SOCIAL AND POPULATION

k'g/jnfs] g cEof;

!= ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] jtd{ fg dxf;lrj sf] xg' \ / pgL sg' bz] sf gful/s xg' \ <
ljleGg ;|f]taf6 vfh] L u/L n]v / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

@= cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df gk] fnn] v]ns] f] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg tyf cGo kq
klqsfx¿df k|sflzt ljleGg ;dfrf/ tyf n]vx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf
k9]/ ;'gfpm .

#= ;fdflhs cWoogsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] cWoog xf] . ;dfhdf
b}lgs ¿kdf ljleGg /fd|f, g/fd|f 36gfx¿ eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . To:t} sltko j1} flgs
cfljisf/x¿ eO/xs] f x'G5g\ . To:tf 36gf / cfljisf/x¿n] xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf
k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] To:tf ;d;fdlos ljifox¿df hfgsf/L
/flv/xg'k5{ . ltdLx¿ klg kT| o]s lbg /l] 8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf jf OG6/g]6af6
hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/ . k|To]s xKtf sIffdf ;d;fdlos hfgsf/L ;DaGwL kZ| gx¿
agfP/ xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutf u/ .

@= cfÇgf] sIff aflx/sf] leQfsf] vfnL :yfgdf leTt] klqsf agfpm . sIffnfO{ rf/ ;dx" df
ljefhg u/ . x/s] ;dx" nfO{ Ps Ps xKtfsf] kfnf] af8“ . xKtfel/sf dxŒjk"0f{
hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L kT| o]s zj' |maf/ leQ] klqsf cBfjlws u/ . klxnf] xKtf
6f“l;Psf dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|LnfO{ Toxf“af6 pKsfP/ kmfOndf /fv . Toxf“ gof“
cfsifs{ 9ªs\ af6 ;fduL| 6f;“ . ltdLn] tof/ kf/s] f klqsf ;a} ljBfyLn{ ] k9g\ ] 5g\ .

$= xfd|f ldq /fi6x« ¿n] ltdf| ] ;db' fo jf lhNnfdf w]/} ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf
/fi6x« ¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;xofu] ;d]t pNn]v u/ .

%= @)&) ;fn ebf} % ut] l;l/ofsf] /fhwfgL bdf:s;df ljbf| ]xLx¿n] Toxf“sf] ;/sf/n]
/f;folgs xltof/sf] k|of]u u/s] f] cf/fk] nufof] . ;f] s/' fsf] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ n]
5fglag ubf{ Toxf“ /f;folgs xltof/sf] k|of]u ePsf] k|df0f km] nf k¥of] . o;n] If]qLo
;/' Iff / zflGtnfO{ gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg{] 7x/ eof] . /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbn\ ]
;f] xltof/ gi6 ug]{ / eljiodf /f;folgs xltof/sf] pTkfbg, cf];f/ k;| f/ / cfoft
ug{ kl| taGw nufpg] lg0fo{ u¥of] .

dflysf] cg'R5]bn] hf]8 lbg vfh] ]sf s/' fx¿ sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/ .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

P sfO M ( hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/ro /
hg;fªl\ Vos cj:yf


l;sfO pknlAw 143

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
hg;fªl\ Vos k|ljm| of pNnv] u/L hg;fªl\ Vos b/x¿sf] dfkg pNnv] ug{
g]kfnsf] a;fO“;/fOsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

kf7 M ! hg;fª\lVosLsf] cjwf/0ff



hg;fª\lVosLnfO{ cª\u]|hL efiffdf l8df]u|fkmL (Demography) elgG5 . ‘l8df]u|fkmL’

(Demography) zAb lu|s efiffaf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 . o; zAbnfO{ b'O{ efudf af“8\bf

‘l8d;’ (Demos) sf] cy{ dflg; / ‘u|fkmL’ (Graphy) sf] cy{ cWoog eGg] al' emG5 . o;/L

dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf] cWoog ug{] ljifo g} hg;fªl\ VosL xf] . ;j{k|yd o; zAbsf] ko| fu]

al] Nhodsf gful/s clsn] uO' nf8{ (Achille Guillard) n] u/] . hg;ª\Vofsf] j1} flgs cWoog

ug]{ ljifo g} hg;fªl\ VosL xf] . an] fotsf ljåfg\ hf]g u|fG6 (John Graunt) nfO{ o; ljifosf

hgs dflgPsf] 5 . pgn] d[Tob' / ;DaGwL dxŒjkÒ0f{ cWoog u/s] f lyP . hg;fªl\ VosLn]

hg;ª\Vofsf tYofª\sLo kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog

hg;ª\Vof lzIffdf ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf; ;g\ !(^)–&) sf] cjlwdf ePsf]

lyof] . hg;ª\Vof lzIff Pp6f zl} Ifs sfoj{ |md klg xf] . o;n] hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4af6 pTkGg

xg' ] c;/ jf kl/0ffdkl| t JolStnfO{ ;rt] agfp5“ .

hg;fª\lVosLdf hGd, d[To' / a;fO“;/fO tLg tŒj clt g} dxŒjk0Ò f{ x'G5g\ . s'g} If]q jf
/fi6s« f] hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gnfO{ pSt tLg tŒjn] lgwf/{ 0f ub{5 . To;n} ] lognfO{ hg;ªV\ of
kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒj klg elgG5 .
hg;fªl\ VosLsf cªu\ x¿ (Components of Demography)

!= kd| v' hg;fªl\ Vos k|lj|mofx¿ (Major Demographic Processes): o;cGtut{ k|hgg,
d/0f / a;fO“ ;/fO k5{g\ .

@= hg;fª\lVos tYofª\s (Population Statistics): sg' } b]z, kb| z] , lhNnf, uf| dL0f tyf
;x/L Ifq] x¿df hGdb/, dT[ ob' /, a;fO;“ /fO, hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f, jl[ 4 cflb kIfsf]
cWoog ug{ hg;fªl\ Vos tYofªs\ sf] ;xofu] lngk' 5{ .

#= hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f (Population Distribution): sg' } Ifq] df hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] Ps lglZrt
kf| ¿k (pattern) xG' 5 . sg' } Ifq] df a9L hg;ªV\ of sl] Gbt| xG' 5 eg] sxL“ sd xG' 5 . pbfx/0ffy,{
gk] fnsf] lxdfn / kxf8sf] tn' gfdf t/fO{ Ifq] df a9L hg;ªV\ of /xs] f] 5 .

$= hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of Population Growth): hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf

lzIf0f ;'emfj M hg;fªl\ VosLsf] cjwf/0ff ljleGg pbfx/0f, rf6{ / tflnsfsf] k:| tt' Ls/0f u/L lbgx' f];\ .

144 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

sf/0fx¿ hg;fª\lVosLsf dxŒjk"0f{ cªu\ x'g\ . hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf sf/0f klxrfgkl5
dfq hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf kl/0ffdx¿ ae' mL ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf kl/0ffdx¿ (Consequences of Population Growth): xfn ljZjdf
hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4af6 cgs] f“} ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4af6 ke| fljt
kIfx¿df vfBfGg, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/, a;fa] f;, lzIff, dgf/] ~hg cflb k5g{ \ .

^= of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIff (Sexual and Reproductive Health Education): ofg}
tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg,
hGd lg/f]w, dfgj ofg} ;“u ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'x¿ k5{g\ . oL tŒjx¿n] kh| gg
b/df dxŒjk0" f{ ke| fj kf/]sf x'G5g\ .

&= hg;ªV\ of gLlt / sfoj{ |md (Population Policies and Programme): hg;ª\Vof gLlt
/ sfoj{ m| d klg hg;fª\lVosLsf dxŒjk0Ò f{ cªu\ x'g\ . k|Tos] /fi6s« f] cfcfÇg} lsl;dsf]
hg;ª\Vof gLlt / sfo{j|md x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hg;fªl\ VosLsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= sIffdf ljleGg ;dx" x¿ agfpm . Ps ;dx" n] hGd, csfn]{ ] dT[ o' / csf]{n] a;fO;“ /fOsf]
cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . ;db' fodf ljut tLg dlxgfdf oL tLg kIfsf] s] s:tf]
cj:yf /xs] f] 5, cleefjs ;d]tsf] ;xofu] n] kQf nufpm . ;a} ;dx" n] cfk"mn] u/s] f
lj|mofsnfk af/d] f sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= hg;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro bp] m .

@= hg;fª\lVosLdf s'g s'g cªu\ x¿sf] cWoog ul/G5, kT| os] sf] ;ªl\ IfKt
kl/ro bp] m .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] ;d'bfosf ;dfh ;]jfdf nfu]sf JolSt tyf cleefjsx¿;“u cGt/lj|mof u/L
hg;ª\Vof lzIffcGtu{t s] s:tf ljifoj:t' k9fpg cfjZos xG' 5, To;af/] pgLx¿sf] ;e' mfj
;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 145

kf7 M @ hg;fªl\ Vos cfwf/et" dfkg

k|hgg, d/0f / a;fO“;/fOnfO{ hg;fª\lVos k|lj|mofx¿ elgG5 . s'g} If]qsf] hg;ª\
Vofdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ log} kl| jm| ofn] lgwf/{ 0f ub5{ . hg;fª\lVos tŒjn] hGd, dT[ o'
/ a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ hgfp5“ . o;/L tŒj / k|ljm| ofdf sx] L leGgtf /x]sf] xG' 5 . k|hgg
(fertility) kl| j|mof xf] eg] hGd (birth) tŒj xf] . To:t} d/0f (mortality) k|ljm| of xf] eg] d[To'
(death) tŒj xf] . hg;ªV\ of dfkgn] hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fO“;/fOsf b/x¿sf] u0fgf
ug]{ kl| jm| of jf ljlwnfO{ hgfp5“ . hg;fª\lVos b/x¿sf] u0fgf ug]{ sfon{ fO{ dfkg elgG5 .
hg;fªl\ Vos k|ljm| ofx¿dWo] kh| ggsf] dfkg lgDgfg;' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|hgg b/ (Fertility rate): kh| gg b/n] !% b]lv $( jif;{ Ddsf dlxnfn] lhpb“ } hGdfPsf
lzzx' ¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hgfp5“ . kh| gg b/nfO{ ;/n cyd{ f hGdb/ klg elgG5 . kh| gg
b/sf] dfkg ubf{ k|of]u xg' ] tLg ks| f/sf ljlw jf ;r" sx¿sf] tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

sf]/f hGdb/ (Crude Birth Rate): hGdb/ dfkg ug]{ ;jf{lws ;/n / k|rlnt ljlw

sf/] f hGdb/ xf] . s'g} If]qdf Ps jif{leq Ps xhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf hGd]sf sn' lzz'x¿sf]

;ª\VofnfO{ sf]/f hGdb/ elgG5 . sf/] f hGdb/sf] dfkg÷u0fgf ug{ lgDg ;"q ko| f]u

ul/G5 M s'g} jifd{ f hLljt hGds] f lzz'sf] ;ª\Vof

sf/] f hGdb/ (CBR) = dWo jifs{ f] hg;ª\Vof (P) (B) !)))

X

pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ (Age-specific Birth Rate): hGdb/ ;a} pd/] ;d"xdf Ps} lsl;dsf]

geO{ km/s km/s x'G5 . sg' } vf; pd/] ;dx" sf Ps xhf/ dlxnfn] Ps jif{leq hGdfPsf

lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ elgG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdfGotof @)

jifb{ ]lv @( jif{ pd/] ;dx" df hGdb/ pRr ePsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 hGdb/ j|mdzM 36b\ }

hfG5 . o;sf] u0fgf ubf{ kh| gg ofU] o dlxnfnfO{ %÷% jif{ cGt/fnsf] pd/] ;dx" df /flvG5 .

pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ lgDgfg;' f/ u0fgf ul/G5 M

pd/] cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ = Ps jif{leq pSt pd/] ;dx" sf dlxnfn] hGdfPsf] lzz'sf] ;ªV\ of X !)))
;f]xL jif{sf] dWofjlwdf pSt pd]/ ;dx" sf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;"qx¿sf] cEof; u/fpb“ f cfudg ljlwdf -pbfx/0f lbb“ } ;q" atfpg_] hf8] lbg'k5{ . ;fy}
kf7df lbOPsf ;q" x¿ ko| f]u ub}{ a9LeGbf a9L lx;fa ug{ nufO{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

146 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

sn' k|hgg b/ (Total Fertility Rate): s'n kh| gg b/ pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/sf] ofu] xf] .
o;nfO{ k|lt dlxnfdf JoSt ul/G5 . k|hgg pd/] ;d"x -!% bv] $( jif{_ df Pp6L ljjflxt
dlxnfn] hGdfPsf lzzx' ¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ s'n k|hgg b/ elgG5 . s'n k|hgg b/sf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;jk{ |yd ljleGg pd]/ ;dx" sf kh| gg b/nfO{ hf8] ]/ To;nfO{ pd]/sf] juf{Gt/ cyf{t\
% n] u0' fg ugk{' 5{ . olb kl| tdlxnf b/ u0fgf ug{' 5 eg] u'0fgkmnnfO{ !))) n] efu
ug{'k5{ . sn' kh| gg b/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 M

oxf“ TFR = sn' k|hgg b/

Bi = i pd]/ ;dx" sf dlxnfx¿n] Ps jifl{ eq lhpb“ } hGdfPsf lzz'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of

i = pd]/ ;dx"

Pi = i pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf hGdb/ a9L xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g\, tLgsf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf
5nkmn u/ .

@= :yfgLo ;db' fodf ut Ps jif{leq lhp“b} hGds] f lzzx' ¿ / !% b]lv $( jifs{ f
ljjflxt dlxnfx¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf]/f hGdb/ /
pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ lgsfn .

cEof;

!= hg;fª\lVos tŒj, k|lj|mof / dfkgsf] kl/ro b]pm .

@= sg' } ufpd“ f lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fndf ul/Psf] ;jI{] f0fcg;' f/ Ps jifl{ eq hGds] f lzzx' ¿sf]
;ª\Vof !% / s'n hg;ª\Vof %() /xs] f] lyof] eg] pSt ufp“sf] sf/] f hGdb/
lgsfn .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 147

kf7 M # d[To' / a;fO;“ /fO

d[To'b/

dT[ o' hg;fªl\ Vos k|ljm| ofsf] bf;] f| ] dxŒjkÒ0f{ tŒj xf] . d[To'b/n] Ps jif{df Ps xhf/
hg;ª\Vofdf slt hgf JolSt d5g{ \ eGg] s/' fnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ . hGd / dT[ o'lar w/] } cGt/
ePdf hg;ªV\ of l56f] a9\5 . ljZjsf ljsf;fG] d'v /fi6«x¿df oxL l:ylt /xs] f] 5 .
dT[ ob' /sf dV' o bO' { kl/;rÒ sx¿ sf]/f d[To'b/ / lzz' dT[ o'b/ xg' \ .

sf/] f d[Tob' / (Crude Death Rate)

of] dT[ o'b/ dfkg ug]{ ;jf{lws ;/n ljlw xf] . sf/] f dT[ ob' / u0fgf ug{ sg' } If]qdf Ps
jifleqdf dg{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\Vof cfjZos xG' 5 . ;f]xL cjlwsf] pSt Ifq] sf] hg;ª\Vof
klg cfjZos k5{ . sf/] f d[Tob' /sf] u0fgf lgDgfg;' f/ ul/G5 M

sf]/f dT[ ob' / (CDR) = Ps jif{ leqsf] d[To' (d) X !)))
dWo jif{sf] sn' hg;ªV\ of (P)

lzz' d[Tob' / (Infant Mortality Rate)

s'g} Ifq] df Ps jife{ Gbf sd pd/] sf lzzx' ¿sf] d[Tob' /nfO{ lzz' d[To'b/ (IMR) elgG5 .
s'g} If]qdf Ps jifl{ eq kl| txhf/ lhp“b} hGd]sf lzzx' ¿dWo] ;f]xL jif{sf lzz'x¿sf] dT[ o'
;ª\VofnfO{ lzz' dT[ o'b/ elgG5 . lzz' dT[ o'b/nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ dfkg ul/G5 M

lzz' dT[ o'b/ Ps jifs{ f] pd/] ;d"xleqsf] dT[ o' ;ªV\ of X !)))

=
pSt cjlwsf] hGd ;ª\Vof

a;fO;“ /fO

a;fO“ ;/fO bf;] f| ] dxŒjk0Ò f{ tŒj xf] . hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ df o;sf] 7n' f] dxŒj xG' 5 . sg' } ef}
ufl] ns Ifq] df ;fdfGotof Ps jifl{ eq s] slt JolSt aflx/af6 a;fa] f; ug{ cfP eGg]
s/' f xl] /G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fx] L cjlwdf To; If]qaf6 slt hgf JolSt aflx/ uP eGg]
s/' fnfO{ klg cWoog ul/G5 . o;/L a;fO;“ /fO hg;ªV\ ofsf] efu} fl] ns jf Ifq] Lo kj| fx xf] .
a;fO“ ;/fO dfkg ubf{ cfkj| f;n] leq cfpg] / pTkj| f;n] aflx/ hfg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfo leqsf] tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufO{ tL tYofªs\ x¿sf]
cfwf/df ljleGg d[To'b/ / a;fO“ ;/fO b/ lgsfNg nufpg ;lsG5 .

148 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

cfkj| f; b/ (In-migration Rate)

cfkj| f; b/sf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] JolSt
(In-migrants) sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{
!))) n] u'0fg ug{k' 5{ . o;sf] u0fgf ug{ lgDglnlvt ;qÒ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 M

I

cfkj| f; b/ Mi = P X K
oxf,“ Mi = cfkj| f; b/, I = sg' } vf; Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] JolStx¿sf]
;ª\Vof, P = pSt If]qsf] ;fx] L cjlwsf] dWojif{ hg;ª\Vof / K = k|lt 1000 hg;ªV\ of xf] .

pTk|jf; b/ (Out-Migration Rate)

pTk|jf; b/sf] u0fgf ug{ s'g} lglZrt If]qaf6 Ps jif{sf] cjlwleq aflx/ a;fO“
;g{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{
!))) n] u'0fg ugk{' 5{ .

o;sf] u0fgf ug{ lgDglnlvt ;qÒ sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 M

pTk|jf; b/ O
Mo = P X K

oxf,“ mo = pTk|jf; b/, O = sg' } vf; Ifq] af6 Ps jif{leq aflx/ a;fO“ ;g]{ JolStx¿sf] ;ª\
Vof, P = ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\Vof, / K = k|lt !))) hg;ª\Vof xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf lzz' d[Tob/ a9L xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g,\ tLgsf] klxrfg u/L
sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/ .

@= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ut Ps jif{leq dg]{ JolStx¿ / Ps jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} d/]sf
lzzx' ¿sf] tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf/] f dT[ ob/ / lzz' dT[ ob/ lgsfn .

cEof;

!= sg' } ufp“df @)^* ;fndf ul/Psf] ;jI{] f0fcg';f/ Ps jif{leq dg{] lzz'x¿sf]
;ªV\ of $) / ;f] 7fps“ f] s'n hg;ª\Vof %)) /xs] f] lyof] eg] pSt ufps“ f]
lzz' dT[ ob/ lgsfn .

@= cfk|jf; b/ / pTk|jf; b/df s] km/s 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 149

k f7 M $ hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ sf lgwf/{ sx¿

s'g} klg If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof l:y/ /x“b}g . o;df 36a9 eO/xG5 . hg;ª\Vof k|foM
al9/xs] f] xG' 5 . d[To'b/ a9]sf] cj:yfdf / w/] } JolStx¿ aflx/ a;fO“ ;/fO u/L uPdf
hg;ªV\ of 36g\ klg ;S5 . gk] fnsf uf| dL0f Ifq] df klg oxL l:ylt /xs] f] 5 . hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“
;/fO hg;ªV\ of lgwf{/0fsf tŒj xg' \ .

hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf lgwf{/sx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

kh| gg jf k|hgg b/ (Fertility)

hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd]/cg';f/sf] ;/+ rgf jf agf]6, ljjfxsf] pd]/, lzIff, k];f, wflds{ l:ylt,
cfxf/ / :jf:Yon] kh| gg b/nfO{ k|efj kf5{ . kh| gg Ifdtf, lzz' d[Tob' /, ;/b/ cfo',
bz] sf] /fhgl} ts l:ylt, afa'cfdfsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f cflb tŒjn] klg hGdb/nfO{ k|efj
kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . ljZjsf cNkljsl;t /fi6s« f] kh| gg b/nfO{ pd]/cg';f/sf] agf]6, l56f]
ljjfx / clzIff h:tf tŒjx¿n] a9L ke| fj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .

d/0f jf d[Tob' / (Mortality)

k|hggkl5sf] csf]{ tŒj d/0f jf d[To' xf] . dT[ ob/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ klg w/] } 5g\ .
tLdWo] hg;ª\Vof agf]6, :jf:Yof]krf/sf ;l' jwf, k;] f / sfdsf] k|s[lt, a;f]af;sf] If]q, pd]/,
sk' f]if0f, /f]usf] k|efj cflb dV' o /x]sf 5g\ . cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿df klxnfsf] tn' gfdf
of] b/ 3l6/x]sf] 5 . o;sf kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ cfodf jl[ 4, cfi} fwfk] rf/sf] kl| jlwdf ;'wf/ /
;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / 1fgsf] lj:tf/ /xs] f 5g\ .

a;fO“ ;/fO (Migration)

a;fO“;/fO hg;fªl\ Vos k|ljm| ofx¿dWo] clt g} hl6n dflgG5 . a;fO“ ;/fOdf k|efj kfg]{
tŒjx¿ ;fdfGotof bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . tLgnfO{ cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf cWoog
ul/G5 . a;fO;“ /fOdf cfpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ cfk|jf; (In-migration) / hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{ pTkj| f;
(Out-migration) elgG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf s;/L hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ eO/xs] f] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fO{ ljleGg
rf6,{ lrq cflbsf dfWodåf/f wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f];\ . o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|Zg, pQ/ /
5nkmn ljlw klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

150 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5, hGdb/ l56f] 36\g
g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g,\ tLgsf] klxrfg u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= a;fO;“ /fOdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ s] s] 5g\ / sg' tŒjx¿sf] k|efj a9L /xs] f] x'G5,
tLgsf] ;rÒ L agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= a;fO“;/fOdf k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿ pNnv] u/ .

@= kh| gg b/sf k|dv' lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ sg' sg' x'g,\ pNn]v u/ .

#= ljsl;t / cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kh| gg b/ / d[To' b/sf] l:yltdf s] s:tf] leGgtf
/xs] f] 5, 5nkmn u/ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdf| ] ufp÷“ 6fn] af6 ut Ps jif{leq a;fO“ ;/fO u/L slt JolSt aflx/ uPsf lyP, To;sf]
tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng u/L a;fO“;/fO ugfs{ f sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP, To;af/] 5f]6f] kl| tj]bg
tof/ kf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 151

kf7 M % gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof agf]6

hg;ª\VofnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿ w]/} 5g\ . tL tŒjsf cfwf/df s'g} /fi6« jf Ifq] sf]
hg;ª\VofnfO{ ljleGg ;dÒxdf juL{s/0f ul/G5 . o;nfO{ hg;ª\Vof agf]6sf ¿kdf
cWoog ul/G5 . lnª\u, pd]/, hft÷hflt, k;] f, dfte[ fiff, ;fIf/tf / zl} Ifs l:ylt, a;f]af;
Ifq] , cflbsf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kf7df g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of
agf]6nfO{ ;fIf/tf / k;] fsf cfwf/df k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fIf/tfdf g]kfndf ^ jif{ / ;f]
eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] l:yltnfO{ tflnsf
(=! df k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt -k|ltztdf_

tflnsf (=!

lnªu\ gk] fn ;x/L Ifq] u|fdL0f If]q

@)#* @)$* @)%* @)^* @)#* @)$* @)%* @)#* @)$* @)%*

bj' } lnª\u @#=# #(=^ %$=! ^%=( %^=) ^^=$ &!=( @!=# #^=* %!=)

k'?if #$=) %$=$ ^%=% &%=! ^^=) &&=$ *!=@ #@=) %!=( ^@=^

dlxnf !@=) @%=) $@=* %&=$ $$=) %$=# ^!=( !)=# @@=) #(=^

;|ft] M /fli6o« hgu0fgf, @)^*

hg;ªV\ of / k];f

k;] fsf cfwf/df s'g} Ifq] jf /fi6s« f] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
k;] fcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ tflnsf (=@ df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:tt' tflnsfx¿ :tDe jf rj|m lrqdf kl/0ft ug{ nufpg] / ;f]sf] k|bzg{
ub}{ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6] sf] cjwf/0ff ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

152 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

k;] fcg;' f/ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f ;x/L Ifq]
tflnsf (=@ M s[lif ^#=& @#=* #*=!^
k];f hg;ª\Vof -kl| tztdf_ u/} s[lif @^=$ &%=^ ^!=&$
gk] fn @)#* @)$* @)%* k;] f gvn' s] f ] (=( )=^ )=!)
sl[ if (!=#& *!=!) %(=^!
u}/s[lif ^=#% !*=^@ $)=$&
k;] f gv'ns] f ] @=@* )=@* )=)*

;f| ]t M sG] b|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)%) / @)^)

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdL a;s] f] ufp“sf] hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng u/ / ^ jif{ / ;fe] Gbf
dflysf] pd]/df ;fIf/ k?' if / dlxnfsf] ;ªV\ of 5'6Øfpm .

@= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ljleGg k;] fdf nfus] f JolStx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ / To;nfO{ rjm|
lrq (pie chart) df bv] fpm .

#= kf7df k|:t't tflnsfx¿df ;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt / k;] fcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f bv] fOPsf]
5 . pSt tYofªs\ sf cfwf/df gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / k;] fcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf]
cj:yfaf/] rrf{ u/ .

cEof;

!= ;fIf/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= g]kfndf ;fIf/tfsf] kj| [lQ s:tf] /xs] f] 5, n]v .

#= gk] fnsf u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] k;] fut agf]6sf] l:ylt s:tf]
/xs] f] 5, j0fg{ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 153

k f7 M ^ g]kfndf hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f

hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fn] b]zsf] s'g Ifq] df slt / s] s:tf] lsl;daf6 hg;ªV\ of ef}uf]lns ¿kdf
5l/P/ /xs] f] 5 eGg] s'/f ae' mfp5“ . hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ ef}ufl] ns Ifq] , kb| z] ,
lhNnf / uf| dL0f tyf ;x/L Ifq] nfO{ cfwf/ agfOG5 . g]kfndf ljutsf tn' gfdf cfhefl] n
gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof a9b\ f] jm| ddf 5 . u|fdL0f eu] af6 ;x/lt/ jf gu/kflnsf If]qdf a;f]
af; ugs]{ f] ;ª\Vof jm| dzM a9b\ f] 5 . g]kfnsf] uf| dL0f / ;x/L If]qsf] hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fnfO{
tflnsf (=# df lbOPsf] 5 .

u|fdL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f
tflnsf (=#
jif { u|fdL0f ;x/ lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{

@)$* ()=$(% (=%!% &=*% $%=%% $^=&%

@)%* *%=*% !$=@% &=#% $$=$% $*=$%

@)^* *@=(#% !&=)&% ^=&#% $#% %)=@&%

;|f]t M s]GbL| o tYofªs\ ljefu

gk] fndf u|fdL0f Ifq] sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf ;x/L Ifq] sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 tLj| ultdf
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dflg;sf] a;fO“;/fOsf] j|md ;x/tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] s'/fnfO{
;ªs\ t] u5{ . ;fy} ljutsf] tn' gfdf gu/kflnsfsf] ;ªV\ of j[l4 ePaf6 uf| dL0f hg;ªV\ of
36\g] / ;x/L hg;ªV\ of a9g\ ] bl] vG5 .

ljsf; If]qcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

lzIF0f ;e' mfj M P6n;df ePsf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f;DaGwL gS;fx¿ cWoog ug{ nufO{ sg'
Ifq] df hg;ª\Vof a9L jf 36L xf]nf egL 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

154 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljsf; If]qcg;' f/ gk] fndf hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f

tflnsf (=$ M

ljsf; If]q hg;ª\Vof kl| tzt

@)@* @)#* @)$* @)%* + @)^*

!= kj" f~{ rn @$=@! @$=^( @$=) @#=)* @!=(#

@= dWodf~rn ##=$% #@=^* ##=% #$=^( #^=$%

#= klZrdf~rn @!=!& @)=*# @)=$ !(=&$ !*=^)

$= dWo klZrdf~rn !@=** !#=)@ !#=) !#=)! !#=#(

%= ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn *=@( *=&@ (=! (=$& (=^#

;f| t] M :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno @)^* tyf s]Gb|Lo tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^(

g]kfnsf kf“r ljsf; If]qx¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L hg;ª\Vof dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf /x]
sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)^* sf] tYofªs\ cg';f/ o; ljsf; If]qsf] sn' hg;ª\Vof (^ nfv %^
xhf/ ( ;o *% 5 . o;n] ;Dk0" f{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] #^=$% k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . bf];f| ]
:yfgdf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ;b' "/ klZrdf~rn ljsf;
Ifq] df 5 . klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;b' /" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df j|mdzM
!*=^ k|ltzt, !#=#( k|ltzt / (=^# k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /xs] f] 5 . lj= ;+= @)@* otfsf]
l:yltnfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{ cGo ljsf; Ifq] sf] tn' gfdf ;b' /" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df hg;ª\
Vof l56f] al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 eg] k"jf~{ rn / klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of 3l6/xs] f]
/ cGo ljsf; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ @)%*
;fnotf @& lhNnfsf] hg;ªV\ of 36]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltdL a;]sf] ufpk“ flnsf ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdf hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5,
5nkmn u/ . ;fy} ;ae} Gbf 3gf hg;ªV\ of ePsf If]qx¿ cfÇgf] ufp“kflnsf ;ldlt jf
gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf b]vfpm .
@= g]kfndf u|fdL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] k|f¿knfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn
u/ . pSt hg;ª\VofnfO{ rj|m lrq (pie chart) sf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= gk] fnsf] ;x/L Ifq] df hg;ªV\ ofsf jl[ 4sf] kd| 'v sf/0f s] xf], nv] .

@= ;x/L tyf uf| dL0f Ifq] cg';f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf] JofVof u/ .

#= ljsf; Ifq] sf cfwf/df gk] fndf hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] l:ylt ljZni] f0f u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 155

kf7 M & gk] fndf cfGtl/s / afx\o a;fO“ ;/fO

cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO

bz] aGw' u¬NdL lhNnfsf] uf| dL0f Ifq] df a:y] . To; If]qdf pRr lzIf0f ;+:yf lyPg .
pRr lzIf0f ;:+ yfsf] cefjn] To; If]qdf ljsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf sfd u¥of] . sf7df8f“d} f
ljZjljBfno / cg]sf“} dxfljBfno ePsfn] ;f] If]qdf lzIffn] cfsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf
sfd u¥of] . o;n] b]zaGw¬nfO{ sf7df8f}“df a;fO“;/fO ug{ afWo agfof] . To;}n]
lzIff, vfg]kfgL, c:ktfn, u0¬ f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] ljBfno, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljbt' \ cflb
kjÒ f{wf/sf] ljsf; ePsf If]qx¿ cfsif0{ fsf s]Gb| aG5g\ .

g]kfndf lxdfn tyf kxf8L If]qaf6 t/fO{ / ;x/L If]qlt/ a;fO“;/fO eO/x]sf] 5 .
lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf %) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;ªV\ of /xs] f]
bl] vG5 . o;f] xg' d' f lxdfn kxf8af6 t/fO{tkm{ a;fO“ ;g'{ g} d'Vo sf/0f xf] . t/fOl{ t/
a;fO;“ /fO xg¬ fsf d'Vo sf/0f Jofkf/, sl[ if, /f]huf/L h:tf cfsifs{ tŒjn] ubf{ g} xf] .

;g\ !(%) sf] cjlw;Dd g]kfnsf t/fO{ Ifq] df dnl] /ofsf] ke| fj lyof] . dflg;x¿ t/
fOl{ t/ hfg 8/fpy“ ] . kl5 cfn} f] pGd"ng eof] . To;kl5 lxdfn / kxf8af6 t/fO{lt/
a;fO“ ;/fO a9g\ yfNof] . sn' hg;ªV\ ofdf o;n] ^=# kl| tzt cf]u6s] f] lyof] . o;/L Ps
b;ssf] cjlwleq a;fO“;/fOsf] cfotgdf !)( kl| tztn] j[l4 eof] . lj= ;=+ @)$* df
cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO ug]{ JolStx¿ !@@*#%^ lyP eg] lj= ;+= @)%* df tLgsf]
;ª\Vof !&@&#%& k'u]sf] bl] vG5 .

afx\o a;fO;“ /fO

afx\o a;fO“ ;/fO cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] a;fO“;/fO xf] . o; kl| jm| ofdf sg¬ } JolSt cfÇgf] bz] sf]
;Ldf kf/ u/L csf]{ bz] leq kj| ]z u5{ . a;fO;“ /fOsf sf/0f;lxtsf] ljt/0fnfO{ tflnsf
(=% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{nfO{ a;fO“;/fOsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf e"ldsf clego ug{
nfufpg'xf];\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfodf a;fO“ ;/]/ cfPsf jf uPsfx¿sf] ;j{]If0f u/]/ ljZni] f0f ug{ nufpg
klg ;lsG5 .

156 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

gk] fndf Ps jifs{ f] cjlwleq aflx/ a;fO“ ;/L uPsf JolStx¿sf] ljt/0f / To;sf sf/0fx¿

tflnsf (=%

sf/0f JolSt kl| tzt

s[lif &&^# !=)@

Jofkf/ !@)^) !=%*

JolStut ;j] f %)^@@! ^^=$@

;:+ yfut ;]jf ($#@( !@=#*

cWoog÷tflnd #!&@& $=!&

ljjfx !$!)! !=*%

cGo (%(&) !@=^(

hDdf &^@!*! !))=))

;|ft] M sG] bL| o tYofª\s ljefu @))#

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltdL a;s] f] ufpa“ f6 ut Ps jifl{ eq slt JolStx¿ cGo dn¬ s¬ df a;fO“ ;/fO;/L
uP . pgLx¿ a;fO;“ /fO ugf{sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@= g]kfndf afxo\ jf cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;“ /fOsf dV¬ o sf/0fx¿af/] ;fyLx¿sf] ;dÒxdf
5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= a;fO“;/fOnfO{ k|efj kfg{] s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

@= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNbf] pQ/ vf]hL n]v M

-s_ lj= ;+= @)%* df g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO ug]{ JolStx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
============================ lyof] .

-v_ g]kfndf afxo\ a;fO“;/fOsf] k|dv¬ sf/0f =============================/x]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;g\ !(%) sf] cjlw;Dd g]kfnsf ============== Ifq] df dflg;x¿ hfg 8/fp“y] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 157

kf7 M * ljZjdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ / jl[ 4 b/

;g\ @)!! df ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof & ca{ gfl3;ss] f] 5 . ;g\ ! df ljZjsf] s'n hg;ª\
Vof nueu @%) ldlnog cyft{ \ @% s/f8] dfq /xs] f] cgd' fg 5 . ljZjsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{
%) s/f8] k'Ug sl/a !^%) jif{ nfUof] . ;g\ !*@) df ljZjsf] hg;ªV\ of !)) s/f8]
cyf{t\ ! ca{ kU' of] . ;g\ !(#) df ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof # ca{ / !(&% df $ ca{ k'Uof] .
;g\ !(*& df ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof % ca{ ku' ]sf] lyof] .

ljleGg cjlwdf ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof

tflnsf (=(

cjlw !*)) !(#) !(^) !(&@ !(*& !((( @)!!

Ps ca{ ylkg nfus] f] ;Dk0" f { !#) #) !$ !# !@ !@
;do -jifd{ f_

hg;ªV\ of ca{df ! @ # $ % ^ &

;|ft] M kkn' ;] g /k] m/]G; Ao/' f,] @)!!

ljZjdf hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] l:ylt, @)!!

tflnsf (=!) M

Ifq] ÷kl/;Òrs hg;ªV\ of hGdb/ d[Tob/ j[l4b/ bf]Aa/ x'g
-bz nfvdf_ -xhf/df_ -xhf/df_ -kl| tzt_ nfUg] ;do

ljZj ^(*& @) * !=@ %*

ljsl;t Ifq] !@$@ !! !) )=@ #%)

cNkljsl;t Ifq] %&$% @@ * !=$ %)

clt cNkljsl;t If]q *^! #% !! @=$ @(

clkm| sf @)%! #^ !@ @=$ @(

pQ/L cdl] /sf #$^ !# * )=% !$)

Nofl6g cdl] /sf /

Sofl/laog %(^ !* ^ !=@ %*

Pl;of $@!^ !* & !=! ^$

o'/f]k &$) !! !! )=)

cf;] l] gof #& !* & !=@

lzIf0f ;'emfj M k:| tt' tflnsfx¿nfO{ :tDe lrqdf kl/0ft ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ / ljleGg lrq tyf
tflnsfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 wf/0f :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f];\ . ;|ft] M kk'n];g /k] m/]G; Ao/' f,] @)!!

158 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

hg;ª\Vof cTolws a9\g yfn]sf] ;qf“} ;tfAbLsf] dWob]lv xf] . ;g\ !&%) cl3 o/' f]k,
?; / cd]l/sfdf hg;ª\Vof tLj| ultdf a9]sf] kfOG5 . sl/a ;g\ !&)) df lrgdf of]
ult tLj| x'g yfNof] . hg;ªV\ ofljb\ sf]lng Snfsn{ ] ;g\ !()) sf lglDt cgd' fg u/s] f]
ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof #=% ca{ lyof] . csf{ hg;ª\Vofljb\ gf]6:] 6fOgn] ;g\ @))) sf lglDt
cgd' fg u/]sf] #=# ca{ dfq lyof] . t/ of] ;ªV\ of cg'dflgt ;doeGbf cufl8 g} k'/f
eof] . To:t} ;g\ !((( df ljZjsf] hg;ªV\ of ^ ca{ kU' of] . !@ jifs{ f] 5f6] f] cjlwdf ljZjsf]
hg;ª\Vofdf Ps ca{ ylkof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= xfn ltdf| ] j8fdf slt hg;ª\Vof /xs] f] 5, tYofªs\ ;ª\sng u/ . ;g\ @))! df
o;sf] hg;ª\Vof slt /xs] f] lyof] . pSt bz jifs{ f] cjlwleq hg;ª\Vofdf slt j[l4
eof] 5nkmn u/ .

@= ljZjdf ;g\ @)!! df /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf] l:yltaf/] 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg
tof/ kf/ .

#= ljZjdf Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof ylkg nfUg] ;do s;/L kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] 5,
:ki6 kf/ .

cEof;

!= ljZjsf] sg' Ifq] df ;a}eGbf a9L / sg' If]qdf ;ae} Gbf sd hg;ª\Vof /xs] f]
5, P6n; x/] L klxrfg u/ .

@= ljZjsf ljleGg Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/sf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ of bfA] a/ xg' nfUg]
;do lgsfn -jl[ 4b/n] &) nfO{ efu u/L hg;ªV\ of bfA] a/ xg' nfUg] ;do lgwf/{ 0f
ug{ ;lsG5_ .

#= ljZjsf ljsl;t, cNkljsl;t tyf clt cNkljsl;t Ifq] sf] hGd tyf dT[ ob/nfO{
t'ngf u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 159

k'g/jnfs] g cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ sn' kh| gg b/sf] ;"q =========================================xf] .
-v_ hGd b/ lgsfNg dlxnfx¿sf] pd/] nfO{ ================================= jifs{ f] ;dx" df

ljefhg ul/G5 .
-u_ kh| gg, d/0f / a;fO“;/fOnfO{ ====================== k|lj|mofx¿ elgG5 .
-3_ sg' } Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq Ps xhf/ hg;ªV\ ofdf hGds] f s'n lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{

====================================== elgG5 .

@= k:| tt' lrq x/] /] cfÇgf dgdf cfPsf ljrf/x¿ Ps cgR' 5b] nv] / ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

sDtLdf kf“r hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf] Ps lglZrt If]qsf] ;jI]{ f0f u/ . o;sf
nflu cfjZos ;jI{] f0f kmf/fd ko| fu] u/ . kf| Kt tYofªs\ sf cfwf/df ;db' fosf] sf/] f hGdb/,
pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ tyf sn' k|hgg b/ lgsfn / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

160 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M !) hg;ªV\ of j[l4 / Joj:yfkg

l;sfO pknlAw

hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf sdL, u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ljsf;sf pkfox¿ /
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf af/]df j0fg{ ug{
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿sf] e"ldsf pNnv] ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 161

k f7 M ! hg;ª\Vof / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg

hg;ª\Vof / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglar lgs6td ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 . hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/ pRr
/xd] f u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|lts"n ke| fj k5{ . kf| Kt ;|ft] ;fwg ckofK{ t x'G5g\ . hg;ªV\ of
j[l4 Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g xG' 5 . u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' hg;ª\Vof
lzIffsf] dÒn nIo xf] .

u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ k|d'v tŒjx¿cGtu{t klxnf]df hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/,
hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 / a;fO“;/fO h:tf hg;fª\lvs tŒjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . bf;] f| ] tŒjdf ;fdflhs
k|0ffnL, /fhg}lts k|0ffnL, pkef]usf] 9fr“ f / ;f+:s[lts dNÒ o dfGotfx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\ .
csf{] tŒj ljsf; kl| jm| ofcGtut{ ljsf;sf kf| yldstf, Jofkf/ / cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw /xs] f 5g\ .
;|ft] tyf ;fwg rfy} f] kIf xf] . o;cGtut{ dfgj ;;+ fwg, k|fsl[ ts ;fwg, k|ljlw / kh“' L
k5g{ \ . hLjg :t/ dflg;sf] kl| tJolSt cfo;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . hLjg :t/sf]
cj:yfnfO{ /fh] uf/L, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, efh] g / kf]if0f, lzIff, ;fdflhs ;]jf cflbn] k|efj kf/]
sf xG' 5g\ . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\scg;' f/ gk] fndf cf};tdf Pp6f kl/jf/df
$=** hgf dflg; a:5g\ . o;} u/L hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4/ !=#%% 5 eg] k?' if / dlxnfsf] n}ª\
lus cgk' ft !)) a/fa/ ($=@ 5 . gk] fnsf] hg3gTj !*) hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]
sf] kfOG5 . hgu0fgfcg';f/ *%=@^% gk] fnL cfÇg} 3/df, !@=*!% g]kfnL ef8fsf] 3/
df a:g] ub5{ g\ . #*=!&% 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfÇg} 3/df zfr} fno gePsf] cj:yf klg bl] vG5
o;n] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjgdf 7n' f] ke| fj kf/]sf] 5 .

dfgjLo cfjZostf / u0' f:t/Lo hLjglar lgs6td ;DaGw /xs] f] x'G5 . ;a} cfjZostf
k/" f eO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ljljw If]qdf pRr:t/ sfod x'g ;s]df dfq u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf]
kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj z/L/ / :jf:Yosf nflu cToGt cfjZos kg{] cfwf/et"
uf“;, af; / skf; x'g\ . vfgsf nflu efh] g, z/L/ /Iffsf nflu j:q / ;'/Iffsf nflu
cfjf;sf] cfjZostf k5{ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf kIfx¿ emNsg] tflnsf k|:t't ub}{ o;;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf] s/' f ubf{ pgLx¿df xLgtfaf]w gx'g] s/' fdf ;rt]
xg' 'k5{ .

162 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

dflg; kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf a:5 . p;nfO{ efl} ts tyf h}ljs cfjZostf k'/f eP/ dfq
v;' L gx'g ;S5 . dgf];fdflhs cfjZostf klg k"lt{ ugk{' g{] x'G5 . p;n] lzIff k|fKt ug{
vfH] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . cfÇgf] ;dfhdf rNb} cfPsf rf8kj{ dgfpg]
/ ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg xg' ] p;sf] OR5f xG' 5 . cfkm" nfO{ OR5f ePsf s/' f ug{ kfOPg
eg] p;nfO{ c;Gtl' i6 xG' 5 . hLjg lgjfx{ rn] tfklg oL cfjZostf kl" t{ ug{ g;sd] f pm
;fdflhs tyf dgfj] }1flgs ¿kn] c;Gti' 6 /xg ;S5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;dfh ;]jfdf nfus] f JolStx¿;“u a;L b}lgs hLjgdf geO{ gxg' ]
cfjZostfaf/] 5nkmn u/ / ltgsf] ;ÒrL tof/ kf/ . To;nfO{ sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf]
;dxÒ df 5nkmn klg u/ .

@= u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ sg' s'g tŒjn] ke| fj kf/]sf xG' 5g\, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts tŒjx¿ pNnv] u/ .

@= dflg;sf] hLjg :t/nfO{ sg' sg' tŒjx¿n] ke| fj kf/]sf xG' 5g\, :ki6 kf/ .

#= dflg;sf cfwf/et" cfjZostfleq kg]{ tŒjx¿ pNn]v u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 163

kf7 M @ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿

k'mndtLn] ld;nfO{ ;f]lwg\, æld;, hg;ª\Vof j[l4df s'g s'g s'/fn] c;/ kf/]sf
x'G5g\ <Æ ld; eGg'xG' 5, æx]/ kmn' dtL, sg' } klg ;dfh jf /fi6«sf] hg;ªV\ of l:y/
/xb“ }g . hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jtg{ cfO/xG5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf hg;ª\Vof a9]sf] kfOG5 tfklg
sxL“ sxL“ 36g\ ] u/s] f] klg bl] vPsf] 5 . pQ/ klZrd o'/f]kdf kg{] gj{,] 8]gdfs{ cflb
/fi6«x¿ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .Æ kmn' dtLn] ;fw] s] f s'/fsf] hjfkm gl;bl\ wb“ }
GxR' 5]dfofn] ;f]lwg\, æld;, hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <Æ

ld; eGg'x'G5, æx]/ gfgL, dflg;x¿ ;fdfGotof hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eGgfn]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{;u“ dfq ;DalGwt /x]sf] dfGbf /x]5g\ t/ o;sf] cy{ cln
leGg 5 . hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f eGgfn] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgeGbf cln km/s 5 . o;df
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, agf6] jf ;/+ rgf, ljt/0f, hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 cflb k5g{ \ . hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“
;/fO;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] / ;|f]t ;fwg;“u ;Gtn' g sfod /fVb}
hg;ª\VofnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg xf] . o;df vfBfGg, sk8f,
cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yof]krf/, /fh] uf/L cflb cfwf/et" cfjZostf pknAw u/fO{ hLjgnfO{
u0' f:t/Lo agfpgk' 5{ . oL ;a} sfon{ fO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg elgG5 . hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{
;a} Ifq] df Ps} lsl;daf6 x'“bg} . of] km/s km/s /x]sf] bl] vG5 .Æ

;a}lt/ b[li6 lb“b} ld;n] km]l/ eGg yfNg'eof,] æhg;ªV\ of j[l4 / ;|ft] ;fwglar lgs6td
;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 / oL ;|ft] ;fwglar ;w“} ;Gtn' g /xg cfjZos
xG' 5 . cGoyf dflg;sf] hLjg g} ;ªs\ 6df kg{ ;S5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ bz] df kf| Kt
;f| ]t tyf ;fwgsf cfwf/df tfndn] ug'k{ 5{ . cNkljsl;t /fi6d« f hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg
ubf{ u0' ffTds lzIff, ;fgf] kl/jf/, ljjfxsf] pd]/, klxnf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] pd/] df kl/jt{g,
hGdfGt/, :tgkfg, kl/jf/sf dxŒjk0" f{ lg0fo{ df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf h:tf kIfdf hf]8
lbgk' 5{ . To:t} lzz' dT[ ob' / 36fpg dftl[ zz' :jf:Yosf] If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' cfjZos
xG' 5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fh] uf/L tyf cfodn" s sfos{ nfkdf ;n+ Ug u/fpg,] dlxnf ;zStLs/0f,
hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ cflb ljljw kIfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] u/L sfoj{ m| d nfu" ug{
cfjZos xG' 5 .Æ olQs}df 3G6L aHof] . ld; sIffaflx/ lg:sg'eof] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿nfO{ rf6{ jf tflnsfdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .

164 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk

ltdL a;s] f] ;db' foaf6 sg' } bz kl/jf/ 5fg . kT| os] kl/jf/df uP/ 3/dnÒ LnfO{ ;fw] /] hg;ª\
Vof;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm . To;nfO{ sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf] ;dxÒ df 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ nfO{ sg' sg' s/' fx¿n] ke| fj kf/s] f xG' 5g,\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpgk' g]{ s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' \, :ki6 kf/ .

#= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ s] s] 5g\,
;fyLx¿sf lardf k|:tt' u/ .

$= tflnsf !)=! df lbOPsf] tYofª\s x]/L :k]g / tfGhflgoflarsf leGgtfx¿ :ki6
kf/ M

ljsl;t tyf cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] hg;fª\lVos, @)!!

tflnsf !)=!

/fi6÷« hg;ª\Vof hGdb/ dT[ o'b/ kf| sl[ ts lzz' sn' !% jif{ ^% jif{ kl| t JolSt
kl/;r" s b; nfvdf xhf/df xhf/df jl[ 4b/ d[To'b/ k|hgg dl' gsf] / ;fe] Gbf sn' /fli6o«

kl| tztdf k|ltxhf/ b/ hg;ªV\ of dflysf] cfo @))

k|ltztdf hg;ª\Vof ( -cdl] /sL

kl| tztdf 8n/df_

:kg] $^=@ !! * )=@ #=% !=$ !% !& #!$()

tfGhfl- $^=@ $) !! @=( %! %=$ $% # #^)
gof

%= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ :kg] sf] hg;ªV\ of xb] f{ oxf“ ============nfO{ a9fpg'kg{] l:ylt /xs] f] b]lvG5 .
-v_ tfGhflgofdf hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf] kd| v' sf/0f pRr =================xf] .
-u_ :k]gdf ^% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\Vof =================/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 165

k f7 M # g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿

gk] fnsf] xfnsf] hg;ªV\ of @,^$,($,%)$ ku' s] f] 5 . of] /fli6o« hgu0fgf @)^* sf] tYofªs\
xf] . xfdf| ] b]zdf hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f klg c;dfg /xs] f] 5 . bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofdWo] %)
k|ltzteGbf a9L t/fO{df /xs] f] 5 . @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] jflif{s jl[ 4b/
!=#% kl| tzt b]vfOPsf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)%* df eg] jl[ 4b/ @=@% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnnfO{ pRr hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 ePsf] d'ns' sf ¿kdf lng] ul/P tfklg xfn Tof] l:ylt
b]lv“bg} . hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 / ;|f]t ;fwglar ;w}“ ;Gtn' g /xg cfjZos x'G5 .
lj= ;=+ !(^* ;fndf klxnf] k6s hgu0fgf xb“' f gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of %^,#*,&$( lyof] eg]
lj= ;=+ @)@* ;fndf of] ;ªV\ of !,!%,%%,(*# k'us] f] lyof] . lj= ;+= @)%* ;fndf gk] fnsf]
hg;ªV\ of @,#!,%!,$@# kU' of] eg] hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/ klg tLj| xg' k'Uof] t/ xfn cfP/ eg]
of] jl[ 4b/ sx] L sd ePsf] kfOG5 .
hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4nfO{ pkoS' t 9ª\uaf6 Joj:yfkg ugk'{ 5{ . o;f] gu/]df dflg;sf] hLjg g}
;ªs\ 6df kg{ ;S5 . hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4nfO{ b]zdf kf| Kt ;|ft] tyf ;fwgsf cfwf/df ;Lldt
ug{' k5{ . hg;ª\Vofdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfO/xG5 . ;fdfGotof hg;ª\Vof a9\g] u5{
t/ s]xL dn' s' df hg;ªV\ of 36g\ ] u/s] f] klg bl] vPsf] 5 . ljZjsf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿nfO{
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf lgDg lnlvt ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/s] f 5g\ M
!= Gog" ;fIf/tf / zl} Ifs :t/ M @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ gk] fndf ;fIf/

tf b/ ^%=( k|ltzt ku' ]sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)^* df ;fIf/tf dfkg ubf{ ^ jif{ / ;f]
eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ lnOPsf] lyof,] hxf“ dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %&=$% dfq 5
. dlxnfsf] tn' gfdf k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf sx] L /fd|f] cyft{ \ &%=!% 5 . Go'g ;fIf/tfsf]
sf/0f rt] gf:t/ sdhf]/ /xG5 .
@= sd pd]/df ljjfx ug{] k|rng M ljjfxsf] pd]/ klg g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
k|efj kfg{] csf]{ dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj xf] . gk] fnsf] hgu0fgfdf b; jif{ / ;fe] Gbf dflysf]
hg;ª\Vofsf] j}jflxs l:yltaf/] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/ xb] f{ !% bl] v
!( jifs{ f] ;dx" df $*=( kl| tzt JolStx¿sf] ljjfx ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= ljjfxkZrft\ l56} ;Gtfg hGdfpg] k|rng M xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljjfx ePkl5 l56} ;Gtfg
hGdfpg] kr| ng /x]sf] 5 . 5f/] f 5f/] Lsf] ljjfx u/]kl5 cfdf afa'nfO{ l56} gflt
gfltgf xg] ]{ ka| n OR5f /xg] x'b“ f To;n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf rg' ft} L ylkg] x'G5 .
$= hGdfGt/sf] ;do sd xg' ] M b'O{ 5f/] f 5f]/Lsf larsf] cGt/ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf sd} /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . of] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g Nofpg cem} ;lsPsf] 5}g .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df ;db' fodf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] rt] gf
clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg ;lsG5 .

166 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

%= 5f]/fsf] k|an rfxgf M xfdf| ] ;dfh k'?if kw| fg /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] 5f]/f ghGd];Dd
ljjflxt bDktLn] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;Lldt ug{ rfxb“ g} g\ . ltg÷rf/ 5f/] L hlGdb“ f;Dd
klg 5f]/fsf] k|an rfxgf /fVg'n] klg hg;ª\Vof a9\g uO{ Joj:yfkgdf r'gf}tL
ylkPsf] 5 . yf/] } bDktLdf dfq 5f/] f 5f/] L ;dfg x'g\ eGg] efjgf kfOG5 .

^= pRr lzz' tyf afn d[To'b/ M g]kfndf xfn;Dd klg lzz'd[To b/ pRr /x]sf]
bl] vG5 . jN8{ kk'n];g 8f6f l;6 @)!! sf cg;' f/ g]kfndf lzz' d[Tob/ k|lt xhf/
hLljt hGddf %# /xs] f] bl] vG5 hals >Lnªs\ fdf pSt b/ !% / dflNbE;df !! dfq
/x]sf] bl] vG5 . 5f]/f 5f/] Lsf] afR“ g] ;Defjgf sd ePkl5 afa' cfdf w/] } ;Gtfg
hGdfpg rfxG5g\ . o; l:yltnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{ ;d:of cfOk5{ .

&= hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd]/ ;/+ rgf M lj= ;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] gk] fndf ) – !$ sf]
pd/] df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] #$=(! k|ltzt /x]sf] bv] fp“5 . of] klg Pp6f hl6n ;d:of
aGg k'us] f] 5 .

*= dlxnfx¿sf] lg0ff{os el" dsf sd xg' ' M kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0fdf dlxnfsf] lg0ffo{ s
el" dsf sd /xs] f] bl] vG5 . To:t} cGo dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{sf] lg0f{odf klg dlxnfsf] :yfg
uf}0f /x]sf] x'G5 . kh| gg\ clwsf/ dfl} ns xsdf Joj:yf eP klg To;sf] ;fys{
sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf uP/ sg' } b; kl/jf/ 5fg . tL kl/jf/sf dnÒ LnfO{ ljjfxsf] pd]/;DaGwL
s/' fdf cGtjft{ f{ n]pm . k|fKt ;fduL| sf cfwf/df ;fgf] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf s'g s'g ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k/s] f 5g\, :ki6 kf/ .

@= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf afa' cfdfsf] lzIffn] s]s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] xG' 5, atfpm .

#= gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4df s:tf] kj| [lQ bv] fk/s] f] 5, :ki6 kf/ .

$= gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf cfOkg]{ tLg k|dv' ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn u/ .

%= pRr lzz' tyf afn d[To'b/n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L ke| fj kf/]sf] xG' 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 167

kf7 M $ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf

;+o'St /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sf]if United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)

;+o'St /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]if United Nations Fund
for Population Activities (UNFPA) cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf
xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^( df ePsf] lyof] . o;n]
k|To]s jif{ ljZjsf] hg;ªV\ of k|ltj]bg (The State of
World Population) ks| flzt u5{ . ;fy} hg;fª\lVos
;j{]If0f tyf hgu0fgf lng] sfod{ f ljleGg /fi6«x¿nfO{
;xofu] k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] ljZjsf ljleGg
/fi6x« ¿nfO{ hg;ªV\ of gLlt / sfoj{ m| dsf nflu cfjZos kg{] hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL tYofªs\ pknAw
u/fp“5 . o;n] ;g\ !(($ df OlhK6sf] /fhwfgL sfo/f]df ePsf] hg;ªV\ of / ljsf;;DaGwL
cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] gdf kfl/t sfo{ ofh] gfsf cfwf/df sfd u5{ .

;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sfi] fsf] kw| fg sfof{no ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Go'ofs] {df /xs] f]
5 . o;n] ljZjsf w/] } /fi6«x¿df sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0f, dlxnf
tyf k'?ifsf] ;zStLs/0fnfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ke| fjkÒ0f{ hg;ªV\ of gLltnfO{ klg kf| ]T;flxt
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{n] kT| oIf tyf ckT| oIf ¿kdf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
k¥' ofPsf] xG' 5 .

;o+ 'St /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sfi] fsf p2]Zox¿

!= of}g tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf] ljZjJofkL kx“r' k|fKt ug'{

@= k|hgg clwsf/nfO{ kj| wg{ ug'{

#= dftl[ zz' dT[ ob' / 36fpg'

ljZjsf kT| o]s OR5's dlxnfn] uej{ tL x'g kfpmg\, k|To]s hGd ;/' lIft /xg" \ / kT| os] o'jfn]
cfÇgf] Ifdtf kb| zg{ ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] d"n Woo] o; ;+:yfn] /fvs] f] 5 . o; sfi] fn] kT| os] jif{
dfgj ljsf; kl| tj]bg lgsfn]/ ljleGg /fi6x« ¿sf] ljsf; l:yltsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{
;xof]u k¥' ofp“5 . ljleGg /fi6d« f cfPsf] kl/jtg{ af6 cGo /fi6x« ¿nfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf]
l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] bl] vG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfn] afn aflnsf, dlxnf / hg;ªV\ of Ifq] df
u/s] f ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ . To:tf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ pkoS' t gePdf ol' g;k] m /
o:t} hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qdf sfd u/s] f ;:+ yfsf af/]df cWoog ug{ nufpgx' f];\ .

168 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]ifsf sfdx¿ emNsg] rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6f“; .

@= ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sfi] fsf] nfu] f] tof/ kf/ / sIffdf 6f;“ .

cEof;

!= ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sfi] fsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro bp] m .

@= ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sfi] fn] hg;ªV\ ofsf Ifq] df ug{] dV' o sfox{ ¿sf] ;"rL
agfpm .

#= hg;ªV\ of sf]ifn] s:tf s:tf sfo{dfkm{ t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ub5{ <

$= ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sfi] fsf p2]Zox¿ s] s] x'g\ <

%= ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ªV\ of sfi] fn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgsf Ifq] df ub{} cfPsf] ;xofu]
pNnv] u/ .

^= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]ifn] hg;ª\Vofsf If]qdf sfd ubf{================
/fi6s« f] ;NnfxnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 .
-v_ hg;ª\Vof / ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(($ df ======================
ePsf] lyof] .
-u_ k|Tos] hGd ;'/lIft xg' ] cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ug'{ ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]ifsf]
dV' o =========================== xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 169

kg' /jnf]sg cEof;

!= tnsf] cg'R5b] cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] cj:yf

;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolStnfO{ Ho]i7 gful/s elgG5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yf /
:jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9\b} hfg' / cfi} fwLx¿sf] kof{Kttf ePsf] xb“' f w/] } dflg;
nfdf] pd/] ;Dd afR“ 5g\ / ;dfhdf Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] ;ªV\ of a9g\ hfG5 . kl/jf/ lgofh] g
/ lzIffsf] ke| fjn] ubf{ yf/] } aRrf hGdg] ePsfn] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof yf/] } / Ho]
i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\Vof w/] } xb“' } hfG5 . clxn] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof sd eof] eg]
cfp“bf lbgx¿df >d ahf/sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStdf sdL x'g cfp“5 . cfp“bf
lbgx¿df xfdL ;a}n] ldn/] To:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

clxns] f Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ klxn] ;dfhsf ;lj|mo oj' f zlSt lyP . cfÇgf] ;ljm| o
hLjg sfndf pgLx¿n] agfPsf ;+/rgf, cfljisf/ u/]sf ;fwg k|ljlw tyf l;h{gf
u/]sf s'/fx¿af6 cfhsf] ;dfh ;d[b\w ePsf] xf] . hi] 7 gful/sn] klg ;dfhsf]
nflu w]/} of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] pd]/df u/]sf sfdaf6 xfdLn]
kmfObf kfPsf 5f“} . To;n} ] ;dfhdf Hoi] 7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s lhpg] cj;/
pknAw u/fpg' xfdL ;as} f] stJ{ o xf] .

-s_ sn' hg;ª\Vofdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\Vof a9b\ } uPsf sf/0f eljiodf cfpg
;Sg] r'gft} Lsf ;"rL agfpm .
-v_ s'n hg;ª\Vofdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\Vof a9\g' /fd|f] xf] ls xf]Og eGg]
ljifodf jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf u/ .
-u_ ltdL Hoi] 7 gful/s ePkl5 ltdLkl| t c¿n] s] s:tf] Jojxf/ u¿g\ eGg] rfxG5f,}
;/sf/n,] l5d]sLn], ;]jf lbg] ;+:yf -oftfoft, c:ktfn_ n] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] .
-3_ Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] dxŒj emNsfpg] vfnsf k|rlnt pvfg / egfOx¿sf] ;"rL
tof/ kf/ .

@= u'0f:t/Lo hLjg sfod ug{] pkfox¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf o'jfx¿sf] el" dsf ljifodf sIffdf jStT[ j snf kl| tof]lutf ;~rfng
u/ . pb\3f]ifs, lg0ffo{ s d08n, ;do kfns / ;efWoIf klg cfk"mdWo]af6 g} 5fg .

170 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *