DC014 Lecture Note & Tutorial

2.2 Processor






















Learning Outcomes:







2.2.1 Describe the functions of processor.







2.2.2 List the steps in a machine cycle.

Processor















• An electronic component that interprets and






carries out the basic instructions that operate





a computer.







• Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Processor















• An electronic component that interprets and






carries out the basic instructions that operate





a computer.







• Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Processor















• Example of manufacturer







– Intel






– AMD






– Cyrix






– Acer






• Speed is measured in GHz (gigahertz)

Processor















• Example of manufacturer







– Intel






– AMD






– Cyrix






– Acer






• Speed is measured in GHz (gigahertz)

Processor
















• Contains two components:







1. Control unit







2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Processor
















• Contains two components:







1. Control unit







2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Components of Processor:





Control Unit












• A component of the processor that






directs and coordinates most of the






operations in the computer.

Components of Processor:





Control Unit












• A component of the processor that






directs and coordinates most of the






operations in the computer.

Components of Processor:





Arithmetic Logic Unit











• A component of the processor that performs






arithmetic, comparison and other operations.






– Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,





multiplication, and division (+, -, *, /).






– Comparison operations involve comparing one data





item with another to determine whether the first




item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other





item (> , >=, <, <=, =, ≠).

Components of Processor:





Arithmetic Logic Unit











• A component of the processor that performs






arithmetic, comparison and other operations.






– Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,





multiplication, and division (+, -, *, /).






– Comparison operations involve comparing one data





item with another to determine whether the first




item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other





item (> , >=, <, <=, =, ≠).

Machine Cycle















• A set of four basic steps performed by a






processor every time it executes one





instruction.







• The four basic steps are:







1) Fetch







2) Decode







3) Execute







4) Store

Machine Cycle















• A set of four basic steps performed by a






processor every time it executes one





instruction.







• The four basic steps are:







1) Fetch







2) Decode







3) Execute







4) Store

Steps in a Machine Cycle















1) Fetch - Control unit fetches the instruction






and data from memory.







2) Decode - Control unit interprets the





instruction and sends the instruction and






data to the ALU.







3) Execute - ALU performs calculations on the





data.







4) Store - The results of the calculations are






stored in the memory.

Steps in a Machine Cycle















1) Fetch - Control unit fetches the instruction






and data from memory.







2) Decode - Control unit interprets the





instruction and sends the instruction and






data to the ALU.







3) Execute - ALU performs calculations on the





data.







4) Store - The results of the calculations are






stored in the memory.

Steps in a Machine Cycle: An example















• Scenario: A user enters an instruction (Y=AxB)






and data (A=100, B=48) into the memory.






1) Step 1 (Fetch) - Control unit fetches the





instruction (Y=AxB) and data (100, 48) from





memory.













2) Step 2 (Decode) - Control unit interprets the





instruction and send the instruction (Y=AxB) and




data (100, 48) to ALU.

Steps in a Machine Cycle: An example















• Scenario: A user enters an instruction (Y=AxB)






and data (A=100, B=48) into the memory.






1) Step 1 (Fetch) - Control unit fetches the





instruction (Y=AxB) and data (100, 48) from





memory.













2) Step 2 (Decode) - Control unit interprets the





instruction and send the instruction (Y=AxB) and




data (100, 48) to ALU.

Steps in a Machine Cycle: An example























3) Step 3 (Execute) - ALU performs the






multiplication of 100 and 48 = 4800.
















4) Step 4 (Store) - The results of the





multiplication (4800) is stored in memory.

Steps in a Machine Cycle: An example























3) Step 3 (Execute) - ALU performs the






multiplication of 100 and 48 = 4800.
















4) Step 4 (Store) - The results of the





multiplication (4800) is stored in memory.

Steps in a Machine Cycle















Components involved in a machine cycle:






CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC


LOGIC UNIT








Step 2 (DECODE) Step 3 (EXECUTE)




Step 1 (FETCH) -Control Unit -ALU


-Control Unit Step 4 (STORE)


-Memory -Memory























MEMORY

Steps in a Machine Cycle















Components involved in a machine cycle:






CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC


LOGIC UNIT








Step 2 (DECODE) Step 3 (EXECUTE)




Step 1 (FETCH) -Control Unit -ALU


-Control Unit Step 4 (STORE)


-Memory -Memory























MEMORY

Summary
















• Describe the functions of processor.








• List the steps in a machine cycle.

Summary
















• Describe the functions of processor.








• List the steps in a machine cycle.

2.3 Memory




















Learning Outcomes:







2.3.1 Identify different types of memory.






2.3.2 Describe the function of memory.






2.3.3 Differentiate between volatile and non-




volatile memory.

2.3 Memory




















Learning Outcomes:







2.3.1 Identify different types of memory.






2.3.2 Describe the function of memory.






2.3.3 Differentiate between volatile and non-




volatile memory.

Memory















• Consists of electronic components that store:







– instructions waiting to be executed by the





processor,





– data needed by those instructions,






– the results of processing the data.






• Usually consists of one or more chips on the





motherboard or some other circuit boards in






the computer.

Memory















• Consists of electronic components that store:







– instructions waiting to be executed by the





processor,





– data needed by those instructions,






– the results of processing the data.






• Usually consists of one or more chips on the





motherboard or some other circuit boards in






the computer.

Memory
















2 types of memory :








1. Volatile Memory








2. Non-Volatile Memory

Memory
















2 types of memory :








1. Volatile Memory








2. Non-Volatile Memory

Volatile Memory















• Memory that loses its contents when the






power is turned off.







• Example: RAM

Volatile Memory















• Memory that loses its contents when the






power is turned off.







• Example: RAM

Non-volatile Memory















• Memory that does not lose its contents when






the power is turned off.







• Example: ROM






























ROM

Non-volatile Memory















• Memory that does not lose its contents when






the power is turned off.







• Example: ROM






























ROM

RAM















• Memory chips that holds data or programs






that are currently being used by the





processor.







• Volatile - loses its contents when the power is






turned off.







• Can be read from and written to by the





processor.

RAM















• Memory chips that holds data or programs






that are currently being used by the





processor.







• Volatile - loses its contents when the power is






turned off.







• Can be read from and written to by the





processor.

Types of RAM chips
















• DRAM (Dynamic RAM) - Chips must be re-





energized constantly to keep their contents.






• SRAM (Static RAM) - Do not have to be re-





energized as often as DRAM chips, faster access time,





more reliable but more expensive than DRAM.







• MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM) - Stores data




using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges,





greater storage capacity, consume less energy, faster




access time, more expensive, and non-volatile.

Types of RAM chips
















• DRAM (Dynamic RAM) - Chips must be re-





energized constantly to keep their contents.






• SRAM (Static RAM) - Do not have to be re-





energized as often as DRAM chips, faster access time,





more reliable but more expensive than DRAM.







• MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM) - Stores data




using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges,





greater storage capacity, consume less energy, faster




access time, more expensive, and non-volatile.

ROM















• Memory chips that stores permanent data or






instructions needed by a computer or





devices.







• Non volatile – does not lose its contents when






the power is turned off.







• Can be read from, but cannot be written to by





the processor.

ROM















• Memory chips that stores permanent data or






instructions needed by a computer or





devices.







• Non volatile – does not lose its contents when






the power is turned off.







• Can be read from, but cannot be written to by





the processor.

Types of ROM chips
















• PROM (Programmable ROM) - A blank ROM





chip which a programmer can write permanently;




once written, the contents cannot be erased or





changed.






• EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) -





Allows the programmer to erase the contents by





exposing to ultraviolet light.






• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable






ROM) - Allows the programmer to erase the





contents with an electric signal.

Types of ROM chips
















• PROM (Programmable ROM) - A blank ROM





chip which a programmer can write permanently;




once written, the contents cannot be erased or





changed.






• EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) -





Allows the programmer to erase the contents by





exposing to ultraviolet light.






• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable






ROM) - Allows the programmer to erase the





contents with an electric signal.

Summary
















• Identify different types of memory.








• Describe the function of memory.








• Differentiate between volatile and non-






volatile memory.

Summary
















• Identify different types of memory.








• Describe the function of memory.








• Differentiate between volatile and non-






volatile memory.

2.4 Input and Output devices














Learning Outcomes:






• At the end of this lesson, students should be




able to:







• Identify the input devices





• Explains the functions of input devices





Input devices : include keyboard,




pointing devices, touch screen, scanner,




pen input, voice input, video input and




biometric devices

2.4 Input and Output devices














Learning Outcomes:






• At the end of this lesson, students should be




able to:







• Identify the input devices





• Explains the functions of input devices





Input devices : include keyboard,




pointing devices, touch screen, scanner,




pen input, voice input, video input and




biometric devices

Introduction















• Input is any data and instructions entered





into the memory of a computer.

Introduction















• Input is any data and instructions entered





into the memory of a computer.

Input Devices















• Input device is






• any hardware component that allows





users to enter data and instructions into a




computer.







• It accepts information and transforms it to





digital codes that the computer can process.

Input Devices















• Input device is






• any hardware component that allows





users to enter data and instructions into a




computer.







• It accepts information and transforms it to





digital codes that the computer can process.

Types of Input Devices














1. Keyboard






2. Pointing Devices






3. Touch Screen






4. Scanner






5. Pen Input






6. Voice Input






7. Video Input






8. Biometric Input