf ;~rflnt sg' } ljsf; sfo{ jf kl/ofh] gf :ynsf]
cWoog ed| 0f u/ . ed| 0fsf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf kb| zg{ u/ . e|d0f ug{
g;lsPdf :yfgLo :t/df sfd ug]{ u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ;dfh;j] LnfO{ e]6 . ;db' fodf
;~rflnt ufpk“ flnsf jf u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfsf ljm| ofsnfk / To;n] hgtfnfO{ ePsf] kmfObfsf
;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 13
k'g/jnfs] g cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf] tflnsfaf6 vfg] kfgLsf] lqjifL{o kl/df0ffTds nIo cWoog u/L
;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm b]pm M
jm| = ;= ljj/0f jtd{ fg l:ylt lqjifL{o nIo
*) *%
!= cfwf/e"t vfg] kfgL ;]jf
!)=% !%
sn' nfeflGjt hg;ªV\ of
-kl| tztdf_
@= dWo÷pRr :t/sf] vfg] kfgL
;j] f s'n nfeflGjt hg;ª\Vof
-k|ltzt_
-s_ cfwf/e"t vfg] kfgL ;]jf *) k|ltztaf6 *% k|ltzt k¥' ofpg s] s:tf
sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{ pko'St x'G5 <
-v_ pRr :t/sf] vfg] kfgL ;j] f tLg jifd{ f nIodf kU' g ;Dej 5 jf 5g} , cfkm\ gf]
ljrf/ k|:tt' u/ .
@= P6n;, ;Gbe{ ;fduL| x¿ / kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf e/ M
ljsf; If]q Jofkfl/s ko6{ sLo kl| ;b\w s'/f vlgh sl[ ifpTkfbg
s]Gb | :yn
#= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ js} lNks pmhfs{ f] dxŒj ;DaGwdf ;j+ fb tof/ u/ .
-v_ ‘:jR5 vfg] kfgL :jR5 hLjg’ zLif{sdf uLt jf sljtf nv] L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .
-u_ bIf hgzlStsf] dxŒj pNnv] u/ .
14 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
PsfO M @ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf
l;sfO pknlAw
o; PsfOsf cGTodf laBfyL{x¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;+/If0f sfo{df
;xefuL xg'
ljljwtfdf Pstfsf ¿kdf gk] fnsf] kl/ro lbO{ ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / ;lxi0ft' f sfod /fVg
gk] fnsf /fli6o« ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;/+ If0f sfo{df ;xofu] ug{
ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6o« JolStTjx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;Ddfg ug{ / pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 k/]| 0ff lng
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 15
kf7 M ! g]kfnsf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / k|rng
sIffdf k|jrg sfoj{ m| d rNb} 5 . gk] fnL ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg k/Dk/f / kr| ngsf
;DaGwdf jStfx¿ kfnk} fnf] afl] n/xs] f 5g\ .
1fgL dxhg{ M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo,"
gj] f/ ;d'bfodf kr| lnt Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k/Dk/f u'7L xf] . gk] fndf u7' L
k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; lnR5lj sfnsf] uf]i7Laf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . ;:+ s[ltsf]
;+/If0f, wflds{ ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg / /v] b]v, hfqf, hGd / d[To' ;+:sf/
cflbdf u'7Lsf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . u7' Ldf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 3/
d"nLnfO{ u'l7of/ / u'7Lsf d'Vo JolStnfO{ ysfnL elgG5 . u'7Lsf
u'l7of/x¿ lardf sfdsf] af8“ kmf8“ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . bj] fnL u7' L, ;gf u'7L,
l; u7' L cflb g]jf/ ;db' fodf kr| lnt u'7Lx¿ xg' \ .
wgaxfb/' du/ M cfb/0fLo lzIfs / ;fyLx¿, du/ ;d'bfodf s'g} ;fdflhs nIo k|fKt
ug{] p2Z] on] ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ eh] f elgG5 . eh] fn] du/ ;db' fodf wflds{ ,
sl[ if, cflys{ , ;fdb' flos Pstf / dgf/] ~hg h:tf sfox{ ¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg,
;~rfng / lgoGq0f u5{ . ;db' fosf jl/i7 JolStnfO{ eh] fsf ;b:ox¿sf]
a}7sn] d'lvofsf ¿kdf 5gf6] u5{g\ . e]hfn] k'/fgf /Lltl/jfhdf kl/dfh{g
/ k'hf/Lsf] 5gf6] u5{ .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M kf7df pNnv] ul/P h:t} :yfgLo ;db' fodf ljleGg ;fdflhs kr| ngx¿ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\
tLgn] pSt ;db' fosf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ s[lts pTyfgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp5“ g\ . To:tf ;fdflhs
k/Dk/fx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgLx¿sf] dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf pkfoaf/] 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .
16 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
gyg' L yf? M pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿, g]kfnsf] yf? ;db' fodf a83/ k|yf kf| rLg sfnb]lv
rlncfPsf] 5 . ufp“ jf ;d'bfosf] k|dv' JolStnfO{ hgfpg] zAb g} a83/
xf] . ufp“ jf ;db' fodf Pstf sfod u/fpg, hGd, dT[ o' cflb ;:+ sf/ ;DkGg
u/fpg / ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf u/fpg a83/n] gt] T[ j u5{ . kT| os] jif{
yf? ;db' fon] df3 dlxgfdf a83/sf] 5gf6] u5g{ \ .
kxndfg u'?ª M cfb/0fLo u'? / ;fyLx¿ /f]bL u?' ª ;d'bfodf k|rlnt Pp6f ;fdflhs k/
Dk/f xf] . 3/ dn" Lsf] lgb]{zgdf ;fe“ msf] ;dodf oj' foj' tLx¿ /f]bL3/df
hDdf eO{ gfrufg u5g{ \ . /f]bL3/df xg' ] e]63f6n] ;db' fodf cfk;L ;DaGw
alnof] agfp5“ ./fb] L3/df efl] nkN6 sxf“ / s:tf] sfd ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg
5nkmn xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= ;db' fo / ;db' fosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] o:tf k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿ ;/+ If0f
ug]{ pkfo ;DaGwdf cfÇgf] aG] rsf ;fyLx¿lardf 5nkmn u/L a“b' fx¿ tof/ kf/ .
@= ;fdflhs k/Dk/f zLifs{ df uLt jf kf]:6/ tof/ kf/ / leQ] klqsfdf kb| zg{ u/ .
#= tnsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog u/L cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt o:t} sg' } Ps k|rngsf ;DaGwdf
Ps ;dfrf/ tof/ kf/ .
l9s'6Ln] ;Gts' f] hLjg kl/jt{g
kf]v/f, ^ c;f]h – yfsvf]nfsL ;Gt' lx/frgsf] hLjgdf 7'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
cfÇgf] v]taf/Lsf] cfDbfgLn] jif{ lbg wfGg sl7gfO ef]lu/x]sL ;Gt'n] ;d'bfosf] l9s'6Ldf
yf/] } yf/] } /sd hDdf kfb{} cfO/xs] L lyOg\ . 5 dlxgfkl5 pgn] Psdi' 6 /sd kf| Kt ul/g\ . ;f]
/sdn] k;n ;~rfng ug{ yflng\ . pgL cfh kl/jf/sf] cfjZostf ;lhn} k/" f ug{ ;lS5g\ .
ysfnL ;db' fodf kr| lnt l9s6' LnfO{ l9s/' L cyjf l9s/' klg elgG5 . cfnfk] fnf] u/L ;b:ox¿n]
l9s6' Lsf] sfi] fdf /xs] f] gub jf lhG;L pkofu] u5g{ \ . l9s6' L ;~rfnsnfO{ 3fk] f elgG5 . 3fk] f
g} l9s6' Lsf] lhDdj] f/ dflgG5 . o;sf ;b:olar ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f xg' k' 5{ .
$= lxhf]cfh l9s6' Lsf] gfddf cflys{ ;ªs\ ng u/L 7uL ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ klg ;'Ggdf
cfpg] u/s] f] 5 . xfdf| ] k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]ufp“b} o:tf 7uLaf6 aRg s] s:tf ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg' knf,{ ;r" L tof/ u/L k:| t't u/ .
cEof;
!= e]hf, a83/, /f]bL / u'7Llarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ pNn]v u/ .
@= g]kfndf kr| lnt ;fdflhs k|rngx¿sf] dxŒjdfly k|sfz kf/ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltdf| ] ;db' fosf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgsf] ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿af/]
;db' fodf 5nkmn u/ / kf| Kt lgisifx{ ¿ sIffdf k:| t't u/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 17
kf7 M @ g]kfndf kr| lnt wdx{ ¿
wd{ eGgfn] cfgLafgL / cfr/0f ;'wf/ u/L hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] ;+:yfut cEof;sf]
wf/0ff xf] . g]kfndf k|rlnt d'Vo wd{x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
lxGb' wd{ M lxGb' wd{ ;gftgbl] v rlncfPsf] wd{ xf] . lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿ eujfgs\ f ljleGg
¿k / cjtf/x¿ 5g\ eGg] s/' fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . lxGbx' ¿ wd{ u/] :ju{ kl' uG5 / kfk
u/] gs{ kl/G5 eGg] ljZjf; u5g{ \ . To;}n] bof ug'{, ;To afN] g,' c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{,' dfof
ug{,' Odfgbfl/tf / c;n cfr/0fnfO{ wd{ dflgPsf] 5 . jb] , k/' f0f, dxfef/t, uLtf, /fdfo0f
cflb lxGb' wdu{ |Gy xg' \ . b;},“ ltxf/, 57, xf]nL cflb o; wd{sf dV' o rf8kj{x¿ x'g\ .
af4} wd{ M g]kfnsf] nl' DagL eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd :yn xf] . ;To afN] g', lx;+ f gug{',
rf]/L gug'{, v/fa cfr/0f gug,'{ ´'6f] gafN] g,' dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg gug'{ / wd{df >4f /fVg'
a4' sf pkb]zx¿ xg' \ . af}4 wdfj{ nDaLx¿n] kf| yg{ f / cWoog ug{] :yfgnfO{ ljxf/ / u'Daf
elgG5 . lqlk6s / hfts syf af}4 wd{sf u|Gy xg' \ . j}zfv k"l0fd{ f af4} wds{ f] dxfg\
kj{ xf] .
ls/ft“ wd{ M ls/ft“ wd{ lgs} k|frLg wd{ xf] . o; wd{cg;' f/ cfuf], ?v, kxf8, hª\un,
gbL cflbsf] k"hf ul/G5 . ls/f“tx¿sf] wflds{ :ynnfO{ dfuf{yfg klg eGg] ul/G5 .
kmfNug' Gb lnªb\ g] nfO{ o; wd{sf u?' dflgG5 . pwfn} L / pefn} L ls/f“t wdfj{ nDaLx¿sf] dV' o
kj{ xf] . d'Gwd' ls/f“t wd{sf] wd{ u|Gy xf] . kf?xfª / ;l' DgdfnfO{ d'Vo bj] tfsf ¿kdf
kh" f ul/G5 .
O;fO{ wd{ M lh;; j|mfO:6 -lo;' lv|:6_ åf/f k|ltkflbt O;fO{ wdn{ fO{ lj|mlZrog wd{ klg
elgG5 . lj|ml:rog wd{sf] wd{ u|Gy afOan xf] . O;fO{ wd{sf] k|fy{gf :ynnfO{ rr{
elgG5 . o; wds{ f] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] kj{ lj|m:d; xf] . Ifdf ug{', c;n cfr/0f ug'{, c¿nfO{
;xof]u ug,'{ b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jf ug'{ o; wds{ f dV' o pkbz] x'g\ .
O:nfd wd{ M O:nfd wdfj{ nDaLx¿ xh/t dfx] DdbnfO{ dfG5g\ . pgn] ljZjsf dflg;nfO{
bM' vaf6 d'St ug{ pkb]zx¿ lbP . bfg ug{,' c;n cfr/0f ug{,' ;Tosf] kIfdf nfUg,'
b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jf ug,'{ wd{sf] /Iff ug{' o; wds{ f pkb]z xg' \ . O:nfd wdfj{ nDaLx¿ cNnfx
jf vb' fnfO{ dfG5g\ / cfÇgf] wd{ u|GynfO{ s'/c\ fg eG5g\ . o; wd{sf] wfld{s :ynnfO{ dl:hb
elgG5 . Ob, as/ Ob, /dhfg o; wds{ f dV' o kj{x¿ x'g\ .
l;Sv wd{ M u?' gfgsåf/f kl| tkflbt l;Sv wd{sf] dV' o wd{ u|Gy u?' u|Gy ;flxa xf] .
l;Svx¿ dl" t{ kh" f ub}g{ g\ . eujfg\sf] jf0fL -pkb]z_ sf ¿kdf klg u'? uG| y ;flxanfO{ lng]
ul/G5 . l;Svx¿sf] ehg / k|fy{gf ug{] :yfgnfO{ u'?åf/f elgG5 . u?' jf0fLsf] kfngf ug{,'
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M gk] fndf k|rlnt ljleGg wdx{ ¿;u“ ;DalGwt lrq tl:a/ k|bz{g ub}{ wdx{ ¿sf af/]df
5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .
18 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
bM' vLsf] ;]jf ug'{, lx;+ f gug{,' ;a;} u“ d}qL efj /fVg' / wd{sf] /Iff ug'{ l;Sv wds{ f d'Vo
pkbz] x'g\ .
dfly k:| tt' ul/Psf d'Vo wdx{ ¿afxs] cGo wdx{ ¿, h:t} M h}g, axfO, l;Gtf,] tfcf] cflb
wd{ klg ljZjdf k|rngdf /xs] f] kfOG5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd wfld{s ljjfbx¿ ePsf]
kfOb“ g} . lxGb' /fi6s« f ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] gk] fn lj= ;+= @)^# h]7 $ df wd{ lg/kI] f
/fi6«sf ¿kdf 3fi] f0ff eof] . wd{ lg/kI] f egs] f] hgtfn] hg' ;'s} wd{ dfg] klg /fHon]
x:tIfk] gug{] k4lt xf] . g]kfnLx¿ Ps csfs{ f] wds{ f] ;Ddfg u5{g\ . cfk;df ldn/]
a:5g\ . Ps csfs{ f wflds{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL xG' 5g\ . o;n} fO{ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffdf ljleGg wds{ f laBfyL{ xg' ;S5g\ . Ps wd{sf] Ps ;d"x agfpm . Pp6} ;dx" df
w/] } laBfyL{ eP To;nfO{ klg bO' { tLg ;d"x agfpm . k|Tos] ;dx" n] cfcfÇgf] wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t,
rf8 kj{, kr| ng cflbsf af/d] f ljj/0f jf laua's tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . olb
Pp6} wd{sf laBfyL{ dfq ePdf Ps ;dx" n] Ps wds{ f af/d] f vf]hL u/L o:t} ;fdu|L
tof/ kf/ .
@= ;db' fodf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStnfO{ e]6\g] sfoj{ |md agfpm . pgLx¿;u“ ;DalGwt
wds{ f ;DaGwdf 5nkmn jf cGt/ljm| of u/ .
cEof;
!= ;a} wds{ f ;dfg / km/s s'/fx¿ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpm M
;dfg s/' f km/s s/' f
lxGb ' af4} O:nfd O;fO { ls/ft l;Sv
pkb]z
wd{ uG| y
@= cfcfÇgf wd{sf cfbz{x¿ s] s] xg' ,\ n]v .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 19
kf7 M # ;fdflhs ;be\ fj
cfhsf] sIffdf jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutfsf jStfx¿ cfcfÇgf] ts;{ lxt dGtJo lbg tof/ 5g\ .
pb3\ f]ifs M ca klxnf] jStfsf ¿kdf ljgf]b >i] 7 cfÇgf] egfO /fVb} x'g'xG' 5 .
ljgf]b >]i7 M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo," lg0ff{os d08n / laBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ . cfh xfd|f] sIffdf
x'g uO/x]sf] ‘;fdflhs ;b\efj g]kfnLsf] :jefj’ ljifos jStT[ j snf kl| tof]lutfdf cfÇgf
egfOx¿ /fVg] cg'dlt rfxG5' . g]kfn efu} fl] ns ljljwtfn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . o;
bz] sf] kT| o]s k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ hflt, wd{, efiff, /xg;xg / ;+:sl[ tdf ljljwtf 5 . kT| o]
s k|bz] sf] xfjfkfgL km/s 5 tfklg Ps k|b]z csf]{ k|bz] ;u“ lge{/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . lxdfnL
/ kxf8L k|bz] af6 kfgL galulbP t/fOd{ f ;'Svf nfU5 . t/fO{sf] cGg lxdfnL / kxf8L
k|bz] df gk'u] clgsfn k5{ . blIf0fsf] ;db' a| f6 cfPsf] afbnnfO{ kxf8n] g5l] slbP g]kfnsf]
sg' } k|b]zdf klg jiff{ x“b' }g . kxf8df lgsflnPsf] lahn' L t/fO{df pkofu] x'G5 . o;/L xfdL
g]kfnL lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ hxf“ /x] klg Ps csf{k|lt cfl>t 5f“} . Psn] csf{sf] ;Ddfg
u5f}{+ . cfk;df ldn/] sfd u5f{+} . oxL g} ;Rrf ;fdflhs ;b\efj xf] . oxL g} g]kfnLsf]
df}lns :jefj xf] . olt eGb} d]/f egfOx¿ oxL“ cGTo u5{' . wGojfb .
pb3\ f]ifs M ca clGtd jStfsf ¿kdf cfp“b} xg' 'x'G5, alxgL ;Gt' /fhj+zL .
;Gt' /fhj+zL M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo", lg0ff{os d08n / d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ . gk] fn ax'
eflifs, axw' fld{s / ax;' f:+ s[lts dn' 's xf] . g]kfndf sg' } klg uflj; jf gu/kflnsf To:tf]
5}g xf]nf, hxf“ Pp6} hflt jf wd{ jf efiffsf dflg;x¿ dfq a:5g\ . xfd|f] bz] sf] ljz]
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf dn] ldnfk ePsf] 36gf emNsg] e"ldsf, clego, 36gf cWoog h:tf lj|mofsnfk
u/fP/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;be\ fj sfod /fVg kl|] /t u/fpgx' f;] \ .
20 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
iftf egs] } ljljwtfdf Pstf xf] . Pp6} ;dfhdf ljljw hft, hflt, efiff, wd{, pd/] , lnª\u,
/xg;xg, ;+:sl[ t / ef}uf]lns Ifq] sf JolStx¿ cfk;df ldn/] a:5g\ . lxdfnsf] JolSt
t/fO{df uP/ sfd u5{ . dnfO{ g} x]g'x{ f];\ g, d t/fO{af6 kxf8df cfP/ k9b\ } 5' . xfdf| ] hf]
uG] b| ;/ klg t/fOb{ ]lv kxf8df cfP/ sfd u/s] f] w/] } jif{ eO;Sof] . kd] f ld; t/fO{df ;?jf
xg' 'ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] Ps csf{af6 ;xofu] / ;Ddfg kfPsf 5f“} . cfhsf] PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf]
ou' df xfdLn] efiff / hftLo s'/fdf dfq clNemP/ a:g] xf]Og . a? cfcfÇgf] klxrfg sfod
/fVb} ljsf;sf] sfddf h6' \g'k5{ . cGTodf ‘hflt, efiff, wd{ km/s xg' ;S5, cfk;df ldn]
dfq ljsf; xg' ;S5 .’ oxL ;Gb]z lbb“ } d o; d~raf6 labf xG' 5' . wGojfb ¤
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ;fdflhs ;be\ fj zLif{sdf Ps jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u/ . pb3\ f]ifs,
lg0ff{os d08n, ;do kfns / ;efWoIfHo" cfk"mx¿dWoa] f6 g} 5fg .
@= ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod /fVg ltdLn] / ltd|f] kl/jf/n] s] s] ug'{k5{,
a“'bfut ¿kdf n]v .
#= cfÇgf] ;db' fodf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ePsf 36gfx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpm .
cEof;
!= ;fdflhs ;be\ fj egs] f] s] xf] <
@= ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ug{] pkfox¿ a'“bfut ¿kdf n]v .
#= ltdLn] cGo hflt, efiff, Ifq] sf jf ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ ;xofu] u/s] f 5f} jf
;xof]u lnPsf 5f,} 5f} eg] s] s;/L u¥of}, nv] .
$= ltdLn] cfÇgf] k/Dk/fut klxrfg /Iff u/L cGo k/Dk/fsf JolSt;u“ s;/L Jojxf/
u5f+}{ <
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf ePsf sDtLdf @) 3/df uO{ tnsf] tflnsfcg';f/sf] ljj/0f e/ . To;kl5
‘d/] f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;b\efj’ zLif{sdf Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .
3/dn' Lsf] gfd hflt÷y/ dfte[ fiff wd { ckfªu\ tf 5÷5g
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 21
kf7 M $ ;'Gb/ km" naf/L gk] fn
gk] fn ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿kn] wgL d'n's dflgG5 . oxf“ ljleGg j]ife"iff, uLt, ;ªu\ Lt, gT[ o,
snf / /Lltl/jfhx¿ kfOG5g\ . rfnrng dfq xfO] g lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd / k"jb{ ]lv
klZrd;Dd km/s km/s cgx' f/sf km/s km/s efiff afN] g] gk] fnL gful/sx¿ kfOG5g\ . Pp6f
kmn' af/Ldf ljleGg hft, /ª, cfsf/ / jf;gf cfpg] kmn' x¿n] ;G' b/tf kb| fg u/L dgdf]xs
agfp5“ . To:t} gk] fn klg ljleGg hflt, efiff, ji] fei" ff, /xg;xg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tn] el/k"0f{
;G' b/ km" naf/L h:t} ;lhPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ Ps ;G' b/ km" naf/Lsf ¿kdf kT| o]s g]kfnLn] uj{
ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . ;a} g]kfnL o;}df /dfPsf 5g\ .
lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf !@# efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . w]/}h;f] efiffsf
eflifsfx¿ klg 5g\ . oL efiffx¿ xfd|f] dfl} ns klxrfg xg' \ . oL ;a} efiff /fi6« efiff
x'g\ . ;a} efiff ;a} g]kfnLn] a‰' b}gg\ . To;}n] ;f´f efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ko| f]u
ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff klg xf] . To:t} g]kfndf !@^ hfthflt / !)
eGbf a9L wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a:5g\ .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljljwtfdf Pstf emlNsg] uLt, gT[ o, sljtf, lrqsnf jf j]ife"iff k|bz{gL u/fpgx' f;] \ .
22 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tnsf] tl:a/ x/] L cfÇgf dgdf pAh]sf efjgfx¿ ;d6] b\ } uLt, sljtf jf lrq nv] M
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿df Ps If0f ljrf/ u/ t M
-s_ Ps} k|sf/sf] dfq k"'n ePsf] km" naf/L s:tf] bl] vPnf <
-v_ g]kfndf Ps} k|sf/sf] ji] fei" ff dfq nufpg] dflg;x¿ ePsf] eP s:tf] x'GYof] <
#= Pp6f ;'Gb/ km" naf/Lsf] lrq tof/ kf/ . ;an} ] tof/ kf/s] f lrqx¿ nfdf] wfuf]df
6fu“ ]/ k|bzg{ u/ . tLdWo] cfk"mnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} bO' { lrqsf] 5]pdf l;;fsndn] !
n]v . hg' lrqn] ;ae} Gbf w/] } ! kfp5“ , To;}nfO{ pTsi[ 6 lrq 3fi] f0ff u/ .
$= g]kfnsf ljleGg j]ifei" ff jf rf8kj{ jf ;:+ s[lt jf /Lltl/jfh emNsg] lrq agfpm .
sIffdf lrqsnf kb| z{gL cfofh] gf u/ . cGo sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg bv] fpm .
cEof;
!= ‘ljljwtfdf Pstf’ egs] f] s] xf] <
@= ‘gk] fn Ps ;'Gb/ k"mnaf/L xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
#= ‘ljljwtfdf /dfcf’“} eg]sf] s] xfn] f <
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 23
kf7 M % /fli6«o ;Dkbf
JolSt, ;dx" jf ;Dkb| fosf] lghL :jfldTjdf g/xs] f t/ bz] sf ;a} gful/ssf] ;femf :jldTjdf
/x]sf ;DklQnfO{ /fli6o« ;Dkbf elgG5 . bz] sf] s'g} klg :yfgdf a:g] gful/ssf] pSt
;Dkbfdfly plQs} clwsf/ /xG5 . gk] fnsf kT| os] wfld{s :yn, bj] fno, lxdfno, hªu\ n,
kxf8, gbL h:tf lrh tyf j:tx' ¿ /fli6o« ;Dkbf x'g\ . o;} u/L xfdf| ;f+:s[lts ji] fe"iff,
nf]s afhf, rf8kj,{ /Lltl/jfh, uLt, ;ª\uLt, gfrx¿, hfqf, k'/ftflTTjs Pjd\ Pl] txfl;s
:yn Pjd\ j:tx' ¿ klg /fli6o« ;Dkbf x'g\ .
afudtL gbL ;/;kmfOdf hg;xeflutf
:yfgLo oj' f Snasf] ;lj|motfdf afudtL gbL ;/;kmfO ul/Psf] 5 . d? 6fn] sf Ho]i7
gful/s >L Zofdnfn Jo~hgsf/af6 ;/;kmfO sfos{ f] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df
sf7df8f“} / nlntk/' sf %) eGbf a9L u7' Lx¿ / #) eGbf a9L u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfsf] ;xeflutf
lyof] . %) eGbf a9L ;xsf/Lx¿, $) eGbf a9L dlxnf ;d"xx¿, gful/s ;dfhsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;g] f, kx| /L, lzIfs / laBfyLx{ ¿;d]tsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . æafudtL gbL
;gftgb]lv kfgLsf] ;|f]t xf] . xfdf| kv' fn{ ] o;sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf lyP . kz'ktLgfysf]
bzg{ ug{ cfpg] tLy{ofqLx¿n] kljq uª\ufhnsf ¿kdf afudtLsf] kfgL 3/df lnP/
hfGy] . cfh afudtLsf] of] bb' z{ f b]v/] ?g dg nfU5 . x]gx{' f;] \, xfdL ;a} hgf ldn/]
afudtLnfO{ ;kmf u/]/} 5f85\ f“Æ} , Ps u7' Lsf ysfnLn] eg] . afudtLdf ;of}“ dflg;x¿
Ps} k6s ;/;kmfOsf nflu ;xefuL x'b“ f lgs} /fr] s bZ[ o bl] vPsf] lyof] .
ljZjsf clåtLo gd'gfsf ¿kdf /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ o'g]:sf] gfds ;+:yfn] ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLst[ u5{ . o:tf] ;"rLdf k/s] f ;Dkbfx¿ s'g} Ps /fi6s« f] dfq geP/
ljZjel/s} ;Dkbf aGg kU' 5g\ . o;/L cfÇgf] b]zsf] ;Dkbf ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;r" Ls[t
xg' kfpg' /fi6«sf nflu uf/} jsf] s'/f xf] . xfn;Dd g]kfnsf !) ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbf
;r" Ldf ;r" Ls[t eO;ss] f 5g\ .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL xg' ] vfnsf kl/of]hgf sfox{ ¿
u/fpg'xf];\ . ;fy} s'g} :yfgLo ;Dkbfsf] cWoog ed| 0f u/fpg'xf;] \ .
24 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿ M
!= ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs~' h @= eStk/' sf] rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/
#= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h $= eStk/' b/af/ Ifq]
%= n'lDagLsf] dfofb]jL dlGb/ ^= sf7df8fs“} f] xgd' fg9fs] f b/af/ If]q
&= :joDe" rT} o *= af4} gfy r}To
(= kz'ktLgfy dlGb/ !)= kf6g b/af/ Ifq]
lj|mofsnfk
!= ltd|f] ;d'bfo / j/k/ /x]sf k|frLg tyf dxŒjk0" f{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .
@= ltd|f] ljBfno glhs s'g} ;fj{hlgs :yn, rp/, rft} f/f], kf6L, kfj} f, Pl] txfl;s :yn,
wfld{s :yn, wf/f cflb xfn] fg\ . tLdWo] sg' } Pssf] ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfoj{ |md agfpm /
;/;kmfO u/ .
#= cfÇgf] ;db' fo j/k/ /xs] f] s'g} /fli6o« ;Dkbfsf] dxŒj b;fp{ m . pSt :yfgnfO{ ljZj
;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;r" Lst[ sf lgldTt l;kmfl/; ul/lbg cg/' fw] ub{} uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf]
gfddf kq tof/ kf/ .
cEof;
!= /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] kl/ro b]pm .
@= cfkm“} ed| 0f u/s] f] h:t} u/L ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Lsf af/d] f hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng u//] ofqf
ljj/0fsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ .
#= xfdf| ;Dkbfx¿ lbg kl| tlbg gf; xb“' } 5g\ . tLgLx¿nfO{ hfu] fpg] pkfox¿sf] ;r" L
agfpm .
$= ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf gk/]sf ltd|f] If]qsf] dxŒjk0" f{ ;Dkbfsf] kl/ro bp] m .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ltd|f] ;db' fodf /xs] f] s'g} Pl] txfl;s jf wfld{s jf ko{6sLo jf o:t} sg' } ;fjh{ lgs dxŒjsf]
:ynsf] e|d0f u/ . To;kl5 tnsf a“'bfx¿ ;d]l6g] u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ .
ed| 0fsf] ki[ 7el" d, p2Z] o, ljlw, kTtf nufOPsf s'/f, lgisif{ / ;'´fj
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 25
kf7 M ^ cGt/f{li6«o JolStTj
Çnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\un]
xfdLn] c:ktfndf la/fdLsf] ;j] f ug{] g;x{ ¿nfO{ bv] s] f 5f“} . tL g;x{ ¿ /ft lbg la/fdLsf]
x/] rfxdf vl6Psf xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿ la/fdLnfO{ cfi} fwL lbg,] x/] rfx ug{] / ;xofu] ug{] sfddf
Jo:t bl] vG5g\ . klxn] klxn] c:ktfnx¿df o;/L la/fdLsf] x/] rfx ug{ k?' if g;x{ ¿ a;s] f
xG' y] . Tolt an] f gl;ª{ k;] fnfO{ /fdf| ] k;] f dflgb“ g} Yof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ n] n]
dlxnfx¿ klg la/fdLsf] x/] rfx ug{] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] pbfx/0f k:| tt' ul/g\ .
Çnf/] G] ;sf] hGd ;g\ !*@) df O6nLdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf cleefjsx¿n] pgnfO{ wgL
s]6f;“u ljjfx ul/lbg] ljrf/ u/s] f lyP t/ gfOl6ªu\ ]n eg] la/fdLsf] ;j] f ug{] sfo{df
hl' 6g\ . pgL ;fgb} ]lv k'tnLsf] vn] f}gf x/] rfx ug{] ulyg{ \ . ufps“ f la/fdLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u /
x/] rfx uly{g\ . !& jifs{ L xb“' f la/fdLsf] ;]jf ug]{ gl;ª{ sf] sfd ug]{ OR5f pgnfO{ hfu/]
cfof] . eujfg\n] g} pgnfO{ of] sfd ug{ k|]l/t u/s] f] 7flgg\ . pgn] hdg{ Lsf] s};;jy{ uP/
gl;ª{ cWoog ul/g\ . ;g\ !(%$ df lj|mldofsf] o'4df 3fOt] ePsf ;l} gssf] pkrf/ ug{
#* hgf g;x{ ¿;lxt pgL an] fotsf] ldln6/L c:ktfn kl' ug\ . Toxf“ cToGt kmfx] f/] lyof] .
/fdf| ] x/] rfx gkfP/ 3fOtx] ¿ dl//x]sf lyP . Çnf/] G] ;sf] 6fn] Ln] Toxf“ ;/;kmfO u¥of] .
Çnf/] G] ; /ftel/ xftdf aQL lnP/ k|Tos] la/fdLsf] x]/rfx uly{g\ . ;}lgssf kl/jf/
nfO{ lr7L n]v]/ k7fOlblGyg\ . cfÇgf] tnasf] k};f;d]t pgn] la/fdLsf] ;]jfdf vr{
ul/g\ . To;}n] la/fdLx¿ pgnfO{ aQL lnPsL s6] L (Lady with the Lamp) jf c;n ;fyL
klg eGg] uy]{ . lj|mldofaf6 kmsk]{ l5 pgn] w]/} kz| ;+ f / k'/:sf/x¿ kfOg\ . pgn] :s6' /L
c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g\ . hLjge/ la/fdLsf] ;j] f ubfu{ b{} ;g\ !(!) df pgn] bx] Tofu ul/g\ .
dxfTdf ufGwL
ljZjdf clxn] htftt} zflGtsf] s'/f rln/x]sf] 5 . lx+;f gePsf] ;v' / ;Gtl' i6 ePsf]
cj:yf zflGt xf] . lx+;f, tf8] kmf]8, cfuhgL h:tf pu| ljm| ofsnfklagf klg cfÇgf c;Gtl' i6
kf]Vg / cfGbfn] g ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 egL dxfTdf ufGwLn] kd| fl0ft ul/lbP . ef/tdf
pgs} gt] T[ jdf zflGtk0" f{ / clx+;fTds cfGbfn] g ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cfGbfn] gdfkm{ t\ ef/tnfO{
;g\ !($& df lal| 6; zf;gaf6 dS' t ug{ ;kmntf ldns] f] lyof] . o:tf zflGtsf cu|bt' sf]
hGd cS6f]a/ @, !*^( df ef/tsf] u'h/ftdf ePsf] lyof] .
dxfTdf ufGwLsf] g]t[Tjdf c;xof]u cfGbf]ng, eb| cj1f cfGbf]ng / ef/t 5f]8
cfGbfn] g h:tf clx+;fTds cfGbfn] gx¿ ;~rfng ePsf lyP . c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf jm| ddf
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] kx| /L rfs} Ldf cfuf] nufP/ kx| /Lsf] xTof u/k] l5 pgn] cfGbf]ng :ylut
u/]sf lyP . cfÇgf ;xofu] Lx¿n] s8f cfGbfn] g ug{ ;Nnfx lbP klg pgL clx;+ fTds
cfGbfn] gsf kIfdf g} pleP . cGTodf pgs} lht eof] . ;g\ !($& df ef/t :jtGq eof] .
26 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
dxfTdf ufGwL ‘;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/’ /fVg] JolSt lyP . pgL tGgf dfq cf]5\ofP/ eO' “df
;'Ty] . ;fdfGo hgtfn] nufpg] h:t} sk8f nufpy“ ] . cfÇg} b]zdf ag]sf sk8fsf] k|of]u
ug'{k5{ egL pgn] rvf{ cfGbfn] g rnfPsf lyP . :jb]zL ;fdfg ko| f]u u/d] f dfq bz] ljsf;
x'G5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] . xTofsf] k;| ª\u /fVg pko'St 5}g . of] lstfa xf] . o:tf
gt] f dxfTdf ufGwL ef/tdf dfq geP/ ljZjdf g} clx;+ f / zflGtsf kt| Lssf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= rf/ kfr“ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;/] Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ ]n / dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hLjgL emlNsg]
tl:a/x¿ ;ª\sng u/L kf]:6/ tof/ kf/ .
@= ljBfno glhs c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo rf}sL eP Toxf“sf] e|d0f u/ . Toxf“ g;{n] s;/L
sfd u5g{ \, x/] . gePdf :yfgLo dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod;\ j] L;u“ e6] ]/ la/fdLsf] x]/rfx
s;/L ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ .
#= gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f zflGtk0" f{ lj/f]wsf tl/sfx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g,\ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{ k:| t't u/ .
$= ‘;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/’ eGg] ljifodf kj| rg sfoj{ |mdsf] cfofh] gf u/ . sfo{jm| ddf
;db' fosf ;dfh ;j] LnfO{ klg lgDtf u/ . sfoj{ m| d lgdf0{ f / pb3\ fi] f0f klg cfkmx" ¿dWo]
af6g} u/ .
%= tn lbOPsf h:t} zflGt ;Gb]z;DaGwL ljleGg JolStTjx¿sf egfOx¿ ;ªs\ ng
u/ . tLgnfO{ 7'nf] sfuhdf n]v/] ljBfnosf] ljleGg :yfg / sIffdf klg 6f;“ .
hxf“ dlxnfsf] ;Ddfg x'G5, Toxf“ b]jtfx¿ /dfp“5g\ . -dg'_
afR“ g' egs] f] lhpb“ f] /xg' dfq xfO] g, c¿sf] nflu sx] L ug'{ g} af“Rgs' f] cy{ xf] . -g]N;g
dG8n] f_
d zq'x¿nfO{ l;Wofpl“ bg a? ;fyL agfp5“ ' . -ca|fxd lnªs\ g_
lx+;f / df/sf6 gu/, b'Mvdf k/]sfnfO{ ;xofu] u/, ;To af]n / gzfn' kbfy{sf]
;j] g gu/ . -uft} d a4' _
eujfgn\ ] Ps lnP tfklg b'O{ yfs] lbG5g\ . -xn] ]g sn] /_
cEof;
dxfTdf ufGwL / Çnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\un] sf hLjgLaf6 l;Sg ;lsg] s/' fx¿ pNnv] ub{} cfÇgf]
;fyLnfO{ kq nv] .
;fdb' flos sfo{
cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf ;dfh;]jL jf c¿sf] enfO ug]{ JolStsf af/]df cleefjs;“u ;f]wL
kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 27
k'g/jnfs] g cEof;
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ yf¿ ;d'bfodf a83/ lsg cfjZos dflgG5 <
-v_ g]jf/L ;d'bfodf kr| lnt u'7Laf6 u7' Lof/x¿n] s] s] kmfObf kfpg ;S5g\ <
-u_ u?' ª ;db' fodf /fb] L gePsf] eP s] x'GYof] xfn] f <
-3_ eh] fn] s;/L ;db' fonfO{ Pstfdf af“W5 <
-ª_ ysfnL hfltsf] l9s'6L k|yfsf] kl/ro bp] m .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf kr“} f] jf kd{sf] kr| ng 5 jf 5g} jf ePdf sg' cj:yfdf 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf cfwf/df !) kl/jf/sf d"nLx¿;“u ;fw] ]/ kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ .
;db' fodf 3/ dn" L;“u ;fl] wg] k|Zgx¿ M
-s_ s] tkfO+{nfO{ kd{ / k}r“ f] kr| ngsf af/d] f yfxf 5 <
-v_ s] ;fgf]tLgf] /sd ;fk6L lb“bf jf lnb“ f Jofh lng] lbg] rng 5 <
-u_ kd{ jf kr}“ f]af6 s] s] kmfObf x'G5 <
-3_ o:tf kr| ngx¿ hf]ufO/fVg s] ug'{knf{ <
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kl| tj]bg nV] g] tl/sfsf] pbfx/0f
d]/f] ;db' fodf kd{ / k“}rf] kr| ngsf] cj:yf
d]/f] ;d'bfo u|fdL0f ;db' fo xf] . o; ufpd“ f g]kfnL ;db' fodf kr| lnt kd{ / k}“rf] kr| ngsf]
cj:yf s:tf] 5 egL xfdLn] ebf} @& ut] Ps cWoog u¥of}“ . xfdLn] xfd|f] 3/ j/k/sf
!) kl/jf/df k|Zg ;f]w]sf lyof}“ . o; cWoogaf6 lgDglnlvt tYox¿ kQf nfUof] M
d]/f] ;d'bfosf &) k|ltzt -!) kl/jf/df &_ kl/jf/nfO{ kd{ jf k}“rf] k|rngsf
af/d] f hgsf/L /x]5 . kd{ nufpg] rng eg] sx] L jif{ klxn];Dd Jofks ¿kdf k|rngdf
/x]sf] kfOof] . lxhf]cfh Hofnfdf sfd ug{] rng a9s] f] xb“' f kds{ f] rng x/fp“b} uPsf]
b]lvof] . kd{ / k“}rf] k|rngaf6 ;db' fodf ;xofu] / dn] ldnfk sfod xg' ] /x5] . o:tf]
k|rng arfO/fVg k}“rf] lnPsf] j:t' ;dodf g} lkmtf{ ug,]{ OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy h:tf] ;fdfg
NofPsf] xf] To:t} lkmtf{ ug{k' g{] /x5] . cfkm" n] sfddf nufPkl5 c¿nfO{ klg cfjZos
kg]{ ljlTts} kd{ tLg]{, kd{ tLg{ hf“bf Hofnfdf sfd u/s] f] h:t} u/L /fd|f];“u sfd ul/lbg]
ug'k{ g{] /x]5 . ;d'bfodf kd{ / k“r} f]sf] k|rng sfod /x]5 / o;sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;sd] f
5/l5ds] df ;xof]u / d]nldnfk sfod xg' ;Sg] bl] vG5 .
28 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
PsfO M # ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
bfOhf] k|yf
nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo;{ g
e|i6frf/
ljb]z knfog
l;sfO pknlAw
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[lt klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg /
pSt sfo{df ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] e"ldsf pNnv] ug{
;dfhdf x'g] åGåsf sf/0f kQf nufO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL u/L
åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug{
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 29
kf7 M ! ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿
ljBfno glhssf] ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] ;ef xndf k|f}9 ;fIf/x¿lardf k|jrg
sfo{j|md cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . k|jrgsf] ljifo ‘;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg’ eGg]
lyof] . sfoj{ m| ddf bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 cleofgsf ;+of]hs >L dLgf kf;jfgn] cfÇgf ljrf/x¿
o;/L JoSt uge{' of] .
æcfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx¿, bfOhf] ky| f xfd|f] ;dfhdf Pp6f 7n' f] ;d:ofsf
¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . ljjfxdf s]6L kIfnfO{ s6] f kIfsf] dfuadf]lhd ;DklQ lbg afWo
kfg]{ s'rng g} bfOhf] k|yf xf] . ;f] dfu k/" f ug{ s6] L kIfsf cleefjsn] C0f lng jf 3/
v]t aGws /fVg jf lajm| L ug{ afWo kfg{' cfly{s zfi] f0f xf] . dfuadfl] hdsf] gub jf ;DklQ
gkfpb“ f s]6f kIfn] bn' xLnfO{ dfgl;s bafa, zf/Ll/s oftgf / dgfj] 1} flgs c;/ lbPsf
;dfrf/x¿ kqklqsfdf cfO/xG5g\ . sltko dlxnfx¿ bfOhf] lnP/ cfpg g;ss] } sf/0f
3/]n' lx+;fsf] l;sf/ xg' 'k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 . t/fO{ / ;x/L Ifq] df
of] ;d:of ljs/fn aGb} 5 . ;DklQ / bfOhfs] f nflu geO{ ;'vL / v;' L hLjgsf nflu ljjfx
x'gk' 5{ . bO' { cfTdfsf] cflTds ;DaGw / k]d| sf nflu ljjfx x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z xfdLn] 5g{
;Sg'k5{ . olt eGb} d d]/f egfOx¿ oxL“ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb ¤Æ
csf{ jStf /l;nf rfw} /Ln] afl} 4s knfog ;DaGwdf cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ o;/L JoSt uge{' of] .
æpkl:yt dlxnf tyf ;Hhgj[Gb ¤ tLI0f a'l4 / k|fljlws l;k ePsf JolStx¿ b]z 5f8]/
cGo b]zdf aflxl/g] k|lj|mof g} afl} 4s knfog xf] . afl} 4s knfognfO{ dfgj kh'“ L knfog
klg elgG5 . xfdf| ] b]zaf6 sfdsf] vfh] Ldf xhf/f}“ o'jfx¿ ljb]l;Psf 5g\ . cj;/ l;h{gf
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg\ gful/s g} ljbz] knfog ePkl5 oxfs“ f] ljsf; ug]{ s;n] < b]z xfS“ g
;Sg] o'jfx¿ ljbz] L bf;tf l:jsfb{} knfog ePkl5 /fhgLlts l:y/tf Nofpg] s;n] < bz] df
pBfu] wGbf vf]Ng ;Sg] >d, kh“' L, l;k / pBdzLntf ePsf oj' fx¿ ljb]lzPkl5 pBf]u vf]
lnlbg] s;n] < bz] sf] lrGtf ugx{] ¿ g} gePkl5 bz] agfOlbg] s;n] < oL kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/
vfH] g xfdLn] ljsl;t bz] x¿sf] Oltxf; k9g\ k' 5{ . pgLx¿n] klg nfdf] ;ª\3if{ / ldlxg]t
u/]/ dfq b]zsf] pGglt u/s] f x'g\ . To;n} ] oj' f zlStsf] ljbz] knfog /fS] g /fHon] klg
b]zd} u0' f:t/Lo lzIff kf| lKtsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/lbgk' 5{ . bz] d} /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf
ugk'{ 5{ . b]zd} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f ug'{k5{ . JolStn] klg /fHokl| tsf] bfloTj
lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ k':ts, OG6/g]6, kqklqsf cflb cWoog u/L bfOhf] k|yf lj?4sf 36gfx¿
/ afl} 4s knfog;“u ;DalGwt ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
30 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
a'‰gk' 5{ . hGd e"ldsf] dfof ug'{k5{ . b]z lgdf0{ fsf] st{Jo eN' g' x'Gg eGb} d]/f ljrf/x¿
oxL“ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb ¤Æ
ljm| ofsnfk
!= bfOhf]sf sf/0f x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f jf bfOhf]lj?4sf] cleofgsf ;DaGwdf /]l8of] jf
6l] nlehgdf cfPsf ;dfrf/sf] Ps xKtf;Ddsf] ;r" gf ;ª\sng u/ . pSt ;"rgfnfO{
lgDgfg;' f/sf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/L 5nkmn u/ M
;dfrf/sf] ldlt 36gf ePsf] ;do 36gfsf] k|sl[ t 36gfsf] sf/0f cGo
@= sfd / /fh] uf/sf] vf]hLdf ltd|f] ;db' foaf6 ljbz] knfog xg' x] ¿sf] tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng
u/ / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
#= oj' fsf] knfogn] ;dfhdf kf/s] f] c;/ ;DaGwdf jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf u/ .
$= ljb]z knfog xg' ] lzlIft gful/snfO{ ljb]z ghfg / cfÇg} bz] df cfÇgf] al' 4 / >d
nufpg k|]l/t ug{] vfnsf gf/fx¿, krf,{ kDKn6] tof/ kf/ / ;d'bfodf k|bzg{ u/,
h:t} M ‘ljbl] ;P/ wg cfh{g ug{e' Gbf :jbz] df sfd u/L :jfjnDaL agf}“ .’
%= 3/]n' lx;+ f jf bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 uLt, sljtf, syf jf gf6s tof/ u/L sIffdf
k:| t't u/ .
^= OG6/g]6, df]afOn cflbsf] b¿' kofu] u/L c¿nfO{ wDsL lbg], c¿sf] kmf6] f] laufg{] jf
kmf]6fn] fO{ cfklQhgs kmf]6f];“u hf8] \g] / Odn] kf;j8{ rf]//] c¿sf] abgfd ug{]
h:tf ck/fw klg cfh Pp6f ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ . ljleGg kqklqsfaf6
o:tf ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .
cEof;
!= bfOhf] eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ lsg ;fdflhs ;d:of elgPsf] xf] <
#= af}l4s knfogn] b]z ljsf;df s] c;/ k5{ <
$= afl} 4s knfog /fS] g ljBfnosf] el" dsf s] xg' ;S5, 5nkmn u/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 31
kf7 M @ ei| 6frf/
;bfrf/sf] pN6f] zAb e|i6frf/ xf] . e|i6 / cfrf/ ldn/] ags] f] e|i6frf/sf] cy{ v/fa
cfr/0f x'G5 . lghL jf JolStut kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs kbsf] xl} ;otn] sfg'g ljk/Lt
cfr/0f ug{] jf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf jf 3;' vf/] L ug{] sfon{ fO{ e|i6frf/ elgG5 .
ei| 6frf/sf] kj| l[ QnfO{ rf/cf6] f ¿kaf6 xg] { ;lsG5 .
3';vf/] L e|i6frf/ k|j[lQsf ;/sf/L ;DklQ
gftfuft] f xg] ]{ kj| [lQ rf/ leGg ¿kx¿ lxgfldgf
b/' fzok"0f{ gLlt
ei| 6frf/ xg' ] w/] } sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . s]xL kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\ M
ei| 6frf/sf sf/0fx¿
dflg;df wgkl| t dfx] / t8s e8s a9b\ } hfg'
yf/] } ;dodf wgL aGg] kj| [lQ a9g\ '
;/sf/L lgu/fgL sdhf/] /xg'
;dfhn] ;DklQsf] ;f| t] nfO{ eGbf :j¿knfO{ dxŒj lbg'
kf/blz{tfsf] sdL
hgrt] gfsf] cefj x'g'
gful/s ;dfhsf] ;ljm| otf gx'g'
z/L/df /fu] nfu]df dflg; sdhf/] xG' 5 . To;} u/L ei| 6frf/ ePdf bz] sf] l:ylt sdhf]/
xG' 5 . ljsf;n] ult lng ;Sbg} . lgd'vf / ;j{;fwf/0fn] Gofo kfpg ;Sbg} g\ . clg
ul/a / sdhf]/n] ;xh tyf ;/n ¿kdf j:t' / ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n]
e|i6frf/nfO{ ;dod} /fS] g h?/L 5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj M e|i6frf/ lj?4 clej[lQsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf ljm| ofsnfkx¿, h:t} M ufi] 7L, ¥ofnL, kDKn]
l6ª cflbdf ;xefuL u/fpgx' f;] \ . e|i6frf/af/d] f hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;f| t] JolStsf ¿kdf sIffdf lzIf0f
ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
32 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf pkfox¿
-s_ ei| 6frf/ lj?4df r]tgf km} nfpg]
-v_ gl} ts lzIff / ;bfrf/ lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s kIfdf hf8] lbg]
-u_ e|i6frf/L JolStsf] gfdfjnL ;fjh{ lgs ug{]
-3_ e|i6nfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug]{
-ª_ ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxL / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]
-r_ clVtof/ b?' kof]u cg':fGwfg cfofu] / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ ;lj|mo Pjd\ ;fwg
;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg]
-5_ kmh'n vr{ ug{] afgLdf ;w' f/ u/L ;fdflhs ;bfrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg]
-h_ cflys{ kf/blzt{ f gbv] fpg] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ rg' fjdf efu lng gkfpg] sfgg' L Joj:yf
ug{]
-´_ ei| 6frf/ lj?4 ph/' ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; ug]{
ljm| ofsnfk
!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ rf/ ;dx" df ljeflht xfp] m . Ps ;d"xn] 3"; vfg] lj?4 hgr]
tgf hufpg], csf]{ ;d"xn] e|i6frf/af6 ;dfhdf kf/]sf] c;/ Pjd\ t];|f] ;d"xn]
e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL u/s] f] / rfy} f] ;dx" n] ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;dfhaf6 alxisf/ u/s] f]
bv] fpg] gf6s tof/ kf/ . kfnk} fnf] gf6s kb| z{g u/ / 5nkmn u/ .
@= ei| 6frf/lj?4 kf]:6/ tof/ kf/L kb| z{g u/ .
#= k"/fgf kqklqsf pknAw ePdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, sf6'{g
lrq / tl:a/x¿sf] sl6ª lgsfnL leQ] klqsfdf 6f“;]/ e|i6frf/ lj/fw] L ljzi] ffª\s
tof/ kf/ .
cEof;
!= ei| 6frf/ egs] f] s] xf] <
@= e|i6frf/ Ps ;fdflhs ck/fw xf], lsg <
#= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ljBfyL{sf] el" dsf s] s] xg' ;S5, nv] .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 33
kf7 M # nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g
dl:tis 3ft
SofG;/ wgsf] vlt
nfu' kbfy{ PrcfOeL÷P8\;
;j] gsf
c;/x¿
JolSt, kl/jf/
/ ;dfhdf tgfj
;dfhdf a]OHhtL
-ljjm| d cf]5o\ fgdf klN6/x]sf] 5 . p;nfO{ ljutsf 36gfx¿n] em:sfO/x]sf] 5 . lgb|f
k/]sf] 5}g . pm sf]N6] km5] ,{ cfh km]l/ lal;;{ ss] f] 36gf ;DemG5, pm lgbfpg ;Sbg} , p;sf]
lbdfudf ljutsf 36gfx¿ :d/0f eO/xs] f 5g\ ._
lxhf] ;fyLn] eg]sf] s/' fdf gfO“ eGg ;ss] f] eP cfh o;/L k5t' fpg kb}{gYof] . v/fa
;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\utn] nxnx}df nfu/] r'/f]6 vfg l;lsof] . clg la:tf/} ufh“ fsf] cDdnL
ags] f] ljutsf] lttf] oyfy{ cfv“ f cufl8 P]gf ag]/ k|:tt' ePsf] 5 .
kml] / lsg k"/fgf ofbx¿ sfl] 66\ G5g\ < -pm ljutsf s'/f la;g{ vf]H5_ cfh d h] 5' l7s
5' . ;dod} sfsfn] yfxf kfpge' of] / /fdf| ] eof] . xg' t d klg s:tf] < kl/jf/sf ;b:on]
yfxf gkfpg\ eg]/ 9f“6L 9f“6L / ns' L ns' L nfu' kbfy{ ko| fu] ub}{ lxl“ 8of] . kl5 t g/fdf| ]
b'Jo;{ gL kf] aGg k'u]5' . sfsfn] k'g:yfk{ gf s]Gbd| f pkrf/ gu/fpg' ePsf] eP d ;fob
lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df nfu' kbfy{ lj?4 clej[lQsf] ljsf; x'g] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿
u/fpgx' f;] \ . :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{ jf hfgsf/ JolStaf6 cGt/ljm| of u/fpg'xf];\ .
34 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
d[Tos' f] dv' df k'lu;ss] f] xG' y“] xfn] f . xs{] h:t} k;} fsf] cefjdf rf/] L / n6' kf6df nfu/] h]
nsf] kmGbflt/ kf] xG' y] ls < d]/f] kl/jf/ / d/] f] OHht sxf“ kU' Yof] xf]nf < wGo eujfg\ ¤
dnfO{ ;dod} ss' da{ f6 56' s\ f/f lbof} .
nfu' kbfy{ / To;af6 aRg] pkfo ;/n] sIffdf k9fpg' ePs} xf] . plrt kfl/jfl/s k/fdz{
/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] cefj eP/ d km;“] . sfkL, snd / z}lIfs ;fduL| df vr{ ugk{' g{] k};f
nfu' cf}ifw h:tf] ljif lsg]/ vfg vr{ u/“] . To;f] gu/]sf] eP d}n] klg /fdf| ] sfd kfp“y]
xf]nf . b]zsf] ;]jf ug{] ;Rrf /fi6«;]js aGy]“ xfn] f . d / d/] f tL lbgnfO{ lwSsf/ 5 .
uf“hf / nfu' kbfys{ f] ;sf{] tyf OGhS] ;gsf] gzfdf dxŒjk0" f{ ;do gi6 u/] . Tof] t ed| kf]
/x]5 . Tof] t lhGbuLaf6 slxNo} gpqg] bnbn kf] /x]5 .
-olts}df p e;' 'Ss lgbfP5, lapem“bf t emndNn pHofnf] eO;s]sf] lyof] ._
lj|mofsnfk
!= nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gdf nfUg glbg kl/jf/sf] el" dsf s] /xG5 < cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .
@= ;x/df /xs] f cfÇgf] bfh'nfO{ nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gaf6 aRg ckgfpgk' g{] ;fjwfgLsf
s'/fx¿ pNnv] u/L kq n]v .
#= nfuk' bfy{ ;j] gsf c;/x¿ emNsg] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 6f;“ .
cEof;
!= s:tf s:tf kbfyn{ fO{ nfu' kbfy{ elgG5 <
@= nfu' kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf s] s:tf xfgL u5{ <
;fd'bflos sfo{
nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g lj?4 hgrt] gf hufpg ;8s gf6s tof/ kf/ / ;db' fodf k|bzg{ u/
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 35
kf7 M $ åGå / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
åGå Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf åGå ljZn]ifs ldqnfn;u“ lnOPsf] cGtjft{ fs{ f] cz+ .
kqsf/ M åGånfO{ oxfn“ ] s;/L ae' m\ g'ePsf] 5 <
ldqnfn M JolSt jf ;d"xlarsf] dteb] åGå xf] . km/s km/s ;f]rfO / c;xdltn] åGå
lgDTofp“5 . åGå ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} xG' 5 . xfdLn] w/] } h;f] ;do ;fyL,
kl/jf/ / ljBfnodf latfp“5f}“ . sltko cj:yfdf ;fyL / kl/jf/sf ;b:o;“u
ljrf/ ldNbg} . cfk"mn] egs] f s/' fdf pgLx¿ ;dyg{ ub{}gg\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf
s/' f dg kb{}g . ljrf/ gldnk] l5 l/; p75\ clg emu8fsf] cj:yf pTkGg xG' 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ åGå elgG5 . o;/L km/s km/s JolStsf] km/s km/s
lsl;dsf] a'emfOn] åGå pTkGg xG' 5 .
kqsf/ M åGå lsg x'G5 eGg] nfU5 tkfO{+nfO{ <
ldqnfn M åGå pTkGg xg' ] w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g,\ h:t} M ljrf/ gldNg', e]befjk0" f{ Jojxf/
x'g,' sfd gkfpg' . To:t} /fhgLlts ljrf/ gldNg,' unt ;r" gf kfpg', ;Lldt
;|ft] ;fwg xg' ,' lje]b xg' ' klg åGåsf sf/0f xg' \ .
kqsf/ M åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;dfhsf] s:tf] el" dsf xG' 5 lg <
ldqnfn M åGå ;dfwfgdf ;dfh jf ;db' fosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . xhf/f}“ ljjfb
/ c;xdltx¿ ;dfhdf g} 6'ª\uf] nufOPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;dfhn] åGå
;dfwfgdf dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf vN] g ;S5 . ;dfhdf ljbo\ dfg åGåsf] sf/0f
klxrfg ug],{ ;dfhsf ka| '4 JolStx¿ jf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsdfkmt{ dWo:ytf
ug{,] b'js} f s'/f ;G' g] / jftf{ u/fpg] / ;xdltsf] ;femf laGb' vfh] L u/L ;Demft} f
u/fpg] åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ x'g\ .
kqsf/ M åGå Joj:yfkgdf bfx] f]/f] ;~rf/sf] s] e"ldsf /xG5 <
ldqnfn M åGåsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿dWo] ;~rf/sf] c:ki6tf klg Ps xf] . unt ;~rf/
jf sd a'emfO jf unt a'emfOn] åGå l;h{gf ug{] jf a9fpg] sfd ul//xs] f]
x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf bj' } kIflar cfk;df s/' fsfgL jf ;j+ fb ug{'k5{ . o;n]
bj' } kIfsf larsf] ;f]rfO / a'emfOnfO{ a‰' g / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿ vfH] g
dbt u5{ . ;~rf/n] ljrf/df :ki6tf Nofp5“ . cfk;df dteb] sf] oyfy{ sf/0f
lzIf0f ;'emfj M :yfgLo kl/j]zdf xg' ] åGåsf pbfx/0fx¿ k:| tt' ug{ nufO{ tfhf 36gfx¿df åGå s;/L pTkGg
ePsf] lyof] < åGå s;/L a9\b} uof] < s;n] ldnfOlbof] < s;/L ldNof] < clxns] f] cj:yf s:tf] 5 cflb h:tf
ljifodf 5nkmn u/L åGå Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx¿ af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .
36 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *
a'‰g ;xofu] u5{ . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNk vf]Hg cfwf/ lbG5 . ;xL lgisifd{ f
k'Ug dbt u5{ .
o;/L xfdLnfO{ ;dfhdf ePsf] åGåaf6 arfpg ;j+ fbsf] k|ofu] x'g' h?/L 5 .
JolSt, ;:+ yf jf ;d'bfodf sg' } g s'g} ¿kdf s]xL g s]xL ljjfb xG' 5 . To;nfO{
c¿ a9\g / laUf|g glbO{ ;dod} tLgnfO{ ;DxfNgk' 5{ . ;dfhdf åGå÷ljjfb
;DxfNg] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L zflGt axfnL ug{ ko| Tg ug'{k5{ .
kqsf/ M ;j+ fb jf jftfn{ ] åGå Joj:yfkgdf s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 <
ldqnfn M ;j+ fb bfx] f/] f] ;~rf/sf] ke| fjsf/L ljlw xf] . o;n] åGå/t bj' } kIfnfO{ lhtsf]
cj:yfdf k¥' ofp5“ . s;s} f] xf/ xb“' g} . o;n] eljiodf kml] / åGå gxg' ] cj:yf agfp5“ .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ‘ljBfnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfcf’“} eGg] h:tf ljleGg gf/f tof/ u/L sIff sf7] fdf
k|bzg{ u/ .
@= åGå Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ .
#= tn lbOPsf] tflnsf cWoog u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf] l;nl;n]jf/ tflnsf
åGådf ;n+ Ug kIfn] g} ;dfwfg t;] f| ] kIfsf] ;xof]udf ;dfwfg afx\o zlStsf] k|ofu]
:jJoj:yfkg u/L x/s] 5nkmnaf6 dWo:tstf{sf] k~r enfb\ lgsfoaf6 k} kf7 M %
JolStn] åGåsf sf/0f ;d:of ;xofu] lnP/ dLn] k}m;nf
h:t} l/;, tgfj / nfe] ;dfwfg ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] lbuf]m;gf ul/lbg]
cflb lgoGq0f ug{] . ug{]
ug]{ . sfgg' L xltof/ k|ofu]
sd ansf] k|of]u tyf xf/ lhtsf] ;Defjgf u/L bafpg]
a9L
cEof;
!= åGå egs] f] s] xf] <
@= åGå ;dfwfgdf ;dfhsf] s] s] e"ldsf xG' 5 <
#= åGåsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
;d'bfodf ePsf ljleGg åGåsf 36gfx¿ / tL 36gfx¿ s;/L ;dfwfg ul/P egL ;d'bfosf
ljleGg JolStnfO{ ;f]wL sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 37
kf7 M % OEXI@ ljsf;
ljsf;sf nfe / ultnfO{ jtd{ fgsf cltl/St eljio;Dd ;'lglZrttf lbg] cjwf/0ff lbuf]
ljsf; xf] . o;n] jtd{ fgdf ;|f]tsf] cTolws k|ofu] n] efjL k:' tfnfO{ ;f| ]tljxLg agfpg' xb“' g}
eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . lbuf] ljsf; cfkm}d“ f wflgg ;Sg] ljsf; xf] . jftfj/0f dq} L ljsf;
/ l6sfp x'g] ljsf;sf ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ tnsf] rf6{n] :Kfi6 kf5{ M
cfkm} d“ f wflgg efjL k:' tfsf] ljsf;df
;lsg] rf;f] /fVg]
lbuf] ljsf;
jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / ;fdflhs Gofodf hf8]
ljsf;df ;Gt'ng vf]Hg] l6sfp x'g] vfnsf]
lbg]
lbuf] ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿
-s_ hg;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug'{
-v_ jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f ug'{
-u_ k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;fjwfgL / ;rt] k0" f{ pkof]u ug{'
-3_ cflys{ j[l4 ug'{ / ;fdflhs pGglt ug'{
-ª_ ;fdflhs ;be\ fj jl[ 4 u/L dfgjLo ljsf;sf kIfx¿nfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug'{
lbuf] ljsf; ug{ s] ug{'k5{ <
-s_ j[If/fk] 0f, jg hª\unsf] ;+/If0f / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug'{k5{ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cfr/0f ug{
k]/| 0ff lbg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf;] \ .
38 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
-v_ ;fgf / :yfgLo k|ljlwd'vL ljsf; lgdf{0fdf hf8] lbgk' 5{ .
-u_ js} lNks / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|ofu] df hf8] lbgk' 5{ .
-3_ ;x/ ahf/df lg:sg] kmf]xf/] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ .
-ª_ vfn] faf6 hyfefjL 9ª' u\ f, lu6L, afn'jf lemSg] sfo{ aGb ug{'k5{ .
-r_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/df lgoGq0f ugk{' 5{ .
-5_ h}ljs (organic) vt] LnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= ltdf| ] ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fLo ;w' f/ -km'naf/L, j[If/f]k0f, ;/;kmfO_ sf lglDt of]hgf
agfO{ sfofG{ jog u/ .
@= lbuf] ljsf;sf] lglDt gful/sn] v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
k|:tt' u/ .
#= ;dfhdf k5fl8 /xs] f ju{, lnª\u, If]q, hflt, ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ /fHo jf
;d'bfon] ljz]if ;l' jwf jf cj;/ kb| f/ u/L c¿ JolSt ;/xsf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg
ul/g] k|of; ;fdflhs Gofo xf] . ltd|f] ;db' fodf kl5 /xs] f To:tf ;dx" sf dflg;x¿n]
;fdflhs Gofo kfPsf 5g\ t < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / n]v .
cEof;
!= lbuf] ljsf; egs] f] s] xf] <
@= lbuf] ljsf;n] s] s/' fsf] dfu u5{ <
#= lbuf] ljsf; ug{ s] ugk{' 5{ <
;fdb' flos sfo{
cfÇgf] ;db' fodf lbuf] ljsf;sf lglDt kf7df lbP h:t} pkfox¿ cjnDag ePsf] 5 jf 5}
g, tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpm M
sfofG{ jog ePsf ab“' f sfof{Gjog gePsf a'“bf
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 39
kf7 M ^ ;'zf;g
;z' f;gnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g jf c;n zf;gsf ¿kdf lrGg] ul/G5 . pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g
tyf pQd /fHo Joj:yf x'g' ;z' f;g xf] . k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u g} ;z' f;g
xf] . hgtfkl| t pQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ lg0fo{ kl| j|mof / ei| 6frf/ dS' t ;dfh ;'zf;gsf
cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ xg' \ . hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf / sfgg' L zf;g klg ;'zf;gsf
cfwf/ xg' \ .
;z' f;gsf nflu s] ug]{ < ;z' f;gn] s] xG' 5 <
sfgg' sf] kfngf ;an} ] ug{k' g]{ ei| 6frf/df sdL cfp“5 .
c;n zf;gsf] k|Tofet" xg' k' g]{ bz] df zflGt cdgrog sfod x'G5 .
x/s] sfd / ljm| ofsnfkdf kf/blzt{ f ;xh / ;/n ¿kdf j:t' jf ;j] f
x'g'kg{] k|fKt x'G5 .
x/s] sfofn{ odf gful/s a8fkqsf] zf;s / hgtflar ;d' w/' ;DaGWf
Joj:yf xg' 'kg{] :yflkt xG' 5 .
hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;j] f lbgk' g{] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;fdflhs Gofo k|fKt
x'G5 .
;fwg / ;f| t] sf] Gofofl] rt ljt/0f
xG' 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ltdf| ] ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf ePsf] ;z' f;gsf] cEof;af/] sfos{ f/L clwst[ nfO{ ;fW] g]
k|ZgfjnLsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ . sIffdf 5nkmn u/L To;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ ufp“kflnsf
;lrj jf sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{ ;fw] . ufp“kflnsf jf gu/kflnsf 6f9f ePdf kqfrf/
u/ / k|fKt hjfkm sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .
@= ljBfno Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g ;~rfngdf ;'zf;gsf] cfjZostf k5{ < ltd|f]
ljBfnon] ;'zf;gnfO{ kj| w{g ug{ u/]sf d'Vo dV' o ultljlwx¿ nv] .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;'zf;gsf af/d] f sIffdf jSt[Tj snf jf sljtf jf lgaGw k|ltofl] utf u/fpgx' f];,\ h;df
lzIfsn] ;xhLs/0f u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ g} Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug{ clek|l] /t ugx'{ f;] \ .
40 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *
#= tn lbOPsf] /fli6«o ;"rgf cfofu] sf] ;Gbz] nfO{ /fdf| cIf/df n]v/] krf{ jf kf]:6/
agfpm . ;fjh{ lgs :yfg Pjd\ ljBfnosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6f“;]/ hgtfsf] ;';l" rt xg' ]
clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{df ;xefuL xf]pm .
cEof;
!= ;z' f;g eg]sf] s] xf] / ;z' f;gsf tŒjx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
@= ;'zf;g gePsf] ;dfhdf s] x'G5 < cfÇgf] ljrf/ k:| tt' u/ .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ltdf| ] ljBfnodf lgDgfg;' f/sf sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ a'em . To;sf cfwf/df Ps
5f]6f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ . oL ;a} s/' fx¿ ePsf] ePdf ljBfnodf ;z' f;g ePsf] dflgG5 .
lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs, lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3sf a7} sx¿
a:g] u/]sf xG' 5g\ . tL a}7sx¿df ljBfyL{x¿ klg ;xefuL ag . ljBfnodf lzIfs cfrf/
;l+ xtf, ljBfyL{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf / sIff lgod Pjd\ rf6x{ ¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] / To;sf] kfngf
x'g] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, cjnfs] g u/ . ;fy} ljBfnosf ;a} ultljlwx¿ cleefjs en] f
/ jflif{s sfoj{ |mddf hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/s] f] jf gu/s] f] klg cgu' dg u/fpg] Pjd\ u/]sf] jf
gu/s] f] klg cjnf]sg u/ .
/fli6«o ;r" gf cfof]usf] ;Gb]z
Ps ;rt] gful/sn] ofb /fVgk' g]{ s/' f
-s_ ;/sf/L sdr{ f/Lsf] tna / ;/sf/L sfofn{ osf] vr{ xfdLn] lt/s] f] s/af6 rN5 .
-v_ cfkmn" ] lt/]sf] s/ s] sfddf sxf“ / s;/L vr{ xG' 5 egL hfGg] xfd|f] df}lns
clwsf/ xf] .
-u_ xfdLn] sg' } ;fjh{ lgs lgdf0{ f sfos{ f] lnlvt, kmfOn, xg] { / lgdf0{ f sfos{ f] lg/LIf0f
ug{ ;S5f“} . ;fjh{ lgs dxŒjsf] sg' } sfd, sfuhkq, clenv] xg] ÷{ hfR“ g ;lsg] 5 .
-3_ sfuhkq jf /]s8{sf] l6kf]6, k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk, d'lb|t l8:s]6, k]g 8«fOe, 6]k,
lel8of,] Sof;6] jf sg' } klg Onl] S6f« l] gs jf db' 0| f ¿kdf ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-ª_ ;fj{hlgs dxŒj ;"rgf lng] lbg] afgL a;fnf}“ / vn' f ;"rgf ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf;
u/f“} .
/fli6«o ;"rgf cfofu] , sf]6]Zj/, sf7df8f“}
6f]n lkm| gDa/ !^^)–)!–^))))
(www.nic.gov.np)
;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 41
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