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ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN
BODY MOVEMENT

CHAPTER 1 : THE HUMAN BODY

BODY CAVITIES





MAIN BODY CAVITIES AND THEIR

ORGAN CONTENTS

CAVITY CONTENTSDORSALD

Dorsal (posterior) • Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Cranial • Brain
spinal • Spinal cord

Ventral (anterior) • Thoracic cavity,abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic • mediastinum

Abdominopelvic (heart,great,vessels,esophaghus,
Abdominal trachea)
lungs,pericardial and plueral cavities
Pelvic • abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
• stomach,intestines,liver,spleen,pancreas
,kidney,galldbladder,peritoneal cavity
• Urinary bladder,rectum,internal portions
of reproductive system,peritoneal cavity

REGION AND QUADRIANT

ORAL CAVITIES

NASAL CAVITIES

ORBITAL CAVITIES

MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES

SYNOVIAL CAVITIES

THANK YOU

ANATOMY AND CHAPTER 1 :
PHIYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN

HUMAN BODY BODY
MOVEMENT

MANTAINING LIFE

Life function are to sustain life, organism must able to maintain its boundaries, move, respond to stimuli, digest
nutrients and excrete wastes, carry on metabolism, reproduce itself, and growth.

Survival needs include food, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, and normal atmospheric pressure. Extremes

(excesses or deficits) of these factors can be harmful. Human body have 8 function that human must perform to

maintain life. 8 FUNCTION IN HUMAN BODY

1. Digestion - Process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood.

2. Excretion - Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.

3. Growth - Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities

4. Maintenance of boundaries - At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin

5. Metabolism - All chemical reactions occurring in the body

6. Movement - Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle

7. Responsiveness - Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system

8. Reproduction - Provides new cells for growth and repair

DIGESTION

Digestion
Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules
that can be absorbed into the blood. The nutrient-rich blood is then
distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system. In a simple, one-
celled organism such as an amoeba, the cell itself is the “digestion factory,”
but in the multicellular human body, the digestive system performs this
function for the entire body.

EXCRETION

EXCRECTION
Excretion is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the
body. If the body is to operate as we expect it to, it must get rid of
non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism.
Several organ systems participate in excretion. For example, the
digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces,
and the urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic
wastes, such as urea, in urine. Carbon dioxide, a by-product of
cellular respiration, is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it
leaves the body in exhaled air.

GROWTH

GROWTH
Growth is an increase in size of a body
part or the organism. It is usually
accomplished by increasing the number of
cells. However, individual cells also
increase in size when not dividing. For
true growth to occur,
constructive activities must occur at a
faster rate than destructive ones.

MAINTENANCE OF BOUNDARIES

MAINTANING OF BOUNDARIES

Maintaining Boundaries Every living organism must
maintain its boundaries so that its internal
environment (inside) remains distinct from the external
environment surrounding it (outside). In single-celled
organisms, the external boundary is a limiting
membrane that encloses its contents and admits
needed substances while restricting entry of potentially
damaging or unnecessary substances. Similarly, all the
cells of our body are surrounded by a
selectively permeable membrane. Additionally, the
body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the
integumentary system, or skin, which protects our
internal organs from drying out (a fatal change),
bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat, sunlight,
and an unbelievable number of chemicals in the
external environment.

METABOLISM

METABOLISM
Metabolism is a broad term that includes all
chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
It includes breaking down substances into their
simpler building blocks (more specifically
called catabolism), synthesizing more complex
cellular structures from simpler substances
(anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to
produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the
energy-rich molecules that power cellular
activities. Metabolism depends on the digestive
and respiratory systems to make nutrients and
oxygen available to the blood and on
the cardiovascular system to distribute these
needed substances throughout the body.
Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones
secreted by endocrine system glands.

MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT
Movement includes the activities
promoted by the muscular system,
such as propelling ourselves from
one place to another by running or
swimming, and manipulating the
external environment with our
nimble fingers. The skeletal system
provides the bony framework that
the muscles pull on as they work.
Movement also occurs when
substances such as blood,
foodstuffs, and urine are propelled
through internal organs of the
cardiovascular, digestive, and
urinary systems, respectively. On
the cellular level, the muscle cell’s
ability to move by shortening is
more precisely called contractility.

RESPONSIVENESS

RESPONSIVE
Responsiveness, or irritability, is the ability to
sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and
then respond to them. For example, if you cut
your hand on broken glass, a withdrawal reflex
occurs—you involuntarily pull your hand away
from the painful stimulus (the broken glass). It is
not necessary to think about it; it just happens!
Likewise, when carbon dioxide in your blood rises
to dangerously high levels, chemical sensors
respond by sending messages to brain centers
controlling respiration, and your breathing rate
speeds up. Because nerve cells are highly
irritable and communicate rapidly with each
other via electrical impulses, the nervous system
is most involved with responsiveness. However,
all body cells are irritable to some extent.

REPRODUCTIVE

REPRODUCTIVE
Reproduction can occur at the cellular or organismal level. In cellular
reproduction the original cell divides, producing two identical
daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.
Reproduction of the human organism, or making a whole new person,
is the major task of the reproductive system. When a sperm unites
with an egg, a fertilized egg forms, which then develops into a baby
within the mother’s body. The reproductive system is directly
responsible for producing offspring, but its function is exquisitely
regulated by hormones of the endocrine system. Because males
produce sperm and females produce eggs (ova), there is a division of
labor in the reproductive process, and the reproductive organs of
males and females are different. Additionally, the female’s
reproductive structures provide the site for fertilization of eggs by
sperm, then protect and nurture the developing fetus until birth.

BODY PLANNING

1. Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and
left parts

2. Median ( midsagittal) plane
Divides the body

3.Frontal ( coronal) plane
Divides the body into anterior
and posterior part

4. Transverse ( horizontal) plane
Divides the body into superior
parts.

THE END…….

• The CNS refers to the brain and spinal Works together with endocrine system to maintain
cord. homeostasis
Ø Nervous system - quick response to stimuli
• Serve as the main "processing center" for Ø Endocrine system - slower but long lasting effects
the entire nervous system, and control all
the workings of the body.

• The central nervous system does not
include the peripheral nerves in the arms,
legs, muscles, and organs.

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System 1) Monitor sensory input (information) from
environment
1) Coordinating the body's 1) Sympathetic NS (fight or flight)
movements, and also for Ø Responds to impending danger or stress 2) Integrate the information
receiving external stimuli. Increase of one's heartbeat and blood 3) Response by activates the effector organ
pressure, among other physiological 4) Master controlling & communicating system of the
2) Regulates activities that are changes, along with the sense of
under conscious control. excitement one feels due to the increase body
of adrenaline in the system.
Ø Somatic Afferent (Sensory) Ø Division of nervous system
Division 2) Parasympathetic NS (house keeping) Ø Central and peripheral nervous system
Ø Responds when a person is resting and Ø Nervous tissue
conveys sensory information from Ø Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)
the skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, feels relaxed Ø Spinal cord
joints, eyes, tongue, nose and ears Responsible for the constriction of the
to the spinal cord and brain via the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation to promote homeostasis by regulating visceral
spinal and some cranial nerves. of the blood vessels, and the stimulation activities, especially activities of cardiac muscle,
of the digestive system. smooth muscle, and gland
Ø Somatic Efferent (Motor)
Division

conduct impulse from the CNS to
skeletal muscle.

Neuroglia Or Glial Cells (Supporting Cells) Neurons (Nerves Cells)

• support, protect and nourish the • transmit electrical
neurons signals

CNS neuroglia: astrocytes, microglia, 3 parts of neuron (nerve
ependymal cells. cell):
Functions: 1) Dendrites
2) Cell Body
1) Provide framework for neuron 3) Axon
2) Remove unwanted waste
3) Aid cerebrospinal fluid circulation

PNS neuroglia: schwann cells & satellite cells.
Function:

Produce fatty sheath around neuron
axons(schwann cells)

Ø Receive information from other Unipolar :
neurons Ø sensory neuron
Ø found in PNS
Ø Dendrites of motor neuron are Bipolar :
short but many Ø rare neurons
Ø found in special sense organ (eye,
Ø Dendrites of sensory neuron are
long inner ear, olfactory mucosa)
Multipolar :
Ø Located in CNS Ø motor neuron & association
Ø Receiving surface
Ø Containing nucleus neuron
Ø found in CNS
Ø Conduct impulse away from cell Ø most common neuron type in
body.
humans
Ø Short/long nerve fiber.
Ø Long fibers processes outside

CNS covered by white myelin
sheath formed by Schwann cells
and neurilemma sheath.
Ø Most large fiber are myelinated,
myelin increases the rate of
nerve impulse transmission.
Ø Gap in between form the nodes
of Ranvier, nerve cell conduction.
Ø Synapse is a junction at axon
ends to mediate information
transfer from one neuron to
another.

sensory neuron (afferent) :
Ø conduct impulse from sensory receptor PNS to CNS
Ø long peripheral process
Ø unipolar
Ø cell body located in PNS
motor neuron (efferent) :
Ø conduct impulse from CNS to effector organ (muscle/gland)
Ø short dendrite, long axon
Ø multipolar
Ø cell body in CNS
interneuron (association neuron) :
Ø conduct impulse within CNS
Ø short dendrite, axon long/short
Ø multipolar
Ø found in CNS

ability to respond to stimuli

Ø ability to transmit signal
Ø when neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated &

conducted along the length of its axon. This response, called
action potential (nerves impulse).

SPINAL CORD CROSS – SECTIONAL ANATOMY

- Conducting impulse between brain and peripheral nerves - H’ shaped the gray matter surrounded
- Connecting link between the brain and most of the body by white matter
- Controls many reflex actions
- Protected by bone (vertebral column), meninges and - Gray matter consist of :

cerebrospinal fluid  Cell body, dendrites, axon, neuroglia
- 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots issue from the cord
- White matter consist of :
SPINAL PATHWAYS
• Ascending tract  Nerves with pathway
 Made up of sensory
CROSS SECTION
fibers {afferent} that OF SPINAL CORD
carry impulse up the
spinal cord to the brain - Anterior horns
• Descending tract
 Motor fiber {efferent} mainly contain - Axons of motor {efferent} neurons of the
transmit impulse from lateral & anterior horns emerge in
the brain to spinal cord somatic motor
to the efferent neurons common from the cord via ventral roots
{voluntary}
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Axons of sensory {afferent} neurons enter
- Lateral horns - the posterior aspect of the cord & form
contain visceral / the dorsal roots
autonomic motor The ventral and dorsal roots combine to
neurons form the spinal nerves

{unvoluntary} - All tracts are pair & decussate {crossing}

- Posterior horns
contain interneurons

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Function of To respond to environmental changes (stimuli) 2) SPINAL NERVES (i)
sensory receptors
Types -simple (general) receptor: for pain , touch , pressure & - Consists of nerves extend between
skin, muscles, visceral organs and
nerve temperature found in the skin, skeletal muscle, tendons & glands, CNS
visceral organ (internal organs)
Ganglia -complex receptor (sense organ)m: serve the special sense - Divided to somatic (voluntary) and
(vision, hearing, equilibrium , smell & taste) autonomic (involuntary) system .

-bundle of neuron fibers in the PNS wrapped in - There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
a) 8 cervical (C1-C8)
connective tissue covering. b) 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
- Each fiber is enclosed by an endonerium, fascicle of fibers c) 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
is wrapped by perinerium & the whole nerve is bundled by d) 5 sacral (S1-S5)
the epinerium e) 1 coccygeal (C0)

-collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in 2) SPINAL NERVES (ii)
the PNS.
Spinal nerve emerging from:
1) CRANIAL NERVES - Cervical enlargement:

- 12 pairs innervate the upper limbs
- Originate from the brains : innervate the head - Lumbar enlargement:
innervate the lower limbs
and neck
- Only the vagus nerves (X) extend into the Each spinal nerves divided into :
- Ventral (anterior, motor) –
thoracic and abdominal cavities .
- Their names reflect structures serves or contain efferent nerve fibers
and convey moto information
function or both. Eg; - Dorsal (posterior, sensory) root-
- Olfactory nerves – sensory ; carries impulses contain afferent nerves fibers,
which enter the cord with
for the sense of smell sensory information
- Optic nerves – sensory ; carries impulses for

vision
- Facial nerves – activates the muscle of facial

expression, the lacrimal & saliva glands ;
carries impulses from the taste buds of
anterior tongue.

3) SPINAL NERVES (iii) THE REFLEX ARC

• Branches of each spinal nerve include dorsal and ventral • A reflex is a rapid , involuntary
rami, a meningeal branch , rami communicantes (ANS motor response to a stimulus.
branches) in the thoracic region .
• Has 5 elements:
• Dorsal rami serve the muscle & skin of the posterior body i. Receptor
trunk. ii. Sensory neuron
iii. Integration center
• Ventral rami (except T2 to T12 nerves) are arranged tp iv. Motor neuron
form networks of nerves called plexuses that serve the v. Effector
limbs: • Reflex arc is conduction pathway for

a) Cervical plexus (C1 – C5) a reflex action involves sensory
b) Brachial plexus (C5 – T1) cells, effector cells, one or more
c) Lumbar plexus (L 1 – L4) nerve cells
d) Sacral plexus (L4 – S4)
e) Coccygeal plexus (S4 – C0) SPINAL REFLEXES

4) SPINAL NERVES • Reflex means extremely rapid way of responding to an
emergency situation using simplest impulse pathway
• The intercostals nerves are the T2 – t 12 spinal nerves
(serve the thorax wall and abdominal surface) • All spinal reflexes carried out by neurons in the spinal cord
alone and not immediately involving the brain
• Cervical plexus (C1-C5) innervates the diaphragm ,
the neck and shoulder • Reflexes are divided into :
i. Somatic reflex (effector are the muscles)
• Brachial plexus (C5 – T1) serves the shoulder, thorax ii. Visceral reflex ( effectors are the smooth and cardiac muscles)
& upper limb

• Lumbar plexus (L1 – L4) innervates the abdominal
wall, buttocks, hip, posterior yhigh and leg

• Sacral plexus (L1 – S4) serves the posterior muscles &
skins of the lower limb.

2022476108 SR1131B

NSCEEYRNSTVTROEALMUS
NUR QAMARINA BATRISYIA BINTI SAZHAR

COMPONENTS 1. SPINAL CORD
2. BRAIN

BRAIN 1. CEREBRUM: Cerebral hemispheres
2. DIENCEPHALON: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
3. CEREBELLUM
4. BRAIN STEM: Midbrain, Pons. Medula oblongata

THE BRAIN FOREBRAIN: CEREBRUM

COMPONENTS LARGEST PART
CORPUS CALLOSUM: Connected left & right hemispheres
FOREBRAIN: cerebrum, thalamus,hypothalamus
MID BRAIN
HIND BRAIN: pons,medulla oblongata,cerebellum

CEREBRAL CORTEX: Gray mater covers

FUCNTION: Logic & moral conduct, emotional, sensory, iniate voluntary muscle

5 Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula

VENTRICLES

LATERAL VENTRICLES (right&left)- Cerebral hemispheres

THIRD VENTRICLE- Diencephalon

FOURTH VENTRICLE- Brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata)

connects with the central canal of the spinal cord

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

Left hemisphere is dominan Language & Mathematical skill

Right hemisphere is more with visual spatial skills & creative endeavors

CEREBRUM: THE LOBES

FRONTAL PARIETAL OCCIPTAL TEMPORAL FOREBRAIN: CEREBRAL CORTEX

Storage, Processing Visual Auditory, Location: Motor Cortex
Concentration, sensory input, reception & Receptive Posterior to central sulcus
Elaboration, Sensory Interpretation speech, Location & Structure:
Judging, discrimination, Memory/ info, Function: Frontal lobe just
Inhibition, Body Expressed Receives neuron axons anterior to central sulcus
Personality, orientation, behavior Contains motor neurons
Emotional, Somatic area, spesific to type of that send axons to
Language Awareness sensory information skeletal muscles

SUPPLEMENT MOTOR AREA LOCATION : Sensory Cortex Function:
on the medial aspect of the brain Postural coordination

FUNCTIONS:

Sequential mov
ements

Preparation and organization of
movement

PREMOTOR AREA FORCEOBNSRISATSINOF:4BLAARSGEANLUCGLEAUNS:GLIA

LOCATION 1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen FUNCTIONS:
Anterior to the
primary motor cortex 3. Substansia nigra

FUNCTIONS 4. Globus pallidus Movement initate

Organization of Force
movements before
initiated Antagonist muscle
Sequential movements
of serial motor skill during movement
(e.g keyboard typing,
piano playing)

FOREBRAIN: DIENCEPHALON MID BRAIN In between
diencephalon & pons
DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS:

THALAMUS Relay station FUNCTION:
Processing visual & auditory data
EPHITALAMUS Regulate light and Generate reflexive somatic response
seasonal change

HYPOTHALAMUS Homeostatic regulation
(hormone production)

HYPOTHALAMUS HINDBRAIN: CEREBELLUM

FUNCTIONS: Little brain
Cortex covering (2 hemisphere)
Control of endocrine system
(anterior pituitary gland) FUNCTIONS:
1.Control smooth & accurate movement
Center for emotional responses : 2.Coordinate voluntary movement ( playing sports)
Behavioral responses with emotion 3.Control smooth & accurate movement

(e.g fear, angry. sad )

Body temperature regulation
(e.g sweating & shivering)

HINDBRAIN: BRAINSTEM Pons : control body function &
balance (chewing)
LOCATION Beneath cerebrum COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS Medulla: regulator internal
physiologic (sneeze)
PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN Mid brain: Processing visual &
auditory data
1. Meninges 2. Cerebrospinal fluid 3. Blood-brains barrier Reticular formation :
Integrator of sensory and motor
info/ Inhibits

Brain is covering by 3 layer Reflects the relative (protection) of the
epithelium and the capillaries of the
protective membranes Supports and watery cushions brain. it allows water, respiratory gases
the brain and spinal cord and & fat-soluble molecules to enter the
(connective tissues) Dura helps to nourish them. neural tissue, but prevent entry of other
water soluble
mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia

mater

4. Bones

MAJOR ENDOCRINE
ORGANS

Pitch Deck 2

HYPHOTALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS 4
(NEUROENDOCRINE ORGAN)
MASTER CONTROLLER

Located beneath thalamus in lower walls and floor of third ventricle of the brain

PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)

Attached to hypothalamus by the infundibulum within the sphenoid bone

Divided into 2 lobes:

-POSTERIOR LOBE (neurohypophysis)
• Store hormones from hypothalamus-oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

-ANTERIOR LOBE (adenohypophysis)
• Influenced by hypothalamic hormone
• Growth hormones (GH),prolactin (PRL),adrenocorticotropic hormones

(ACTH),thyroid-stimulating (TSH),follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormones (LC)
• ACTH,TSH,FSH and LH are tropic hormones (regulate other endocrine gland)