SOCIAL AND POPULATION

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6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gn -Transparency International_

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] .
;g\ !((# sf] d] dlxgfdf :yflkt o; ;:+ yfn] cGt/f{li6«o txdf
/fhgLlts ei| 6frf/sf] cg'udg / kr| f/k;| f/ u5{ . o;sf] kw| fg
sfof{no hdg{ Lsf] aln{gdf 5 . o;n] ultljlwx¿nfO{ &) eGbf
a9L bz] sf cfÇgf RofK6/dfkmt{ ;~rfng u5{ . o;sf ;:+ yfkgdf
lk6/ POh]g -Peter Eigen_ sf] gfd kd| v' ¿kdf cfp“5 . o;
;+:yfn] !((% b]lv Corruption Perception Index (CPI) / !(((
bl] v Bribe Payers Index (BPI) ks| fzg ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfsf] dV' o p2Z] o ei| 6frf/
/f]sL ;dfhsf x/]s tx tyf If]qdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / OdfGbfl/tfsf] k|jwg{ ug{'
xf] . To:t} kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, ljZjf;, PS] oabw\ tf, ;fx;, Gofo / nf]stGq o;df dV' o
dN" ox¿ -core values_ xg' \ . ;/sf/, /fhgLlt, Jofkf/, gful/s ;dfh / hgtfsf] bl} gs
hLjgsf ;a} Ifq] df e|i6frf/sf] cGTo u/L e|i6frf/dS' t ;;+ f/sf] :yfkgf ug'{ o;sf] p2Z] o
/x]sf] 5 . 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gnsf] gk] fn RofK6/sf ¿kdf 6«fG;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gn g]
kfn gfds u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yf ei| 6frf/ lj?4sf] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug 5 .

o'lg;k] m -UNICEF_

o'lg;]km ;g\ !($^ l8;]Da/df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;
cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yfn] afnaflnsfsf Ifq] df sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ub{}
cfO/xs] f] 5 . ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿sf hfl] vddf /xs] f afnaflnsfsf]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / ;'/lIft dftT[ jsf] Ifq] df o;sf] ofu] bfg
pNnv] gLo 5 . o; ;+:yfn] clxn] sl/a !^) bz] df ljm| ofsnfkx¿
;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfdfkm{t g]kfndf klg afn
aflnsfx¿sf] lxtdf ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng x“b' } cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ub}{ cfPsf dV' o d'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

!= ul/aL lgjf/0f;“u ;DalGwt sfoj{ |mdx¿

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df ePsfeGbf a9L ;"rgfx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg oL afx]ssf
cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt lgjf/0f ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf xg' ;S5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf
;dt] hfgsf/L u/fpgx' f;] \ .

42 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

@= cfdfaf6 aRrfdf Pr=cfO={ eL=P8\; ;ª\j|mldtsf] /f]syfd / k/fdz{
#= nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo{;gdf ;n+ Ug dlxnf / afn aflnsfsf Ifq] df /fs] yfd / k/fdz{
$= n}lª\us ljeb] pGd"ng ;DaGwL sfo{x¿
%= afn clwsf/sf nflu gLlt th'{df, k/fdz{ / ;xsfo{
^= lx;+ f, zfi] f0f / b'Jo;{ gdf k/s] f dlxnf tyf afn aflnsfsf] ;'/Iff

;]e b lrN8g]« -Save the Children_

;g\ !(!( clk|n !% df an] fotdf :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+:yfsf
xfn ljZjel/ w]/} ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . o; cGt/f{li6«o
u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] afn ;+/If0f, Pr=cfO=eL= P8;\ / efs] /
ul/aL ke| fljt afnaflnsfx¿sf If]qdf sfo{ ub{} cfO/xs] f] 5 .
cfktsfnLg ;xofu] / p4f/ Pjd\ åGå k|efljt afn aflnsfsf]
pb\wf/ Pjd\ ;/' Iffdf o; ;+:yfsf] rf;f] /xg] u/s] f] 5 . o;
;+:yfn] ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljleGg rt] gfdn" s / clwsf/ kf| lKtsf sfoj{ |mddfkm{t
;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿;u“ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ul//xs] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= kf7df plNnlvt ;:+ yfx¿n] gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf vn] s] f] el" dsfsf
af/d] f ljleGg kq klqsf tyf ;Gbe;{ fduL| vfh] L l/kf6] { tof/ u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf o'lg;]kmsf] e"ldsf pNnv] u/ .

@= ;]e b lrN8g]« n] ub{} cfPsf sfdx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

#= 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gn] gk] fndf ei| 6frf/ /fS] g s] s] sfd ub{] cfPsf] 5, sfdsf] ;r" L
agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 43

kg' /jnfs] g cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf] Corruption Perception Index cWoog u/ / lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/bp] m M

ei| 6frf/ sd b]zsf] gfd k|fKt u/]sf] cªs\
ugd]{ f kf| Kt :yfg

! 8g] dfs{ ()
&( >Lnª\sf $)
($ ef/t #^
!#( gk] fn @&
!$$ aªu\ nfb]z @^

!&$ ;fd] flnof *

;f| t] M 6«fG;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gn, @)!@

-s_ g]kfn ei| 6frf/ sd ug{] d'n'ssf] ;r" Ldf slt gDa/df k5{ <

-v_ blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;ae} Gbf a9L / sd ei| 6frf/ x'g] bz] x¿ s'g sg' x'g\ <

-u_ ljsl;t bz] df lsg sd ei| 6frf/ ePsf] xf]nf, cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] sf/0f b]pm .

-3_ a9L e|i6frf/ x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ .

@= sIffdf e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL gf/fx¿ ;d]6L Kn]sf8{ tof/ u/ / ljBfno
sDkfpG8leq e|i6frf/ lj?4 ¥ofnL lgsfn .

#= tn lnOPsf a“'bfdf ;fyLx¿;“u ljrf/ ljdz{ u/ M

-s_ af}l4s knfog ePsf ;a} JolStx¿ gk] fn kms{] eg] s] xfn] f <

-v_ ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ubf{ s] xf]nf <

-u_ ;dfhdf åGå a9b\ } uof] eg] s] xfn] f <

44 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M $ gful/s rt] gf

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{
dfgj clwsf/sf] pkofu] / ;+/If0f ug{
;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ Jojxf/ ug{
jtd{ fg ;+ljwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ kQf nufpg
b]zsf] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] kl/ro lbg
;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf gful/sn] v]Ngk' g{] e"ldsf atfpg /
;f]cg¿' k Jojxf/ ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 45

kf7 M ! ;fdflhs lgod

;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xdltdf ;dfhnfO{ :j:y, ;G' b/ / Jojl:yt /fVg lgodx¿ agfPsf
x'G5g\ . o:tf lgodx¿ g} ;fdflhs lgod xg' \ . ;a} ;fdflhs lgodx¿n] sfg'gL dfGotf
kfPsf x'“b}gg\ . t/ ;dfhdf cfk;L ;b\efj, ;xof]u / efOrf/f sfod /fVg o;n] dbt
u5{ . o:tf lgodx¿n] ;fdflhs ck/fw Go"g ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp5“ . ;dfhsf
k|To]s JolStn] ;dfhsf lgodx¿ kfngf ugk'{ 5{ .

;fdflhs lgodx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf :yflkt dfGotfdf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\ . oL lgodx¿
;dfhcg';f/ km/s km/s xg' ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿nfO{ sfofG{ jog u/fpg u7' L, 6f]
n ;w' f/ ;ldlt, cfdf ;dx" , :yfgLo Snax¿ h:tf ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿sf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /xs] f]
xG' 5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf gug{] JolStnfO{ ;dfhn] bl08t jf alxist[ u5{ .
;do / kl/l:ylt;“u} ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] o:tf lgodx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ u5{g\ . ;do /
kl/l:yltcg'¿k kl/jtg{ x'g g;Sbf o;n] ;fdflhs s/' Lltsf] ¿k;d]t lng ;S5 .

:yfgLo klqsfdf k|sflzt lgDglnlvt ;dfrf/sf] cWoog u/f“} M

ufp“ en] fåf/f ;fdflhs lgod kfl/t

ufp“nfO{ :j:y / ;'Gb/ agfpg] p2]Zon] ufp“ e]nfn] :yfgLo 6]saxfb'/ d'lvofsf]
;+ofh] sTjdf 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] s]xL ;fdflhs lgodx¿ klg
kfl/t u/s] f] 5 . pSt lgod gdfGg] JolStnfO{ 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] lgodcg;' f/
sf/afxL ug{] lg0f{o;dt] ul/Psf] 5 .

e]nfn] kfl/t u/]sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿

-s_ ufp“df dfbs kbfy{ ar] lavg ug{ gkfOg]

-v_ /fltsf] !! ah]kl5 cToGt h?/L sfddf afxs] lx8“ 8n' ug{ gkfOg]

-u_ kmfx] f/] dn} f hyfefjL kmfNg gkfOg]

-3_ s;}sf] 3/df cfkt\ ljkt\ kbf{ ufp“sf ;a} 3/af6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf e]nf eO{
;xofu] ug'{kg]{

-ª_ ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ufp“nx] ¿sf] /fx] j/df 6'ª\uf] nfufpg] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf u/fpg pTk]|/0ff hufpg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ctL{
pkbz] eGbf klg Jofjxfl/s sfox{ ¿sf] cEof;åf/f cge' l" t hufpg] vfnsf ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk u/fpgx' f];\ .

46 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;dfhdf kr| ngdf /x]sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf af/]df cleefjsx¿;“u ;f]wL
;r" L tof/ kf/ . rf/÷kfr“ hgfsf] ;dx" df a;/] 5nkmn u/L ;femf ;r" L tof/ kf/ .
To;kl5 sIffdf k:| tt' u/ / 5nkmn u/ .

@= ltd|f] ufp“ ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] klxrfg u/ . tL ;+:yfn]
;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngfdf vn] s] f el" dsfx¿sf af/d] f pSt ;:+ yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿;u“
hfgsf/L lnO{ ;:+ yfsf] kl/ro, p2]Zox¿, kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ;+:yfn] xfn;Dd u/s] f
sfdx¿sf ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

#= ltdf| ] ;dfhdf /xs] f ;fdflhs s/' Lltx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgLx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ ug{ s:tf]
el" dsf vN] 5f,} sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

$= tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm bp] m M

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno gk7fpg] cleefjsx¿nfO{ dfl;s ?= !)) hljfgf

vf6] fª, @) c;f/ – j'Okf ufps“ f ;j;{ fwf/0fx¿sf] e]nfn] ufpd“ f clgjfo{ lzIff
nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . kf“r jif{ ku' k] l5 klg afnaflnsf ljBfno gk7fpg]
cleefjsx¿nfO{ dfl;s ?= !)) hl/jfgf tf]s]sf] 5 . ufpd“ f ljBfno ghfg]
afn aflnsf cTolws /xs] fn] o:tf] sbd rfNgk' /]sf] s/' f :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL rDkf
/fO{n] atfpg'eof] . 6fn] ;w' f/ ;ldltn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] 5 .

-s_ j'Okf ufp“df agfOPsf] ;fdflhs lgod s] xf] / s;n] agfPsf] xf] <

-v_ o; lgodn] ;dfhdf s:tf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 <

-u_ ltdf| ] ;dfhdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf lgodx¿ s] s] 5g\ <

cEof;

!= ‘;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .

@= ;fdflhs lgodx¿ lsg agfOPsf x'G5g\ <

#= s:tf lgodx¿nfO{ ;w' f/ ub{} n}hfgk' 5,{ pbfx/0f;lxt n]v .

$= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngfn] JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ s] s:tf kmfObfx¿ kU' 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 47

kf7 M @ dfgj clwsf/

dflg; rt] gzLn k|f0fL xf] . pm cGo k|f0fLeGbf km/s 5 . /fHo / ;dfhn] JolStk|lt
ug{] Jojxf/ dfgjLo d"No / cfbzc{ g¿' k x'g'k5{ . zflGt, :jtGqtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t
xg' k' 5{ . dfgj ePsf sf/0fn] p;n] kfpgk' g]{ clwsf/x¿ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . dfgj
clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff Ong] f]/ ?hjN] 6n] ;jk{ |yd cGt/f{li6o« ¿kdf rrf{df NofOg\ . pgsf]
ljzi] f kxndf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ n] !) l8;D] a/ !($* sf lbg dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3fi] f0ff kq hf/L u¥of] . o;n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{ / o;sf]
;+jwg{ ug{ dbt u/]sf] 5 . o;} lbgsf] ;Demgfdf k|To]s jif{ !) l8;D] a/nfO{ cGt/fl{ 6«o
dfgj clwsf/ lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf] ;f/ ;ª\If]k M

!= ;a} :jtGq hGdG5g\ / ;dfg 5g \ @= s;}nfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b ug{
kfOb“ g}

#= ;'/lIft ¿kdf af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ $= bf;Tj lj?4sf] clwsf/

%= oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/ ^= dflg; hxf“ eP klg clwsf/ ;dfg xG' 5

&= sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;a} ;dfg 5g\ *= sfg'gåf/f clwsf/ ;+/If0f

(= lagfs;/' yg' fdf /fVg gkfOg] / bz] !)= sfg'gL pkrf/sf] clwsf/
lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg]

!!= s;'/ kd| fl0ft geP;Dd lgbfi{] f dflgg] !@= ufk] gLotfsf] clwsf/

!#= b]zleq cfjt hfjtdf :jtGqtf !$= cfkm" ;'/lIft xg' hxf“;'s} hfg kfpg]

!%= gful/stfsf] clwsf/ !^= ljjfx ug]{ / kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/

!&= cfÇgf] ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ !*= wflds{ :jtGqtf

!(= cleJolSt :jtGqtf @)= en] f / ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/

@!= dt lbg] clwsf/ @@= ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] clwsf/

lzIf0f ;'emfj M dfgj clwsf/ xfd|f] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] . ljBfyL{df dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfx¿sf
af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ . ‘dfgj clwsf/ xfd|f] clwsf/’ ljifodf jSt[Tj snf sfoj{ |md ;~rfng
ug{x' f];\ .

48 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

@#= sfd / Gofof]lrt Hofnfsf] clwsf/ @$= lglZrt ;dosf] sfdkl5 lj>fd /
dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
@^= lzIffsf] clwsf/
@%= uf;“ , af; / c;Stx¿sf nflu
x]/rfxsf] clwsf/ @*= dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u
#)= dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g gug]{
@&= cfÇgf] l;h{gfsf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/

@(= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg gug{] bfloTj

g]kfndf klg dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;+ljwfg
/ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePcg¿' k dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/
fpg] k|of; u5{ . PDg:] 6L OG6/g;] gn, cgf}krfl/s Ifq] ;j] f s]Gb|
-OG;s] _, OGx/' 8] h:tf ;:+ yfx¿ klg g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/ Ifq] df
sfo{/t 5g\ . logLx¿n] dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;/sf/ / hgtfnfO{
;r]t u/fpg] sfo{ u5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dfgj clwsf/ xggsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kml] / bf]xfl] /g glbg s;n] s] ug'{k5,{ sIffdf
5nkmn u/L lgrf8] lgsfn .

;/sf/ ;d'bfo cfk"m

@= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf s'g s'g wf/fx¿n] afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;d6] ]sf] 5, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

#= k/' fgf kqklqsfx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ . To;af6 dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;dfrf/, lrq,
tl:a/ cflb ;ª\sng u/ / ljuas' jf kf:] 6/ agfO{ kb| z{g u/ .

cEof;

!= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= cleJolSt :jtGqtfcGtu{t s] s] s/' fx¿ k5{g\ <
#= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfofu] n] s:tf sfox{ ¿ u5{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 49

kf7 M # dlxnf clwsf/

z}nhf sIff cf7df cWoog ul5{g\ . pgsL cfdf dlxnf tyf afn aflnsf sfofn{ odf sfd
ugx'{ G' 5 . z}nhf / pgsL cfdfsf] lardf ePsf] jftfn{ fk tn lbOPsf] 5 M

zn} hf M cfdf, ef]ln xfdLnfO{ ;/n] dlxnf clwsf/sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg]
eGge' Psf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] atfOlbgx' f;] \ g .

cfdf M P, d elglbG5' lg ¤ ltdLx¿n] dfgj clwsf/sf af/]df k9]sf 5f} . dlxnf
clwsf/ eg]sf] klg dfgj clwsf/s} Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ kf6f] xf] . ;g\ !(^& df ;+oS' t
/fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] dlxnfx¿sf] xs lxt;“u ;DalGwt dfgj clwsf/x¿sf
af/]df yk JofVof ub}{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf Pp6f jStJo k|sflzt u¥of] . log}
clwsf/x¿nfO{ dlxnf clwsf/ elgG5 .

zn} hf M dlxnf clwsf/leq s] s] s/' fx¿ k5g{ \ t cfdf <

cfdf M dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ a'“bfut ¿kdf o;/L eGg ;lsG5 M

dlxnf lx;+ f tyf lnªu\ sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] e]befjsf] cGTo
;'Ts/] L x'“bf tnaL labf kfpgk' g]{, dft[ :jf:Yo, n}ªl\ us tyf kh| gg clwsf/
/ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu k?' if ;/x ;dfg Hofnf
k}ts[ ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/
jj} flxs, kfl/jfl/s tyf wflds{ Pjd\ lzIff kfpg] clwsf/
afn ljjfx h:tf ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGTo
zn} hf M cfdf, dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgs{' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

cfdf M dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgf{sf sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

;dfh lkt[ ;QfTds / k?' if k|wfg xg' '
k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]r tyf dlxnf / k?' iflar e]befj ul/g'
lzIffsf] cj;/af6 dlxnfx¿nfO{ jl~rt ul/g'
dlxnfx¿ lga{n xG' 5g\ eGg] dfGotf JofKt x'g'

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df ;dfhdf /xs] f dlxnf clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf kl| tlglwx¿;u“
ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] cGt/ljm| of u/fpg'xf];\ .

50 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

k|hgg :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] pknAwtf kofK{ t gx'g'
dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ;DaGwL sfoj{ |mdx¿ Jofks / k|efjsf/L gxg' '

zn} hf M dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf ko| f;x¿
ePsf 5g\ <

cfdf M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg;' f/ k}t[s ;DklQdf nª} l\ us eb] efj ljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf]
;dfg xs x'g]5 . ;DklQ tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDklQsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5
elg dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt u/s] f] 5 . pgLx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo
tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug{], dlxnfdfly xg' ] ;a}
k|sf/sf lx+;fhGo lj|mofsnfkx¿ b08gLo x'g] h:tf dlxnf clwsf/sf
s/' fx¿ o;df ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . To;u} /L /fHosf ;a} cªu\ x¿df dlxnfx¿sf]
;dfgk' flts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{] s/' f;dt] pNnv] ePsf] 5 . czSt, afn
aflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf] xslxtsf nflu gLltx¿ thd{' f ug{ / tLgsf] sfofG{ jog ug{
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf]
wf/f @%@ df /fli6o« dlxnf cfofu] sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfpk/ xg' ] ;a} ks| f/
sf e]befjsf] pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw !(&( nfO{ g]kfnn] klg cgd' f]bg ul/;s]sf]
5 . kT| os] jif{ * dfrs{ f lbg cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf lbj; dgfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdLn] bv] ] ;'g]sf dlxnf clwsf/ xggsf 36gfx¿, dlxnf dfly x'g] lx;+ f, To;n] kfg]{
c;/ / lx+;faf6 hfl] ug] pkfo ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffn] dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL s'g s'g kIfnfO{
;d6] s] f] 5, ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

#= sIffdf dlxnf clwsf/ lbj;sf] cfofh] gf u/ .

cEof;

!= dlxnf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf], pNnv] u/ .
@= dlxnfdfly xg' ] lx;+ fhGo lj|mofsnfkx¿ s] s] x'g,\ ;"rL tof/ u/ .
#= dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf pkfox¿ pNn]v u/ .
$= /fli6o« dlxnf cfof]un] s] s:tf sfox{ ¿ u5{, vfh] L u/L ab“' fut ¿kdf

pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 51

kf7 M $ ;dfjz] Ls/0f

hftLo cNk;ª\Vos÷pTkLl8t

nª} \lus eflifs

;dfj]zLs/0f

Ifq] Lo juLo{

wflds{ ckfª\utf

gk] fn ljljwtfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . oxf“ lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ / pkTosf h:tf w/ftnLo
ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xLcg'¿k xfjfkfgL, hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltdf ;d]t ljljwtf
kfOG5 . ljljw If]qdf a:g] gk] fnLx¿sf] cfcfÇgf] ji] fei" ff, /xg;xg / ;:+ sl[ t 5 . ;fdflhs
¿kn] g]kfnL ;dfh ljleGg hft hfltdf ljeSt 5 . oxf“ lxGb', af}b\w, d'l:nd, ls/ft,
O;fOn{ ufot ljleGg wd{sf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \ . :yfoL a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf ;a} hflt,
efiff, wd{, lnªu\ / ;:+ sl[ tsf dflg;x¿sf] b]z gk] fn xf] . oL ;a}sf] /fli6o« klxrfg gk] fnL
xf] . oxf“ s;n} ] klg cfkm" pk]lIft ePsf] dx;;' ug]{ cj:yf x'g' xb“' g} . ;a} gk] fnLn] ‘xfdL
gk] fnL, xfdf| ] bz] gk] fn’ egL uj{ ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f x'gk' 5{ . o:tf] l:yltsf] l;hg{ f ug'{
/fHosf] klg bfloTj xf] .

;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ljleGg hft, hflt, j0f{, efiff, If]q, lnªu\ sf
dflg;nfO{ /fHon] lzIff, /fh] uf/nufot ljleGg cj;/df Gofofl] rt ¿kdf ;dfjz] u/L dn"
kj| fxLs/0f ug{] kl| jm| of g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . of] cj;/ ;a} hflt, j0f,{ wd,{ lnªu\ , Ifq] jf
ki[ 7el" dsf gful/snfO{ kf| Kt xg' k' 5{ . bz] sf] /fHo ;o+ Gq / zf;gn] o; s/' fsf] ;l' glZrttf
ugk{' 5{ . ljleGg ju{ / ;db' fosf dflg;x¿sf] cj:yf ;dfg geP;Dd ;dfg cj;/ kf| Kt
xg' ;Sbg} . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, hftLo, wfld{s, cflys{ , eflifs, nª} l\ us / ckfª\utfsf

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df ;dfjz] Ls/0f;DaGwL clego u/fpg'xf;] \ .

52 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

sf/0fn] pTkL8gdf k/s] f JolStx¿nfO{ /fHon] xg] k{' 5{ . logLx¿nfO{ dn" kj| fxLs/0fdf Nofpg
/fHon] 7f;] gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| dx¿ Nofpg cfjZos xG' 5 . o;af6 ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] ;l' glZrtf
kb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 M
-s_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfgk' flts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{]
-v_ lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ jl[ bw\ ug{]
-u_ gLlt lgdf0{ f ug{] tyf lg0fo{ lng] txdf lk5l8Psf jus{ f nflu :yfg ;/' lIft ug{]
-3_ ;a} hflt, j0f,{ efiff, wd{ / lnª\usf JolStsf] klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{]
-ª_ ;a} gful/snfO{ Gofosf] cg'el" t u/fpg]
-r_ czSt / ckfªu\ x¿sf nflu ljzi] f cj;/ kb| fg ug{]
-5_ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;as} f] ;xeflutf / Ifq] Lo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{
-h_ wfld{s / ;f:+ sl[ ts ;lxi0f'tf tyf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod /fVg]

lj|mofsnfk

!= xfdf| ] /fli6«o ufgdf plNnlvt ‘;of“} yu'“ f km'nsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL’ lsg elgPsf]
xf] <

@= ;a} gful/snfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt u/fpg s] ugk{' nf{, ;f]wvf]h u/L l6kf]6 u/ / sIffdf
5nkmn u/ .

#= ;dtfd"ns ;dfh / ;sf/fTds lje]b eGg] ljifodf sIff sf7] fdf ax; u/ .

cEof;

!= ;dfj]zLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] <

@= /fHonfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zL agfpg ;lsG5, a“b' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' u/ .

#= ;dfj]zLs/0fn] s;/L /fli6«o PstfnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;S5, pNn]v u/ .

$= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf If]qLo ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ s] ug{k' nf{, rrf{ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 53

kf7 M % gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿

gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf ;DaGwdf lzIfs / ljBfyLx{ ¿lar ePsf] 5nkmnsf]
cz+ tn lbOPsf] 5 . yk :ki6 xg' ltdLx¿ klg cfÇgf] lzIfs;u“ 5nkmn u/ .

ljBfyL{ M ld;, xh'/n] ;+ljwfg eg]sf] b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg s] s:tf k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf] 5,
atfOlbg'xf];\ g .

lzIfs M ltdLx¿n] /fd|f] k|Zg u¥of} . g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf xfd|f] bz] nfO{ ;dfjz] L agfpg
kofK{ t k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . nf} x/] , of] rf6d{ f oxf“ /fHonfO{ ;dfj]
zL agfpg ;l+ jwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf kd| v' kf| jwfgx¿ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

k:| tfjgf M xfdL ;fje{ fd} ;Qf ;DkGg gk] fnL hgtf, gk] fnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fje{ fl} dstf,
efu} fl] ns cv08tf, /fli6o« Pstf, :jflwgtf / :jfledfgnfO{ cIf0' 0f /fvL hgtfsf]
;fje{ fd} clwsf/, :jfofQtf / :jzf;gsf] cflwsf/nfO{ cfTdf;ft\ ub,{} /fi6l« xt, nf]
stGq / cuu| fdL kl/jtg{ sf nflu gk] fnL hgtfn] k6s k6s ub{} cfPsf Pl] txfl;s
hgcfGbfn] g, ;z:q ;ª3\ if,{ Tofu / alnbfgsf] uf/} jk0" f{ Oltxf;nfO{ :d/0f Pjd\
;lxbx¿ tyf ak] Qf / kLl8t gful/sx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ub,{} ====

efu ! wf/f # /fi6« M ax'hflto, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf
ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfo'St efu} f]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsfªI\ ff / g]kfnsf]
===== ;q" df cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] .

efu ! wf/f ^= /fi6« efiff M -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«
efiff x'g\ .

efu # wf/f !*= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf lar wd{, j0f,{ hft,
hflt, lnª\u, pTklTt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf cfwf/df
e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, ===

-$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}ª\lus cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf eb] efj ul/g] 5g} .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/s] f ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] rf6{ k:| tt' u/L gk] fndf ePsf
ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ atfO{ ljBfyLx{ ¿lar 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

54 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

efu # wf/f @$= 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs M -!_ s'g} klg
JolStnfO{ hft, hflt, ;db' fo k;] f jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf cfwf/df sg' } lsl;dsf]
5j' f5t' eb] efj ul/g] 5}g . eb] efj hGo sfo{ uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf
sfg'gadfl] hd b08gLo xg' ]5g\ .

efu # wf/f $@= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/s] f dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, dwz] L, yf¿, cNk;ª\Vos, ckfuªt\ f ePsf JolSt,
;LdfGts[t, dl' :nd, lk58f ju{, nª} \lus tyf ofl} gs cNk;ª\Vos oj' f, ls;fg,
>lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] Ifq] sf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v;
cfo{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g] 5 .

efu * wf/f *$ kl| tlglw ;efsf] u7g M -@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLadf]
lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsfnflu hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf,
blnt, cflbjf;L, v; cfo,{ dw];L, yf¿, dl' :nd, lk5l8Psf] Ifq] ;d]taf6 aGb
;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 .
To;/L pDdb] jf/L lb“bf eu" fn] / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;dt] Wofg lbg'kg{] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yfsf af/d] f sIffsf7] fdf ab“' fut ¿kdf
5nkmn ub}{ pSt ;j+ w} flgs k|fjwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf sg' sg' kIfx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g
u/]sf] 5, ab“' fut ¿kdf l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu ePsf cGo ko| f;x¿sf af/d] f lzIfs;u“ 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj egs] f] s] xf,] pNn]v u/ .

@= /fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;dfgk' flts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ gk] fnsf]
;+ljwfgdf s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, rrf{ u/ .

#= ljleGg hflt / ;db' fosf dflg;x¿sf] eflifs klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ gk] fnsf]
cGtl/d ;l+ jwfgdf ePsf kf| jwfgx¿sf] pNnv] u/ .

$= afns, j4[ , ckfªu\ / czStx¿sf] ;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 55

k f7 M ^ xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿

;l+ jwfg b]zsf] dn" sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfgg' adf]lhd bz] sf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng
x'G5 . g]kfndf hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgkl| tlglwx¿sf] ;xefuLtfdf ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 @)&@
c;fh] # ut] gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . o; ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftx¿ o; ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

!= ;ª3\ Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;l+ jwfg M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;ª3\ Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqfTds zf;gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df /fi6k« lt /fi6« kd| v' xg' ] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª3\ Lo, kf| bl] zs / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt M o; ;l+ jwfgn] /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;|ft] hgtf x'g\ eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ cª\lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;jf{R] rtfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g]
kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /xs] f] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

#= dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt M o; ;+ljwfgn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffsf k|fjwfgnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] 5 . o;n] hgtfsf] df}lns xssf] k0" f{ k|Tofe"lt u/]
sf] 5 .

$= :jtGq Gofokflnsf / sfgg' L /fHo M o; ;+ljwfgn] :jtGq Gofkflnsf / sfgg' L
/fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf] gh/df ;a} ;dfg x'g],
sfg'gadfl] hd afxs] s;n} fO{ ;hfo gxg' ], sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 s;n} fO{ klg
jl~rt gul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;jf]{Rr, pRr / lhNnf u/L tLg txsf]
cbfntsf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 .

%= ax'bnLo kl| t:kwf{ M o; ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\ gf] ljrf/wf/f / bzg{ cg'¿k /fhgLlts bnx¿
vfN] g, ;~rfng ug{ / hgtfsf] ;dy{g kf| Kt ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf]
efjgfcg'¿k x'g] u/L vf]lnPsf sg' } klg /fhgLlts bndflysf] kl| taGwnfO{ ;l+ jwfgn]
cdfGo u/s] f] 5 .

^= ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg M o; ;+ljwfgn] hft, hflt, j0f,{ efiff, wd,{ lnª\usf cfwf/df
sg' } lsl;dsf] eb] efj gug],{ ;as} f] klxrfgsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ s'/f pNnv] u/s] f] 5 .
To;}u/L ;fdflhs pTkL8gdf k/]sf JolSt tyf ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug]{ / ;fdflhs Gofo
:yflkt ug]{ s'/fdf ;dt] hf8] lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfgsf
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ko| f]u u/L kf7df plNnlvt ljz]iftfx¿sf
af/d] f ljBfyLx{ ¿lar 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\ .

56 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

&= wd{ lg/kI] ftf M o; ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f /fi6«sf ¿kdf :yflkt u/s] f]
5 . ljleGg wds{ f lar ;dfgtf Pjd\ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs
;DaGw ljsl;t ug{] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

*= k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts ldl>t lgjfr{ g k0| ffnL M k|ltlglw ;efdf kT| oIf lgjfr{ gaf6
!^% / ;dfgk' flts lgjf{rgaf6 !!), /fli6«o ;efdf & kb| ]zaf6 lgjf{lrt %^ hgf
/fi6«kltaf6 dgf]lgt # hgf u/L %( hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . o;n]
sG] b|df bO' { ;bgfTds / k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Jo:yflksf /xg] lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf kd| v' ljzi] ftfx¿sf] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIff sf]7fdf 6f“; .

cEof;

!= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ lsg ;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;l+ jwfg elgPsf]
xf] < pNnv] u/ .

@= gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg eGg'sf] cfl} rTo vn' fpm .

#= xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/k]Iftf;DaGwL s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 57

k f7 M & gful/s bfloTj

nf]stflGqs zf;g ljZjd} pTsi[ 6 Joj:yf dflgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf
g} zf;g ;~rfngsf ;|f]t xG' 5g\ . :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ub}{ cfPsf afl;Gbfx¿ g} ;+ljwfg
/ sfgg' df Joj:yf ePcg¿' k To; bz] sf gful/s xG' 5g\ . gful/ssf] ;v' , zflGt / ;'/
Iff ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;}u/L /fHon] klg cfÇgf gful/sx¿af6 s]xL ckI] ff u/]sf]
x'G5 h;nfO{ k'/f ug{' lhDdj] f/ gful/ssf] bfloTj x'G5 . bz] sf lhDdj] f/ gful/sn] lgjfx{
ugk{' g{] gful/s bfloTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= sfgg' sf] kfngf M sfg'g ;as} f nflu ;dfg x'G5 . sfgg' sf kl/lwleq /x/] ;/sf/n]
ljleGg lgodx¿ agfPsf] x'G5 . lgod / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{' c;n gful/ssf] stJ{ o
xf] .

@= dtflwsf/sf] ko| fu] M nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgk|ltlglwaf6
sfg'g lgdf{0f xG' 5 . t;y{ lgjfr{ gdfkm{t cfÇgf] dtflwsf/sf] ko| fu] u/L ljjs] k0" f{ ¿kdf
dt ks| 6 ug{' gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .

#= ;/sf/ ;~rfngdf ;xofu] M nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgdtsf cfwf/df ;/sf/
sf] lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . t;y{ ;/sf/ ;~rfngdf ;xofu] ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj x'G5 .

$= s/ tLg'{ M hgtfåf/f ;ª\slnt s/af6 g} ;/sf/n] ljsf; lgdf0{ f / cGo hglxtsf
sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u5{ . t;y{ sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhdsf] s/ ;dod} tLg'{
gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .

%= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL x'g' M :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL,
ljb\ot' \ tyf ;8s lgdf{0f h:tf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg ug{' / o:tf
cfjZostf cfÇgf k|ltlglwx¿dfkmt{ ;/sf/nfO{ af]w u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf
sfox{ ¿df ljleGg ¿kdf cfÇgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg' klg c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo
x'G5 .

^= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ M cfÇgf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/sf]
xgg gxg' t] km{ ;rt] /xgk' 5{ . o;/L c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{' gful/ssf] bfloTjleq
k5{ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfnoleq ljBfyLs{ f] bfloTj s] s] xG' 5 eGg] s/' fx¿;“u tn' gf u/L gful/s bfloTjsf
af/d] f ljBfyL{x¿df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] klg gful/ssf] xl} ;otn] gful/s bfloTj lgjfx{ ugk{' g{]
s/' fdf hf8] lbgx' f;] \ .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

&= /fli6o« lxt ljk/Ltsf s/' fdf va/bf/L ug{' M :jb]zL jf ljb]zL s'g} klg ;ª3\ ;+:yf
jf c¿ s;a} f6 klg /fli6«o cv08tf / :jfledfgdf cfr“ kU' g] sfd x'g' x'b“ }g . s;n} ]
/fli6«o lxt ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/d] f To:tf] s/' fsf] lgu/fgL / va/bf/L ug'{ gful/ssf]
bfloTj xf] .

*= ;dsfnLg 36gfkl| t ;rt] x'g' M ;/sf/n] u/s] f sfd sf/afxL tyf cGo ;dsfnLg
36gfk|lt ;;' l" rt xg' ' / cfjZos bl] vPdf cfÇgf] kl| tljm| of JoSt ug'{ klg lhDd]jf/
gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] .

(= ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;b'kof]u / ;/+ If0f ug{' M ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ eg]sf] hgtfsf] ;DklQ
xf] . o;sf] ;b'kofu] / ;+/If0f ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ‘r'gfjdf h;nfO{ ef]6 xfn]/ lhtfP klg cfÇgf] sfd h:tfsf] t:t}, s;}n] s]xL
ug]{ xfO] gg\ . rg' fj lhlt;s]kl5 sfx] L kml] / kms]{/ cfpg] xfO] g’ o:tf] egfO /fVg] ltdf| ]
;db' fosf JolStx¿nfO{ s;/L lgjf{rgsf] dxŒj a'emfO{ cfÇgf] dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{
k]l| /t u5f{,} sIffdf 5nkmn u/L sfo{ of]hgf lgdf0{ f u/ .

@= sIffnfO{ rf/ kf“r hgfsf] ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L xfn;fn} b]zdf 36]sf
36gfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;"rL tof/ u/ / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

#= ‘/fli6«o lxt ljk/Ltsf] s/' fdf va/bf/L ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .’ o; ljifodf
lzIfssf] ;xofu] lnO{ jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutf u/ .

cEof;

!= nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ pTs[i6 Joj:yf lsg elgPsf] xf], ts{x¿
k|:t't u/ .

@= /fHosf] gful/skl| t bfloTj s] xf] / /fHon] gful/saf6 s] ck]Iff /fvs] f]
x'G5, pNnv] u/ .

#= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg s;/L u5f{}, a“'bfut ¿kdf k:| t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 59

kf7 M * Joj:yflksf

Joj:yflksf /fHosf tLg k|dv' cªu\ x¿dWo] dxŒjk0" f{ cªu\ xf] . x/]s /fi6d« f zf;g
Joj:yf ;'rf? ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu P]g, sfgg' , gLlt / lgodx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ .
nfs] tflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf Pg] , sfgg' x¿ agfpg] sfo{ hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgkl| tlglwdn" s
;+:yfn] u5{ . hgk|ltlglwdn" s ;:+ yfnfO{ Joj:yflksf elgG5 . sfgg' agfpg' /fHosf]
;jfR{] r sfo{ xf] . o;/L lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq /x/] sfok{ flnsfn] cGo gLlt
tyf lgodx¿ lgdf0{ f ub{5 . Joj:yflksfn] /fHodf b]lvg] ljljw ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L
To:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos Pg] , sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf0{ f u5{ . o;n] lgdf{0f
u/s] f sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /x]/ /fi6« ;~rfng xG' 5 .

/fi6«sf x/s] If]q, ju,{ wd{, hflt ,efiff, j0f{ / lnª\usf hgtfsf] lxt, pGglt / sNof0f
x'g] lsl;dsf] sfgg' lgdf0{ f ug{ Jo:yflksfsf] dV' o sfo{ xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu *
df ;ª3\ Lo Joj:yflksfsf] af/]df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª3\ Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf, sG] bd| f
kl| tlglw ;ef / /fli6o« ;ef u/L bO{ ;bgfTds / kb| z] df Ps ;bgfTds k|bz] Joj:yflksf
/xg] kf| jwfg /xs] f] 5 . ;ª3\ Lo Joj:yflksfnfO{ ;ª3\ Lo ;;+ b\ klg elgG5 . k|ltlglw
;efdf klxnf] xg' ] lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjfl{ rt !^% ;b:o / ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{ g
k0| ffnLadfl] hd !!) ;b:o u/L sn' @&% ;b:o /xG5g\ . kl| tlglw ;efsf] sfos{ fn % jifs{ f]
xG' 5 . /fli6«o ;efdf %( ;b:o /xG5g . of] :yfoL ;bg xf] . & k|b]zaf6 * hgfsf] b/n]
%^ hgf / gk] fn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/f dgf]lgt # hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf
5 . dlxnf ;xeflutf Ps ltxfOeGbf a9L /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . /fli6«;efsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw
^ jifs{ f] xG' 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o xg' sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ofU] otf x'g'k5{ M

!= gk] fnL gful/s eO{ sDtLdf kl| tlglw ;efsf] nflu @% / /fli6«o ;efsf] nflu #% jif{
pd/] k/" f ePsf] xg' k' 5{ .

@= gl} ts ktg bl] vg] s'g} kmfh} bf/L s;/' df ;hfo gkfPsf] x'g'k5{ .

#= sg' } ;ª\3Lo sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf] / s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/s] f] xg' 'k5{ .

k|ltlglw ;efdf ;efd'v / pk;efd'v tyf /fli6«o ;efdf cWoIf / pkfWoIf /xg]
Joj:yf 5 . sfgg' agfpgsf nflu ;ª3\ Lo ;+;b\df k|:t't xg' ] d:ofb} f k|:tfjnfO{ ljwo] s
elgG5 . ;ª3\ Lo ;;+ b\sf] s'g} klg ;bgdf ljwo] s k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ cy{ ljw]os

lzIf0f ;'emfj M sIffsf7] fnfO{ ldgL kflno{ fdG] 6 -;fgf] ;+;b_\ dfgL ;;+ bLo cEof;sf] el" dsf clego
u/fpg'xf];\ .

60 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

kl| tlglw ;efdf dfq k:| tt' ug{ ;sG5 . ;ª3\ Lo ;;+ bs\ f] ;efdv' jf cWoIfn] kd| fl0ft ljwo] s
Pp6f ;bgn] kfl/t u/k] l5 To;nfO{ oyfzL3| csf{] ;bgdf k7fpg'k5{ . of] ;bgn] klg kfl/t
u/k] l5 pSt ljwo] s kd| f0Lfs/0fsf nflu /fi6k« lt ;dIf k;] ul/G5 . /fi6k« ltaf6 kd| f0fLs/0f
ePkl5 sfgg' aG5 .

Joj:yflksf ;;+ bn\ ] ug{] k|d'v sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ sfg'g lgdf0{ f ;DaGwL sfo{ -v_ k|wfg dGqLsf] rog ug{] sfo{
-u_ cflys{ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfo { -3_ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL sfo{

ljZjsf sltko /fi6«x¿n] Joj:yflksf;DaGwL cfcfÇg} lsl;dsf leGg leGg Joj:yf
u/s] f x'G5g\ . /fHosf] hg;ªV\ of, If]qkmn, ef}ufl] ns cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df Joj:yflksfsf]
lgjfr{ g kl| jm| of, ;b:o ;ª\Vof Pjd\ sfo{ljlw lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . hg' Joj:yf Pscsf{
/fi6«;“u d]n gvfg klg ;S5 . xfdf| ] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df hgtfaf6 kT| oIf lgjf{lrt tyf
/fhgLlts bnåf/f ;dfg'kflts dtsf cfwf/df dgf]lgt hgk|ltlglwx¿ Joj:yflksfdf
/xg] Joj:yf 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] cfÇgf] lhNnfaf6 kl| tlglw ;ef, /fli6«o ;ef / k|b]z ;efdf kl| tlglwTj u/]sf
/fhgLlts bn / ;b:osf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

@= ltdf| ] sIffsf]7fnfO{ Pp6f Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ h:t} dfgL ;efd'v / pk;efd'v 5gf]6
u/ / sIffsf cfÇgf lgodx¿ kfl/t u/ .

cEof;

!= ;ª3\ Lo Joj:yflksfn] sfgg' lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s:tf s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbPsf]
xG' 5, pNn]v u/ .

@= ;ª3\ Lo Pg] , sfg'g / gLlt lgoddf s] km/s 5, pNnv] u/ .

#= ;ª3\ Lo Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ sfox{ ¿nfO{ ab'“ fut ¿kdf k|:t't u/ .

$= ljw]os egs] f] s] xf,] ljwo] s s;/L sfgg' aG5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 61

kf7 M ( sfo{kflnsf

l;+xb/af/sf] gfpa“ f6 lrlgg] kw| fg dGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbs\ f] sfofn{ o /x]sf] ejg

sfok{ flnsfnfO{ Joj:yflksfåf/f lgldt{ sfgg' sfo{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
sfg'g sfoG{ jog ug]{ dV' o lgsfo sfok{ flnsf g} xf] . o;nfO{ ;/sf/ jf dlGqkl/ifb\ klg
elgG5 . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf, sG] b|df ;ª\3Lo sfok{ flnsf, kb| z] df k|b]z sfo{kflnsf /
:yfgLo txdf :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
;ª3\ Lo sfo{kflnsfdf axd' t kf| Kt ;;+ bLo bnsf] gt] f k|wfgdGqL xg' ] / gLhsf] cWoIftfdf
dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . /fi6k« ltn] kw| fgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;;+ bsf ;b:ox¿
dWo]af6 a9Ldf @% hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
;/sf/n] ug{] sfon{ fO{ af“8kmf8“ u/L, ;xh / Jojl:yt ug{ ljleGg dGqfnox¿ u7g
ul/Psf] xG' 5 . kT| o]s dGqfnosf] g]t[Tj ;DalGwt dGqLn] u/]sf xG' 5g\ . ;/sf/n] b]zsf]
;+ljwfg / sfgg' sf] dftxtdf /x/] sd{rf/TLgqdfkm{t cfkmg\ f] sfo{ u5{ .
;ª3\ Lo sfo{kflnsf, kb| ]z sfok{ flnsf, :yfgLo sfo{kflnsfsf] ;/+ rgfadfl] hd gk] fnsf] k|To]
s b]zdf k|fbl] zs ;/sf/ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . kb| z] sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb{z] g,
lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f kd| v' sf ¿kdf d'VodGqL xG' 5g\ . k|bz] ;efsf] s'n
;b:osf] @) kl| tzteGbf a9L gxg' ] u/L kb| ]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g xG' 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7nfO{ e"ldsf clegodfkm{t lzIf0f klg u/fpgx' f;] \ .

62 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

:yfgLo txsf] sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ ufp“ sfok{ flnsf jf gu/ sfos{ fkflnsf xg' ] Joj:yf
5 . o;nfO{ ufpk“ flnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgbz{] g, lgoGq0f ;~rfng
ug{] cleef/f tf]lsPsf] xG' 5 . sfok{ flnsfn] hgtfsf] uf;“ , af;, nQfsk8f, lzIff, :jf:Yo
/fh] uf/L tyf ;'/Iff;u“ ;DalGwt sfox{ ¿sf ;fy} /fli6«o ljsf;sf x/]s kIfdf ;/sf/n]
lhDdj] f/L lng'k5{ .

sfo{kflnsfsf sfo{
-s_ Joj:yflksfåf/f kfl/t sfgg' sf] sfoG{ jog ug{]
-v_ ;l+ jwfg / cGo sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xL /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgbz{] g lgoGq0f

/ ;~rfng ug{]
-u_ d'ns' df cdgrog zflGt sfod /fVg'sf] ;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{]
-3_ b]zsf] jflifs{ ah]6 tof/ ug{]
-8_ afx\o cltjm| d0f / cfj|md0faf6 bz] sf] /Iff ug{]
-r_ k//fi6« dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{
-5_ s/ lgwf{/0f ug,]{ /fli6o« 9's6' Laf6 /sd lemSg], /fHonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ C0f lng]
-h_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko6{ g, oftfoft / vfgk] fgL h:tf bz] ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg ;|ft] x¿af6 ;fw] vf]h u/L gk] fndf /x]sf dGqfnox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/ /
sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;/sf/n] u/s] f sfox{ ¿sf] ;f]wvfh] u/L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ / sIffdf
k|:tt' u/ .

#= ltdLn] ;g' s] f jf hfgsf/L kfPsf ;/sf/L sfofn{ ox¿sf gfd / sfdsf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;
!= sfok{ flnsf egs] f] s] xf,] gk] fnsf] sfos{ f/L clwsf/ s;df lglxt /xs] f] 5 <
@= dlGqkl/ifb\ egs] f] s] xf], dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g s;/L xG' 5, pNn]v u/ .
#= k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ sfk] l| t pQ/bfoL xG' 5g\ <
$= ;/sf/n] sfgg' sf] kfngf s;/L u/fp5“ , pNnv] u/ .
%= sfo{kflnsfn] ug{] k|d'v sfox{ ¿ s] s] xg' \, ab'“ fut ¿kdf k|:t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 63

kf7 M !) ofokflnsf

sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
d"t{ ¿k lbg sg' } klg dn' s' df :jtGq
Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
x'G5 . of] /fHosf k|d'v tLg
cª\udWo]sf] Ps xf] . o;n] cGofodf
k/s] f hgtfnfO{ Gofo lbg] tyf sfgg'
tf8] g\ n] fO{ :jtGq / lgikIf eP/ ;hfo
lbO{ sfgg' sf] ;/+ If0f u5{ . gful/ssf]
df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf]
/Iff / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{'sf ;fy}
;+ljwfg / sfgg' sf] JofVof ug{] sfo;{ dt] u5{ . ;j+ }wflgs ;jf{]Rrtf;lxtsf] Goflos / ;Eo
;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] dV' o cfwf/ g} :jtGq Gofokflnsf xf] .

;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePcg¿' k gk] fndf lgDgfg';f/ tLg txsf cbfntx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= ;jfR]{ r cbfnt M ;jfR{] r cbfnt Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] cbfnt
xf] . o; cbfntdf kw| fg GofofwLzsf cltl/St a9Ldf @) hgf;Dd cGo GofofwLzx¿
/xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lSt ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6k« ltaf6 x'G5 . cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgol' St Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6
xG' 5 . ;jfR{] r cbfntsf] GofofwLz eO{ sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd ul/;ss] f] JolStdfq k|wfg
GofofwLzsf nflu of]Uo xG' 5 . kbfjlw ^ jifs{ f] xG' 5 . o; cbfntn] cfÇgf] dftxtdf
/x]sf cGo cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfosf] ;k' /LjI] f0f u/L cfjZos lgbz]{ g lbg] sfo;{ d]
t u5{ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clenv] cbfnt klg xf] .

@= pRr cbfnt M k|Tos] k|bz] df Ps pRr cbfnt x'G5 . pRr cbfntnfO{ ;ª\3Lo
sfgg' adf]lhd ;?' d'2f xg] ]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hfR“ g] clwsf/ x'G5 . To:t} cGo

clwsf/ / sfol{ jlw ;ª\3Lo sfgg' adf]lhd xG' 5 .

#= lhNnf cbfnt M g]kfnsf] k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps lhNnf cbfnt :yfkgf ul/Psf]
5 . :yflgo :t/sf Goflos lgsfo lhNnf cbfntsf] dftxtdf x'G5g\ . lhNnf cbfntn]
cfkm\ gf] dftxtsf Goflos lgsfosf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\ ;k' /LjI] f0f / cfjZos lgbz{] g lbG5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M cGofodf k/s] f JolStsf] Gofosf nflu cbfntdf x'g] ax;sf] el" dsf clego ug{

nufpg'xf];\ .

64 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{] k|dv' sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
-s_ k|rlnt sfg'gsf] k|ofu] u/L gful/snfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{
-v_ hgtfsf ljleGg ks| f/sf xs, clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{
-u_ sfg'gsf] JofVof u/L sfgg' sf] cy{ k:| 6 kfg{]
-3_ sfg'g tf]8g\ ]nfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePcg'¿k b08 ;hfo tf]Sg]
-ª_ ljleGg hl6n sfg'gL k|Zg / ;d:ofx¿df sfok{ flnsf / Joj:yflksfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg]
-r_ sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog plrt tj/n] eP÷gePsf] x]g]{

lj|mofsnfk

! bfofk“ 6l\ 6 lbOPsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / o;n] s] s/' fsf] ;ª\st] u5,{
l6kf]6 u/L k|:t't u/ .

@= ltd|f] lhNnfsf] lhNnf cbfntdf s] s:tf ljifodf d'¢\ fx¿
kg{] u5g{ \ . cfÇgf] cleefjs;u“ ;fw] L pNnv] u/ / sIffdf
k:| t't u/ .

#= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ zAbsfi] faf6 kQf nufO{ n]v
/ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M

jlsn, jf/];, tf/v] , Ohnf;, ;g' 'jfO, kIf, ljkIf, l/6,
kg' /fjb] g, km};nf .

cEof;

!= Gofokflnsf egs] f] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf o;;DaGwL s:tf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5, ;ªI\ fk] df pNnv] u/ .

@= kw| fgGofofwLz tyf ;jfR{] r cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgol' St s;/L xG' 5,
pNn]v u/ .

#= clen]v cbfnt egs] f] s] xf] <
$= gk] fndf slt txsf cbfntx¿ 5g\ / tL s] s] x'g,\ pNn]v u/ .
%= Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{] kd| v' sfox{ ¿ s] s] xg' ,\ ab“' fut ¿kdf pNnv] u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 65

k'g/jnf]sg cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;fdflhs lgodn] s;/L ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xofu] u5{ <

-v_ dfgj clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf] <

-u_ dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgs{' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/ .

-3_ gful/s bfloTj s;/L k/" f ug{ ;lsG5 <

-ª_ sfok{ flnsfsf sfox{ ¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

@= Gofokflnsfsf sfo{x¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

#= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf] lgod (house rule) klg ;fdflhs lgod xf] eGg] af/]df ;+jfb
tof/ kf/ .

$= ;dfjz] Ls/0f /fli6o« Pstfsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] eGg] kIf / ljkIfdf jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutf
;~rfng u/ .

%= ltdf| ] ;d'bfosf s'g} kfr“ cf]6f 3/df uO{ tLgLx¿n] tnsf Ifq] df cfÇgf] bfloTj lgjf{x
u/s] f] cj:yfnfO{ ;r" Ldf pNnv] u/ / kf| Kt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

3/ ;ªV\ of M

3/dn' Lsf] gfd M

jm| = ;= bfloTj bfloTj lgjf{x u/s] f] cj:yf

;w}“ ug{] u/]sf] sfd slxns] fxL“ ug]{ sfd slxNo} gug{] sfd

!= sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{'

@= dtbfg ug'{

#= s/ tLg'{

$= ljsf; lgdf0{ fdf
;xefuL

%= ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQ
;/+ If0f

66 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M % xfd|f] k[YjL

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
cIffz+ , bz] fGt/, kl| tnf]d, b/' L, df};d, xfjfkfgL cflbsf] kl/ro lbg / logLx¿sf]
ke| fj atfpg
Ct' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/ j0fg{ ug{
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf tŒjx¿ pNn]v u/L e"sDk / xfjfx/' Laf6 aRg] tl/sf cjnDag ug{
g]kfnsf lhNnf / k|b]zsf] kl/ro lbO{ gS;f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{
pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msf dxfbz] sf] efl} ts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
hghLjg pNnv] u/L gS;fdf ef}ufl] ns tYox¿ eg{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 67

kf7 M ! Ct' kl/jtg{

æcfR5' s:tf] hf8f] ¤ lsg oltljlw hf8f] ePsf] xf]nf < h]7, j}zfvdf udL{ eP/ al;l6Sg'
xb'“ g} , k';÷df3df hlt nu' f nufP klg hf8f] sd x'“bg} . b;“} tfsf g hf8f] x'G5 g udL{
x'G5 . r}t, jz} fvdf klg hf8f] tyf udL{ a/fa/ xG' 5 . dnfO{ t crDd nfU5 .Æ dn} ]
cfdfnfO{ ;f]w]“ . Ct' kl/jt{g ePsf] xg' fn] o:tf] ePsf] xf] egL cfdfn] eGge' of] . Ct'
kl/jt{g egs] f] s] xf] cfdf eg/] dn} ] ;f]w]“ . cfdfn] Tof] t yfxf 5g} eGge' of] . lsg o:tf]
ePsf] xfn] f eg/] hfGg] OR5f nfUof] . To;n} ] OG6/g6] vfn] “] . u'un ;r{ u//] Ct' kl/jt{g
(season change) egL 6fOk u/]“ . Ct' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljleGg ja] ;fO6x¿ bv] fk/] .
Pp6f ;fO6df dn} ] lSns u/“] . To;df Ct' kl/jtg{ sf af/d] f lrq;lxt o;/L nl] vPsf] /x5] M

kY[ jLn] ;we“} l/ ;"os{ f] jl/kl/ Pp6} af6f] eP/ kl/jm| df ul//xG5 . To; af6f]nfO{ k[YjLsf]
sIf elgG5 . k[YjL cfÇgf] cIfdf nDa ¿kdf gcl8O{ ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfP/ 9lNsPsf]
5 . k[YjLn] ;"on{ fO{ cfÇgf] cIfdf cl8P/ 3D' bf ;w“} Ps} lbzftkm{ 9lNsP/ 3'D5 . o;/L
Ps} lbzftkm{ 9lNsP/ 3D' bf slxn] pQ/L ufn] fw{ ;o" s{ f] ;fd'Gg] k5{ t slxn] blIf0fL ufn] fw{
;o" s{ f] ;fd'Gg] k5{ .

l8;]Da/ @@ tfl/vsf lbg ;o" { blIf0fL uf]nfws{ f] ds/ /]vfsf] l;wf ‘s’ eGg] :yfgdf
k5{ . ;fx] L ;dodf pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ;o" s{ f] ls/0f 58\s] kg]{ xg' fn] To; If]qdf lxp“b
Ct' x'G5 . l8;]Da/ @@ tfl/vsf lbg pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ;ae} Gbf 5f]6f] lbg x'G5 . pQ/L
wj|' Lo If]qdf t sl/a rf/ dlxgf;Dd ;o" { g} bv] f kb{g} . lj:tf/} ;"o{ # dlxgfsf] cjlw
nufP/ ‘s’ :yfgaf6 dfr{ @! tfl/vsf lbg ‘v’ :yfgdf kU' 5 . o; cjlwnfO{ j;Gt Ct'
elgG5 . o; cjlwdf hf8f] sd xb“' } uPsf] xG' 5 t/ udL{ nflu;ss] f] xb“' g} . ;f] lbg ;o" { ed" Wo

lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{nfO{ Ct' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug{ k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk
u/fpgx' f;] \ . ;fy} Ct' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kg{] ke| fjx¿sf ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cge' jsf cfwf/df
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

68 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/v] fsf] ;fd'Gg] kg{] xg' fn] pQ/L / blIf0fL b'j} uf]nfwd{ f ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;dfg ¿kn] k5{ . ;o" {
csf]{ # dlxgfsf] cjlw nufP/ ‘v’ :yfgaf6 h'g dlxgfsf] @! tfl/vsf lbg ‘u’ :yfgdf
kU' 5 . o; cjlwnfO{ u[id Ct' elgG5 . o; cjlwdf pQ/L uf]nfwd{ f udL{ a9b\ } hfG5 . ;"o{
pQ/L uf]nfws{ f] ss6{ /v] fsf] ;fdG' g] kg{] xg' fn] ;f] cjlwdf pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ui[ d Ct'
xG' 5 . lj:tf/} ;"o{ ‘u’ :yfgaf6 ‘3’ :yfgdf k'U5 . o; cjlwnfO{ z/b Ct' elgG5 . of]
cjlwdf udL{ / jiff{ sd x'“b} hfG5 t/ hf8f] nflu;ss] f] xb“' g} . ;f] lbg klg kg' M ;"os{ f]
ls/0f ed" Wo /v] fsf] ;fd'Gg] kg]{ xg' fn] pQ/L / blIf0fL bj' } uf]nfwd{ f ;o" {sf] ls/0f ;dfg
¿kn] k5{ . To;n} ] ;f] lbg bj' } uf]nfwd{ f lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/ x'G5 . o;/L pQ/L
ufn] fw{ / blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f ljk/Lt Ct' xG' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= rf/cf6] f ;d"xdf ljeflht xfp] m . Pp6f ;dx" n] Ps Ct'sf af/d] f tnsf] tflnsf
e/ . sg' } ;d"xn] ;f]xL a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df uLt, sljtf jf lrq agfpg klg ;Sg]
5f} . b[li6ljxLg afn aflnsfx¿n] cfk"mn] cg'ej u/]sf] xfjfkfgL, dfgj hLjg z}nL /
kmnk'mn, t/sf/Lsf cfwf/df Ct' ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ;S5g\ .

Ct ' ;f] Ctd' f kfOg] ;f] Ct'df ;f] Ctd' f ltdf| ] / dfgj
xfjfkfgL kfOg] jg:klt kl/jf/sf]
njfO vjfO ljm| ofsnfk



@= sf]7fnfO{ c“Wof/f] kf/]/ Pp6f 6]ansf] lardf aQL afn . To; aQLsf] jl/kl/
Unf]anfO{ Ps} lbzftkm{ 9Nsg] u/L 3'dfP/ x/] . Unfa] sf] sg' If]qdf k|sfz l;wf
k5,{ 5nkmn u/L Ct' kl/jtg{ sf af/]df l6kf6] tof/ u/ .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm vfH] g] ko| f; u/ M

-s_ kY[ jL ufn] fsf/ geP/ kmN\ ofs jf Kn6] h:tf] RofK6f] eOlbPsf] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f <
-v_ k[YjL ^^=% l8uL| g9lNsP/ l;wf nDa ¿kn] cl8Psf] eP s] xG' Yof] xf]nf <
$= kf7df k:| tt' lrqn] pQ/L uf]nfw{sf] Ct' kl/jtg{ sf] cj:yf b]vfPsf] 5 . To:t} u/L
blIf0fL uf]nfw{sf] Ct' kl/jtg{ sf] cj:yf bv] fpg] lrq agfpm .

cEof;

!= kf7df lbOPsf] lrq h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ .

@= Ct' kl/jt{g x'g] sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ .

#= e"dWo /v] fsf] ;fdG' g] ;o" { jifs{ f] b'O{ k6s k5{ . To; ;dodf lbg / /ftsf]
nDafO s:tf] x'G5 / lsg <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 69

kkff77 @M @ df};d / xfjfkfgL

df};d

k|:t't lrqx¿n] s:tf] df};dsf] ;ª\s]t
u5{g\ < Ps If0f ;fr] t . clxn] aflx/ s:tf]
df;} d 5 / To;nfO{ s'g lrqn] ;ªs\ ]t ug{
;lsPnf t < Ps 306f cufl8 s:tf] df};d
lyof] < lxhfs] f] df};d s:tf] lyof] < cfh
/fltsf] df};d s:tf] xfn] f <

ltdLx¿n] l7s cg'dfg u¥of} . lat]
sf] ;dosf] df};dsf af/]df t eGg ;lsG5 t/ eljiosf] s'g} klg ;dosf]
df};dsf af/]df 7\ofSs} atfpg ;ls“b}g . xfjfsf] tfkj|md, rfk / jfo'sf] cfb|{tf
Pjd\ jfo'sf] ultsf]cWoog u/]/ ca s:tf] df};d xf]nf egL cg'dfg nufpg]
ul/G5 . To:tf] cgd' fg ldN5 g} eGg] 5}g . o:tf] sfon{ fO{ df};dL eljiojf0fL elgG5 .
tnsf] tflnsfn] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgsf Ps lbgsf] tfkj|md / jiffs{ f] cj:yf bv] fPsf] 5 M

wgs'6f /fhlj/fh sf7df8f}“ kfv] /f bfª sn} fnL sfnLsf6]

tfkjm| d ) ;] !%) @&) !*) @@) @%) @() !%)

jiff{ ldld ) ) ) !@ $ !% )

jfod' 08nsf] tfkjm| d, xfjfsf] rfk, afbn / jiffs{ f] cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 . df;} d If0f
If0fdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] clglZrt xG' 5 . o;n] ;fgf] 7fpn“ fO{ klg ke| fj kf5{ . ltdL
a;s] f] :yfgdf afbn nflu/x]sf a]nf cln k/ 3fd nflu/x]sf] xg' ;S5 eg] glhs} kfgL
kl//xs] f] klg x'g ;S5 . Ps} If0fdf ToxL 7fpd“ f jiff{ /f]lsP/ 3fd nfUg jf x/' L rNg
klg ;S5 . sg' } 7fp“df tfkjm| d a9o\ f] eg] Toxfs“ f] xfjf tft/] dfly hfG5 / Toxf“ xfjfsf]
rfk sd x'G5 . xfjfsf] rfk a9L ePsf] jl/kl/sf] 7fp“af6 To; 7fp“tkm{ jfo' a];/L rNg
yfN5 h;nfO{ cf“wL jf x'/L rns] f] elgG5 . afbn afs] ]sf] jfo' To;tkm{ ax]df afbn nfUg
jf jiff{ xg' ;S5 . o;/L jfos' f] tfkjm| d, xfjfsf] rfk, xfjfdf hnjfiksf] dfqf, afbndf
ePsf] kl/jt{gn] df};d kl/jtg{ u/fp5“ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfsf df};d / xfjfkfgL;DaGwL lh1f;fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / sf}tx' ntf
d6] fpg Pjd\ eljiodf df;} d / xfjfkfgL;DaGwL 1fgsf] pkofu] u/]/ cfÇgf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;Ifd
t'Nofpg] lsl;dsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ sIffdf u/fpg'xf];\ .

70 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

xfjfkfgL

jife{ l/sf] sg' } 7fp“sf] df;} dsf] cf};t cj:yfnfO{ xfjfkfgL elgG5 . gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL
dg;g' L xf] . xfjfkfgLcg';f/ u[iddf udL{ / jiff{ x'G5 eg] lxp“bdf hf8f] / ;V' vf x'G5 .
o;/L x/s] jif{sf] u[id Ct'sf] df};dsf] cj:yf ;dfg g/x] klg cf;} t tfkjm| d, cf;} t jiff{,
jfo'df kfgLsf] afkmsf] cf};t dfqf p:t} p:t} x'G5 . ;fdfGotof x/]s jif{ o:t} cj:yf bV] g
;lsG5 . xfjfkfgLn] 7'nf] If]q cfu] 6s] f] x'G5 . of] nfdf] cjlwdf dfq kl/jt{g xG' 5 .
xfjfkfgLnfO{ hnjfo' klg eGg] ul/G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ljBfnodf /xs] f] ydfl{] d6/nfO{ sIffsf] Ps leQfdf c8o\ fP/ /fv . k|To]s 3G6L
;lsPkl5 To;df slt tfkjm| d b]vfOPsf] 5, l6k / cf;} t tfkjm| d lgsfn . Ps
xKtf;Dd o; sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fv . ;f] xKtfdf ;ae} Gbf udL{ / ;ae} Gbf hf8f] lbg sg'
lyof], kQf nufpm . tfkjm| dnfO{ :tDe lrqdf klg bv] fpm . olb jiff{ Ct'df !@÷!
ah]sf] tfkjm| d PSsfl; a9o\ f] eg] To;kl5 jiff{ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L xG' 5 . df;} dsf]
eljiojf0fL ug]{ cEof; u/ .

@= cfÇgf] Ifq] sf] jiff{ cfkm“} gfk M

Pp6f kf/bzL{ Knfl:6ssf] af]tn n]pm . To;sf] dflyNnf] efu sf6]/
;f]nL agfpm / aft] nsf] sfl6Psf] efuaf6 pN6f] kf/]/ leq l5/fpm .
aft] nsf] aflx/k6\l6 ?n/nfO{ kfgL 6k] nufP/ 7f8f] kf/]/ 6f“; .
ca jiff{ xg' yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ aflx/ vn' f 7fp“df hldgeGbf Ps
ld6/ dfly /fv . jiff{ /fl] sPkl5 slt ;]ld jiff{ eP5, x]/ .

$= tnsf] sf}tx' ntf d6] fpg ltdf| ] hjfkm s] xg' ] 5, ;ª\Ifk] df nv] .

c/a uPsf bfh'n] Toxf“ kfgL g} kbg}{ eGg' xG' 5 . dnl] ;of uPsf sfsfn] hlxn] klg
kfgL kl//xG5 eGg' xG' 5 . Oh/fon uPsL sfsLn] c;f/, ;fpg dlxgfdf klg 7\ofDd}
kfgL kb}{g eGg' xG' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 71

k f7 M # w/ftnsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿

ljZjdf ljleGg :yfgdf km/s km/s xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . sxL“ w]/} udL{ x'G5 . s'g} 7fp“df
w]/} hf8f] x'G5 . sg' } :yfgdf uL| iddf udL{ / lxpb“ df hf8f] x'G5 . s'g} :yfgdf eg] hf8f]
/ udL{ a/fa/ xG' 5 . o;/L ljZjdf Ps}gf;sf] xfjfkfgL gx'g'df ljleGg tŒjx¿n] ke| fj
kf/]sf] x'G5 . ljZjsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

cIffz+ M cIffz+ a9\bf tfkj|md 365\ . cIff+z 36\bf
tfkjm| d a95\ . ed" Wo /v] Lo Ifq] df jife{ l/ g} ;o" s{ f] ls/0f
l;wf k5{ . To;}n] Toxf“ ;we}“ l/ udL{ xG' 5 . e"dWo
/]vfbl] v #) l8uL| pQ/ / #) l8uL| blIf0fsf] Ifq] nfO{
pi0f d08n (tropical zone) elgG5 . ed" Wo /]vfaf6
hlt hlt pQ/ jf blIf0f uof] plt plt tfkjm| d 36b\ }
hfG5 . k[YjL af6'nf] ePsf] x'gfn] pQ/ jf blIf0ftk{m
o;sf] ;tx 58s\ ] kb}{ uPsf] 5 . l;wf ;txdf ;o" {sf]
ls/0fsf] ttfpg] zlSt a9L xG' 5 eg] 58s\ ] ;txdf
sd x'G5 . #) l8u|Lb]lv ^) l8u|L cIff+zlarsf]
Ifq] df lxp“b hf8f] / uL| iddf udL{ x'G5 . o; If]qnfO{
;dzLtf]i0f (temperate zone) If]q elgG5 . ^) l8u|L
cIff+zb]lv dflysf] If]qnfO{ w|'jLo xfjfkfgLsf] If]q
(polar zone) elgG5 . o; Ifq] df jif{}el/ cToGt lr;f]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfs“ f] tfkjm| d zG" o l8uL| eGbf w/] } tn
ku' s] f] xG' 5 . o; Ifq] nfO{ zLt d08n elgG5 .

prfO M xf]rf] ;txdf jfod' 08nsf] 3gTj a9L x'g] xg' fn] o;sf] bafa klg a9L x'G5 . ha
;o" {sf] ls/0f l;w} k[YjLsf] ;txdf cfp“5 To;n] ;txnfO{ ttfp5“ . To;kl5 lj:tf/} ;tx
glhssf xfjfsf s0fx¿ tft]/ xfdLnfO{ udL{ cge' j xg' yfN5 . pRr Ifq] df xfjfsf s0fx¿
yf/] } ;ªV\ ofdf xG' 5g\ . logLx¿ 5l/P/ /xs] f xg' fn] tL s0fx¿ tft] klg ;n] fOxfN5g\ . To;n} ]
pRr If]qdf lr;f] xfjfkfgL x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M tfkj|md ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿sf cfÇgf cg'ejx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ . To;kl5
ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ lbP/ ljZjsf] gS;fdf tfkd08n klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . tfkj|mddf k|efj kfg]{
tŒjx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk u/fpgx' f];\ .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;db' s| f] b'/L M kfgL l9nf] tfT5, l9nf] ;]nfp“5 . hldg l56f] tfT5, l56} ;]nfp5“ .
;db' s| f] glhs /Do -hf8f], udL{ a/fa/ x'g_] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ;d'b|sf] 6f9f ljifd -lbgdf
w]/} udL{ x'g] / /ftdf w/] } hf8f] x'g_] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

lbp;“ f] hldg / ;d'b| bj' d} f ;dfg ¿kn] ;"os{ f] ls/0f k5{ . hldg tflt;Sbf klg ;db' | lr;}
xg' ] x“'bf ;d'bs| f] lr;f] xfjfsf] ke| fjn] ;d'bL| lsgf/fsf hldgdf udL{ x'g kfp“bg} . /ftdf
hldg ;n] fO;ss] f] xG' 5 t/ ;db' | Gofgf] g} x'G5 . ;db' |sf] Gofgf] jfos' f] ke| fjn] ubf{ /ftdf
;d'b|L lsgf/fdf w]/} hf8f] xg' kfp“bg} . ;db' |b]lv 6f9fsf] Ifq] df ;db' s| f] jfo'sf] k|efj gkg]{
x'gfn] lbgdf Hofb} udL{ / /ftdf Hofb} hf8f] xG' 5 .

;db' L| wf/ M ;db' s| f] kfgL ultzLn eO{ xfjfsf] ult / tfkjm| dcg';f/ ke| fljt eO/xG5 . of]
;d'b|sf] lsgf/} lsgf/ vfn] f ´“} alu/xs] f] x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;db' |L wf/ elgG5 . e"dWo /v] Lo
Ifq] df ;we“} l/ udL{ x'gfn] Toxf“af6 axg] wf/ Gofgf] x'G5 . wj'| Lo If]qaf6 axg] wf/ lr;f]
x'G5 . To;n} ] Gofgf] wf/ axg] lsgf/df Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . To;} u/L lr;f] wf/ axg]
lsgf/fdf 7G8f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= Pp6f km' 6an jf elnan n]pm . To;df lrqdf bv] fOPsf]
h:t} u/L tLg cf]6f ydf]l{ d6/x¿ 6f;“ . sx] L a/] 3fd jf
lx6/sf] cufl8 /fv]/ x]/ . sg' ydf]{ld6/df tfkjm| d l56f]
a9s] f] kfp5“ f} <

@= sf/0f bp] m M

-s_ a]nfotdf w]/} udL{ klg x'b“ g} / w/] } hf8f] klg x“b' g} .
-v_ clkm| sfsf] lslndGh/f] kxf8 udL{ If]qdf k5{ t/ lxp“n] 9flsPsf] 5 .
-u_ dnl] ;ofdf ;w“} udL{ x'G5 t/ ;fOa]l/ofdf ;w}“ hf8f] x'G5 .

cEof;

!= ljZjsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf] gfd nv] L sg' } Ps tŒjsf] j0fg{ u/ .

@= l7s jf al] 7s 5'6o\ fpm / sf/0f klg bp] m .

-s_ ;db' | glhssf] If]qdf hf8f] x'G5 .
-v_ kxf8 r9\b} hfb“ f udL{ x“b' } hfgs' f] sf/0f ;o" {sf] glhs x“b' } uP/ xf] <
-u_ Gofgf] wf/ axg] lsgf/fdf Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
-3_ cIff+z a9\b} hfb“ f tfkjm| d 36\b} hfG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 73

kf7 M $ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

gftLgL M xh/' af . dn} ] lxhf] k':tsfnodf g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g eGg] k':ts km]nf
kf/“] . o;df lgs} rfvnfUbf s'/fx¿ n]lvPsf] /x]5 .

xh/' af M xfd|f] kfnfdf t hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] ;'g]s} lyPgf}“ . cr]n t /]l8of],
6]lnlehg, kqklqsfdf klg o;}sf] rrf{ 5 .

gftLgL M xf] xh'/af ¤ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL rrf{ lgs} l9nf] ;'? ePsf]
/x5] . ljZj ;db' fodf o;sf] rrf{ w/] } klxn] g} rns] f] lyof] . ha sfO] nf, vlgh
tn] / Uof;sf] cfljisf/ eof] ta bf;] f| ] cfb} o\ fl] us jm| flGt ;?' eof] . To;} ;dodf
vlgh t]n afNbf s] s:tf] k|efj k5{ egL cWoog ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !*%(
df a]nfotL j1} flgs hfg] l6G8nn] xl/t ux[ ke| fj (green house effect) sf
af/d] f kQf nufPsf] s/' f o; k:' tsdf nl] vPsf] /x5] . xfdLn] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af/]
w/] } s/' f hfGg / a'‰g af“sL /x]5 .

xh'/af M o;nfO{ dn} ] klg dfg]“ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g ePsf] eg/] s;/L yfxf kfpg] /x5]
t gfgL <

gftLgL M dfgj, hLjhGt', af]6 la?jf / ef}uf]lns k0| ffnL cgs' n" hnjfo' /xg] u5{ .
o;df c;Gtn' g jf cl:y/tf cfPdf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ePsf] eGg ;lsg] /x5] ,

h:t} M c;f/df x'gk' g{] dg;'gL jiff{ h]7df g} xg' ' jf ;fpg;Dd gxg' ,' dªl;/;Dd
udL{ eO/xg' jf j}zfv;Dd hf8f] eO/xg', t/fO{df zLtnx/ rNg' / leqL lxdfnL
Ifq] df ef/L jiff{ x'g' hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xf] . df;} d kl/jtg{ nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
elg“bg} .

xh/' af M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f rflx“ s] /x5] t gfgL <

gftLgL M o;df nl] vPcg;' f/ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] kd| v' sf/0f jfod' 08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
Uof;sf] dfqf a9g\ ' xf] . o; Uof;n] kY[ jLdf xl/t u[x k|efj a9fOlbG5 . o;n]

kY[ jLsf] tfkj|mddf j[l4 xg' uO{ xfjfkfgLdf c;Gtn' g kb} f xG' 5 .

xh/' af M P ¤ o;f] xb] f{ t xfdL cfkm}“ kf] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0f /x5] f}“ . xfdLn]
cgz' f;g sfod u¥of“} eg] o;nfO{ km]l/ klxns] } h:tf] agfpg ;lsg] /x]5 .

gftLgL M xf] xh'/af . ;g\ !*#) lt/ k|lt b; nfv xfjfsf] s0fdf @*! lklkPd (parts
per million) sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] s0f dfq lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df cfOkU' bf
;f] dfqf a9]/ #() -lklkPd_ ku' s] f] 5 . ;g\ !()! sf] tn' gfdf kY[ jLsf] tfkjm| d

lzIf0f ;'emfj M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf af/]df cl3NNff sIffx¿df klg cWoog ul/;s]sf] xg' fn] ljBfyL{x¿sf
kj" c{ ge' jx¿nfO{ ;d6] /] 5nkmn cl3 a9fpgx' f;] \ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/x¿ ;DaGwdf :yfgLo ;db' fodf
cjnf]sg Pjd\ :yfgLo afl;Gbf;u“ 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

74 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

)=&$ l8uL| ;l] N;o; a9s] f] 5 . olb oxL ultn] tfkj|md a9\g] xf] eg] ;g\
@)#) df gk] fnsf] tfkjm| d !=$ l8uL| n] a9\g] / ;g\ @)() df # b]lv ^=#
l8uL| a9\g] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . casf sx] L jif{df xfdf| lxdfnsf] lxp“ klUnP/
Toxf“ r66\ fg dfq afs“ L /xG5 . ;db' L| lsgf/sf a:tLx¿ 8'Ag] 5g\ . To;n} ]
xfdLn] cfhb} ]lv kY[ jLdf tfkj|md a9fpg] Uof; pTkfbgdf sdL ug{'k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= dflysf] ;j+ fbnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dx" agfO{ xh/' af / gftLgLsf] el" dsf clego u/ .

@= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fnfO{ 7'nf] sfuhdf rf6{ agfpm / kb| z{g u/ .

#= tnsf nv] sf] cz+ cWoog u/ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm bp] m M

emf8f kvfnfsf] sf/0f M hnjfo' kl/jtg{

gk] fn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn\ ] emfkf lhNnfdf tfdj|md j[l4n] cf}nf], sfnfhf/
/ emf8f kvfnfaf6 k/]sf] c;/af/] cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogn] tfkjm| d a9s] f]
/ cf};t jiff{df sdL xb'“ } uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((* bl] v @))* sf lardf
)=& l8u|L ;l] N;o;n] cf;} t tfkj|md j[l4 eof] . ;g\ !(*( sf] c;f/, ;fpg
dlxgfdf cfn} f]af6 @)) / emf8f kvfnfaf6 !))) hgf k|efljt ePsf lyP . ;g\
@))* df of] ;ª\Vof a9/] cfn} f]af6 $)) / emf8f kvfnfaf6 #))) JolStx¿
ke| fljt eP . cWoogn] o;/L tfkj|mddf j[l4 / jiff{df sdL xg' 'sf] ;DaGw Pjd\
/fu] JofwL;u“ /xs] f] lgSof}n{ lgsfns] f] 5 . w]/} :yfgdf tfkjm| d / jiffs{ f] rl/q
hnjfo'sf ljljwtf;“u hf]l8Psf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f of] ljljwtf
emg\ a9g\ ] xg' fn] emf8f kvfnfaf6 xg' ] cfkt\ ljkt\ l56f] l56f] x'g ;S5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;u“ } /f]uJofwL a9\g'sf cGo sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <

k|:t't n]v k9k] l5 cfÇgf dgdf plAhPsf ljrf/x¿ ;d6] /] Ps cg'R5b] nv] .

cEof;

!= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .

@= ljZjdf tfkj|md 36fpg] pkfox¿ ;d6] L ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 75

kf7 M % cIffz+ / b]zfGt/sf] k|efj

cIff+z M kY[ jLsf] pQ/ wj|' / blIf0f w|'jsf] l7s
lardf kg{] u/L kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/ Ps jQ[ fsf/ /v] fsf]
sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . To; sfNklgs /v] fnfO{ ed" Wo
/]vf elgG5 . ed" Wo /]vfaf6 kY[ jLsf] s]Gb;| Dd uPsf]
l;wf /v] f / kY[ jLsf] aflx/L ;txdf /xs] f] sg' } :yfgaf6
cfPsf] /v] fn] k[YjLsf] sG] bd| f agfPsf] sf]0f g} cIffz+
xf] . k|:tt' lrqdf sh / 5h /]vfx¿ e"dWo /]vfaf6
kY[ jLsf] sG] b|;Dd lvlrPsf /]vf xg' \ . 5 b]lv s ;Dd
uPsf] cw{ j[Qfsf/ /v] f e"dWo /]vf xf] . s laGbd' f
kY[ jLsf] s]Gb|af6 cfPsf] l;wf /v] f sh / ed" Wo
/v] f cfk;df sfl6Psf 5g\ . of] cfwf/ /v] f )) -zG" o
l8uL| sf0] f_ sf] x'G5 . oxf“sf] cIffz+ klg z"Go l8uL|
x'b“ f o; sh /]vf;“u v eGg] :yfgaf6 cfPsf] /v] fn]
k[YjLsf] sG] b| h laGbd' f #) l8uL| sf] sf]0f agfPsf]
5 . To;}n] v eGg] :yfgsf] cIff+z #) l8uL| xG' 5 .
ed" Wo /v] fb]lv pQ/tkms{ f] cIffz+ nfO{ pQ/L cIff+z / blIf0ftkm{sf] cIff+znfO{ blIf0fL cIffz+
elgG5 . cIff+zn] ljleGg If]qdf ke| fj kf5{ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ cIffz+ sf sf/0f ljZjsf] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj M cIffz+ a9b\ } hfb“ f tfkjm| d 36b\ } hfG5 .

-v_ lbg / /ftsf] nDafOdf ke| fj M ed" Wo /v] fdf ;w“} lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/
xG' 5 . hlt hlt cIffz+ a9b\ } hfG5 plt plt lbg / /ftsf] nDafO km/s kb{} hfG5 .

-u_ gS;f lgdf{0f / cWoogdf k|efj M s'g :yfg sxf“ 5 egL cjl:ylt b]vfpg cIffz+ sf]
;xfotf lnOG5 .

b]zfGt/ M kY[ jLsf] pQ/ / blIf0f wj'| hf8] g\ ] sfNklgs /v] fx¿ bz] fGt/ /v] f xg' \ . oL cw{
jQ[ fsf/ xG' 5g\ . an] fotsf] lug| ljr eGg] 7fpa“ f6 lvlrPsf] bz] fGt/ /v] fnfO{ kw| fg dWofGg /]
vf elgG5 . of] zG" o l8uL| sf] bz] fGt/ /v] f xf] . k:| tt' lrqsf] ;xfotfn] bz] fGt/sf] lgwf/{ 0f
s;/L xG' 5 eGg] s/' f hfGg] ko| f; u/f“} . lrqdf jQ[ fsf/ 3/] f ed" Wo /v] f xf] . s em kw| fg
dWofGg /v] f xf] . kw| fg dWofGg /v] f / ed" Wo /v] fn] ;txdf sf6s] f] laGb' s af6 l;wf

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df cIffz+ / bz] fGt/sf af/d] f cl3Nnf sIffx¿df klg cWoog u/L ;s]sf] xg' fn]
ljBfyL{x¿sf k"j{cge' jnfO{ ;d6] /] 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ .

76 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

kY[ jLsf] sG] bl| aGb;' Dd uPsf] ;/n /v] f sh nfO{ cfwf/
dfgL kY[ jLsf jl/kl/ lvlrPsf sf0] fx¿ bz] fGt/ xg' \ .
sh nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ vh /v] fn] sG] bd| f #) l8uL| sf] sf0] f
agfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] v laGbs' f] bz] fGt/ #)) xG' 5 . kw| fg
dWofGg /v] fsf] l7s ljk/Lt lbzfdf !*) l8uL| sf] /v] f
5 . of] /v] fnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /v] f elgG5 . bz] fGt/
sf] ke| fjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ k|Tos] !% l8u|L b]zfGt/df ! 306f ;do km/s
kb{} hfG5 . s'g} bz] fGt/sf] kj" {tkm{sf] ;do l56f] jf
rnfv xG' 5 eg] klZrdtkm{sf] ;do l9nf] x'G5 . b]
zfGt/sf cfwf/df ;do lgwf{/0f xG' 5 .

-v_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /]vf kf/ u/k] l5 ut] / af/ kl/
jt{g xG' 5 . o; /]vfsf] bfof“ / afof“df @$ 306fsf]
km/s kg{ hfG5 .

k|ltnf]d (Antipode): k[YjLsf] ;txdf /xs] f] s'g} laGbs' f] l7s ljk/Lt :yfgdf /x]sf] laGb'nfO{
k|ltnfd] (antipode) elgG5 . cIffz+ , ;do / bz] fGt/df o:tf] k|ltnf]d u0fgf ul/G5 .

cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd] M pQ/L cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd] blIf0fL cIffz+ xG' 5 eg] blIf0fL cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd]
pQ/L cIff+z xG' 5 . h:t} M @) l8uL| pQ/L cIff+zsf] k|ltnf]d @) l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+z x'G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= Pp6f uf]nfsf/ km;L{ jf efu] 6] jf :ofp n]pm . To;nfO{ dflyaf6 Ps rfy} fO efu
sf6 . sfl6Psf] aj|m ;txdf #) l8u|Lsf] km/sdf sf]0f lvlrPsf] cw{ jQ[ fsf/ sfuh
6f;“ . sG] ba| f6 cfPsf] /]vfn] ;txdf 5fP] sf] :yfgdf Ps Ps cf6] f lkg uf8 / /a/
JofG8n] afw“ . ca cIff+z /]vfx¿ lgdf0{ f x'G5g\ .

@= To;u} /L csf]{ uf]nfsf/ j:t'nfO{ cfwf xg' ] u/L sf6 . pSt sfl6Psf] efudf ;fx] L
cfsf/sf] jQ[ fsf/ sfuhdf #) l8uL| sf] km/sdf bfoft“ km{ !*) l8uL| / afoft“ km{ !*)
l8uL| ;Dd sf0] fx¿ lvr]/ sfuh 6f“; . ca of] bz] fGt/ eof] . kT| os] b]zfGt/af6
wfuf]åf/f bz] fGt/ /]vfx¿ klg lvr .

#= kl| tnf]dsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro bp] m .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 77

k f7 M ^ g]kfnsf lhNnf / kb| z]

kd] fsf] 8fo/L

/fli6«o afn en] f rln/x]sf] lyof] . ;'?df kl/rosf] sfo{jm| d lyof] . d l;6af6 h'?Ss p7]/
gd:sf/ ub{} eg] . æd]/f] gfd k]df tfdfª xf] . d j8f g= @, nlntk/' dxfgu/kflnsf,
nlntk'/ lhNnf, k|b]z g= #, gk] fndf a:5' .Æ Toxf“ gk] fnsf && cf]6} lhNnf / & cf]6} kb| ]
zaf6 kl| tlglwx¿ cfPsf /x5] g\ . To; a]nfbl] v g} d/] f] dgdf Pp6f lh1f;f pl7/x]sf] lyof]
. d]/f] dgdf plAhPsf sf}t'xntf d6] fpg dn} ] o:tf] lh1f;f /fv]“ M

æg]kfndf & kb| z] / && lhNnf 5g\ eGg] t yfxf 5 t/ lsg o;/L lhNnf / kb| z] df ljefhg
ul/Psf] xf]nf, o:tf] ljefhg slxn] / s;n] u/s] f] xfn] f <Æ

ljz]if1n] d/] f kZ| gx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g ub{} eGge' of], æalxgLn] /fdf| ] kZ| g ug'{eof] . tkfO“x{ ¿sf
o:t} afn lh1f;fx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ xfdL oxf“ pkl:yt ePsf 5f}“ .Æ

g]kfnnfO{ ef}uf]lns ¿kdf lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ u/L tLg Ifq] df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s]Gb|af6 dfq bz] sf s'gfsfKrf;Dd ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'“b}g . :yfgLo
txdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dWodaf6 ljsf; lgdf0{ f;“u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{
&%# :yfgLo tx / & kb| z] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

kT| os] lhNnfdf lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L sfofn{ ox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxf“ lhNnf kz| f;g sfofn{ o,
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfof{no / lhNnf lzIff sfof{no /xs] f xG' 5g\ . To:t} u/L
lhNnf c:ktfn, hg:jf:Yo sfofn{ o, s[lif sfofn{ o, kz' sfofn{ o, ;xsf/L sfof{no, k|x/L
sfof{nonufotsf sfofn{ on] lhNnfel/sf hgtfnfO{ ;j] f ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .

k|b]zcg;' f/ lhNnfx¿sf] ljefhg o; ks| f/ /x]sf] 5 M

k|b]z gDa/ lhNnf

k|bz] – ! tfKn]h'ª, kfr“ y/, Onfd, ´fkf, df/] ª, ;'g;/L, wgs6' f, tx] y| d' ,

efh] k/' , ;ªv\ 'jf;ef, pbok'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\uf, ;fn] 'v'Da'

k|bz] – @ dxfQ] /L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{

kb| ]z – # bfn] vf, /fd]5fk, l;Gwn' L, sfek]| nf~rfs] , l;Gw'kfNrfs] , /;'jf, g'jfsf]6,
wflbª, lrtjg, dsjfgk/' , eStk'/, nlntk/' , sf7df8fF}

k|bz] – $ uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, dgfª, d':tfª, kj{t, :ofª\hf, DofUbL,

lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7 cWoogkZrft\ P6n; tyf gS;f x/] ]/ lhNnf / c~rnx¿ klxrfg ug{] cEof;
u/fpg'xf;] \ .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

afUnª' , gjnk/f;L -ab3{ f6 ;:' tf k"j{_

u08sL gjnk/f;L -ab3{ f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ?kGbx] L, slkna:t,' kfNkf v3f{vfFrL,
uN' dL, ?s'd -k"jL{ efu_, /f]Nkf, Ko7' fg, bfª, afFs], albo{ f
s0ff{nL ?s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, hD' nf, du' ,' xD' nf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6,
b}n]v, ;'vt{]

kb| ]z – & afh/' f, aemfª, 8f6] L, c5fd, bfhn'{ f, at} 8L, 88N] w/' f, s~rgk/' , s}nfnL

ljm| ofsnfk

!= g]kfnsf] gS;f ptf/L To;df & k|b]z e/ / k|To]s k|b]znfO{ km/s km/s /ª
nufpm / kb| z{g u/ .

@= g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf ;DaGwdf Ps hgfn] sDtLdf @) cf]6f k|Zgx¿
pQ/;lxt agfpm . ca sIffdf rf/ ;d"x agfO{ xflh/L hjfkm sfo{jm| d u/ .

cEof;

!= gk] fnsf] gS;f x]/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm b]pm M

-s_ ef/t / rLgsf] l;dfgf 5'g] kb| ]zx¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
-v_ kxf8L Ifq] df slt cf]6f lhNnfx¿ k5g{ \ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 79

k f7 M & gS;f cWoogdf b'/Lsf] k|of]u

lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ P6n;df ePsf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts gS;f xg] { eGg'eof] . ;a}
ljBfyL{n] gS;f kN6fO;s]kl5 gS;fdf cfk"m a;]sf] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd kQf nufpg
eGg'eof] . To;kl5 pSt ;b/d'sfdb]lv g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L kQf
nufpg eGge' of] . ;a}hgf cndNn k/] . Ps hgf ljBfyLn{ ] cfkmn" fO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdbl] v
/fhwfgL;Ddsf] b/' L g} yfxf 5}g, s;/L gfKg] egL kZ| g u/] . gS;fdf glhs} :s]n (scale)
sf] gfkf] lbOPsf] 5 . To;s} f cfwf/df gfk/] x/] g egL lzIfsn] eGge' of] . ;gdsf]
P6n;sf] gS;f glhs} ‘! ;]ld = !)) lsld’ n]lvPsf] /x]5 . pgn] cfÇgf] ?n/ lems]/
cfÇgf] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b'g}bl] v sf7df8f“;} Ddsf] b'/L gfk] . gS;fdf pSt b/' L & ;l] d
/x]5 . pgn] o;/L lx;fa u/] M

gS;fsf] b'/L = & ;l] d

gS;fdf plNnlvt gfkf] = ! ;l] d = !)) lsld

To;}n] & ;]ld = !)) X & lsld

b'gb} ]lv sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L = &)) lsld

;gdsf] k|of;nfO{ lzIfsn] kz| ;+ f ub}{ c¿ ljBfyLn{ fO{ klg o;} u/L b'/L kQf nufpg
eGg'eof] . o; ks| f/sf] gfkfn] fO{ sygfTds gfkf] (statement scale) elgG5 egL c¿
ljBfyLn{ fO{ klg l;sfOlbge' of] .

gdt| fsf] P6n;df gS;f;u“ } o;/L gfkf] lbOPsf]
/x5] . pgn] klg ;f] :sn] sf] ko| fu] s;/L ug{]
xfn] f egL ;fR] g yflng\ . pgnfO{ hl' St cfof] . pgn] !)) ) %) !)) lsld
Ps 6j' m| f wfuf] lnOg\ / lbOPsf] lrqdfly /fv]/ s v u 3
), %) / !)) sf] laGb'df lrx\g nufOg\
. ;f] wfufn] cfÇgf] ;b/d'sfd ufO{3f6b]lv sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L gflkg\ . pSt b'/L
@)) lsld /x]5 . lzIfs bªu\ kg{e' of] . ltdL t lgs} rnfv /lx5f} eGb} lzIfsn]
pSt lrqfTds gfkf] (graphical scale) sf af/]df atfOlbge' of] . :sn] df gS;f;u“ }
lbOPsf] o:tf] :sn] sf] cªl\ st gfk a/fa/ g} gS;fdf gfKbf hlt b'/L cfp“5 ToxL g}

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M gS;fsf] dxŒjk0" f{ kIf gfk jf :sn] xf] . gfklagf gS;f ;Dej xb'“ g} . gS;f cWoog
ubf{ gfksf ;xfotfn] ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿larsf] jf:tljs b'/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyLn{ fO{ P6n; jf
leQ] gS;fdf ;u“ } lbOPsf] gfksf ;xfotfn] ljleGg 7fpx¿larsf] b'/L kQf nufpg] cEof; u/fpgx' f;] \ .

80 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

jf:tljs b/' L x'G5 . k|:tt' :sn] df ‘v’ bl] v ‘3’ ;Ddsf] b'/L @ ;]ld 5 / gS;fdf klg
s'g} Ps 7fpb“ ]lv csf{] 7fp;“ Ddsf] b'/L @ ;l] d eof] eg] tL 7fp“larsf] jf:tljs b/' L
!)) lsld x'G5 . ufO{3f6b]lv sf7df8f};“ Ddsf] b/' L $ ;l] d /x]5 . To;n} ] tL 7fp“larsf]
b/' L @)) lsld eof] .

hdg' Lsf] P6n;df gS;f ;“u} gfkf] lbOPsf] /x5] . o;sf] k|ofu] s;/L ug]{ xf]nf egL pgL
;f]Rg yflng\ . pgnfO{ ul0ft ljifodf leGg / cgk' ft k9\bf !M!) eg]sf] !÷!) cyft{ \
!) efusf] Ps efu x'g] s/' f ofb eof] . lbOPsf] gfkn] klg gS;fdf Ps PsfO gfkn]
jf:tljs hldgdf $)))))) PsfO x'g] s'/f a'lemg\ . pgn] cfÇgf] ;b/d'sfd 88]nw/'
faf6 sf7df8f;}“ Ddsf] b/' L gS;fdf gflkg\ . pSt b/' L !#=% ;l] d eof] . of] :s]nnfO{ k|ltlglw
leGg gfkf] (representative fraction scale) elgG5 .

tL b'O{ 7fps“ f] b'/L !#=% X $)))))) ;l] d = %$)))))) ;]ld

88n] w/' faf6 sf7df8f“;} Ddsf] jf:tljs b/' L = %$) lsld eof] .

hd'gLsf] of] k|of; b]v]/ lzIfs cToGt v';L xg' 'eof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= x/]s bO' { bO' { hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;]/ P6n;df /x]sf sg' } gS;fdf ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿sf]
larsf] b/' L Toxf“ lbOPsf] :s]nsf cfwf/df gfk]/ kQf nufpm .

@= gS;fdf b/' L lbOPsf sf/0fn] s] s:tf kmfObf ePsf] 5 < ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn u/L nv] .

#= lrqfTds gfkf] / kl| tlglw leGg gfkfs] f lardf km/s 5'6\ofpm .

cEof;

P6n; x/] L gS;fdf :s]n k|ofu] u/L lbOPsf :yfgx¿larsf] b'/L kQf nufpm M

kfv] /f — ;'gfn} L nl' DagL — sf7df8f“} hgsk/' — jL/uGh

cGgk0" f{ — sfb] f/L sf“s8le6\6f — kfv] /f jL/uGh — ;u/dfyf

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 81

kf7 M * gk] fnsf] gS;f

cfb/0fLo lzIfsHo,Ò

d sIff cf7df cWoog/t ;ª\uLtfsf] cleefjs x“' . d tkfO{“nfO{ Pp6f 36gf ;'gfpg
rfxG5' . d c:6]l« nofdf k9g\ cfPsf] Ps jif{ eof] . s]xL lbg klxn] oxf“ Pp6f sfoj{ m| dsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df ;xefuL x'g] k|To]s JolStn] cfcfÇgf] b]zsf] kl/ro
u/fpgk' g{] lyof] . dnfO{ ;fyLx¿n] gk] fnsf tkma{ f6 k:| tt' ug{ kl| tlglw 5fg] . o; sfoj{ m| ddf
ef/t, aªu\ nfb]z, >Lnª\sf, dnl] ;of, O/fg, km| fG; nufotsf dn' s' sf k|ltlglwx¿n] efu
lnPsf lyP . kT| os] k|ltlglwn] j|mdzM 7n' f] af]8d{ f cfÇgf] b]zsf] dfglrq sf/] ] / cfÇgf] b]
zsf] uf}/j a9fpg] :yfgx¿ To;df bv] fP . /fli6o« ufg ufP / b]zsf Pl] txfl;s, ;f:+ sl[ ts
Pjd\ ko6{ sLo :ynx¿sf] kl/ro lbP .

ha d/] f] kfnf] cfof], d cSs g aSs eP“ . dnfO{ d/] f] bz] sf] dfglrq agfpg cfPg . d
pleO/x“] . Toxf“ pkl:yt sx] L g]kfnLnfO{ dfq gk] fnsf] dfglrq sfg] { cfpg] /x]5 . xfdLnfO{
nfu]sf] dx;;' d}n] sIff cf7df k9b\ fsf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg cEof; gu/]sf]
s'/f emNemnL ;lDemP“ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf d}n] w]/} cªs\ NofP/ k/LIff t pTtL0f{

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M k|Tos] gful/sn] cfÇgf] bz] sf] dfglrq lbdfudf /fVg ;sf];\ tf ls g]kfn eGg] lalTts}
p;nfO{ gk] fnsf] dfglrq ofb cfcf];\ . To;nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} ptfg{ g;s] klg ;fdfGo cfs[lt sf]g{ /
bz] sf dxŒjk"0f{ s/' fx¿ g]kfnsf] gS;fdf sxf“g]/ 5 egL ;ª\st] ug{ ;sf];\ . gk] fndf s] s] dxŒjk0" f{
s'/fx¿ 5g\ egL eGg / uj{ ug{ ;sf];\ .

82 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

u/]“ t/ hLjgsf] k/LIffdf d c;kmn eP“ . g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg l;Sgs' f] dxŒj dn} ] cfh
aNn a'em]“ . dn} ] klg cN5L gu/L gk] fnsf] gS;fsf] cEof; u/s] f] eP cfh of] cj:yf cfpg]
lyPg . jf:tjdf gk] fnL gful/s ePkl5 cÇgf] b]zsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'g'kg]{ /x]5 . Tof]
;df/fx] df d}n] ;u/dfyf / n'lDagL sxf“ sxf“ k5{ eg]/ bv] fpg klg ;lsg“ . dnfO{ Toxf“
cfÇgf] sdhf]/Lkl| t cfTdUnfgL eof] . To;}n] cfb/0fLo lzIfsHo," d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ To;f]
gul/lbgx' f]nf . d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ gk] fnsf] gS;f sfg] ,{ /fli6«o ufg ufpg, g]kfnsf] emG8f
agfpg / b]zsf uf/} jzfnL s/' fx¿sf af/d] f l;sfOlbg'xf];\ . d/] f 5f/] f5f]/Ln] d/] f] bz] nfO{
/fdf| ];u“ lrGg / a'‰g ;s'g\ . d]/f 5f]/f5f/] L k/LIffdf dfq xf]Og hLjgdf klg pQL0f{ xg' ]
u/L l;sfOlbg'xf;] \ . oxL g} oxf“;u“ d]/f] cg/' fw] 5 .

tkfOs“{ f] ze' lrGts
z/0f g]kfnL

lj|mofsnfk

!= rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ P6n;df /x]sf] gk] fnsf] efl} ts jf /fhgLlts
gS;f np] m . To;sf] dflyaf6 kfnk} fnf] 8fO; -kf6] u66\ L_ u8' fpm . h;n] 8fO;
u'8fPsf] xf] p;n] 8fO; hxf“ cl8of] To; j/k/sf sDtLdf tLg cf]6f s'/fx¿
gS;fdf x]//] eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . c¿n] l7s xf] jf xfO] g egL lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'G5 . of]
vn] sl/a !% ldg]6 vn] / ;a}eGbf a9L cªs\ s;n] kf| Kt u¥of], p;nfO{ k'/:s[t u/ .

@= gk] fnsf ;;fgf /]vfªls\ t gS;fx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ . tLdWo] sg' }df ljsf; If]qx¿
56' \ofP/, sg' }df c~rn / sg' }df efu} fl] ns kb| z] x¿ 56' o\ fP/ /ª e/ . To;nfO{ afSnf]
sfuhdf 6f“; / Aofu, skfn RofKg] lSnk, k':tssf] uftfdf 6f;“ /] pkofu] u/ .

#= lgDgfg;' f/sf ;ª\st] n] s] hgfp5“ <

cEof;

!= bl[ i6ljxLg afn aflnsfx¿n] lzIfsn] lbPsf] gk] fnsf] 6D] Kn6] gS;f 5fd/] g]
kfnsf] cfsf/sf] cgd' fg u/ / To;sf] jl/kl/ an]| sndn] vfk] /] gS;f ptfg{]
ko| f; u/ . cGo ljBfyLn{ ] ;fdfGo sndn] To;u} /L gS;f ptfg{] ko| f; u/ .

@= gk] fnsf] gS;f dfly kftnf] sfuh /fv/] /]vfªl\ st gS;f sf/] . To;df
tnsf tYox¿ e/ M ;u/dfyf lxdfn, kf]v/f, hfgsL dlGb/, gk] fnsf] /
fhwfgL, kj" { klZrd /fhdfu{ .

#= xfdLn] g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg l;Sgk' g]{ sg' } rf/ sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 83

kf7 M ( e"sDk

hldg xlNng' jf sf“Kg'nfO{ es" Dk elgG5 .
hldg w]/} xlNnPdf 3/x¿ elTsg ;S5g\ /
hldg klg kmf6g\ ;S5 . w]/} wghgsf] Iflt
xg' ;S5 . es" Dk hfg] Pp6} dfq sf/0f 5}g
. w/] } sf/0fx¿dWo] l9Ssf k|0ffnL (tectonic
plate system) Ps dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . o;
l;4fGtcg';f/ k[YjLsf] s]Gb|d08ndf Hofb}
tftf] kbfy{ DofUdf /xs] f] 5 . DofUdfsf] jl/
kl/ s8f r6\6fgn] ag]sf] txn] 9fs]sf] 5 . Tof] tx Pp6} l9Ssf geO{ ljleGg l9Ssfx¿
(plate) df ljeflht 5 . oL l9Ssfx¿ rnfodfg 5g\ . s'g} l9Ssfx¿ cfk;df hf]l8b“ } 5g\
eg] s'g} l9Ssfx¿ 5l' 6b“ } 5g\ . sg' } 7'nf] l9Ssfsf d'lg ;fgf l9Ssfx¿ 3l' ;|b“ } klg 5g\
. o;/L 5'l66\ g,] hfl] 8g] / 3l' ;g| ] jm| ddf r6\6fg lr/f kg{], ef“lrg] Pjd\ wl;g] xg' ;S5
. To:tf] cj:yfdf Toxfs“ f] ;txdf sDkg k}bf x'G5 . o;}nfO{ xfdL es" Dk eG5f“} . gk] fn
klg o:t} l9Ssfx¿sf] hf]gLd{ f /x]sf] 5 . blIf0ftkms{ f] ef/tsf] l9Ssf pQ/tkm{sf] ltAatLo
l9Ssftkm{ 3:' b5} . To;n} ] g]kfndf hlxn] klg e"sDk hfg ;S5 . hldgdl' gsf] e"sDksf]
pTklQ ePsf] :yfgnfO{ xfOkf;] ]g6/ (Hipocentre) / ;f] sDk l;wf ;txdf cfOkU' g] s]Gb|nfO{
Olk;]G6/ (Epicentre) elgG5 . e"sDk /S] 6/ :sn] df gflkG5 .

lj=;+= !(() df3 @ df g]kfndf dxfe"sDk uPsf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)$% ebf} % / lj= ;=+
@)^* c;f]h ! df klg gk] fnsf] kj" L{ Ifq] df 7'nf] e'O“rfnf] uPsf] lyof] . @)&@ jz} fv !@
/ @( ut] uPsf] dxes" Dkaf6 klg g]kfnn] 7n" f] wghgsf] Iflt ;xg' k¥of] . clxn] klg o;
Ifq] df dxfe"sDk hfgsf lglDt zlSt ;~ro eO;s]sf] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . To;n} ] xfdL
cfhb} l] v ;/' Iffsf] tof/Ldf nfUgk' 5{ . es" Dkaf6 hfl] ug lgDgfg;' f/sf ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5{ M

!= e"sDk cfpgc' l3

-s_ lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ldn]/ es" DkLo ;/' Iff ofh] gf agfpg] .
e"sDkLo b[li6n] hf]lvd ePsf / ;/' lIft j:t' tyf :yfgx¿ klxrfg u/L ;w' f/ ug]{ . of]

lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf e"sDkLo ;'/Iff kj" fE{ of; u/fpg'xf;] \ . o;n] ;f“Rr}
sf] e"sDk cfPsf] ;dodf xfdL lzIfsnfO{ klg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . cGoyf ;Defljt Ifltsf]
bf]if cfkmn" fO{ nfUg ;S5 . o;df :yfgLo /8] jm| ;sf] ;dt] ;xfotf lngx' f;] \ .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

hgf cg';f/sf 6fn] Lx¿ agfO{ sfdsf] lhDdj] f/L af8“ kmf“8 ug{] . es" DkLo :yfgGt/0f gS;f
lgdf0{ f u/L ljBfnosf ;a}n] bV] g] :yfgdf / sIff sIffdf klg 6f“:g] .

-v_ cfktsfnLg ;fduL| / xflh/L kl' :tsf ;an} ] e6] \g] :yfgdf /fVg] .

-u_ k|Tos] qd} fl;s k/LIff ;lsPkl5 e"sDkLo ;'/Iff k"jfE{ of; (drill) ug{] .
@= es" Dk cfO/x]sf] ;dodf

;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs 8:] s aG] rd'lg a:g] / 8]:s aG] rsf] v6' \6f ;dfpg] . 8]:s aG] r jf
6a] 'n gePsf] 7fpd“ f ;'/lIft :yfgx¿df xft jf emf]nf jf lstfan] 6fpsf] 5f]k]/ yrSs
a:g] . z/L/nfO{ ;s];Dd ;fgf] agfpg] . sx] L klg gePsf] :yfgdf ePdf lrqdf bv] fP h:t}
u/L 3“8' f 6]sL u8' 'NsL k/L cft] nfuL a:g] (Duck Cover Hold) .

#= es" Dk uO;s]kl5

-s_ s/fpg,] cflQg,] bf8} g] ug{' xb“' g} . zfGt eP/ xfl] ;of/Lsf ;fy gcflQOsg a:gk' 5{ .

-v_ xNnf gu/L nfOg nfu/] gbfl} 8Osg l56f] aflx/ lg:sg'k5{ . tfl] sPsf] ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{
hfgk' 5{ . nfOgdf xNnf gu/L a:gk' 5{ . cfÇgf ;fyL cfP÷cfPgg\ x/] /] lzIfsnfO{ t?' Gt
va/ ug'k{ 5{ . p4f/ 6f]nLnfO{ ;3fpgk' 5{ .

-u_ lzIfssf] lgbz]{ g gkfP;Dd Toxfa“ f6 otfplt nfUg' x'b“ }g / 3/ klg hfg' x'b“ }g .

-3_ cfk"m RoflkPsf] jf y'lgPsf] cj:yfdf wo} {tfsf ;fy p4f/ 6fn] Lsf] k|ltIff ug'{k5{ .
p4f/ 6f]nL cfPsf] ;ª\s]t kfPkl5 dfq cfjfh lbgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljBfnodf lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf e"sDkLo ;/' Iff cEof; (drill) u/ .

@= e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf af/]df kl/jf/ / l5d]sdf klg hfgsf/L u/fpm . 3/df klg
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ldn]/ cEof; u/ .

#= cfÇgf] 3/sf] es" DkLo ;/' Iff gS;f tof/ kf/ . ;a}sf] gS;f sIffdf kb| z{g u/ .

cEof;

!= es" Dksf] kl/ro b]pm . 85

@= es" Dk hfgc' l3, uO/x]sf] ;dodf / uO;s]kl5 s] s] ug{'k5{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

kf7 M !) xfjfx'/L

ck/fx\gsf] ;do lyof] . glbd x';]g / ;fyLx¿
ljBfnoaf6 kmsb“{ } lyP . crfgs xfjf rNg yfNof] . wn' f]
p8o\ f] . cgf7} f] cfjfh cfof] . ?vx¿ xfjfn] xNnfO/x]
sf / otfplt nlRs/x]sf lyP . cufl8 a9g\ } ;lsPg .
uLtf, O;f / ab' w\ dfg l56fl] 56f] lx8“ g\ yfn] . Pp6f ?vsf]
xfu“ f ef“lrP/ pgLx¿sf] glhs} v:of] . pgLx¿ 8/fP .
Ps csfn{ fO{ RofKk ;dft/] yr' S' s a;] . cln k/ Pp6f
3/sf] 5fgf p8fof] . csf{] 3/sf] 5fgfsf] h:tf kftf
klg p8fP/ cln k/ nu]/ kmflnlbof] . sx] L ;dokl5
x/' L atf; sd eof] . cfkmt" km{ cfO/xs] f lszf/] bfOnfO{
bv] ]/ pgLx¿ Ps} :j/df s/fP . ælszf/] bfO ca xfdL
s;/L 3/ hfg] < lx“8\g} ;lsPg . 3/sf] 5fgf klg p8fof,] Æ uLtfn] 8/fp“b} elgg\ .

ltdLx¿ cflQg' kb}{g, x/' L atf; sd eO;ss] f] 5 . d;“u} lx“8 3/ hfcf“} eGb} lszf/] n]
pgLx¿nfO{ ;fy} lnP/ lx8“ ] . af6fd] f lszf/] Ln] pgLx¿nfO{ x'/L atf; lsg cfp“5 eGg]
;DaGwdf atfpg yfn] . xfjfsf s0fx¿ w]/} ePsf] :yfgdf xfjfsf] rfk -bafa_ a9L
x'G5 . jfo' rNgsf nflu Ps 7fpd“ f xfjfsf] rfk a9L / csf]{ 7fp“df sd xg' k' 5{ . tfkjm| d
a9b\ f xfjfsf] rfk sd xG' 5 . xfjfsf s0fx¿ tft]kl5 xNsf x'G5g\ / dflylt/ hfG5g\ .
To;nfO{ Ifltkl" t{ ug{ jl/kl/af6 sd rfk ePsft] km{ jfo' axG5 .

xfd|f] kY[ jLnfO{ jl/kl/ jfo'd08nn] 9fs]sf] 5 . jfod' 08ndf /x]sf] xfjf (air) rnfodfg
eof] eg] To;nfO{ jfo' (wind) elgG5 . jfo' l56f] ultdf axo\ f] eg] To;nfO{ x/' L atf;
elgG5 . ult cem} a9]df cfw“ L elgG5 . xfjf hlxn] klg ;al} t/ ;dfg rfk agfP/ a:g]
:jefjsf] x'G5 . t/ tfkj|mdsf] c;dfgtfn] ubf{ of] ;Dej xb“' }g . rfkdf ;Gt'ng Nofpgsf
lgldQ xfjf a9L rfkaf6 36L rfktkm{ axG5 . ltdLx¿n] rp/df e'd/L k/]/ sfut /
wn' f]sf s0fx¿ 3'dfp“b} cfsf;tkm{ p8fPsf] b]vs] f] xf}nf . s'g} :yfgdf tfkj|md PSsfl;
a9/] xfjfsf] rfk tLa| ultdf 36o\ f] eg] rf/}lt/af6 To; :yfgtkm{ jfo' axG5 . jl/kl/af6
Ps} k6s xfjf cPkl5 Toxf“ xfjfsf] dfqf PSsfl; a95\ . clg xfjf 3d' L 3d' L dflytkm{
hfG5 . ToxL g} e'd/L xf] . o;nfO{ rjm| jft klg elgG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M g]kfndf lzIff kfPsf ;a} gful/s ;w}“ g]kfndf g} /lx/xG5g\ eGg] 5}g . pgLx¿ ;db' |L
lsgf/, Ifq] , d?el" d If]q / jfo' rNg] If]qdf ku' ] eg] xfjf x'/L / cfw“ Lx¿af6 hf]lug ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] o;
af/d] f Jofjxfl/s 1fg / l;k l;sfpgx' f];\ .

86 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

;d'b|L lsgf/fsf] rj|mjft lgs} 7'nf] / zlStzfnL x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;d'b|L cf“wL
elgG5 . ;d'b|L cf“wL rn]sf] ;dodf w]/} jiff{ / x'/L atf; rN5 . ;d'b|L lsgf/f
Ifq] df a:gx] ¿n] hlxn] klg /l] 8of] ;fydf /flv/xg'k5{ . ;db' L| cfw“ Lsf] k"j;{ r" gf lbg
;lsG5 . ;"rgf ;'g/] ;fjwfgL ckgfPdf wg, hgsf] Iflt x'gaf6 hf]lug ;lsG5 . cf“wL
rln/xs] f ;dodf / /fl] sPkl5 klg 3/af6 lg:sg' Pjd\ hyfefjL lx“88'n ug'{ x'b“ g} .
cdl] /sfdf o;nfO{ x'l/sg] (Hurricane) / 6fg] f{8f] (Tornado) elgG5 . hfkfgdf 6fOkmg'
(Typhoon) / aª\unfbz] tyf ef/tdf cf“wL elgG5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] lxdfnL k|bz] df klg dWofx\
gbl] v xfjf rNg yfN5 . o;/L xfjf rNgs' f] sf/0f kj{tLo jfo' rNgfn] xf] . dWofx\g;Dd
a];Lsf] xfjf tft]/ dflytkm{ hfG5 . ns] df lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] xfjfsf] rfk To;} klg a9L
xG' 5 . a];Laf6 p7]sf] xfjf klg ylkPkl5 xfjfsf] rfk a9\g uO{ kj{taf6 a;“] Ltkm{ jfo'
axG5 . x'/L atf; rn]sf] ;dodf 3/df cug] f] jf r'nfs] f] cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ . ‰ofn,
9f]sfaf6 jfol' eq l5¥of] eg] lg:sg] 7fp“ kfpb“ g} / 5fgf g} p8fP/ lg:sG5 . x/' L atf;
nfus] f] ;dodf lah'nLsf] tf/, vDaf / ?vsf] glhs a:g' x“b' g} . e'd/L k/s] f] jf ed' /L
cfO/x]sf] lbzftkm{ hfg' x“'b}g . To;af6 6f9} /xgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

rf/ kf“r hgfsf] ;d"xdf a; . cf“wL cfpg'cl3, cf“wL cfO/x]sf] ;dodf / cf“wL
cfO;s]kl5 ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . a'“bfut ¿kdf tL
;fjwfgLx¿nfO{ sfuhdf nv] L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;
!= xfjf x/' L cfpg] sf/0fx¿ lrq;lxt j0f{g u/ .

;fd"lxs sfo{

k|foM ;a} :yfgx¿df lbp“;f] !@ ah]kl5 xfjf rNg yfN5 . lsg xfn] f < tnsf egfOx¿sf
cfwf/df ltdL a;]sf] :yfgsf] ljleGg ;dosf] xfjfsf] ult dfkg u//] x]/ M

x/' L atf;sf] c;/ xfjfsf] ult lsld kl| t306f

w'jf“ l;wf dfly p75\ . )–!
w'jf“ htftt} km}nG5, ?vsf kftx¿ xlNnG5g\ . !–^
;;fgf xfu“ fx¿ xlNnG5g,\ w'nf] p8\g yfN5 . &–!^
?vx¿ xlNnG5g\, tf/x¿ r'“l8G5g\ . !&–##

?vsf xf“ufx¿ ef“lrG5g\, 7'nf ?vx¿ 9N5g\ . #$–%%

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff * 87

kf7 M !! clkm| sf dxfb]z

k[YjLaxfb/' / em/gfsd' f/L hfgsf/Ld"ns ed| 0f sfoj{ |mdcGtut{ clk|msfsf] OlhK6 ku' ] .
pgLx¿ ljBfyL{ xg' \ . pgLx¿nfO{ Toxf“sf] lzIff dGqfnosf clwsf/Ln] :jfut u/] . To;kl5
clk|msfsf] kl/ro tn pNnv] ePcg;' f/ u/fP M

ljZjsf ;ftcf6] f dxfb]zdWo] clkm| sf bf];|f] 7n' f] dxfbz] xf] . o; dxfbz] nfO{ e"dWo
/]vfn] lar efudf sf6]sf] 5 . To;n} ] o;sf] blIf0fL efu blIf0fL ufn] fw{df / pQ/L efu
pQ/L uf]nfw{df k5{ . o; dxfbz] sf] Ifq] kmn sl/a # s/f]8 @ nfv $& xhf/ ju{ lsld
5 . o; dxfb]zsf] 7n' f] If]q pi0f kb| z] df k5{ . To;n} ] o; dxfb]zsf] w]/}h;f] :yfgdf
jif}{el/ udL{ xG' 5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOg] x'gfn] o; dxfbz] df w/] h} ;f] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿
a;fa] f; u5g{ \ . pgn] clkm| sfsf] efl} ts gS;f bv] fpb“ } ljleGg Ifq] sf] kl/ro lbP . pQ/
klZrdL If]qdf P6n; kj{t >0] fL 5 . oxf“sf] kxf8L efu xfdf| ] b]zdf ePsf] lxdfno kj{t
zª[ v\ nf h:t} 5 . To;bl] v blIf0ftkm{ ljZjs} 7n' f] d?e"ld /x]sf] 5 . of] ;xf/f d?e"ld kj" {
klZrd km}lnPsf] 5 . oxf“ jiff{ xb'“ }g . To;}n] o;sf] w/] }h;f] ee" fudf dflg;sf] a;fa] f;
5g} . sxL“sxL“ kfgL pknAw xg' ] Ifq] df dfgj a;fa] f; 5 . oxf“ l;p8“ L hftsf (Cactus)
sf“8f ePsf t/ kft gePsf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfs“ f] d'Vo hgfj/ p“6 xf] . clxn]

lzIf0f ;'emfj M P6n; Unf]a gS;f jf OG6/g]6af6 vfh] L u/L o; dxfb]z;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg tYox¿
vfh] L ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff *

xfdL a;s] f] :yfg OlhK6 klg oxL d?el" ddf /xs] f] 5 . t/ of] :yfgnfO{ ljZjs} nfdf] gfOn
gbLn] kfgL pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . of] gbL ;xf/f d?el" dsf] kj" {tkm{ blIf0faf6 pQ/ axs] f]
5 . oxf“ kf| rLg sfndf dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] .

;xf/f d?e"ldb]lv blIf0ftkm{ ljzfn 3f“;] d}bfg km}lnPsf] 5 . of] cª\u|]hL cIf/
C sf] pN6f] cfsf/df /xs] f] 5 . o; db} fgsf] dWo efunfO{ ;efgfsf] 3f;“ ] db} fg klg elgG5 .
o; If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x¿ kfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ljZjsf] lrl8ofvfgf klg
elgG5 . o; Ifq] sf dflg;x¿ kzk' fng / sl[ if k;] f u5g{ \ . oxf“ cToGt ul/aL 5 . lxhfc] fh
o; If]qdf 7n' f 7n' f /fli6«o lgs~' hx¿ :yfkgf ePsf xg' fn] ko6{ g Joj;fo klg km:6fPsf]
5 . clkm| sfsf] dWo efudf klZrdL lsgf/f;Dd ljzfn hªu\ n /xs] f] 5 . o;nfO{ ed" Wo
/v] Lo jiff{ hªu\ n klg elgG5 . of] hª\un sªu\ f] gbLsf] jl/kl/ kml} nPsf] 5 . oxf“ lbglbg}
jiff{ x'G5 . oxf“ cUnf / 7'nf ?vx¿ 5g\ . o; If]qdf klg dfgj a;fa] f; lgs} kftnf]
5 . oxf“sf] hghLjg lgs} lk5l8Psf] 5 . clk|msfsf] ;ae} Gbf pQ/L / ;ae} Gbf blIf0fL
;d'b|L lsgf/L efudf e"dWo ;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ lxp“bdf hf8f] / jiff{ xG' 5
eg] u[id Ct'df udL{ xG' 5 t/ jiff{ x“b' }g . of] If]qdf ;G' tnf hftsf kmnkmn' vt] L x'G5 .
clk|msf dxfb]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;g' , tfdf, lx/f, o/' ]lgod h:tf axd' "No kbfy{sf vfgLx¿
5g\ . o;sf cnfjf kmnfd, k6] «fl] nod kbfy{, h:tf, vlghx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . clk|msfsf
clwsfz+ hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xs] f 5g\ . pgLx¿ /fu] / ef]sn] u|:t 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= clk|msfsf] cflys{ lj|mofsnfksf] j0f{g u/ .

@= clkm| sf dxfb]zsf] ed| 0f cfkmn“} ] u/]sf] h:t} u/L Ps ofqf ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

#= clk|msfsf] gS;f x/] L tnsf tYox¿sf] vfh] L u/ M

lhaf| N6/ hn ;o+ f]hs, ;xf/f d?e"ld, ed" Wo /]vf, Olyofl] kofsf] pRr el" d, gfOn /
sª\uf] gbL, lsnL dGh/f] kxf8, leS6f]l/of tfn .

$= ltdLn] clkm| sfsf] ljleGg Ifq] x¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L kf| Kt u¥of} . olb ltdL clkm| sfsfdf
a;f]af; ug{'k/d] f s'g 7fp“df a:5f,} lsg <

cEof;

!= clkm| sfnfO{ slt ef}uf]lns kb| ]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 <

@= gk] fn / clk|msfsf dxfb]zsf ldNg] s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 89

kf7 M !@ pQ/ cd]l/sf

Kof/L ;fyL jiff,{

xfdL clk|msf e|d0f u/]/ clxn]
;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sfsf] Goo' fs] {df
cfOk'u]sf 5f}“ . cd]l/sfsf 7n' f
;x/x¿dWo] Goo' fs] { klg ljzfn ;x/
xf] . of] pQ/ cdl] /sf dxfbz] df
kbf{] /x5] . xfdLnfO{ oxf“ pQ/ cdl]/
sfsf] kl/ro u/fpg] lel8of] bv] fOof] .
o;af6 dn} ] pQ/ cdl] /sfsf af/d] f
w/] } hfgsf/L kf| Kt u/“] .

pQ/ cdl] /sf ljZjsf] t;] |f] 7n' f]
dxfb]z xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn @
s/f]8 $@ nfv @& xhf/ ju{
lsld 5 . o; dxfb]zsf] pQ/L efudf cToGt lr;f] w|'jLo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“
dflg;x¿sf] a:tL 5g} t/ sxLs“ xL“ Pl:sdf] hftsf dflg;x¿ a:tf /x]5g\ . dnfO{ cRrDd
nfUof], logLx¿ t lxps“ f] l9Ssfaf6 ags] f] 3/df kf] a:tf /x5] g\ . pgLx¿ a:g] lxp“sf]
3/nfO{ OUn' elgb“ f] /x5] . Toxf“ lxp“df a:g] ;]tf] efn' klg kfO“bf] /x]5 . oxf“ t olt lr;f]
/x5] ls ;d'b|sf] kfgL klg hd]/ Pp6} l9Ssf x“b' f] /x5] . Toxf“ dflg; h:t} pleP/ lx8“ \g]
kG] uO' g gfdsf] r/f klg /x]5g\ . z/L/el/ e'jf ePsf] kfgL aflx/ klg a:g ;Sg] l;n
df5f klg oxL kfOb“ f] /x]5 .

pQ/sf] bz] Sofgf8fdf ljzfn hªu\ n /x5] hxf“ ;Nnf, w'kL / ba] bf/ hftsf ?v kfOg]
/x]5 . oxfs“ f 7'nf 7'nf sf/vfgfx¿df KnfOp8, kmlg{r/, sfuh agfOb“ f] /x]5 . pQ/
cd]l/sfsf] dWo efudf kl]| /h gfdsf] ljzfn 3f“;] d}bfg /x]5 . o; d}bfgdf Jofj;flos
¿kdf ux“' vt] L ul/b“ f] /x]5 . Toxf“ v]tLsf] ;a} sfd dl] ;gaf6 x'g] /x]5 . Toxf“ pTkfbg
ePsf] ux'“ o/' f]k, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clkm| sf;Dd lgsf;L x'G5 . To;}n] o; Ifq] nfO{ ljZjsf]
cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 . kzk' fng oxf“sf] k|dv' Joj;fo /x5] . o; dxfbz] sf] klZrdtkm{
/sL kj{t >]0fL gfd u/s] f] kxf8L Onfsf /x5] . of] kxf8 pQ/ / blIf0f nfDrf] cfsf/
df km}lnPsf] /x5] . o; dxfb]zsf] dWo k"jL{ efudf ckn]lrog gfd u/]sf xf]rf kxf8x¿

lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df P6n;, Unfj] , gS;f jf OG6/g]6sf] k|ofu] u/L o; dxfbz] ;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg
tYox¿sf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ vfh] L ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 .

90 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff *

ePsf] Ifq] 5 . To;bl] v klZrdtkm{ kf“r cf6] f 7n' f 7'nf tfnx¿ /x]5g\ h;nfO{ u6|] nS] ;
elgG5 . oLdWo] ;k' ]l/o/ tfn ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] tfn xf] . of] tfn xfdf| ] b]zeGbf sx] L dfq
;fgf] 5 . o; dxfb]zdf Sofgf8f, o'P;P / d]lS;sf]n] clwsf+z e"efux¿ cf]u6]sf
/x5] g\ . blIf0ftkm{ ;;fgf bz] x¿ /xs] f 5g\ . oLdWo] ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sf / Sofgf8f cToGt
ljsl;t d'ns' x¿ xg' \ . oxf“ sl[ if, pBfu] , Jofkf/ / ko6{ g Joj;fosf] /fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf]
/x5] . oxf“ uf/] f hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] afxN' o eP klg ljZjsf ;a} bz] sf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f;
ubf{ /x5] g\ . o; dxfb]zdf blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ a9L hf8f] x'b“ } hfg] xfjfkfgL kfO“bf] /x]5 .

;fyL, xfdL oxf“ ;ft lbg 3'd/] blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] af| lhn / chl{] G6gf hfg] sfoj{ |md 5 .
To;sf af/]df klg nV] b} u/fn}“ f . cfhnfO{ olTt g} .

pxL ltdf| ] ;fyL em/gf

lj|mofsnfk

!= Ps If0f ;fr] t M

-s_ s] lxp“sf] 3/leq hf8f] x“b' g} xfn] f t <

-v_ s] ltdL klg OUnd' f a:g ;S5f}, lsg <

@= P6n;df pQ/ cdl] /sfsf] gS;fx¿ x/] / tnsf] tflnsf e/ M

dV' o kjt{ dV' o gbLx¿ tfnx¿ ;db' | ;x/x¿ cGo

#= ;ft lbg;Dd /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf laxfg jf an] 'sLsf] sg' } ;dfrf/ ;G' g] jf xg] ]{
u/ . klqsf k9] klg x'G5 . pSt ;dfrf/df pQ/ cdl] /sfsf s'g} b]z;DaGwL ;dfrf/
cfpg ;S5 . tL ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ / leQ] klqsfdf 6f;“ .

cEof;

pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] gS;f x/] L cfÇgf] sfkLdf pSt gS;f ptf/ . ;f] gS;fdf tnsf
tYox¿ e/ . pQ/tkms{ f ;;fgf 6fk'x¿ gb]vfP klg x'G5 .

ckn]lrog kjt{ dfnf, ;k' l] /o/ tfn, ldl;l;kL gbL, k|zfGt dxf;fu/ / jfl;ª\6g 8L=;L=

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff * 91