SOCIAL AND POPULATION

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;db' s| f] nfdf] ofqfkl5 xfdL a|flhn k'Uof“} . bf];|f] lbg skmL kmfd{ xg] { uof}“ . Toxf“ k|z:t
skmL vt] L x'g] /x]5 . dflg;x¿ skmL l6Kg nflu/xs] f b]lvGy] . skmL kz| f]wg ug{] 7'nf 7'nf
sf/vfgfx¿ klg /x5] g\ . Toxf“af6 xfdLnfO{ cd]hgsf] hªu\ n xg] { nluof] . ljzfn gbL
hªu\ nsf] laraf6 au]sf] bl] vGYof] . Tof] hª\undf w]/} cUnf cUnf ?vx¿ /x5] g\ . olt
7'nf ?v t dn} ] b]v]s} lyOg“ . o; Ifq] df Hofb} udL{ lyof] . Toxfa“ f6 xfd|f] ofqf pQ/tkm{
a9\of] . eg] h] P' nfdf xfdLn] kfgLsf] tfnaf6 k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ lgsfns] f] klg x]¥of“} .

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ufO8n] To; Ifq] sf] hghLjgsf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fP . Toxfs“ f dflg;x¿ kz'kfng / sl[ if
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92 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

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Dof/f8fg] f;“u k|ToIf e6] /] s/' fsfgL ug{ kfpb“ f v';Lsf] ;Ldf /xg] . Toxf“ ;dy/ 3f;“ ] kmf“6
/x]5 . To; kmf“6df st} ux“' vt] L u/]sf] kfOof] eg] sxL“ e8] f / ufO{ kfng u/]sf] klg
b]lvof] . Toxf“ t Pp6} ls;fgn] ;of“} ufO{ / xhf/f“} e8] f kfNbf /x]5g\ . e]8fsf] pmg sf6g\ ]
/ ufOs{ f] b'w b'x'g] sfd klg d]l;gaf6 u/]sf] b]v/] d t 5Ss k/“] . d]/L cfdfnfO{ an] f
an] fdf ufO{n] nfQL xfg]/ n8fPsf] / bw' kfl] vlbPsf] ;lD´P“ . gk] fndf klg o:t} b'w b'xg' ]
d]l;g eOlbPsf] eP d]/L cfdfnfO{ bM' v xg' ] lyPg . o:tf] d]l;g w]/} ;ªV\ ofdf Ps} k6s
bw' b'xg' sf lglDt k|of]u ul/g] /x]5 . dn} ] klg 7n' f] ePkl5 o;} u/L ;of}“ ufO{ kfNg] / bw'
b'xg] d]l;g /fVg] c7f6] dgdg} u/]“ . csf{] lbg xfdL lrnLsf] ;'Gtnf aur“} fdf kU' of“} . Toxf“
lxpb“ df kfgL kg]{ / udL{ dlxgfdf kfgL gkg{] /x5] . To; If]qdf ?vx¿ 7n' f gxg' ] /x]5g\ .
xfdL af]lnleofsf] /fli6o« lgs'~h klg 3D' of“} . of] /fli6«o lgs'~h clk|msfsf] ;efgf Ifq] h:t}
/x]5 . oxf“ cUnf cUnf 3f;“ / kmf6km'6 ?vx¿ dfq /x5] g\ . oxf“ l;+x, af3, du[ nufotsf
ljleGg ks| f/sf hgfj/x¿ /x]5g\ . xfdLn] sk] xg{ klg hfg] xf] < eg/] xfdf| ] ufO8nfO{
;fw] s] f lyof}“ . s]k xg{ blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] ;a}eGbf blIf0fdf kg]{ Hofb} b'u{d :yfg /x5] .
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eP/ ghfg] /x]5 . To;}n] xfdL uPgf}“ . xfdf| ] bO' { dlxgf nfdf] clkm| sf, blIf0f cdl] /sf /
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ljdfg:yn x'b“ } gk] fn kmls{of}“ . o;/L Ps} k6s tLgcf]6f dxfbz] sf] ed| 0f ug{ kfPsfd] f dn} ]
cfkmn" fO{ efUodfgL 7fgs] f] 5' . o:tf] cj;/ h6' fOlbg] ;:+ yfnfO{ xflbs{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

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plNnlvt :yfgx¿ kQf nufpm .
@= ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ vf]hL u/L blIf0f cd]l/sfsf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L
sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

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l/of] b hg] l] /of], l6l6sfsf tfn, cf6fsfdf d?el" d, PlG8h kjt{ z[ª\vnf,

cdh] g a];L

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;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 93

k'g/jnf]sg cEof;

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nflu ko| fu] ul/Psf xg' \ . P6n; x/] L pSt gbLx¿ sg' sg' xg' \ < gfd kQf nufpm .

@= Pp6f kfgfdf cfotfsf/ rt'e'{h lvr h;sf] nDafO !^ ;]ld / rf}8fO * ;]ld
x'g'k5{ . ca pSt rt'eh{' nfO{ rf/ v08df ljefhg u//] lrqdf h:t} gS;f ptf/ .

#= es" DkLo ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf hgrt] gf hufpg k|To]sn] Ps Ps cf6] f kDKn6] jf kf]:6/

jf krf{ jf Kn]sf8{ tof/ kf/ / ;db' fodf rt] gfdn" s sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u/ . ;8s
gf6s klg bv] fpg ;lsG5 .

$= xfjf sg' lbzftkm{ ax]sf] 5 egL xg] { Ps n77\ Ldf l/ag af“w]/ vn' f 7fpd“ f /fv . l/ag
htftkm{ kmlsG{ 5, xfjf Tot} ax]sf] xG' 5 . ljdfg:ynx¿df lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t} /ftf]
/ ;t] f] wsf{ ePsf] 9'ª\uf| ] h:tf] sk8fsf] pks/0f /flvPsf] xG' 5 . To;n] ljdfgnfO{
ljdfg:ynsf] jfos' f] lbzf cjut u/fp5“ .

%= pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clkm| sf dxfb]zsf af/]df xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutfsf
lgldQ kZ| gx¿ agfpm . k|Zgsf ;fydf pQ/ klg /fv . ;a} hgfn] agfPsf k|Zgx¿
Ps} 7fp“df /fvL bfx] fl] /Psf kZ| gx¿ x6fpm . To;kl5 ;dx" x¿ agfO{ vfnL 3G6Ldf
xflh/L hjfkm k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng u/ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

cfÇgf] ufp“ jf 6fn] df /x]sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ jf rlrt{ :yfg jf rf]s jf d"n af6f] jf bf]af6f]
b]lv cfÇgf] 3/ jf ljBfno;Ddsf] af6f]sf] gS;f agfpm . af6f]df /x]sf ljleGg tYox¿,
h:t} M wfld{s :yn, ;xfos af6f,] bfa] f6f], rf}af6f], rfs] , rft} f/f,] ahf/, sfofn{ o, ljBfno,
vfn] f, kn' nfO{ ;ªs\ ]t ko| fu] u/L gS;fdf b]vfpm .

94 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

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cfwl' gs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg / o;df hgtfsf] el" dsf pNnv] ug{

;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5sf] gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf / /f0ffsfnLg gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts, cflys{
tyf ;fdflhs ;w' f/x¿sf] j0fg{ ug{

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;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAw pNnv] ug{

lu|;sf] / /f]dsf] ;Eotf tyf k'ghfu{ /0fsfndf ePsf ;w' f/ / dfgj rt] gfdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{gsf] j0fg{ ug{

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k f7 M ! gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf

hgtfsf] ;xeflutf

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;xof]u lyPg . of] t ;Dk0" f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tofu, alnbfg / ;dyg{ n] dfq ;kmn ePsf]
loof] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ cem :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ uf]/vfsf :yfgLo afl;Gbf la;] gurL{n] hgtfsf] ;;fgf ;xof]un] 7'nf xltof/
lsGg] k};f hDdf ug{ ;lsg] ;Nnfx lbPadf]lhd uf]/vf /fHosf !@))) 3/w'/Laf6
hgtfåf/f cfly{s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

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-u_ Hof]ltif s'nfgGb 9sfnsf] ;Nnfx tyf ;fOtnfO{ dfg]/ g'jfsf6] / sLlt{k/' dfly t;] f| ]
cfj|md0f ubf{ uf]/vfnLx¿ ;kmn ePsf lyP .

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/fhf sf6g\ x'“bg} egL ;Nnfx lbg] jf /fhfnfO{ sf6\g /f]Sg] JolSt klg ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf 5f]/f lyP . clg pgnfO{ /ftf/ft g'jfsf]6 k'¥ofO{ ;'/lIft ug]{df klg
;j{;fwf/0f gful/s lyP .

-ª_ sLltk{ '/ cfj|md0f ug{ bxrf]ssf hgtfn] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf lyP .

-r_ bf;] |f] k6s sLltk{ /' cfjm| d0f ubf{ ;'/kt| fk zfxsf] cf“vf km6' \bf lrlsT;s PGhf]nf]n]
pkrf/ u/]sf lyP .

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-h_ kf6g ljho ug{] l;nl;nfdf >Lxif{ kGt bt' agL uPsf lyP .

-´_ axfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf klZrd PsLs/0fdf lg:s]sf ;]gfnfO{ hgtfåf/f :jfut
ul/Psf] lyof] .

-`_ hgtfåf/f ?rfOPsf JolSt sfn' kf08n] fO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sfhL agfPsf lyP .

lzIfsnfO{ ;'emfj M PsLs/0f cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwdf P]ltxfl;s k':ts jf ;db' fosf
Oltxf;;u“ rf;f] /fVg] JolStx¿nfO{ e6] L yk hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf;] \ .

96 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk
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;db' fosf sx] L uGodfGo JolStnfO{ ;fw] L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
@= lgDglnlvt JolStx¿sf] ofu] bfgnfO{ pNnv] u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't u/ M
JolStsf] gfd of]ubfg
lj;] gurL{
s'nfgGb 9sfn
bxrf]ssf hgtf
PGhfn] f ]

cEof;

!= gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fdf hgtfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf k:| t't u/ .

@= lsg hgtfn] ?rfPsf JolStnfO{ k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxn] sfhL agfPsf xfn] fg\,
cfÇgf] ts{ k:| t't u/ .
#= lj;] gurLn{ ufotsf ;j;{ fwf/0f hgtfsf] ljrf/nfO{ dfGgn' ] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxnfO{
s:tf JolStTjsf ¿kdf k|:tt' u5{ / lsg <

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ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;dfhsf] lxtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolStTjnfO{ ljBfnosf] hGd hoGtL lbg
kf/L ;Ddfg ug{] sfo{jm| d agfpm / ;f] 36gf;dt] ;d6] L kl| tjb] g tof/ u/ .

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kf7 M @ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f

hg' a' ]zL, ;f]nv' 'Da'

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ld7f] ;Demgf

ltdf| ] kq lxhf] kfP“ . ltdLn] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg / To;df ;+nUg JolStsf af/]df
rf;f] /fv/] kq k7fPsf /x]5f} . d}n] o; kqdfkmt{ ltdf| ] lh1f;f d6] fpg] ko| Tg ub{}5' .

gk] fn cfh h'g cj:yfdf PsLst[ , :jtGq / ;fj{efd} 5, o;sf] h; k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{
lbgk' g{] xG' 5 . pgn] 5l/P/ /xs] f afO;L, rfl} a;L /fHonufot pkTosfsf sf7df8f,“} nlntk/'
/ eStk'/sf ;fy} jl/kl/sf g'jfsf6] dsjfgk/' nufotsf /fHonfO{ ldnfO{ Pp6f ;an /
l;ªu\ f] gk] fn lgdf0{ f u/s] f lyP .

PsLs/0fk"j{ /fHox¿df a]d]n lyof] . cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf / /fli6«otfsf] Vofn
lyPg . blIf0ftkm{af6 cª\u|]hx¿ g]kfnnfO{ cfÇgf] sAhfdf lng df}sf x]/]/ al;/x]sf
lyP . oL ;a} kl/b[ZonfO{ glhs}af6 lgofln/x]sf uf/] vfsf /fhf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;fgf]
If]qdf ;Lldt uf]/vf /fHonfO{ kj" d{ f l6:6f;Dd k¥' ofP/ efu} fl] ns PsLs/0fsf] hu a;fP .
;fy} ljleGg ;f:+ sl[ ts d"No tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf / ;Ddfg lbO{ ;f+:sl[ ts PsLs/0f
;dt] u/] . pgn] lj/fh avtLsf] ;6\6f hgtfåf/f cg'df]lbt sfn' kf8“ n] fO{ sfhL lbP/
hgefjgfsf] ;dt] sb/ u/s] f lyP . ltdLn] d'Vo dV' o 36gfnfO{ pNnv] ug{ egs] fn] d}n]
tnsf] tflnsf agfPsf] 5' M

oL hfgsf/Lx¿n] ltdLnfO{ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg a‰' g yf/] } eP klg dbt u5{ xf]nf .

ltd|f] ;fyL

g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfx¿ lgdf l5l/ª zk] f

ldlt -lj= ;=+ _ 36gf

!*)! c;f]h !% gj' fsf6] ljho
!*!( ebf} ( dsjfgk'/ ljho
!*@@ r}t # sLltk{ '/ ljho
!*@% c;f]h !# sf7df8f}“ ljho
!*@% c;fh] @$ kf6g ljho
!*@^ dª\l;/ ! eStk'/dfly ljho

98 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

!*#) ;fpg $ rfb} 08Ldfly clwsf/
!*#! ;fpg % ljhok/' dfly clwsf/ / g]kfnsf] l;dfgf kj" {df l6:6f
gbL;Dd k'¥ofOPsf]

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df g]kfn ljho cleofg;“u ;DalGwt syf, n]v cflb k:| t't u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
a9LeGbf a9L hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

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tnsf cg'R5]b k9 / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ tof/ kf/ M

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf lbJo pkbz] k9b\ f pgL slt b/' bzL{ lyP eGg] yfxf xG' 5 . 6f« G;k/G] ;L
OG6/g;] gnn] crn] e|i6frf/ ljZjsf] 7n' f] ;d:of elg/xs] f] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] plxNo}
æ3;' lnGof / lbGof /fHosf zq' xg' \, logsf] lhp Hofg lnof klg kfk nfUGof 5g} Æ egs] f
lyP . pgn] ‘gk] fn rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] km' naf/L xf]’ klg eg]sf lyP . clxn] aNn cfP/
xfdL ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] s/' f ub{}5f“} . xfdL kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ s'/f u5f{“} . pgn]
plt an] } ævfgL ePsf 7fp“df 3/ v]t /x5] eg] To;nfO{ cGoq ;f/L vfgL rnfpgÆ' egs] f
lyP . k[YJfLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf lj/fh avtLnfO{ sfhL kb lbg rfxGy] . sfhL egs] f]
clxns] f] kw| fg dGqLsf] kb xf] t/ ef/bf/ / ;j;{ fwf/0f rflx“ sfn' kf08]nfO{ agfP v';L xg' ]
bl] vP . pgLx¿sf] /fh] fO kf08] ePsf] a'emk] l5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] dgsf] sfhLnfO{ 5f8/]
hgsf] sfhLnfO{ /f]h] . o;}af6 pgsf] kh| ftflGqs rl/q kl' i6 x'G5 .

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

!= 3;" lnGof / vfGofnfO{ lsg /fHosf] zq' elgPsf] xfn] f <

@= cfÇgf] /f]hfOeGbf hgtfsf] /f]hfOnfO{ pQ/ lbg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] rl/qn] s]
s/' fsf] kl| tlglwTj u5{ <

#= cgR' 5b] df k9]/ ltdLn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxdf s] s:tf u'0f /x]sf] kQf nufof,} ;r" L
agfpm .

cEof;

!= gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cufl8 /fHox¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

@= PsLs/0fsf kd| 'v 36gfx¿sf] ;"rL tflnsf agfO{ k|:t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 99

kf7 M # PsLs/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf / cGTo

8fN] df z]kf{ / ;G' tnL dfemL sIff * df k95\ g\ . pgLx¿ k9fO ;lsP/ 3/ kms“{b} lyP .
af6fdf ;flxn /l~ht;u“ e]6 x'G5 . pgL sIff * df k9\g] ljBfyL{ xg' \ . cfhsf] sIffdf
pgL cg'kl:yt ePsfn] ;fyLx¿;“u ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf sIffdf ePsf] k9fOsf
af/d] f u/]sf] s/' fsfgL o; ks| f/ 5 M
;flxn M ;fyLx¿ ¤ ljBfnoaf6 kms{+b} xf] lg < d t ;~rf] geP/ ljBfno hfg klg

;lsg“ . cfh klg Dof8dn] PsLs/0f cleofgsf af/d] f k9fpg' eof] xfn] f lg xfO] g <
8fN] df M xf] lg, kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Ln] cl3

a9fPsf] s'/f atfpg'eof] . pgsf 5f/] f kt| fkl;x+ zfxsf] 5f6] f] sfo{sfndf
pk/bfªu9L, sljnf;k'/ u9L, ;d' ]Zj/ u9L, lrtjg g]kfndf uflePsf] s'/f
atfpge' Psf] lyof] .
;G' tnL M k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] lj= ;+= !*#$ df @^ jif{sf] pd]/df d[To' ePkZrft\
/fhG] bn| IdL / axfb/' zfxn] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] s/' f slt
/f]rs 9ª\un] atfpg'ePsf] lyof,] x}g 8fN] df <
8fN] df M xf] lg ¤ k|tfkl;x+ zfxsf] d[Tok' l5 /fgL /fh]Gb| nIdLn] gfafns 5f]/f /0faxfb/'
zfxsf] gfojL eP/ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ nflug\ . pgsf] gfojL sfndf
kj{t, ndh'ª / sf:sL;Dd gk] fnsf] l;dfgf ku' ]sf] lyof] . pgn] k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf sx] L O6“ fx¿ yKg] sfd ul/g\ . To;n} ] cª\uh]| L
Oltxf;sf/ ss{ Kofl6s« n] pgnfO{ c;fwf/0f JolStTj ePsL gf/Lsf] ;1+ f lbPsf
lyP . pgsf] lj= ;=+ !*$@ df d[To' eof] .
;flxn M To;kl5 klg PsLs/0f cleofgn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] t <
8fN] df M /fhG] b| nIdLsf] d[Tok' l5 PsLs/0f cleofgdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd axfb'/ zfxn]
u/] . pgL kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f/] f lyP . pgn] ( jif;{ Dd /0faxfb/' zfxsf]
gfddf gfojL rnfP . pgsf] gfojL sfndf gk] fnsf] l;dfgf sd' fp“ u9jfn;Dd
k'u]sf] lyof] . pgL jL/ / b/' bzL{ lyP . PsLs/0f cleofg ;kmn agfpg kfNkf
h:tf] alnof] /fHo;u“ jj} flxs ;DaGw uf“;] / /fd|f clg of]Uo JolStnfO{ ;]gfdf
etL{ u/fP . lj= ;=+ !*$# h7] df uN' dL, c3fv{ fr“ L, ws' f6{] cflb 7fp“x¿ g]kfndf
ufleP . oxL ;fnsf] c;fh] df kjt{ df klg ljho kf| Kt eof] . To;kl5 Ko7' fg,
bfª, /fN] kf / hfh/sf6] klg g]kfnsf] cwLgdf /xg uof] .

lzIfsnfO{ ;'emfj M gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofg;“u ;DalGwt 36gf jf ;Gbe{nfO{ syf, 8sd' G] 6L« cflbsf]
dfWodaf6 klg hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsG5 .

100 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;flxn M axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf t w]/} /fHox¿ g]kfndf uflePsf /x]5g,\ xg} t <
;G' tnL M sxf“ Tolt dfq xf] / afO:fL / rfl} a;L /fHo lht]kl5 g]kfnL ;g] f a8fsfhL

cd/l;+x yfkfsf] gt] [Tjdf sd' fp / u9jfn Ifq] lhTb} cnsfGb;Dd k'u]sf] /
u9jfn /fHon] g]kfnnfO{ s/ a'emfpg :jLsf/ u/]sf] k|;ªu\ Dof8dn] /f]rs
kf/fn] atfpge' Psf] lyof] .
;flxn M sd' fp / u9jfndf g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljho k|fKt u/s] f] ldlt;dt] atfOb]pm g t <
;G' tnL M xG' 5 lg . gk] fnL ;g] fn] !*$& r}t !! df sd' fpsf] /fhwfgL cNdf8] f / !*$*
c;f/ !@ df u9jfnsf] /fhwfgL >Lgu/ lht]sf lyP .
;flxn M s] To;kl5 PsLs/0f cleofgsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] <
;G' tnL M To;kl5 !*$^ df ePsf] gk] fn–ltAat o4' n] PsLs/0f cleofg ;:' tffP klg
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf cd/l;+x yfkfn] kfNkfnfO{ g]kfndf ldnfPkl5 g]kfn
PsLs/0f cleofgsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] .
;flxn M cfhsf] sIff lng gkfP klg ;a} s'/f :ki6 kfl/lbPsf]df ;fyLx¿nfO{ w/] } w/] }
wGojfb ¤
;G' tnL÷8f]Ndf M xG' 5 . ;fyLx¿nfO{ hfgs] f] s/' f atfpg kfp“bf xfdLx¿ klg v;' L 5f“} .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= sIffdf ;d"xdf af“l8P/ PsLs/0f cleofg;u“ ;DalGwt e"ldsf clego k|:t't u/ /
/fdf| ] ug{] ;dx" nfO{ tfnLn] ;Ddfg u/ .
@= PsLs/0f cleofg;u“ ;DalGwt ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/L uLt jf sljtf tof/ u/ /
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= PsLs/0f cleofgdf /fhG] b| nIdLsf] el" dsf pNnv] u/ .
@= ofU] o afa'sf] of]Uo kq' sf ¿kdf axfb'/ zfxsf] dN" ofªs\ g u/ .
#= gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgdf ;n+ Ug a8fsfhL cd/l;x+ yfkfaf6 xfdLn] l;Sgk' g{]

kf7 s] xf] <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 101

kf 7 M $ ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|md

;u' fn} L ;lGw gk] fn–cªu\ h]| o4' ;dfKt ug{] ;lGw lyof] . @ l8;D] a/ !*!% df bj' } kIflar
ePsf] ;xdltdf cfwfl/t o; ;lGwn] ubf{ gk] fnn] w/] } ee" fu ud' fpg kU' of] . gk] fnsf]
/fhgLltdf cªu\ h]| x¿sf] x:tIfk] ;xgk' /s] f] lyof] eg] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxaf6 ;?' ul/Psf] g]
kfn PsLs/0f cleofg k0" ft{ M ;dfKt ePsf] Pjd\ b/af/df if8o\ Gq / u6' aGbLsf] /fhgLlt
;?' ePsf] lyof] . ;u' fn} L ;lGwkZrft\ lj= ;=+ !()# ;Ddsf] cjlw gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts
cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyof] . ;f] ;dodf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf cfpgs' f dV' o sf/0fx¿ lgDglnlvt lyP M

-s_ ef/bf/x¿ ljleGg u'6df nfUbf pgLx¿larsf] emu8f

-v_ /fhfsf] sdhf/] :jefj

-u_ /fgLx¿sf] cfk;L j}dg:o

-3_ cª\u|h] sf] gk] fnL /fhgLltdf x:tIfk] ug{] gLlt

-ª_ kw| fg dGqL kl/jt{g eO/xg] l:ylt

-r_ kf08] / yfkfx¿sf] k:' tfg} L b:' dgL

dV' o /fhgLlts 36gf j|md

!= /0fhªu\ kf08]sf] dl' Vtof/L M eLd;g] yfkfsf] ktgkl5 logn] d'lVtof/L ;Dxfn]sf
lyP . logsf] d'lVtof/Ldf /fhf /fhG] b|sL h7] L /fgLsf] xft lyof] . /0faxfb/' zfxsf]
kfnfdf x/0f ePsf ljtf{ lkmtf{ ug{] af| x\d0fx¿sf] dfusf] aj] f:tf / cª\u]|h lj/f]wL
ePsf sf/0f pgn] 5f6] f] ;dod} kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbgk' /]sf] lyof] .

@= eLd;]g yfkfsf] ljif d'4f lkmtf{ M /0fhª\u kf08]sf] /fhLgfdfkZrft\ /ªu\ gfy kf8} ]nsf]
d'lVtof/L sfndf eLd;]g yfkfdfly nufOPsf] ljif d4' f lkmtf{ lnO{ pgnfO{ hn] d'St
ul/Psf] lyof] . pgL hn] dS' t ePkl5 sg' } lhDd]jf/L gkfPsf sf/0f k'Vofn{} L 3/ ePsf]
7fp“ uf/] vf af]nfª{ uO{ a;]sf lyP .

#= eLd;]g yfkfsf] ljif d'4f pN6fpg' M k'is/ zfxsf] d'lVtof/L sfndf /0fhª\u
kf08n] ] eLd;g] yfkfsf] ljif d'4f pN6fO{ pgnfO{ k'gM kjm| fp ug{ nufPsf lyP .
/0fhª\u kf08]n] gSsnL kd| f0f h6' fO{ ljif d4' f k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGGf Pl] txfl;s 36gf jm| dnfO{ lrq, rf6{ / syfsf] dfWodaf6 klg cWofkg u/fpgx' f;] \ .

102 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

$= ;}lgs ljb|fx] M /0fhª\u kf08] bf];f| ] rf6] L lj= ;+= !*(& df dl' Vtof/ x“b' f s]xL
;l} gsn] @ jifb{ ]lv tna gkfPsf] lgx“'df pQl] ht eO{ 6“l' 8v]ndf e]nf xg' ], la|l6;
/]l;8]G;Lsf] sDkfpG8 3]g]{ sfd u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] k'is/ zfx / /ª\ugfy
kf8} ]nnufotsf 3/;d]t tf]8kmf]8 u/s] f lyP . oL ;}lgsx¿sf] ;ªV\ of sl/a ^
xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf lyof] . /fhf /fhG] bn| ] tna / ;l} gs s6f}tL gul/g] 3fi] f0ff u/]kl5
;f] cfj|mf]z zfGt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df o;nfO{ ;}lgs ljb|f]xsf]
nIf0f elgG5 .

%= sfG5L /fgLsf] zlSt pGdfb M /0fhª\u kf08s] f] ktgkl5 h7] L dxf/fgLsf] klg dT[ o'
eof] . h7] L /fgLsf] dT[ ok' Zrft\ sfG5L /fgL /fHonIdL bj] Ln] zlSt j4[ ug{ nflug\ .
pgnfO{ lj= ;=+ !()) df zfxL 3fi] f0ffdfkmt{ \ lgo'lSt, kbRot' , bz] lgsfnf, k|f0f b08,
jb} ]lzs o4' jftf{ / ;lGw ug{] c;Lldt clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj= ;+=
!()) df logn] dfyj/ l;+x yfkfnfO{ kw| fgdGqL agfOg\ . pgnfO{ k|wfg dGqL
agfpgs' f] Pp6} :jfy{ cfÇgf] 5f/] f /0f]Gbn| fO{ /fhf agfpg' lyof] t/ dfyj/l;+xaf6
klg ;f] sfd k/" f gx'g] bv] L pgsf] xTof hªu\ axfb/' åf/f u/fPsL lyOg\ .

^= kmQ]hª\usf] d'lVtof/L / uugl;x+ sf] babaf M !()@ h]7 $ ut] /flt dfyj/l;x+
yfkfsf] xTofkl5 ef/tsf] jgf/;df al;/x]sf kmTth] ª\u zfxnfO{ sf7df8f}“ af]nfO{
dl' Vtof/ kbdf lgo'St ul/of] . pgsf] dl' Vtof/L sfndf b/af/df sfG5L /fgLsf]
sk[ fkfqsf ¿kdf uugl;x+ sf] babaf a9s] f] lyof] . o;/L gk] fndf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf /
cGof]nsf] jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fO{ hª\uaxfb'/sf] pbo ePsf] lyof] .

lj|mofsnfk

ljleGg ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ o; sfndf ePsf ljleGg /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ gf6sLs/0f
ljlwaf6 k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ . k|:t'ltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ Pp6f 5'66\ } d"Nofª\sg ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]
jf/L tfS] g'xf;] \ / /fd|f] clego ug]{ ;dx" nfO{ k/' :s[t ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;

!= /fhG] b| jL/ljj|md zfxsf kfnfdf ;}lgs ljb|f]xsf] nIf0f b]lvg'sf] sf/0f
pNnv] u/ .

@= eLd;g] yfkfnfO{ nufOPsf] ljif d4' fsf af/d] f 5f6] f] ;dLIff u/ .
#= sfG5L /fgLn] lsg kmTth] ªu\ nfO{ d'lVtof/L lbPsL lyOg\ <
$= ;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5sf] ;do /fhgLlts cGofn} / cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyof,] lsg <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 103

k f7 M % /f0ff sfnLg /fhgLlts ljm| ofsnfk

/f0ff sfndf 36]sf ljleGg /fhgLlts lj|mofsnfkx¿n] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ l6sfpg jf x6fpg
ljleGg el" dsf vn] s] f lyP . tLdWo] sx] L dV' o ljm| ofsnfknfO{ tn pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

!= hªu\ axfb'/sf] o/' fk] ofqf -lj= ;+= !()^–!()&)_ M a]nfotsf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ ,
/fhgLlts, efu} f]lns / ;}lgs ultljlwsf] cWoog ug{ / an] fotL dxf/fgL;“u ;DaGw
;d' w'/ agfpg hªu\ axfb'/ a]nfot uPsf lyP . Ps jif{ nfdf] o/' f]k ed| 0faf6 ke| fljt
eO{ pgn] gk] fndf cª\u]|hL lzIffsf] ;?' cft / dn' s' L Pg] hf/L u/]sf lyP .

@= g]kfn–ltAat o'4 -lj= ;+= !(!@—!(!#_ M hª\uaxfb'/sf] ;dodf Nxf;fdf /x]sf
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ u/s] f] b'Jo{jxf/, ;Ldf ljjfb / gk] fNfL jlsnnfO{ ltAataf6 lgisfl;t
ul/g' cflb sf/0fn] gk] fn / ltAatlar o4' ePsf] lyof] .

#= yfkfynL ;lGw M lj= ;+=!(!@ ;fn rt} # ut] gk] fn / ltAatlar yfkfynL b/af/df
ePsf] ;lGw g} yfkfynL ;lGw xf] . g]kfn–ltAat o4' nfO{ ;dfKt ug{ o; ;lGw ePsf]
lyof] . of] g]kfnsf] kIfdf ePsf] ;lGw lyof] . o; ;lGwcg';f/ gk] fnn] a;]{lg ltAat
;/sf/af6 !)))) -b; xhf/_ ?k}of“ ;nfdL kfpg] eof] . Nxf;fdf gk] fnL b"t /fVg
kfpg] Joj:yf klg o; ;lGwn] Ao´'“ fof] .

$= #* ;fnsf] kj{ M lj= ;=+ !(#* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfg dGqL /0ffl] åk l;+x / pgsf
efO wL/ ;d;]/sf] xTof ug{ ul/Psf] if8\oGqnfO{ #* ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; kj{df
o'j/fh q}nf]So, huthª\u, ;'Aaf xfd] gfy vltj8f, pQ/Wjh vjf; cflbsf] ;+nUgtf
lyof] . kl5 pQ/Wjh vjf;n] if8o\ Gqsf] kf]n vfn] L lbPsfn] w/] }sf] lu/Çtf/L / sx] Ln]
Hofg ;hfo kfP .

%= $@ ;fn kj{ M wL/ ;D;/] sf 5f]/fx¿åf/f cfÇg} sfsf /0ff]låk l;x+ sf] xTof u/L ;Ttf
sAhf ul/Psf] 36gfnfO{ $@ ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; 36gf lj= ;+= !($@ ;fndf
ePsf xg' fn] klg o;nfO{ $@ ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; 36gfkl5 hª\u kl/jf/sf]
zf;g ;dfKt eO{ ;d;/] kl/jf/sf] zf;gdf jr{:j sfod ePsf] lyof] .

^= kr| 08 uf/] vf M lj= ;+= !(** df pdz] ljj|md zfx, /ªu\ gfy zdf{, v8u\ dfg l;x+ ,
dg} faxfb'/n] kr| 08 uf/] vf :yfkgf u/L bz] df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ug]{ ko| Tg u/s] f
lyP . ;f] s'/fsf] e]b nId0fk;| fbaf6 vf]lnPsfn] pdz] ljj|mdnfO{ ;j{:jx/0f, lgjf{;g
/ cGonfO{ sb} ul/of] . o;nfO{ k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ elgG5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ug{
o;n] vn] ]sf] e"ldsf dxŒk0" f{ lyof] .

&= nfOa/|] L kj{ M /f0ffsfndf k':tsfno jf jfrgfno vf]Ng] cg'dlt lyPg . eLd

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M k':tsfnodf nuL jf ljleGg Oltxf;sf k':tsx¿ cWoog ug{ nufO{ /f0ffsfnLg
/fhgLlts 36gfdf ;DaGwdf kl/ofh] gf sfo{x¿ u/fO{ sIffdf kl| tj]bg k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

104 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;d;]/sf kfnfdf hf]ujL/ l;+x, nIdLk|;fb bj] sf6] f, s[i0fk;| fb vltj8fnufot $%—
$^ hgf JolStx¿ ldnL k':tsfno vf]Ng] of]hgf agfP . $) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] dfu
kq k|wfgdGqLdf ae' mfpg' cufj} kfn] vn' s] fn] ;a} JolStx¿nfO{ lu/Çtf/ ul/of] .
lu/Çtf/ ul/Psf x/]snfO{ !))÷!)) ?k}of“ hl/jfgf ul/of] t/ Tof] nfOa|]/L
vN' g kfPg .

*= k|hfkl/ifb\ M g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fhgLlts ;ªu\ 7gsf ¿kdf k|hf kl/ifbs\ f] :yfkgf lj=
;=+ !((# h7] @) ut] sf7df8fd}“ f ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] dV' o p2]Zo /f0ff zf;gsf]
cGTo u/L k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{lyof] . o;sf ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿df wde{ St dfy]
df, 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{, bz/y rGb, hLjg/fh zdf{ / /fdxl/ zdf{ lyP . of] bnnfO{
/fhf lqe'jgsf] cflys{ / g}lts ;dy{g lyof] . /f0ff lj/fw] L sfd u/]sf] cf/fk] df o;
;ªu\ 7gsf ;b:ox¿ kjm| fp ul/Psf] / rf/ hgf xfg] fxf/ ;kt' x¿ bz/y rGb, uu+ fnfn,
wde{ St / zj' m| /fhnfO{ dT[ ob' 08 lbOPsf] lyof] .

(= gk] fnL gful/s clwsf/ ;ldlt M lj= ;=+ !(($ df /fhfnfn snjf/sf] c;glg/
sf] 3/df u7g ePsf] o; ;ldltn] nv] , k|jrg, k'/f0f jfrg u/L hgr]tgf kmn} fpg]
p2Z] o lnPsf] lyof] . z'j|m/fh zf:qL, sb] f/dfg Jolyt, d'/nLw/ zdf,{ uªu\ fnfn cflb
o'jfx¿ ;+nUg o; ;ldltsf] cWoIf z'jm| /fh zf:qL lyP .

!)= hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng M lj= ;+= @))$ c;f/ ! b]lv e"uf]n, Oltxf;, cy{zf:q,
/fhgLltzf:q cflb ljifodf k9fO x'gk' g{] dfu /fvL sf7df8f“} /fgLkfv] /Ll:yt /fhsLo
;+:st[ ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf] x8t\ fn g} hot' ;+:st[ d\ cfGbfn] g xf] . o;n] g]
kfnsf] kh| ftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] lyof] .

lj|mofsnfk

ljleGg /fhgLlts 36gf jm| dnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNnv] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ M

/fhgLlts 36gf 36s] f] jif{ ;n+ Ug JolStx¿ pknlAw÷c;/

hªu\ axfb/' sf] o/' fk] ofqf lj= ;=+ !()^—!()& hªu\ axfb/' /f0ff gk] fndf cªu\ h]| L

lzIffsf] yfngL

cEof;

!= $@ ;fnsf] kjn{ ] ;dz]/ vnsx¿nfO{ ;Qfdf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof],
s;/L <

@= nfOa|/] L kjs{ f af/d] f n]v .
#= kh| fkl/ifbs\ f] :yfkgf lsg ePsf] lyof] <
$= hot' ;:+ s[td\ cfGbf]ngsf af/]df nv] .
%= k|r08 uf]/vf / k|hf kl/ifb\ s:tf ;ªu\ 7g lyP <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 105

k f7 M ^ /f0ff sfnLg cflys{ / ;fdflhs sfo{x¿

sIffdf /f0ff sfndf ePsf ljleGg sfox{ ¿sf af/d] f k9fO ;?' xb“' } lyof] . c¿ lbgeGbf
km/s 9ª\u lb“b} cfh sIffnfO{ ljleGg ;dx" df ljefhg u/L km/s km/s sfdsf] lhDdf
nufOof] . l;hg{ f lj= s= sf] ;d"xnfO{ /f0ff sfnLg ;fdflhs sfo{x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{]
lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgsf] ;dx" n] gk] fnsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL k:' tsx¿ cWoog u/L lgDglnlvt
tflnsf sIffdf k:| tt' u¥of] M

/f0ff sfnLg cflys{ / ;fdflhs sfo{x¿

/f0ff k|wfg dGqLx¿ pgLx¿n] u/s] f cfly{s / ;fdflhs sfox{ ¿

hª\uaxfb/' /f0ff lj= ;=+ !(!) df dn' s' L Pg] ks| fzg eof] hg' !$)) ki[ 7sf]
lyof] h;df ;an} fO{ Ps} lsl;dsf] b08 Joj:yf, #% jif{ ku' s] L
cljjflxt 5f/] LnfO{ klg cz+ lbg] Joj:yfsf ;fy} bfl] hof ljwjfnfO{
;lt hfg gkg{] Joj:yf ;dl] 6Psf lyP .

lj= ;+= !(!) c;f]h @& ut] b/af/ xfO:s'n :yfkgf

lu4] k;]| sf] :yfkgf

cfo'j{l] bs cf}ifwL ko| fu] df hf8] lbPsf

s]6fs6] LnfO{ vf]kfpg] rng rnfPsf

/0ff]låk l;x+ :f:+ s[t kf7zfnf / 5fqfaf;sf] Joj:yf

k~rfªu\ 5kfpg nufPsf

6l] nkmf]g, lahn' L / /f]kj] ;~rfng ug{ ljb]zL ljz]if1nfO{ g]kfn
lemsfPsf

jL/ ;d;/] jL/ c:ktfn, jL/ k:' tsfno / jL/ wf/fsf] :yfkgf

b/af/ xfO:sn' df ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f/] Ln] ;d]t k9g\ kfpg]
Joj:yf, kf| ljlws lzIff / dlxnf lzIffsf] ;?' cftxn' fs Joj:yfdf
;'wf/

bj] ;d;/] bz] e/ cfwf/ kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg k|f/De
;do yfxf kfpg lbp“;f] !@ ah] tfk] k8s\ fpg] rng
hgtfsf] ug' f;f] ;G' g sf7df8fd“} f ph/' L kl] 6sf /fVg nufPsf

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljleGg /f0ff sfnLg kw| fg dGqLn] u/]sf ;fdflhs ;'wf/x¿nfO{ cem lj:tt[ ¿kdf
cWofkg u/fpg Pl] txfl;s k':tsx¿ cWoog ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

106 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

rGb| ;d;]/ lj= ;+= !(^* df k|yd hgu0fgfsf] ;?' cft ePsf]
lj= ;+= !(&& df ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo
lj= ;+= !(*! df bf; ky| fsf] cGTo
;}lgs c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf
lqrGb| snh] sf] :yfkgf
kmlkª{ af6 hnljbt' \ pTkfbg ;?' ul/Psf ]
eLd ;d;]/ zlgaf/ ljbf lbg] rng
d[To'b08nfO{ s}bdf kl/0ft

h'4 ;d;]/ lj= ;+= !(() ;fnsf] es" Dkaf6 eTs]sf 3/x¿sf] k'gMlgdf{0f
cf}Bfu] Ls/0fsf] ;?' cft
lj= ;=+ !(($ ;fndf g]kfn a}ª\s lnld68] sf] :yfkgf
lzIffdf ;w' f/ ug{ Ol:txf/ hf/L
;fdflhs / wflds{ sfod{ f kmhn' vrd{ f /f]s

kbd ;d;]/ sGof kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
kf| }9 lzIffsf] Joj:yf
;j+ w} flgs sfgg' sf] Joj:yf

df]xg ;d;]/ k"jk{ |fylds lzIffsf] k|f/De
lghfdtL sd{rf/L, lzIfs / ;}lgssf] tnadf j[l4

ljm| ofsnfk
ljleGg /f0ff k|wfg dGqLsf kfnfdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo;{ u“ ;DalGwt ljleGg
kmf6] fx¿ jf ;dfrf/ ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= hª\uaxfb/' /f0ffsf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ pNnv] u/ .
@= rGb| ;d;/] sf ;fdflhs ;w' f/x¿sf] ;dLIff u/ .
#= kb\d ;d;]/nfO{ lsg lzIff k|d] L /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 107

k f7 M & @))& ;fnkl5sf] k|dv' /fhgLlts
36gf j|md / pknlAw


-s_ @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfjm| d

j|m= ;= ldlt lj= ;=+ df /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d

!= @))& rt} !& cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t

@= @))* df3 * 8f= s=] cfO={ l;+xåf/f ljbf| x]

#= @)!! kmfu'g #) /fhf lqe'jgsf] bx] fj;fg

$= @)!@ df3 !# 6ªs\ k;| fb cfrfos{ f] g]tT[ jdf dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g

%= @)!% kmfug' & k|yd cfd rg' fj

^= @)!& k'; ! gt] fx¿sf] lu/Çtf/L / k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] 3fi] f0ff

&= @)!( k'; ! k~rfotL ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff

*= @)@$ ufp“ kms{ /fli6o« cleofgsf] 3f]if0ff

(= @)@* df3 !& /fhf dxG] bs| f] d[To'

!)= @)#^ ljBfyL{ cfGbfn] g

!!= @)#& jz} fv @) hgdt ;ª\ux| ePsf]

!@= @)$^ r}t @^ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] kg' :yfk{ gf

!#= @)$& sflt{s @# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& hf/L

!$= @)%@ kmfug' ! g]= s= kf= dfcfj] fbLåf/f hgljb|f]xsf] ;'?cft

!%= @)%^ jz} fv @) k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjfr{ g

!^= @)%* h]7 !( /fhb/af/ xTof sf08

!&= @)^# dª\l;/ % gk] fn ;/sf/ / gs] kf dfcfj] fbLlar lj:tt[ zflGt ;Demf}
tf

!*= @)^# df3 ! gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# hf/L

!(= @)^$ rq} @* ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] lgjf{rg / gof“ ;+ljwfg
n]vg k|lj|mof ;'?

@)= @)^% h7] , !% gk] fndf u0ftGqsf] 3fi] f0ff

@!= @)^( h]7 !$ ;l+ jwfg ;ef lj36g

@@= @)&) dª\l;/ $ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg / gof“ ;l+ jwfg

nv] gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ o; ;dodf ePsf dV' o /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ rf6{ jf tflnsfdf k:| tt'
ug{ nufO{ 5nkmndf ;ljm| o ;xeflutfsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'x{ f];\ . ki[ 7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ pTkl]| /t ugx{' f];\ .

108 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

-v_ @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s pknlAw

jm| = ;= ldlt ;fdflhs / cflys{ pknlAw

!= lj= ;=+ @))* ah6] sf] ;?' cft

@= lj= ;+= @)!) g]kfn lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g

#= lj= ;+= @)!# lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nfu' ePsf]

$= lj= ;=+ @)!# ky| d k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] ;?' cft

%= lj= ;=+ @)!# jz} fv !$ gk] fn /fi6a« }ªs\ sf] :yfkgf

^= lj= ;=+ @)!^ k'; & ljtf{ pGd"ng

&= lj= ;=+ @)@) dn' 'sL P]g nfu'

*= lj= ;+= @)@! el" d ;w' f/ nfu'

(= lj= ;+= @)@* /fli6o« lzIff kbw\ ltsf] of]hgf nfu'

!)= lj= ;+= @)%& ;fpg @ sdo} f k|yf pGd"ng

!!= lj= ;+= @)^# h]7 $ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« 3f]if0ff

!@= lj= ;=+ @)^# df3 ! cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg hf/L

!#= lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h # g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ Pp6f ;dx" n] @))& b]lv xfn:fDdsf] /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d /
csf{] ;d"xn] ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ;'wf/sf kIfx¿ plNnlvt rf6{ tof/ u/ / sIffdf
k:| t't u/ .

@= dflysf dV' o dV' o 36gf jm| dnfO{ ;do /v] fdf bv] fpm .

cEof;

!= gk] fndf rg' fj ePsf dV' o d'Vo jif{x¿ s'g sg' x'g\ <

@= @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Dd ePsf cflys{ ;w' f/sf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f 36gfsf] ;r" L agfpm .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] ;db' fodf lj= ;+= @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ePsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
36gf ;DaGwdf hfGg] a'‰g] dflg;nfO{ ;f]wL ;f] sfo{nfO{ ;do /]vfdf k|:tt' u/L sIffdf
5nkmn u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 109

k f7 M * lu|; / /fd] sf] ;Eotf

d OG6/g]6df cf]nlDks vn] sf af/]df vfh] L ul//x]sf] lyP“ .
;fx] L cj;/df dn} ] Pp6f ;fduL| kmn] f kf/“] . To;df o; ks| f/
n]lvPsf] lyof] M

cfn] lDks vn] sf] ;?' jft &&^ O:jL ;j+ tk\ j" { kf| rLg lu;| af6 ePsf]
lyof] . lu;| ;;fgf kfl] n;x¿ -gu//fHox¿_ ldn/] ags] f] lyof] .
w]/}cf]6f kfl] n;x¿ ldn]/ kfn] L aGYof] . x/s] kf]nLaf6 vn] f8Lx¿
Ps} 7fp“df e]nf eO{ ;fx} fb{k"0f{ v]n vN] y] . cfhsf] cf]nlDks
vn] To;s} f] ljsl;t ¿k xf] .

lu;| o/' fk] sf] blIf0f klZrd lsgf/fdf cjl:yt bz] xf] . lu;| sf]
k/' fgf] gfd o'gfg xf] / o;sf] /fhwfgL PyG] ; lyof] . lu|;df
a;f]af; ug{] dflg;nfO{ lu;| ]nL jf o'gfgL elgG5 . cfheGbf
sl/a %))) jif{ klxn] lu|;df pGgt dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] . kf| rLg lu;| df gu/ /fHosf gful/sx¿ x/s]
jif{ lglZrt 7fp“df e]nf eP/ gu/ kl/ifb\ (council) sf] rg' fj
uy]{ . xfn k|ofu] df /x]sf /fhgLlt (politics), nf]stGq (democracy) / gful/s (citizen)
h:tf zAbsf] pTklQ klg lu|;af6 g} ePsf] dflgG5 . lu|;]nLx¿ lho;nfO{ b]jtfsf
klg bj] tf dfGy] . lu|;sf] hldg sl[ ifsf lgldTt Tolt pkoS' t lyPg . To;}n] pgLx¿
6f9f 6f9f;Dd ofqf u/L hLjg u'hf/f uy]{ . k|frLg lu|;df lzNksnf, lrqsnf /
jf:ts' nfsf Ifq] df /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . dlGb/, ejg / gf6o\ zfnfsf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf]
lyof] . Plygfsf] kf/y]lgg dlGb/nfO{ jf:t'snfsf] pko'St pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng]
ul/G5 . slj xfd] /n] Olno8 / cf]l8;L h:tf dxfsfJo l;hg{ f u/]sf lyP h'g k"jLo{
;+:s[ltsf] /fdfo0f / dxfef/t;“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'s/ft, Kn6] f] / c/:t' h:tf ljåfg\
Pjd\ bfzl{ gsx¿ lu;| ]nL g} lyP . ;s' /ftn] ;To / Gofosf] lglDt xf“;L xf“;L ljifkfg
u/]sf lyP . pgsf rn] f Kn]6f]n] /fhgLlt zf:qsf] dxŒk0" f{ u|Gy l/klAnssf] /rgf u/]sf
lyP . Kn]6f]sf rn] f c/:t' / pgsf r]nf cnS] h]G8/ dxfg\ klg lu|;sf lyP . cfw'lgs
ljsf;sf] hu lu|;]nL ;EotfnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k:' ts, OG6/g]6, P6n; cflbsf dfWodaf6 kf| rLg lu;| df /fhgLlts,
;fdflhs, cfly{s, efiff ;flxTo, snf / lj1fgsf Ifq] df ePsf pknlAwx¿ vfh] L ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ . dfgj

hLjgdf tLgsf] pkofu] sf ;DaGwdf ;dt] vfh] L ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

110 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/f]dsf] ;Eotf

/f]d O6fnLsf] /fhwfgL xf] . cfheGbf sl/a @*)) jif{ klxn] cyf{t\ gjf“} zftfAbL O;fk"j{
/f]dsf] ;Eotf ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 . /f]dsf] gfd /fd] n' ;sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] .
pgL /f]dsf ;:+ yfks klg dflgG5g\ . pgn] cfÇgf] /fHodf wgL, ul/a, bf;nufot ;a}nfO{
gful/ssf] bhf{ lbPsf lyP . o;/L kh| ftGqsf] ;?' jft To;} a]nf /f]daf6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
oxf“ ;G' b/ ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . oxf“ snf, lj1fg, bzg{ / ;flxTosf] ;d]t ljsf;
ePsf] kfOG5 . To; a]nf ljzfn /ªu\ zfnf / ejgx¿ ag]sf lyP h;sf] eUgfjzi] f clxn]
klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= o/' f]ksf] gS;fdf lu;| / /f]d Pjd\ tLgsf cf;kf;sf :yfgx¿ kQf nufpm .

@= kf7df k:| tt' ul/Psf ljifoj:tn' fO{ Ps syfsf ¿kdf kg' nv{] g u/L sIffdf ;g' fpm .

#= lu|; / /f]dsf] ;Eotfsf ljifodf k':tsfno, OG6/g]6, kqklqsf, OGsf6{ cflbaf6
ljleGg tYox¿ Pjd\ lrqx¿ ;ª\sng u/ / ;an} fO{ Ps} 7fpd“ f en] f u/L lauas'
tof/ kf/ .

$= kh| ftGqsf] ;?' jft /f]d / lu|;sf] ;Eotfaf6 g} ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf kh| ftGqsf]
;/+ If0f ug{ xfdLn] s] s] ug'k{ nf,{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;'?jft slxn] / sxf“af6 ePsf] lyof] <

@= g]kfn / lu;| sf] k|frLg ;Eotflarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ tflnsfdf k|:tt'
u/ .

#= lu;| sf] gS;fdfly kftnf] sfuh /fv/] gS;f sf/] / To;df tnsf tYox¿ e/ M
Py]G;, nfDnf, Nofl/;f, Plhog ;fu/, ed" Wo;fu/, j|m6] 6fk' / cfn] Dk;
kxf8 .

$= /fd] ;Eotfn] cfw'lgs ;dfhnfO{ lbPsf dV' o ofu] bfgx¿sf] rrf{ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 111

kf7 M ( k'ghf{u/0f

k'ghf{u/0f;DaGwL kf7 k9fpg lzlIfsf /fwf u?' ª sx] L z}lIfs ;fduL| ;lxt sIffdf k|jz]
ug'{eof] . k'ghfu{ /0f cfheGbf 5 ztfAbLkj" { o/' fk] df ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpb“ } ljBfyL{nfO{
k|Zg ;f]Wg nufpg'eof] . ;?' df aGbgf /fhj+zLn] k|Zg ;f]lwg\ .

jGbgf M k'ghfu{ /0f eg]sf] s] xf,] ld; <

/fwf u?' ª M kg' hf{u/0fsf] zflAbs cy{ k'gM hfUg' jf k'gM ;rt] xg' ' xf] . o/' fk] kf| rLg
;dodf lzIff ;+:s[lt, snf, ;Eotf / efiffsf] If]qdf ;DkGg / ;d'Ggt lyof] t/
56} f“} ztfAbLbl] v t/] f}“ ztfAbL;Dd wflds{ cGwljZjf;n] tL ;Dk0" f{ ;Eotf Pjd\
;d'Ggltdf xf| ; cfof] . rfw} f“} ztfAbLbl] v kg' M lzIff ;+:s[lt, sNff, j}1flgs
vfh] / cfljisf/x¿ xg' ' / 1fgsf] k'ghG{ d x'g' g} k'ghf{u/0f xf] .

xl/ rfw} /L M o;sf sf/0fx¿ klg t xfn] fg\ lg, x}g ld; <

/fwf u'?ª M xl/n] /fd|f] k|Zg ;fw] ] . n of] rf6{df x]/ t . -rf6{ k|:t't ub{} _

;fdl' b|s
oftfoftsf] ljsf;

Jofkf/ / e|d0fsf sf/0f k'ghfu{ /0fsf tLj| ;x/Ls/0f
1fg / cg'ejdf j4[ eO{ sf/0fx¿
wflds{ cf8Da/sf] lj/fw]

k:' ts / kqklqsf o/' f]kdf c/aL ;Eotf /
k|sfzg ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj a9\g'

/hgL M kg' hf{u/0fn] s] s] s/' fdf hfu/0f jf kl/jt{g Nofof] t ld; <

/fwf M wfld{s 7uLsf] kbf{kmf; x'g yfNof] clg cGwljZjf;nfO{ ts{ / k|df0fn]
l;4 ug{ yflnof] . To:t} j1} flgs vfh] n] :yfg kfpg yfNof,] kf]k kfb/Lsf]
rfs8Ldf ;flxTo /rgf ugs{' f] ;66\ f :JftGq cleJolStdf hf8] lbg yflnof] .
lus| , Nofl6g efiffdf nv] /rgf tof/ x'g yfn] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M OG6/g6] / OGsf6f{ kqklqsfsf] cWoog u/L kg' hfu{ /0f ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L lbgx' f];\ .

112 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

vd] zdf{ M k'ghf{u/0fdf ofu] bfg lbg] JolStx¿ sf] sf] xg' \ / pgLx¿n] s'g s'g If]qdf
ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf lyP <

/fwf u?' ª M kg' hfu{ /0fsf] k|efj ;flxTo, snf, lj1fg, ul0ft / efl} ts vfh] sf Ifq] df
k/]sf] lyof] . l8efOg sd]8L dxfsfJo n]v]/ bf“t]n] O6flnog ;flxTodf
dxŒk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP . h;dfkm{t pgn] wdf{Gw kf]k, kfb/L /
;fdGtx¿sf] s's[Tosf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP . To:t} tTsfnLg cf8Da/
cGwljZjf;dfly s8f k|xf/ ug]{ O/f;d; csf{ k|ltefzfNfL ;flxTosf/ x'g\
h;n] b k]|h ckm b kmN' nL eGg] sl[ t n]vs] f lyP . slj :k]G;/n] dWosfnLg
sljtfnfO{ 5f8] L cfwl' gs sljtfdfkmt{ \ r]tgf km}nfpg] sfd u/s] f lyP .

To; ;dodf snfsf Ifq] df pNnv] gLo of]ubfg lbg] JolStx¿df lnofg] fbf]{ bf
leGrL, dfOsn] fGh]nf] / /fkmfon kd| v' lyP . lnof]gfbf]{ axd' v' L k|ltefsf wgL
lyP . pgn] ljZj k|l;bw\ lrq ‘df]gfln;f’ agfPsf lyP hg' ;f}Gbo{, ;hLjtf
/ efj'stfsf sf/0f cfh;Dd klg rlr{t 5 . csf{ d"lt{sf/ luj6L{n]
Çnf]/]G;sf] luhf3{ /sf nflu agfPsf] lkQnsf] 9f]sfnfO{ :jus{ f] 9fs] fdf /fVg
ldNg] egL PGhn] f]n] tfl/km u/s] f lyP . jf:ts' nfsf] ljsf;df ag'| n]:sLsf]
of]ubfg klg dxŒk"0f{ lyof] .

k'ghf{u/0f sfnsf j}1flgsx¿df lgsf]n; sf]klg{s;, lunj6{, Uoflnlnof]
/ Go'6g h:tf j1} flgs clg s]kn/ / lglko/ h:tf ul0ft1sf] of]ubfgnfO{
la;{g' x'b“ g} . lgsfn] ; sf]klg{s;n] ;"o{ l:y/ 5 / k[YjLnufot cGo ux| n ]
;o" {sf] kl/j|mdf u5g{ \ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] eg] s]kn/n] sk/lgs;sf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ul0ftLo cfwf/df k|dfl0ft u//] bv] fOlbP . cdl] /sf kQf nufpg
sf]nDa;sf], ef/t kQf nufpg ef:sf] l8ufdf / lrg kQf nufpg dfsfk]{ f]nf]
sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] lyof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] ;d'bfodf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;flxTosf/, snfsf/ jf d"lt{sf/ jf
lrqsf/sf] of]ubfg pNnv] ePsf] tflnsf sIffdf k|:t't u/ / 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

k'ghfu{ /0fn] ljZj cfw'lgstfsf] 9f]sf p3fg{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] lyof,] s;/L <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 113

kg' /jnfs] g cEof;

!= hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ o'gfg ul0ft1
-v_ ky} fuf]/; kf]nL
-u_ gu/ /fHo lu;|
-3_ xf]d/ uf]nfsf/ k[YjL
Olno8
@= tnsf JolStx¿sf af/d] f k:' ts, kqklqsf, OG6/g6] jf Og;fOSnfk] l] 8ofdf vfh] L u/L
jf hfGg] JolStnfO{ ;f]wL k|To]ssf] 5f6] f] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ M

xf]d/ c/:t'

Kn6] f] l;sGb/

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

kqklqsfdf lu|; / O6nLsf af/]df cfPsf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ª\sng u/ / leQ]
klqsfdf 6f;“ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

@) jif{ klxn] ltdf| ] ufp“ jf 6fn] s:tf] lyof], To;sf af/]df k|rlnt egfO Pjd\ syfsf
af/d] f cleefjs jf ;db' fosf Ho]i7 gful/s;“u ;fw] / ljj/0f tof/ kf/L k|:t't u/ .

114 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M & xfdf| ] cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
gk] fnsf] ko{6g pBf]u / jb} ]lzs Jofkf/sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf, dxŒj, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{
;xsfl/tf, d'bf| , a}ª\s, dN" o lgwf/{ 0f, art, nufgL, k“h' L lgdf0{ f, cfGtl/s Pjd\ jb} l] zs
/f]huf/ cflbsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg / Jofjxfl/s pkof]u ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 115

kf7 M ! ko6{ g pBf]u

dflg;x¿ ;w}“ Ps 7fpd“ f al;/xg rfx“b}gg\ . pgLx¿ gof“ gof“ 7fpd“ f 3d' lkm/ ug{ dg
k/fp“5g\ . dgf]/~hg ug{ rfxG5g\ . snf ;+:s[lt / /xg;xgsf] cWoog ug{
rfxG5g\ . tLyf6{ g, bZ[ ofjnfs] g, kjt{ f/fx] 0fsf nflu dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fpd“ f 3d' lkm/
u5{g\ . o;/L sg' } p2Z] o lnP/ lglZrt ;dofjlwsf nflu Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fp“df e|d0f
jf 3d' lkm/ ug{n' fO{ ko{6g elgG5 . oL 3d' lkm/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ko{6s elgG5 . ko6{ sx¿
cfGtl/s / afxo\ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . sg' } b]zsf afl;Gbf cfÇgf] bz] leq} ed| 0f u5g{ \
eg] tLgnfO{ cfGtl/s ko{6s / cGo b]zdf e|d0f u/]df tLgnfO{ afxo\ jf ljbz] L ko{6s
elgG5 .

ko6{ sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ljleGg ;j] f / ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpgk' g{] xG' 5 . o:tf Joj;fonfO{
ko6{ g pBfu] elgG5 . xf6] n, nh, /:] 6/' G] 6, l/;f6] ,{ 6f« en PhG] ;L, Kof/fUnfOl8ª, :gf] :sl] 6ª
¥ofkml6ª, 6]l« sª, x6 Po/ a]n'lgª, uNkm, kf]nf] o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

g]kfndf ko6{ g pBfu] sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf M ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu pRr :t/Lo tyf
cfwf/et" :t/sf] hgzlSt pTkfbgsf nflu ;/sf/L :t/af6 g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n
Joj:yfkg kl| ti7fg :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] lqej' g ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ 6f« en
PG8 6l' /hd Dofg]hd]G6 / xf6] n Joj:yfkgdf tLg a;]{ :gfts tx tyf ;g\ @)!! b]lv
df:6/ ckm xl:k6o\ fln6L Dofg]hdG] 6sf sIffx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ko6{ g Joj;foL jf ko6{ s jf ko{6gsf] cg'ejL JolStnfO{ e6] ]/ cGtjft{ f{, 5nkmn ug{
nufpgx' f;] \ .

116 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

ko{6g pBf]usf] dxŒj M g]kfn kf| s[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ 5 . oxf“ kz| :t lxd zª[ \vnf,
gbLgfnf, tfntno} f / em/gfx¿ 5g\ . Pl] txfl;s / wfld{s :ynx¿, k|frLg snf, ljljw
;f:+ sl[ ts, ljljw xfjfkfgL, bn' e{ jGohGt' oxf“sf ljz]iftf xg' \ . ko{6g pBfu] sf] /fdf| ] ljsf;
xg' ;s]df o;af6 gk] fnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'g] b]lvG5 . gk] fnsf] ;du| ljsf;df ko{6g
pBf]usf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ xg' s' f ;fy} /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 x'G5 .

@= /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 xG' 5 .

#= 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBfu] x¿sf] ljsf; x'G5 .

$= u|fdL0f k"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf; xG' 5 .

%= Jofkf/df j[l4÷Jofkf/ k|jw{g xG' 5 .

^= snf / ;:+ s[ltsf] cfbfg kb| fg xg' 'sf ;fy} /fi6s« f] k|rf/ k;| f/ xG' 5 .

ko6{ g pBfu] sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M ;~rf/ / oftfoftsf ;'ljwfsf] cefj,
k|bi" f0fsf] ;d:of, tflnd k|fKt hgzlStsf] cefj, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf h:tf ;d:ofx¿
ko{6g pBf]udf ljb\odfg /xs] f 5g\ . oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿
ckgfpg ;lsG5, h:t} M ko{6s sG] bx| ¿sf] ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;l' jwfsf]
lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df Jofks kr| f/ k;| f/ ug'k{ 5{ . b]zdf zflGt / ;'/Iffsf]
kT| ofel" t lbg'k5{ . ko6{ ssf nflu cfjZos kg{] u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f, ahf/, a}ªs\ ,
xf6] n cflbsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . To;} u/L o; If]qsf pkoS' t hgzlStsf] pTkfbgdf hf]8
lbg'k5{ . hg;ªV\ of j[l4 / jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f lgoGq0f ug{'k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fosf] glhsdf /x]sf] s'g} Pp6f ko6{ sLo :ynsf] j0fg{ u/ .

@= csf]{ lhNnfaf6 ltdf| ] ;db' fodf ed| 0f ug{ cfpg] sg' } Pp6f ;fyLsf nflu tLg lbg]
ed| 0f of]hgf agfpm .

cEof;

!= ko6{ g pBfu] sn] fO{ elgG5 <
@= gk] fnsf] ljsf;df ko{6g pBfu] sf] dxŒjsf af/d] f j0fg{ u/ .
#= gk] fndf s'g sg' p2]Zon] ko{6sx¿ cfpg] u5g{ \ <
$= ko6{ g pBfu] sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 117

kf7 M @ jb} l] zs Jofkf/

JolSt jf ;d"xn] cfkm" nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ j:tx' ¿ cfkm}n“ ] pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej x“'bg} .
To;}n] pTkfbg u/]/ cfkm" nfO{ a9L ePsf j:tx' ¿ ahf/df laj|mL / cfk"m;“u gePsf cfjZos
j:tx' ¿ ahf/af6 vl/b ug'k{ g{] xG' 5 . JolSt JolSt jf ;dx" lar j:tx' ¿sf] ljlgdo÷n]gb]
g÷vl/b laj|mLnfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s / afx\o u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] ;Ldf 3/] fleq dfq ;Lldt xg' ] Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s Jofkf/ jf 3/]n'
Jofkf/ elgG5 . Pp6f b]zn] cGo b]zx¿;u“ ug{] Jofkf/nfO{ jb} ]lzs jf cGt/f{li6o« Jofkf/
elgG5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljbz] L d'b|fsf] k|of]u xg' ] u5{ . o:tf] Jofkf/ eG;f/ dx;n' ,
sf6] f k0| ffnL, ljbz] L ljlgdo b/ / Jofkf/ gLltåf/f lgolGqt xG' 5 .

b]zdf vkt eP/ afs“ L /x]sf j:t' tyf ;j] f cGo b]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} cfÇgf]
b]zdf pTkfbg ubf{ a9L nfut kg]{ j:t'x¿ Tof]eGbf sd nfutdf cGo bz] af6 cfoft
ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . jb} l] zs Jofkf/
df ;+nUg eP/ t'ngfTds nfut leGgtf tyf pTkfbgdf ljlzi6Ls/0faf6 cfk;df kmfObf
lng ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf

gk] fnsf] s'n j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] bO' { ltxfO hlt Jofkf/ ef/t;u“ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . lgof{t
Jofkf/sf] bfh“ f]df cfoft Jofkf/ pRr xg' fn] g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/df 3f6f a]xfb] {} cfPsf]
5 . g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ ljzi] f u/L nTtf sk8f, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], lhcfO{ kfOk, 9ª' \uf tyf
afn'jf / cn}“rLnufotsf] lgoft{ a9s] f] 5 . cGo d'n'stkm{ ljzi] f u/L un“}rf, tof/L kf];fs,
kl:dgf, gk] fnL sfuh tyf 5fnf, x:tsnfsf ;fduL| , lrof / skmL lgof{t j[l4 ePsf]
5 . ef/taf6 k6] f« l] nod kbfy{, sf]Onf, /f;folgs dn, tof/L kf;] fs / sl[ if pks/0f tyf
kf6{;\nufotsf] cfoft a9]sf] 5 . cGo d'n'saf6 ljz]if u/L ;'g, e6df;sf] sRrf tn] ,
rfb“ L, vfg] t]n / cGo d]l;g/L tyf kf6{;n\ ufotsf] cfoftdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] dxŒj M ljZjsf kf| oM b]zsf] cy{ Joj:yfdf j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{
:yfg /xs] f] 5 . gk] fn ljsf;fG] dv' / e"kl/jl] i6t dn' 's ePsfn] j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] cem
a9L dxŒj bl] vg cfp5“ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf / dxŒjnfO{ k|ZgfQ] / / 5nkmnaf6 :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \ .

118 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf dfWodaf6 pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf nflu ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbz] L
d'b|f cfhg{ x'G5 . bz] df pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] ;bk' ofu] x'G5 . o;af6 cfb} \of]lusLs/0f,
;/sf/L cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4, /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf h:tf kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ .

j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ M lgoft{ sf] t'ngfdf cfoft pRr
b/n] jl[ 4 ePkl5 gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f w/] } a9L 5 . jb} ]lzs Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df gk] fn
e"kl/jl] i6t x'g', vn' f l;dfgf Jojl:yt gx'g' / k6] f« ]lnod kbfys{ f] a9b\ f] cfjZostfsf
sf/0fn] ubf{ jb} l] zs Jofkf/df ;d:of ylkPsf 5g\ . s[lif kw| fg d'ns' eP klg rfdn;d]
t cfoft ugk{' /]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} g]kfnn] k|fylds j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg / lgoft{ tyf ljb]
zL j:tx' ¿;“u kl| t:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf] 5 .

oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sl[ if /
jgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu\ 7gaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwfsf]
dfu ugk{' 5{ . cfB} f]lus kj" fw{ f/sf] ljsf; / sd nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg
ug'k{ 5{ . ;fy} lagf;t{ kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf / kofK{ t kh'“ Lsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ . casf
lbgdf ko6{ g, :jf:Yo, hn;f| t] , xl/t pmhfs{ f] ljsf;df Wofg lbO{ ljzi] f sfoj{ m| dsf ;fy
cl3 a9\g'kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ ;Gtn' gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, rrf{ u/ .

@= ltd|f] 3/, l5d]s, ljBfno jf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|of]u x'g] ljb]zdf ag]sf
-ljbz] af6 cfoft ul/Psf_ j:tx' ¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng u/L tLgLx¿ sg' sg' bz] df
ags] f xg' \ 56' o\ fpm .

cEof;

!= jb} l] zs Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs Jofkf/lar km/s 5'6\ofpm .

#= gk] fnaf6 ef/t tyf cGo dn' 'stkm{ lgof{t xg' ] dV' o j:t'x¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

$= gk] fnsf] ljsf;df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] dxŒjaf/] rrf{ u/ .

%= g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg] sg' } 5cf6] f pkfox¿ n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 119

kf7 M # d'bf|

kf| rLg ;dodf dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] j:t'x¿ ;s;] Dd cfÇg} 3/ kl/jf/d} pTkfbg
uy]{ . cfk"mnfO{ a9L ePsf j:t' c¿nfO{ lbP/ tLgLx¿af6 cfkm" nfO{ rflxg] cGo j:t'x¿ lng]
uy]{ . o;/L db' f| sf] cgk' l:yltdf dflg;n] cfk;df j:t' ;f6f;f6 u/L cfcfÇgf cfjZostf
k/' f ug{] k|yfnfO{ j:t' ljlgdo ky| f elgG5 . cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿df jl[ 4 xb“' } hf“bf j:t'
ljlgdo ky| f cJofjxfl/s aGb} uof] . ljlgdosf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ;j:{ jLsfo{ j:t'sf]
vf]hL x'g yfNof] . o;} j|mddf s'g} vf; cGg, Kjfn kfl/Psf s8f 6'j|mf, hgfj/, hgfj/sf
5fnf, l;kL÷s5j' fsf vfn] cflb ljlgdosf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|ofu] x'g yfn] . ljsf;sf]
ult;“u} ;g' / rf“bL h:tf wft' d'b|f kr| ngdf cfP . jt{dfg ;dodf sfuhL db' |f jf gf]6
a9L nfs] lk|o ag]sf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ;u“ ;“u} db' f| sf] ¿k / kl/efiff klg
kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gk] fndf gf6] lgisf;g ug{] sfd g]kfn /fi6« aª} \sn] ug{]
u5{ . o/' fk] sf s]xL b]zx¿df Pp6f ;f´f d'bf| k|rngdf NofOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ o'/f]
elgG5 . cd]l/sfsf] d'b|fnfO{ o'P; 8n/ elgG5 .

bz] n] dgnfuL kl/df0fdf gf]6 5fk]/ wgL xg' ;Sbg} . p;n] gf6] 5fKgsf lglDt ;o+ 'St
/fi6« ;ª\3cGtu{tsf] cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifaf6 :jLs[lt lng'k5{ . b]zsf] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d'b|f sf]ifn] gf]6 jf l;Ssf 5fKg cg'dlt
lbG5 . gf]6sf] d"Nosf] cg'kftdf b]zn] lglZrt kl/df0fdf ;g' jf o:t} axd' "No j:t' ;'/If0f

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGg ;dosf l;Ssf, k};fsf] lrq / kmf]6f k|bzg{ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .

120 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/fVgk' 5{ . To;kl5 p;n] tfs] ]sf] kl/df0fdf dfq gf]6, l;Ssf 5fKg kfOG5 . s'g} d'n'ssf
hgtf slt ;Eo 5g\ eGg] s'/f To; b]zsf] gf6] x]/]/ klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
b]zdf cfjZos j:t' ljb]zaf6 lemsfpg ljb]zL d'bf| cfjZos xG' 5 . ljb]zL d'bf| kf| Kt
ug{ xfdLn] ljbz] df ;fdfg lgof{t ug'k{ 5{ . ljb]zdf uP/ >d u/]/ klg ljb]zL db' f| cfh{g
ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbz] Ln] gk] fndf g} cfP/ /sd vr{ u/] eg] klg ljbz] L db' f| kf| Kt xG' 5 .
ljbz] af6 kf| Kt xg' ] cgb' fg ;xfotf jf C0faf6 klg ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ xG' 5 . ;ae} Gbf
e/kbf{] ljb]zL db' f| sf] ;|f]t Jofkf/ / ko6{ g g} xf] . t/ cfhefl] n xfd|f w]/} dflg;x¿ jb} ]lzs
/fh] uf/Ldf vf;u/L ;fpbL c/a, dn]l;of, stf/, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg h:tf dn' 'sdf sfd
ug{ uPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] jb} l] zs db' f| cfh{g u//] gk] fndf k7fpg] u/s] f 5g\ .

/fi6« aª} \ssf] cg'/fw]

-s_ gf6] nfO{ /fd|f];“u k6\ofpg] afgL u/f}“ . hyfefjL gu'6d\ 6' \ofpm“ .

-v_ df;,' tn] , df]lan, /ª, cla/nufotsf j:t' rnfPsf] xftn] gf6] g;dftf“} . o:tf
kmf]xf]/n] gf]6 kmf]xf]/ xg' s' f ;fy} /fu] ;fg]{ ;Defjgf klg x'G5 .

-u_ gf]6nfO{ gRoftf}“ .

-3_ gf6] df nV] g] / l:6r ug{] klg gu/f}“ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf sg' sg' sfddf db' f| sf] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 < vfh] L u/L tLgsf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= g]kfn /fi6« aª} \sn] kr| ngdf NofPsf gk] fnL ?lkofs“ f gf6] x¿ s'g sg' b/sf 5g\ <
tLgsf] ;"rL agfO{ sg' } Pp6f gf]6df clª\st tYox¿sf af/d] f j0fg{ u/ .

#= cfÇgf] 3/ l5d]sdf uP/ sfx] L jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf b]z aflx/ uPsf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿
jf pgsf kl/jf/;u“ ;fw] ]/ Toxf“ pkof]u x'g] d'bf| sf] ;"rL agfpm .

cEof;

!= j:t' ljlgdo k|yfsf sl7gfOaf/] rrf{ u/ .
@= db' f| sf] kl/ro lbO{ c;n d'b|fsf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] u/ .
#= db' f| n] xfdf| cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfngdf s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, 5f6] s/Ldf
rrf{ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 121

kf7 M $ a}ª\s

nfnl;x+ rfw} /L cToGt ldlxg]tL JolSt xg' \ . pgn] cfÇgf] tLg s6\7f
v]tdf t/sf/L vt] L u/]sf 5g\ . To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLdWo] pgn]
sx] L art ub{} uP . /sd a9b\ } uPkl5 pgnfO{ 3/df k;} f /fVg
8/ nfUof] . afs] ]/ lx“8\bf x/fpnf eGg] 8/ lyof] . Ps lbg ahf/
uPsf an] f pgsf] dg;f lbbL;“u e6] eof] . dg;fn] y}nLaf6 Pp6f
sf8{ lemlsg\ / ;fgf] sf]7fdf l5l/g\ . sf8n{ fO{ afs;df l5/fOg\ .
sDKo'6/df cIf/ lylrg\ . t'?Gt} gf]6 lgl:sof] . nfnl;x+ nfO{ crDd
nfUof] . of] s;/L eof] lbbL ¤ egL pgn] dg;fnfO{ ;fw] ] . dg;fn]
a}ª\ssf af/d] f o;/L atfOg\ M

o; sf8{nfO{ Pl6Pd sf8{ ( ATM Automated Teller Machine Card) elgG5 . o;sf] k|ofu]
u/]/ hg' ;'s} an] f k;} f lgsfNg ;lsG5 . d}n] aª} s\ df vftf vfn] /] k;} f hDdf u/s] f] 5' .
dnfO{ rflxPsf] ;dodf d o;} u/L k;} f lgsfNg ;S5' . r]saf6 klg k;} f lgsfNg ;lsG5
t/ of] ;lhnf] / l56f] 5 . dn} ] k;} f lgsflng eg] klg d/] f] k;} fsf] Aofh cfO/xG5 .

dg;fsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 nfnl;+xn]
cfÇgf] Joyf atfP . dg;fn]
a}ª\sdf nfnl;+xsf] gfddf vftf
vf]Ng ;3fOg\ . nfnl;+xn]
cfÇgf] Joj;fosf af/]df aª} s\ sf
k|aGwsnfO{ atfP . k|aGwsn]
aª} s\ af6 C0f lnP/ Joj;fo a9fpg
;Nnfx lbP . nfnl;+xn] klg bO' {
s67\ f hUuf lwtf] /fvL C0f lnP .
C0f lnPsf] k;} fn] c¿ kfr“ s67\ f
hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ t/sf/L vt] L u/] . pgn] lgoldt ¿kdf ;f“jf / Aofh a'emfpb“ } ufP .
cfhsn nfnl;x+ bfªsf ;kmn si[ fs dflgG5g\ . pgn] ljb]zaf6 5f/] Ln] k7fPsf] k;} f klg
aª} \saf6 kf| Kt u5g{ \ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ATM CARD, rs] a's h:tf jf:tljs j:tx' ¿ bv] fP/ 5nkmn u/L lzIf0f u/fpg'xf;] \ .

122 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

dg;f vf;faf6 ;fdfg lemsfpg aª} s\ af6 k};f k7fpl“ 5g\ . ;fdfg pgsf] ufb] fddf g}
cfOk'U5 . aª} \saf6 g} ljbz] L db' |f ;f6]/ pkof]u ul5{g\ . ljbz] df k9b\ } u/s] f 5f]/fnfO{
aª} s\ af6 g} k;} f k7fpl“ 5g\ . lhNnflt/ 3'Dg hfb“ f klg pgn] w/] } k;} f afs] ]/ lx8“ g\ kb{g} .
bz] sf s'g} klg zfvfaf6 pgL k};f lemSg ;lS5g\ .

gk] fnsf a}ª\sx¿

g]kfn /fi6« aª} s\

jfl0fHo aª} s\ ljsf; aª} s\ aª} l\ sª sf/fa] f/
ug]{ kmfOgfG;, n3' ljQ

;+:yf / ;xsf/Lx¿

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] 3/÷l5ds] af6 glhs /xs] f] Pp6f ljQLo ;+:yfsf] gfd nv] L pSt ;+:yfaf6
k|fKt÷pknAw xg' ] ;]jfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= gk] fn /fi6« aª} \s / jfl0fHo a}ªs\ larsf leGgtfx¿ vfh] L u/L nv] .

cEof;

!= a}ª\s eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= dflg;n] aª} \sdf /sd hDdf ug{s' f sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ .

#= ljsf; a}ªs\ sf] kl/ro bp] m .

$= a}ªs\ n] xfdf| ] hLjgnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf] 5, rrf{ u/ .

%= g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df aª} s\ x¿sf] el" dsf pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 123

k f7 M % j:t'sf] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f / d"No jl[ 4

Kof/L alxgL cfs[lt,
;d' w/' ;D´gf / Kof/

ltdf| ] kq kfp“bf v;' L nfUof] . ltdLn] kqdf ahf/df j:t'sf] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f s;/L x'G5 / dN" o
s;/L j[l4 xG' 5 eGg] s/' f ;fw] s] L /lx5o\ f} . d cfh log} ljifodf kqdfkm{ t s/' f /fVb} 5' .

alxgL ahf/df kfOg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ sfd pTkfbsn] u5g{ \ . pTkfbs Pp6f JolSt, kmd{
jf pBfu] x'g ;S5 . j:t' pTkfbg ugs{ f nflu pTkfbsnfO{ ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] h?/t
k5{ . o:tf ;fwgx¿df el" d, kh“' L, >d / ;ªu\ 7g -pBd_ k5{g\ . pTkfbsn] j:ts' f] pTkfbg
sfo{df ko| f]u u/]afkt el" dsf nflu nufg, k'“hLsf nflu Aofh, >dsf nflu Hofnf / pBdsf
nflu gfkmf eS' tfg ug{k' g]{ xG' 5 . o;/L j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ ul/Psf] eS' tfgL cyjf vrn{ fO{
nfut elgG5 . ;fdfGotof oxL pTkfbg nfutsf cfwf/df j:t'sf] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 .
olb pTkflbt j:t'df ;/sf/n] s/ nufPsf] /x5] eg] pSt s/ /sd klg hf8] ]/ j:ts' f] dN" o
to ul/G5 . To:t} sltko j:t' pTkfbgdf ;/sf/n] pTkfbsnfO{ cgb' fg lbg ;S5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf j:t'sf] dN" o pTkfbg nfuteGbf klg sd xg' ;S5 .

j:t'sf] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f ahf/sf] k|sl[ tdf klg e/ k5{ . s'g} j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbssf]
ahf/df Psflwsf/ 5 cyft{ \ ahf/df pSt j:t' pTkfbg ug{] cGo kl| t:kwL{ 5}gg\ eg]
pTkfbsn] j:t'sf] d"No cfkm}“ lgwf{/0f u5{ . t/ Psflwsf/L pTkfbsn] j:t'sf] a9L
kl/df0f lajm| L ug{ dN" o 36fpgk' 5{ eg] a9L dN" odf p;n] j:ts' f] sd kl/df0f dfq lajm| L ug{
;S5 . kl| t:kwfs{ f] ahf/df Ps} lsl;dsf] j:ts' f] pTkfbs, laj|m]tf / pkef]Stfsf] ;ªV\ of w]/}
xG' 5 . o:tf] ahf/df j:ts' f] dfu / kl" t{sf] cfk;L cGt/ljm| ofåf/f j:ts' f] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f
xG' 5 . j:ts' f] dfu pkefS] tf÷j|m]tfx¿n] u5g{ \ . jm| t] fx¿n] sd dN" o x“b' f j:ts' f] a9L
kl/df0f dfu / a9L d"No x'“bf j:ts' f] sd kl/df0f dfu u5g{ \ . To:t} pTkfbs÷ laj|m]
tfn] a9L dN" o x'b“ f j:t'sf] a9L kl/df0f kl" t{ u5g{ \ eg] dN" o sd xb'“ f j:t'sf] sd kl/df0f
kl" t{ u5{g\ . cGttM j:t'sf] d"No lgwf/{ 0f xg' hfG5, hg' dN" odf pTkfbgsf] kl" t{ kl/df0f /
pkef]Stfn] u/]sf] dfu kl/df0f cfk;df a/fa/ x'G5 . s'g} sf/0fn] o;/L lgwf{l/t
dN" oeGbf j:ts' f] dN" o a9L xg' uPdf j:t'sf] dfueGbf k"lt{ a9\g hfG5 . k"lt{ a9L ePsfn]
pTkfbsx¿lar d"No 36fpg] kl| t:kwf{ xg' yfN5 . kmn:j¿k j:t'sf] d"No 36\b} uO{ klxn]

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df kZ| gfQ] / / 5nkmn ljlwdf hf]8 lbO{ lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ .

124 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

g} lgwfl{ /t dN" odf cf]lnG{ 5 . To;} u/L sg' } sf/0fn] j:t'sf] dN" o lgwfl{ /t d"NoeGbf sd
x'g uPdf j:t'sf] kl" t{sf] tn' gfdf dfu a9L x'G5 . kl" ts{ f] tn' gfdf dfu a9L ePsfn] j:ts' f]
dfustf{ cyjf pkefS] tfx¿lar kl| t:kwf{ xg' uO{ j:ts' f] dN" o a9/] klxns] } lgwfl{ /t dN" odf kU' 5 .

cGTodf, aa' f cfdfnfO{ ltdf| ] bfh' ;s'zn /x]sf] s'/f cjut u/fpg" . sg' } lh1f;f ePdf
kq k7fpg gla;g{ " . clxnn] fO{ olTt .
pxL dfof ug]{ bfh'
ljho

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf /xs] f k;ndf hfpm . ljleGg j:tx' ¿sf] dN" o ;r" L÷tflnsf 6f;“
ul/Psf] 5÷5g} , x/] . olb 5}g eg] dN" o ;r" L 6f;“ gug'{sf sf/0fx¿ ;f]w]/ kQf
nufpm . sIffdf ;fyLx¿lar d"No ;"rL 6f“; gugs{' f sf/0fx¿ / dN" o ;r" L 6f“; gubf{
o;af6 pkefS] tfnfO{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿af/] 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .

@= vfB kbfyx{ ¿sf] d"No Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfÇgf] k;ndf ;an} ] bV] g] u/L 6f“; ug'k{ 5{ .
To:t} sltko j:tx' ¿ pTkfbsn] Koflsª u/]/ ahf/df k7fp5“ g\ . o:tf j:t' Koflsª
ubf{ j:t' ag]sf÷] tof/ ePsf] ldlt, To;sf] tfn} , d"No / Dofb ;lsg] ldlt pNn]v
ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} 5cf]6f j:tx' ¿sf] vfh] L u/L tnsf] tflnsf e/ .

jm| = ;= j:t'sf] gfd j:ts' f] d"No tfn} ag]sf] ldlt Dofb ;lsg] ldlt
-?=_ -ls=uf| =÷ln=_



Dofb gfl3;s]sf j:t' pkof]u ug{ gx'g] s'/faf/] sIffdf ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= ahf/df j:t'sf] dN" o lgwf/{ 0f s;/L x'G5, n]v .

@= ahf/df j:t'sf] d"No jl[ 4 x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\, nv] .

#= sfnf] ahf/L eg]sf] s] xf,] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox¿ nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 125

kf7 M ^ k“'hL lgdf0{ f / ;xsfl/tf

ldngk'/ ufp“df sl/a rfln; kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; 5 . kf“r jif{ klxn];Dd Toxf“sf
afl;Gbfx¿ cToGt ul/a lyP . pgLx¿ Hofnf / dhb'/L u//] uh' f/f uy{] . cfÇgf]
pAhgLn] jife{ l/ vfg kU' b}gYof] . dhb'/Lsf] Hofnf klg /fd|f] kfO“b}gYof] . pgLx¿sf] kfvf]
af/Ldf pAhgL sd x'g] xg' fn] b'Mv dfq a9L xG' Yof] . o;}lar ufp“df ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng
eof] . ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] sIffdf ;xefuLx¿lar v'q's]
art sfo{j|md rnfP . k|To]s lbg lrof, r'/f]6 lkpg] k;} faf6 kf“r ?k}of“ s6f}tL u/]/
vq' s' ]df xfNg'kg]{ lgod agfOof] . of] lgod nfu' ePkl5 w/] } JolStn] r'/f]6, ;'tL{ lkpg 5f8] .
v'q'sd] f rfln; kl/jf/af6 ?= % sf b/n] b}lgs @)) ?ko} f“ hDdf x'g yfNof] . Ps dlxgfdf
^))) ?k}of“ hDdf eP5 . pSt k;} fn] afv|fsf 5 cf]6f kf7fx¿ lsg/] NofOof] / uf]nf
xfnL 5 hgfnfO{ ljt/0f ul/of] . tL 5 hgfn] ?= !))) sf] jflif{s !) kl| tzt Aofh;lxt
;fj“ f a'emfpg'kg{] eof] .

bf;] f| ] dlxgfsf] k};f tLg hgfnfO{ t/sf/L vt] L ug{ ;fk6L lbOof] . pgLx¿n] Ps /f]kgL
vt] ef8fdf lnP/ t/sf/L vt] L u/] . t];|f] dlxgfdf !@ hgfn] ?= %)) sf b/n] /sd
af“8]/ ;fk6L lnP . pgLx¿n] kfvf] af/Ldf nd] g uf| ; nufotsf h8La'6Lsf] lap /fk] ] .
rfy} f] dlxgfdf # hgfn] ?= @))) sf b/n] /sd nu] . pgLx¿n] pSt /sdaf6 ufps“ f
pTkfbg xf6 ahf/df aR] g] Joj;fo ;'? u/] . o;/L kT| os] dlxgf hDdf ePsf] /sd ljleGg
Joj;fodf nufpg yflnof] . lj:tf/} ;fj“ f / Aofh klg lkmtf{ cfpg yfNof] . /sd a9b\ }
uof] . lx;fa lstfa /fVg sl7g x'g yfNof] .

cgfk} rfl/s lzIffsf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] ;xsf/L vfN] g ;xof]u u/] . olt an] f;Dddf
ufps“ f w]/} o'jfx¿ ;fIf/ eO;ss] f lyP . To;n} ] pgLx¿n] ldngk/' art tyf C0f
;xsf/L ;:+ yf vfn] ] . rfln;} 3/sf 3/dn' Lx¿ ;xsf/Lsf ;b:o ag] . Toxf“ hft, wd,{ j0fs{ f]
eb] efj lyPg . dfl;s art vq' s' a] f6 vftfdf kl/0ft eof] . pgLx¿sf] art ug]{ dfqf
klg a9o\ f] . pgLx¿n] dfl;s #)) ?lkof“ p7fpg yfn] . ldngk/' ufps“ f hgtfdf cfdn'
kl/jtg{ cfof] . sf]xL a]/f]huf/ ePgg\ . ;a}sf afn aflnsf ljBfno hfg yfn] . k};fsf]
vfr“ f] ePg . h'g;'s} a]nf ;xsf/Laf6 ;fk6L lng kfOg] eof] . ;xsf/Lsf] ;o] /df nufgL
u/s] f] /sdn] dg' fkmf klg sdfO/xo\ f] . artsf] Aofh klg cfO/xo\ f] . ;db' fodf Pstf sfod
eO/xo\ f] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M glhss} f] ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf If]q ed| 0f u/fO{ lzIf0f u/fpgx' f];\ .

126 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

ldngk'/ ;xsf/Lsf] ;kmntf b]v]/ lhNnf sl[ if ljsf;, ufp“kflnsf / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt
sfof{non] ljzi] f ;xof]u pknAw u/fP . clxn] ufpn“ fO{ d"n ;8s;Dd hfl] 8Psf] 5 .
3/]n' pBf]u sfofn{ o / hg:jf:Yo sfofn{ on] tflndx¿ pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . cfh kfr“
jif{df ldngk'/ ufp“sf hgtfsf] efUo kml] /Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] art ug{] afgLn] k'h“ L
lgdf0{ f eof] . k'h“ Lsf] /sd ljleGg Joj;fodf nufgL ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] cflys{ :t/ a9g\
uof] . ;fy} ufpd“ f s[lif, 3/n] ' pBfu] / Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] ljsf; eof] . art / k'“hLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ ;xsf/L ;:+ yfsf] hGd eof] . ;/sf/n] /fvs] f] ‘ufp“ ufpd“ f ;xsf/L, 3/ 3/df
esf/L’ eGg] gf/f ldngk'/ ufpd“ f ;fy{s ags] f] 5 . kh“' L lgdf0{ fsf nflu art cfjZos
dflgG5 . ldngk'/ ufp“sf k|Tos] JolStn] kl| t dlxgf ?= #)) art u/L pSt artnfO{
;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 kh“' L lgdf0{ f ul/of] . o;af6 pTkfbgdf clejl[ 4 eof] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] 3/ l5ds] jf ljBfnoaf6 glhs /x]sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] gfd / o;n] ug]{
sfdx¿ l6kf]6 u/ .

@= tnsf] syf k9/] ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm bp] m M

uf]nwfk eGg] ufpd“ f Ps Jofkf/L a:y] . pgsf Ps 5f/] f / Ps 5f]/L lyP . 5f/] f /
5f]/Lsf] k9fO ;lsPkl5 pgn] bj' n} fO{ Ps Ps ;o ?k}of“ lbP/ eg], ‘ltdLx¿ of] Ps
;o ?lkof“ vr{ u/]/ Ps dlxgfkl5 dsxf“ cfpg' .’ b'j} hgf 3/af6 lx8“ ] . 5f/] L gGbfnfO{
dgdf s/' f v]Ng yfNof] . dn} ] a'afsf] k;} f t lkmtf{ ug{'k5{ . of] Ps ;o ?lkof“ t Ps}
lbgdf ;lsG5 . s;/L k'¥ofpg] xf]nf . pgL af6fd] f lx“8b\ } lyOg\ . Ps ls;fgn]
ahf/df t/sf/L Nofpb“ } u/]sf] b]lvg\ . pgn] !) d'7f ;fu lslgg\ / ahf/df nu]/ !%)
df al] rg\ . kml] / pgn] !% d'7f ;fu lslgg\ / @@% ?lkof“df a]lrg\ . oxL jm| dn] pgn]
Jofkf/ ub{} uOg\ . Ps dlxgfkl5 pgL sf;] n] L;lxt cfÇgf] aa' fsxf“ kl' ug\ . pgn] /fdf| nu' f
nufPsL lyOg\ . aa' fsf] k};f lkmtf{ ub}{ %,))) ?lkof“ lbOg\ . aa' f lgs} v';L eP .
gGbf Joj;foL algg\ .

-s_ k|:t't syf k9L gGbfn] ckgfPsf ljleGg cfly{s ultljlwx¿ art l;h{gf,
nufgL, k“h' L lgdf{0f / Joj;fo kj| w{gsf r/0fx¿ klxrfg u/ .

cEof;

!= ;xsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= ;xsfl/tfaf6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

#= ;xsf/L Joj;fo / lghL Joj;folar km/s 56' o\ fpm .

$= ;xsf/Lsf sfo{ If]qx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 127

k f7 M & g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf

/f]huf/L eg]sf] dflg;n] sfd kfPsf] cj:yf xf] . sfdaf6 dflg;n] gub jf lhG;Lsf ¿kdf
cfDbfgL -Hofnf jf tna_ kf| Kt u5{g\ . o:tf] cfDbfgL cfjlws ¿kdf k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf]
cjlw 306f, lbg, xKtf, dlxgf x'g ;S5 . /fh] uf/Ldf lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;nfO{ dfq
lnOG5 . vf;u/L !% bl] v %( jif{sf] pd]/ ;dx" sf dflg;nfO{ o;cGtut{ /fVg ;lsG5 .
of] pd/] ;dx" sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ cflys{ ¿kn] ;ljm| o hg;ª\Vof klg elgG5 . o:tf] lglZrt
pd/] ;d"x bz] cg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ] u5{ .

/f]huf/L dflg;sf] hLljsfk] fh{gsf] cfwf/ xf] . sg' } klg bz] sf] /fh] uf/Lsf] :t/n] Tof] bz] sf]
s'n >d zlStdWo] slt hgfn] /fh] uf/L kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s/' fnfO{ bv] fp5“ . cy{tGqnfO{
ljleGg If]q, h:t} M s[lif, pBfu] , Jofkf/, lgdf0{ f, ;]jf cflbdf ljefhg u/]/ /fh] uf/Lsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} /fh] uf/LnfO{ cfGtl/s / j}b]lzs u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg
u//] klg ljZni] f0f ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko dflg;x¿ cfÇg} sfd u/]/ cfo cfh{gdf h'6]sf
5g\ eg] tLgnfO{ :j/fh] uf/ elgG5 . dflg;sf] sfd ug{] OR5f, pd]/, l;k / Ifdtf eP/
klg kr| lnt Hofnf b/df sfd gkfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ a]/fh] uf/L elgG5 .

g]kfndf ljleGg If]qdf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj:yf

j|m= ;= ljj/0f kl| tzt

!= /f]huf/ hg;ªV\ of kl| tzt &*=#

@= a/] fh] uf/ hg;ªVof kl| tzt !=*

#= lglijm| o hg;ª\Vof b/ !(=(

$= a]/fh] uf/L b/ @=@

%= sl[ if If]qdf ;+nUg 3/kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof &^=#

^= u}/sl[ if If]qdf ;+nUg hg;ªV\ of @#=&

&= k0" f{ /fh] uf/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] k|ltzt &)=)

;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0f, @)^^÷^& / gk] fn >d zlSt ;j{I] f0f, @))*

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7nfO{ rf6,{ tflnsf Pjd\ uf| km / rf6{ agfpg nufP/ l;sfpgx' f;] \ .

128 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/f]huf/L;u“ ;DalGwt ;d:of

!= x/]s jif{ b]zsf] >d ahf/df ylkg] >d zlStnfO{ /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ k|bfg
ug{ g;Sg'

@= kofK{ t ;ª\Vofdf /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb| gxg' '

#= jb} l] zs /fh] uf/L tyf cfGtl/s ¿kdf >lds cfkl" t{ ug{] lgsfox¿ Jojl:yt gx'g' k|:6
b/" bl[ i6 / gLlt lgdf0{ f eO{ s:tf] hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{, sxF“ s] s;/L kl/rfng ug{]
eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 of]hgf gx'g,' eljiodf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{jm| d / To;sf nflu rflxg]
hgzlStsf] pTkfbg;DaGwL :ki6 ofh] gf gxg' '

$= ahf/df dfuadf]lhd go“F 1fg / l;ko'St hgzlSt pTkfbg gx'g'

%= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolStx¿nfO{ ;dod} cfjZos cfwf/e"t ;"rgf k|fKt gx'g,'
k|:yfg laGba' f6} 7lug,' uGtJodf ;D´f}tfadfl] hd sfd / tna gkfpg'

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{ :tDe lrqdf b]vfpm .

@= ;d'bfodf /f]huf/ / a]/f]huf/ JolStx¿sf] tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng u/ . pSt tYofª\snfO{
kl| tztdf nuL ltd|f] ;db' fosf /fh] uf/Lsf] kl| tzt lgsfn .

#= ‘:j/fh] uf/ l;hg{ f cfhsf] cfjZostf’ zLif{sdf jSt[Tj snf sfo{j|md cfof]hgf u/ .

cEof;

!= /f]huf/Lsf] kl/ro bp] m / /fh] uf/L;“u ;DalGwt s'g} rf/cf6] f ;d:of
pNnv] u/ .

@= ;lj|mo hg;ªV\ of egs] f] s] xf] < b]z ljsf;df o;sf] s] el" dsf xG' 5 <

#= ‘/f]huf/L b]z ljsf;sf] ;fws xf’] eGg] ljifodf Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 129

kg' /jnf]sg cEof;

!= cflys{ jif{ @)^*÷^( df gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwL sx] L tYofªs\ nfO{ tn
tflnsfdf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M



?= s/f]8df

s'n ef/t cGo d'n'sx¿

!= j}b]lzs Jofkf/ $^)%!=$) #)%@*=%^ !%%@@=*$

-s_ lgof{t ^$##=*% $##^=)$ @)(&=*!

-v_ cfoft #(^!&=%% @^!(@=% !#$@%=)#

@= Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng –##!*#=&) –@!*%^=$* –!!#@&=@@
-lgoft{ cfoft_

;|f]t M cflys{ ;j{I] f0f cflys{ jif{ @)^*÷)^( gk] fn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno

dflysf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt kZ| gx¿ ;dfwfg u/ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/df cfoft / lgof{tsf] c+z -k|ltzt_ kQf nufpm .

-v_ sn' lgof{tdf ef/t / cGo dn' 'stkms{ f] c+z -kl| tzt_ u0fgf u/ .

-u_ sn' cfoftdf ef/t / cGo d'ns' tkm{sf] c+z -k|ltzt_ pNnv] u/ .

@= :yfgLo ;xsf/L jf art ;dx" sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;fW] gsf nflu kZ| g agfpm . pgLx¿nfO{
e6] /] cGt/ljm| of u/ / ;xsfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lnP/ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

#= ‘an] d} f u/s] f] artn] ;'vL eljiosf] 9fs] f p3f5{’ eGg] cf;osf] uLt jf sljtf nv] .

$= hf8] f ldnfpm M

;dx" – ‘s’ ;d"x – ‘v’
k“h' L lgdf0{ f Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf cfjt hfjt
nufgL Jofkf/sf] cGt/fl{ i6«os/0f
jb} l] zs Jofkf/ pTkfbgdf artsf] ko| f]u
/f]huf/L k'h“ Lsf] dfqfdf xg' ] jl[ 4
cfo cfhg{ sf] sfddf ;n+ Ug x'g] cj:yf

130 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

P sfO M * xfdf| ] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xofu]

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M

ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] kl/ro lbg tyf g]kfnsf] cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xof]u vfh] L ug{

;+o'St /fi6;« ª\3df g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf pNn]v ug{

;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljifo j:t';“u ;DalGwt ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L
lbg / ;f]cg'¿k ;dfof]lht x'g

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 131

kf7 M ! xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿

lrg / ef/t h:tf ljZjsf 7n' f dn' s' x¿sf] lardf cjl:yt gk] fn ek" l/jl] i6t dn' s'
xf] . o;n] cfÇgf l5d]sL d'n'snufot ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿;“u ;dfgtfsf
cfwf/df cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf cGo Ifq] df cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xofu] lj:tf/ ub{} c;n
ldqtf sfod /fVg rfxG5 . gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt c;n+ Ugtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, ;o+ S' t
/fi6;« ª3\ sf] a8fkq, cGt/fl{ i6o« sfgg' / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnn]
;g\ @)!^ ;Dddf ljZjsf !^* cf6] f bz] ;u“ bfT} o;DaGw sfod ul/;ss] f] 5 . gk] fn c;n+ Ug
cfGbfn] g, ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ / o;sf ljlzi6 ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;ljm| o ;b:o /xs] f] 5 .

lrg, ef/t, kfls:tfg, aªu\ nfb]z, >Lnªs\ f, e6' fg, dflNbE; h:tf b]zx¿ xfd|f l5d]sL
b]zx¿ xg' \ . l5ds] L bz] x¿;“usf] ;fx} fb{k"0f{ ;DaGwn] cfk;L ;b\efj / ;xofu] df jl[ 4 ePsf]
5 . g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g -;fs_{ sf] ;:+ yfks ;b:o /xs] f] 5 .
o;n] o; ;ªu\ 7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿lar cfk;L lxtsf cfwf/df If]qLo ;xof]unfO{ clejl[ 4
ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hfkfg, lrg, ef/t, ;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sf,
a]nfot, hdg{ L, k|mfG;, gb] /NofG8, 8]gdfs,{ c:6]«lnof h:tf b]zx¿n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ko| f;df
cflys{ tyf k|fljlws ;xofu] k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, c:6]«lnof, hfkfg, lrg, ef/t,
aªu\ nfb]z h:tf ldq/fi6«x¿df uO{ pRr lzIff xfl;n ul//xs] f 5g\ . o;u} /L xhf/f“} g]kfnL

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGg ldq /fi6«sf] gS;f, emG8f, ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] If]q cflb ;dl] 6Psf] lrq, rf6{, tflnsf
k:| tt' ub}{ lzIf0f u/L yk hfgsf/L;d]t lbgx' f];\ .

132 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

sfdbf/x¿ l5d]sL d'n's ef/t tyf ;+o'St c/a Old/]6\;, stf/, ax/fOg, s'j]t,
Oh/fon, blIf0f sf]l/of, l;ª\ufk/' h:tf b]zx¿df uO{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ g]
kfnsf] a/] fh] uf/L ;d:of xn ug{df sx] L dbt ku' s] f] 5 . Toxf“af6 pgLx¿n] sdfPsf] j}b]
lzs d'bf| n] gk] fnsf] cy{tGqdf 6j] f ku' ]sf] 5 . xfdf| ldq /fi6«sf ljlzi6 JolStx¿sf] a]
nfavtdf x'g] g]kfnsf] ed| 0f tyf tL bz] x¿df xg' ] xfdf| ljlzi6 JolStx¿sf] e|d0fx¿n]
cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ dha't agfpg ;xofu] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

ldq /fi6«x¿;u“ sf] xfdf| ] ;DaGwn] tL bz] x¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts ljifodf
hfgsf/L lng / xfdf| ] b]zsf af/d] f cGt/f{li6o« :t/df kl/ro u/fO{ b]zsf] uf/} j a9fpg
dbt k'U5 . ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf Ifq] df ePsf] k|ultn] ljZjnfO{ w]/} glhs agfPsf]
5 . Odn] , OG6/g6] h:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf dfWodn] xfdL ljZjsf] h'g;s' } ldq/
fi6s« f af/]df oy]i6 hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ . o;}u/L o:tf kl| jlwx¿sf] dfWodn] xfdL
klg xfdf| ] b]zsf af/d] f ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿ c¿ ;dIf k¥' ofpg ;S5f}“ . o;sf cnfjf
ljleGg k':ts, klqsf, P6n; tyf gk] fndf 3'Dg cfpg] ko6{ saf6 ;d]t xfdLn] tL b]zx¿sf
af/]df hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljZjsf] gS;fdf kf7df pNnv] ePsf ljleGg ldq /fi6«x¿ vfh] L sxf“ sxf“ cjl:yt

5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿;“usf] ;DaGw / cfk;L ;xof]usf af/]df pNn]v ub}{ ljbz] df a:g]

gk] fnL ;fyLnfO{ kq n]v .

#= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 vf]hL u/L xfdf| ldq /fi6x« ¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ sIffdf

k|:t't u/ .

bz] sf] gfd dxfb]z /fhwfgL d'Vo efiff d'bf|

cEof;

!= xfdf| ] bz] sf] k//fi6« gLlt s:tf] /x]sf] 5, pNn]v u/ .
@= blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xofu] ;ªu\ 7g -;fs_{ sf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ u/ .
#= gk] fnsf] ljsf; ko| f;df cflys{ tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k¥' ofpb“ } cfPsf k|d'v bz cf6] f
b]zx¿sf] gfd pNn]v u/ .
$= g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfdsf nflu ljb]z hfg] k|d'v cf7cf]6f b]zx¿sf] gfd
pNnv] u/ .
%= xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\,
pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 133

k f7 M @ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3 / o;sf cªu\ x¿

bf;] f| ] ljZj o'4sf] cGTo;u“ } ePsf] ljWj;+ ;;+ f/df
km]l/ slxNo} gxf];\ eGg] rfxgf;lxt ;g\ !($!
cu:6df tTsfnLg cd]l/sL /fi6«klt k|mofª\
slng ?hj]N6 / a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL ljG:6g
rlrn{ n] cfGw| dxf;fu/df /x]sf] o'4kft] leq ;o+ 'St
/fi6«;ª\3 h:t} cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf
ug{] ;lGw u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{ P6nflG6s rf6/{
elgG5 . kl5 @$ cS6f]j/ !($% sf lbg ljlwjt\
¿kdf %! cf]6f /fi6x« ¿ ldn/] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
:yfkgf eof] . xfn o;df !(# /fi6«x¿ ;b:o
/x]sf 5g\, h;dWo] g]kfn klg Ps xf] . o;sf] kw| fg
sfofn{ o Go'ofs] d{ f /xs] f] 5 .

;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf lgDgfg';f/sf ^ cf]6f
cª\ux¿ /xs] f 5g\ M

dxf;ef M ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª3\ sf] ;+;bn\ fO{ dxf;ef elgG5 . of] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;ae} Gbf
dxŒjk"0f{ cªu\ xf] . o;sf] a8fkqsf] cwLgdf /xL o;sf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿n] cfÇgf] s'/f
/fVg] / ljleGg ljifox¿df dt lbg] clwsf/ /fV5g\ . o;n] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ah6]
kfl/t ug{] tyf cGo dxŒjk"0f{ lg0fo{ x¿ lng] ub5{ .

;'/Iff kl/ifb\ M o;n] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x
u5{ . zflGt ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{, s'g} b]zdf gfsfaGbL ug]{ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ lg0fo{ x¿
o;n] u5{ . o;df ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, km| fG;, ?;, rLg u/L hDdf kf“rcf6] f
:yfoL ;b:ox¿ / cGo !) cf]6f c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ 5g\ . c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ dxf;efaf6 b'O{
jif{sf nflu lgjfl{ rt xg' ] u5{g\ . ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\ f :yfoL ;b:o /fi6n« fO{ sg' } lg0f{osf lj?4
lgif]wflwsf/ (veto) ko| fu] u/L pSt lg0f{onfO{ /f]s nufpg] clwsf/ xG' 5 .

cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ M o; kl/ifb\n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts tyf cGoljZj
sNof0fsf/L k|s[ltsf ljifox¿df sfo{ u5{ . o;df hDdf %$ cf]6f /fi6«x¿ ;b:o
/x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s jif{ !* cf]6f /fi6«x¿ ;b:osf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ / tLgsf] sfo{sfn
tLg jifs{ f nflu x'g] u5{ . o;df ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWoa] f6 Pp6f sfos{ f/L ;ef klg u7g
ePsf] x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljleGg Dofulhg, kqklqsf / ;fdfGo 1fg / UN sf] Website df uO{ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\
/ o;sf cªu\ x¿sf af/d] f yk ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ k|l] /t ugx'{ f;] \ .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

;o+ S' t /fi6« ;+/If0f (Trusteeship) kl/ifb\ M ljZj o'4df k/flht ePsf / pklgjz] df
/xs] f /fi6«x¿sf] cfTd lg0f{osf] ;/+ If0f ug{] p2Z] on] o;sf] u7g ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(($
b]lvof] lgl:j|mo cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

cGt/fl{ i6«o Gofofno M cGt/f{li6o« sfgg' sf] kfngf u/fpg', o;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / ;b:o
/fi6«x¿sf larsf] ljjfb ;'Nemfpg' o;sf] kd| 'v sfo{ xf] . o;df hDdf !% hgf GofofwLzx¿
/xG5g\ . logLx¿ gf} jifs{ f nflu ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / dxf;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt xG' 5g\ . o;sf]
k|wfg sfof{no xNofG8sf] xu] df 5 .

;lrjfno M of] ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\ sf] kz| f;lgs sfo{ ug{] lgsfo xf] . o;n] dxf;efaf6
kfl/t lg0fo{ x¿sf] sfofG{ jog u5{ . dxf;efaf6 kf“r jif{sf nflu lgjfl{ rt dxf;lrj o;sf]
k|d'vsf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffnfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/ / k|To]s ;d"xdf ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª\3sf
Ps Pscf]6f cª\usf af/d] f 5nkmn u/ / ;dx" gt] fn] k|:tt' u/ .

#= b kmfo/ va/ 86 sddf ks| flzt lgDglnlvt ;dfrf/ k9 / ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf]
;/' Iff kl/ifbs\ f] e"ldsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ljZn]if0f u/ .

cGt/f{li6«o hut\sf] lj/f]wsf afah't klg pQ/ sf]l/ofn] /s]6 k|If]k0f u/]kl5
;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ;/' Iff kl/ifb\n] /s]6 kI| f]k0fsf] eT;g{ f u/]sf] 5 . ;/' Iff kl/ifb\n]
Aofn]l:6s ld;fOn k|0ffnL k|of]u u/L s'g} klg k/LIf0f tyf k|If]k0f ug{ pQ/
sf]l/ofdfly nufPsf] kl| taGwsf] 7f8f] pNnª3\ g ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . ;/' Iff kl/ifb\n]
;b:o d'ns' x¿;u“ a}7s u/L pQ/ sfl] /oflj?4 7f]; sbd rfNg];d]t hgfPsf]
5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\dfkmt{ pQ/ sf]l/ofdfly s8f gfsfaGbL nufpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
a9] klg pQ/ sf]l/ofsf] /fhgLlts ;fem]bf/ lrgn] eg] gfsfaGbLdf ;xdlt ug]{
jf gug{] :ki6 kfl/;s]sf] 5}g .

cEof;

!= ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª\3sf] :yfkgf slxn] / s;/L eof], pNn]v u/ .

@= ;o+ S' t /fi6«;ª3\ sf d'Vo pbb\ Z] ox¿ s] s] x'g\, pNnv] u/ .

#= ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\ sf cª\ux¿ s] s] x'g,\ rf6{ agfO{ b]vfpm .

$= lgifw] flwsf/ -veto_ eg]sf] s] xf], o;sf] ko| fu] ug]{ clwsf/ s;nfO{ xG' 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 135

k f7 M # ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ / g]kfn

g]kfnn] !$ l8;]Dj/ !(%% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgdf klg g]kfnn] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] a8fkqdf cfwfl/t /x]/ bz] sf] k//fi6« gLlt
;~rfng ug{] s/' f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;b:otf lnPb]lv
w]/} sfoj{ |mdx¿df ;xefuL x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;/' Iff sfod ug{
tyf cflys{ , ;fdflhs ljsf; lj:tf/df g]kfnn] cfÇgf] el" dsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] k|of;df g]kfnn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnL ;]gf tyf k|x/Lsf hjfgx¿ ljleGg b]zdf zflGt ;]gfsf
¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . zflGt ;g] fsf ¿kdf st{Jolgi7 eO{ sfd ubf{ so} g gk] fnL ;]gf tyf
kx| /Lsf hjfgx¿n] Hofg;d]t ud' fpgk' /]sf] 5 . o;/L ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª\3sf] zflGt ;g] fsf
¿kdf sfo{ u/a] fkt gk] fnL ;g] f tyf kx| /Ln] cGt/fl{ i6o« huts\ f] kz| ;+ f;dt] a6n' s] f 5g\ .

gk] fnn] ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿n] kfl/t u/s] f jf hf/L u/s] f dxf;lGw
tyf 3fi] f0ff kqx¿df x:tfIf/ u/L cfÇgf] k|ltab\wtf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . cftª\sjfbsf] cGTo,
;a} k|sf/sf ljgfzsf/L xltof/sf] lgz:qLs/0f ;DaGwdf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ n] cl3 ;f/]
sf s/' fx¿df g]kfnn] ;xdlt hgfpb“ } cfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] k0" f{ k|Tofel" tsf nflu
/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ :jtGq / clwsf/ ;DkGg ;j+ }wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .

cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;+:yfx¿n]
cufl8 ;f/]sf of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿df klg gk] fnn] cfÇgf] kl| tab\wtf ;fy ;xeflutf
hgfPsf] 5 . ;x;f| AbL ljsf; nIo kf| lKtsf nflu ljleGg bft[ ;:+ yfx¿;u“ ;xsfo{ ub}{
ljljw sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnn] cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿df
k|fsl[ ts ljkt\ tyf åGåaf6 l;lht{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg
cfsi[ 6 u/fp“b} cfPsf] 5 .

ljZj vfB ;ª\u7g (FAO), cGt/f{li6«o >lds ;ª\u7g -ILO_, ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo
afnsf]if (UNICEF), ;+o'St /fi6« ljsf; sfo{jm| d (UNDP), ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo z}lIfs,
j}1flgs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ;ªu\ 7g (UNESCO), ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g (WHO), ;o+ 'St /fi6«
;ª3\ Lo hg;ªV\ of sfi] f (UNFPA) h:tf ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª3\ sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] ;b:o eO{
ljleGg sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ sf] dxf;efsf] pk;efkltsf]

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3 / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ PhG] ;Lx¿n] k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfgsf ;dfrf/ / ljsf;
sfo{sf ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

136 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

¿kdf ;g\ !(%*, ;g\ !(^&, ;g\ !(&), ;g\ !(&$, ;g\ !(*#, ;g\ !(** / ;g\ @))!
df sfd u/]sf] 5 .
gk] fn ;/sf/sf] cg'/fw] df g]kfndf zflGt k|lj|mofnfO{ tflŒjs lgisif{df k'¥ofpg / ;+ljwfg
;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;+oS' t /fi6«
;ª\3Lo lgofu] n] -cgldg_ gk] fndf cfO{ sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] vf;u/L gk] fnsf] zflGt
kl| jm| ofdf xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] dWo:ttf ug]{ / ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] ko{j]If0f ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf]
lyof] . o;n] cfÇgf] lhDdj] f/L k'/f u/L lkmtf;{ dt] eO;s]sf] 5 . gk] fnn] To:t} ;o+ S' t /fi6«
;ª3\ sf] lgz:qLs/0f;DaGwL cfofu] -;g\ @))$_ sf] pkfWoIfsf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 .
gk] fnn] ;g\ !(^( b]lv !(&) tyf ;g\ !(** b]lv !(*( ;Dd u/L b'O{ k6s ;o+ 'St
/fi6« ;ª\3 ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\ f] c:yfoL ;b:osf ¿kdf sfo{ ul/;s]sf] 5 . pSt cjlwdf
g]kfnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« ljjfbx¿ ;N' emfpg cxd\ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] 5 . ;/sf/ k|dv' x¿sf]
g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL k|ltlglw d08nn] ljleGg ;dodf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dxf;efdf
efu lngs' f ;fy} pSt ;efnfO{ ;Dafw] g;dt] u/s] f] 5 . To;}u/L ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf
dxf;lrjx¿af6 klg ljleGg ;dodf gk] fnsf] e|d0f ePsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfn ;o+ 'St
/fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;ljm| o ;b:osf ¿kdf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffnfO{ ljleGg ;dx" df ljefhg u/ / k|Tos] ;d"xn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf ljlzi6Lst[
;:+ yfx¿n] gk] fndf u/]sf sfo{x¿sf af/d] f ;fw] vfh] u/L ;d"x gt] fn] k|:t't u/ .

@= gk] fn / ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf ;DaGwdf /l] 8of], 6l] nlehg tyf cGo kq klqsfx¿df
ks| flzt ljleGg ;dfrf/ tyf n]v /rgfx¿sf] ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k9/] ;g' fpm .

cEof;

!= gk] fn ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;b:o slxn] eof] <

@= cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt ;/' Iff :yfkgf ug{] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ko| f;df gk] fnn] s;/L
;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, pNn]v u/ .

#= gk] fnsf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ n] s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf]
5, pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 u/ .

$= g]kfndf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f
ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yfsf] gfd pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 137

kf7 M $ s6" gLlts lgof]u

cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGwnfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ / cfk;L ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cf}krfl/s
¿kdf b]zsf] kl| tlglwTj u/]/ csf]{ bz] df /xs] f] ;+:yfnfO{ s"6gLlts lgof]u elgG5 .
xfd|f] bz] sf] klg bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf ljleGg b]zx¿df /fhbt" fjf;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
/fhb"tfjf;sf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf /fhbt" x¿ lgo'St ePsf x'G5g\ . /fhb"tsf] lgo'lSt ;/sf/
sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/f xg' ] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . /fhbt" nfO{ cfÇgf]
sfddf ;xof]u ug{ g]kfnL sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo/{ t /xG5g\ .

o;/L csf]{ b]zdf /xs] f /fhbt" fjf;, dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;, ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3l:yt :yfoL
lgof]u h:tf ljb]zL e"lddf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ g} s"6gLlts lgof]u
x'g\ . o:tf s6" gLlts lgof]ux¿ ;fdfGotof /fhwfgLdf cjl:yt /xs] f x'G5g\ . s6" gLlts
lgofu] x¿df sdr{ f/Lx¿nufot cGo Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ k//fi6« dGqfnon] ub{5 .

h;/L xfdf| ] bz] sf /fhbt" fjf;x¿ ljbz] df /x]sf xG' 5g,\ To;} u/L ljbz] L ldq /fi6«x¿sf /
fhbt" faf;x¿ klg g]kfndf /xs] f 5g\ . /fhb"tfaf;df ;DalGwt bz] sf /fhbt" / pgnfO{
;xof]u ug]{ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ x'G5g\ . ljbz] L d'ns' x¿;“u cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;"rgfx¿ cfbfg
k|bfg ubf{ log} /fhbt" fjf;dfkm{t ul/G5 . s'g} klg ljbz] L dn' s' x¿df gk] fnLx¿n] ed| 0f
ug{' kbf{ To; bz] sf] cg'dlt lng'k5{ . o:tf] cg'dltnfO{ kj| ]zf1f (visa) elgG5 . o:tf]
k|jz] f1f lbg] sfo{ klg /fhbt" fjf;n] u5{ . t/ gk] fn / ef/tsf lardf ;lbcf}“bl] v g} lgs6
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw /xL cfPsfn] Ps csf{ bz] df cfjt hfjt ubf{ kj| z] f1f
lng' gkg{] Joj:yf xfn;Dd sfod 5 .

s"6gLlts lgof]un] Tof] b]zdf /x]sf cfÇgf] b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] ;'/Iff nufot cGo
cfjZos ;xofu] pknAw u/fp5 . b'O{ bz] x¿sf lardf cfk;L ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ xg' ]
j|mddf 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ klg o;n] ub{5 . To;} u/L bO' { bz] sf /fi6« k|dv' ,
;/sf/ kd| 'v jf cGo pRr kb:y JolStx¿sf] ed| 0fdf cfjZos ;dGjo ug{], Ps b]zn] /
fvs] f] k|:tfj pk/ cfÇgf] b]zsf] cf}krfl/s wf/0ff JoSt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ klg s6" gLlts
lgof]ux¿dfkm{t\ x'g] u5{ . o;/L s"6gLlts lgofu] x¿n] bO' { b]zsf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] s8Lsf
¿kdf sfo{ u/s] f xG' 5g\ . s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿n] csf{] bz] df /x]/ sfo{ ubf{ s"6gLlts
dof{bfleq /x/] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . s"6gLlts dof{bf gf3/] sfo{ ePdf csf{] b]zsf] :jfledfgdf
cfr“ kU' g ;S5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf bO' { b]zlarsf] ;DaGw lau|g klg ;S5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M s6" gLlts lgofu] sf] j]j;fO6df uP/ jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fW] g nufP/ o; kf7sf

af/d] f yk hfgsf/L kb| fg ugx{' f;] \ .

138 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk
!= bfof“ efudf lbOPsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ /

5nkmnsf] lgisif{ skLdf nv] .
@= xfd|f l5ds] L d'n's ef/t / lrgsf nflu gk] fnL /fhb"tx¿

sf] sf] x'gx' G' 5, ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 ;f]w vf]h u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= s"6gLlts lgof]u eg]sf] s] xf] < pNnv] u/ .

@= xfdf| ] bz] df :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] s"6gLlts lgofu] s'g b]zsf] xf] <

#= s6" gLlts lgof]un] ug]{ kd| v' sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .

$= s"6gLlts lgof]udf sd{rf/Lx¿nufot cGo Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ s'g
dGqfnon] u5{ <

%= xfdf| ] b]zdf /fhbt" x¿sf] lgol' St s;/L xG' 5, pNnv] u/ .

^= s"6gLlts dofb{ f eg]sf] s] xf,] pNn]v u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 139

kf7 M % cGt/f{li6«o Ifq] df gk] fnsf] of]ubfg

lj= ;=+ @))& ;fn;Dd g]kfndf /f0ffx¿sf] hxflgof zf;g lyof] . To; a]nf xfdf| ] l5d]
sL dn' 's ef/tdf cªu\ ]|hx¿n] zf;g uy{] . /f0ff sfndf gk] fnsf] ;DaGw cª\uh]| x¿
-lal| 6; ;fd|fHo_ ;u“ dfq lyof] . /f0ffx¿ cªu\ ]|hx¿nfO{ v';L agfpg tNnLg b]lvGy] .
cªu\ ]|hx¿nfO{ g]kfnL kmf}hn] ;xofu] ;dt] u/s] f] lyof] . ;g\ !($& -lj= ;+= @))$_ ;fndf
cªu\ h]| x¿ lkmtf{ eP / ef/t :jtGq eof] . To;sf] ke| fj gk] fnL el" ddf klg k¥of] . kmn:j¿k
@))& ;fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eof] . ttk\ Zrft\ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltdf klg kl/jt{g
cfof] . @))& ;fnkl5 gk] fnn] cfÇgf] :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff ug,{ cGt/f{li6o« Ifq] df cfÇgf],
klxrfg :yflkt ug{ / bz] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xofu] h6' fpg cfjZos lyof] .
t;y{, g]kfnn] ljleGg dn' s' x¿ tyf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\3 ;+:yf;“u s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf
ug{] sfod{ f hf]8 lbof] . g]kfnn] ljleGg /fi6x« ¿;u“ bf}To ;DaGw sfod ub{} cfof] . xfn;Dd
!^* /fi6x« ¿;“u bfT} o ;DaGw :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 .

bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] cGTokl5 ljZjsf zlStzfnL d'n'sx¿ b'O{ lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts
wf/sf cfwf/df u'6aGb eP . Pp6f u'6sf] g]t[Tj cd]l/sf, a]nfot h:tf d'n'sn]
ul//fvs] f lyP eg] csf{] u'6sf] gt] T[ j tTsfnLg ;fl] eot ;ª3\ -?;_ n] u/]sf] lyof] .
o;/L ljZjdf zLt o4' sf] l:ylt lyof] . b'O{ km/s /fhgLlts Joj:yf ePsf 7n' f l5d]sL /
fi6« lrg / ef/tsf] lardf cjl:yt xfd|f] bz] g]kfnn] sg' } klg ;fdl/s u'6df gnfuL ;a}
dn' 's;“u ;dfg / t6:y ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ h?/L lyof] . g]kfn h:t} s'g} klg u'6df ;n+ Ug
xg' / z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhLdf nfUg grfxg] ef/t, OG8f]gl] ;of, OlhK6, 3fgf, o'uf]:nfleof
h:tf dn' 'sx¿n] ;'? u/s] f] c;n+ Ugtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf gk] fn klg k"0f{ ¿kdf ;ljm| o eof] .
;g\ !(^! df o'uf:] nfleofsf] /fhwfgL a]nu]|8df ePsf] c;n+ Ug /fi6x« ¿sf k|yd lzv/
;Dd]ngb]lv xfn;Ddsf ;a} lzv/ ;Den] gdf g]kfnn] /fi6« kd| 'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf
:t/df efu ln“b} cfPsf] 5 . c;+nUg /fi6«sf ;+:yfks ;b:osf x}l;otn] g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df v]n]sf] el" dsf k|z+;f of]Uo /xs] f] 5 .

gk] fnn] !$ l8;]Dj/ !(%% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;b:otf lnPotf o;sf] ;lj|mo ;b:osf
¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\ sf tTsfnLg dxf;lrj 8\ofu xo\ fd/;f]
N8sf] ;g\ !(^! df ljdfg b'3{6gfdf d[To' xb“' f To; 36gfsf] 5fglag ug{] cfof]usf cWoIf

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M cGt//fli6«o Ifq] df g]kfnsf] ofu] bfgsf] rf6,{ lrq, kmf]6f] / tflnsf k:| t'tLs/0fdf hf8]
lbg'xf;] \ .

140 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

tTsfnLg gk] fnL :yfoL kl| tlglw Clifsi] f zfx lyP . gk] fnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt / ;/' Iff sfod
ug]{ /fi6«;ª\3sf] k|of;df ;?' bl] v g} ;xof]u k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] /fi6« ;ª\3sf]
cg'/f]wdf zflGt ;]gfdf kmf}h k7fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . n]agfg, x}6L, ;f]dflnof, O/fs,
l;o/flnof]g, sªu\ f], k"jL{ l6df/] , nfOa]l/of / ;'8fg h:tf b]zsf #& cf6] f zflGt ld;gdf
g]kfnL ;]gf / kx| /Ln] sfo{ ul/;ss] f 5g\ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] zflGt ;g] fdf kmfh} k7fpg]
bz] x¿df gk] fn cu| kªl\ Stdf /xs] f] 5 .

g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xofu] ;ªu\ 7g -;fs_{ sf] :yfkgf sfnbl] v g} ;ljm| o ;b:osf
¿kdf /xb“ } cfPsf] 5 . ;fss{ f ljleGg ultljlwx¿df g]kfnn] klg cfÇgf] ofu] bfg k¥' ofp“b}
cfPsf] 5 . ;fss{ f] ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f“d} f 5 . o;} u/L g]kfn ;+oS' t
/fi6«;ª\3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿nufot cGo ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\3 -WTO_, ljd:6]s
-BIMSTEC_ h:tf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿sf] klg ;b:osf ¿kdf /xL el" dsf lgjfx{
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg ldq /fi6«x¿df kf| s[lts ljktsf an] fdf ;fx} fbt{ fk"j{s ;Sbf]
;xofu] ;d]t k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6o« :t/df g]kfnn] ;Sbf] of]ubfg lbb“ } cfÇgf]
5'66\ } klxrfg / 5lj lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffnfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/ / k|To]s ;d"xn] lgDgfg';f/sf ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿df
/xL gk] fnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df u/]sf sfo{x¿sf af/]df ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L ;dx"
gt] fn] k|:tt' u/ M

-s_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ / zflGt ;g] f -v_ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿
-u_ blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xofu] ;ªu\ 7g -;fs_{ -3_ c;+nUg cfGbf]ng
cEof;

!= g]kfn ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;/' Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

@= cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt ;/' Iff :yfkgf ug{] sfod{ f g]kfnL ;g] f / k|x/Ln] s;/L
;xofu] k'¥ofPsf 5g\, pNn]v u/ .

#= lj= ;=+ @))& ;fnkj" { g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf af/d] f 5f]6f] rrf{ u/ .

$= c;+nUg cfGbf]ng / o;df g]kfnn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf
pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 141