ROBOMATE TOPOGRAPHY BOOK

SECTION A

Chapter 1

INTERPRETATION OF
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

INTRODUCTION OF MAP

A map is a symbolic representation of all or part of the earth’s surface on a
flat piece of paper. Maps are useful because they present information about
the world in a simple graphic way. Maps can be used by different people for
various purposes.

Types of Maps

Content and purpose Scale

Physical Political Thematic Large Scale Small Scale
Maps Maps Maps

Cadastral Topographical Atlas Maps Wall Maps
Maps Maps

ESSENTIALS OF MAPS

A good map should have a proper

(1) Title (2) Scale

(3) Map projection (4) Direction

(5) Conventional signs (6) Index

(7) Grid system

AN EASY APPROACH TO SURVEY MAPPING

Topography refers to the science of describing or representing the character
of a particular place in detail especially as regards the shape and height of the
land, its natural features such as slope of the land, rivers, valleys, plateaus,
plains, mountains and other features. These minute details are arrived at after
carefully surveying (observing/ studying) that piece of land, the apex authority
that makes and certifies such maps in India is the SURVEY OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT.

These maps are called Survey maps as they are prepared after the careful
survey of the land.

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THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF TOPOGRAPHY : They are -
1) Title and Index number.
2) Scale.
3) Grid Reference.
4) Direction.
5) Contours.
6) Conventional Signs and Symbols.

TITLE AND INDEX NUMBER : The Topo-maps published by the Survey of
India Department in the series titled ‘India and adjacent countries’ are
bounded by latitude 0º to 40ºN and longitudes 60ºE to 100ºE.
They are divided into 4º × 4º squares of latitudes and longitudes bearing
numbers of the topo-sheets.

28 32 41 42 51 60 69 75 80 89

29 33 40 43 52 61 70 76 81 90

30 34 39 44 53 62 71 77 82 91

31 35 38 45 54 63 72 78 83 92

36 37 46 55 64 73 79 84 93

47 56 65 74 85 94

48 57 66 86 95
87 96
49 58 67

50 59 68 88 97

Each of these Indexed Sheets is further divided into 16 parts labeled as
A, B, C, D ....... P. These are called Degree sheets as each square is 1 by 1.
Thus for example the Index sheet 45 (from which our Survey Map extracts
are taken) is subdivided into 45A, 45B, ......45P.

Each degree sheet is further sub-divided into 16 parts numbered 1, 2, 3, 4,
....... 16. Thus the Final Index number of the Topo-sheets under Primary
Index number 45 can be anything from 45 A/1 to 45 P/16. Each of the
three has its own identification. Let us take for example 45 D/7.

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In this 45 Index Number. D Degree Sheet. 7 Subdivision of the
Degree Sheet. Each complete subdivision of the Degree Sheet covers an
actual area of 10000Km2. Every survey map sheet given to us covers
approximately an actual area of 100 Km i.e. 1/10th of the area of the
Subdivided Degree Sheet.

28 32 41 42 51 60 69 75 80 89

29 33 40 43 52 61 70 76 81 90

30 34 39 44 53 62 71 77 82 91

31 35 38 45 54 63 72 78 83 92

36 37 46 55 64 73 79 84 93

47 56 65 74 85 94

48 57 66 86 95

49 58 67 87 96

50 59 68 88 97

39 44 53
38 45 54
37 46 55

A EI M

B FJ N

45

C GK O

D HL P

1 5 9 13

2 6 10 14
D

3 7 11 15

4 8 12 16

GRID REFERENCE : All the Ordnance Survey maps issued by the Survey
of India (SOI) are drawn to the scale 2 cm = 1 km. In this system of
coordinates, the area is divided into 100 km × 100 km squares, with each
square identified by two letters such as PQ, UA, UQ, etc. Each 100 km
square is further subdivided into squares of one km. This system of map
drawing is known as National Grid Reference.

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In syllabus you have been given two topography maps for reference :
1) SURVEY OF TOPO-SHEET NO. 45D/7 :

The area shown on the topo-sheet 45D/7 lies in the western part of India
on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
District : Banaskantha (Gujarat) and Sirohi (Rajasthan)
Location : Latitude – 24º15’ N - 24º30’ N

Location – 72º15’ E - 72º30’ E

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Based on the relief, three distinct regions can be found on the topo-sheet:
(a) Hilly Region
• The hills in the north-eastern region rise upto 700 m. The two hills

mentioned on the topo-sheets are Jawar hill and Jasor hill.
• The hill slopes have many cliffs.
• The hilly area is dissected by many streams which join the Banas river

in the south and the Khariya nadi in the north.
• At several places on the lower hill slopes, rock outcrops are found.
(b) Lowland
• It is located at elevations between 170 to 220 metre and slopes gently

from east to west.
• It is dissected by rivers and has gullies or ravines along the river banks.
• It is not completely flat as it has an undulating surface, represented by

small enclosed contours pointing to low hills.
(c) Desert area

• It lies to the west of the Balaram nadi and south of the Banas river.
• The relative height of the sand hills vary from 9 to 14m as can be

noticed from 9r, 10r, 12r, 14r, 15r marked on the topo-sheet.

DRAINAGE PATTERN
Main Rivers : Banas river, Balaram nadi and Khariya nadi.
• Banas river flows into the swampland area of the Little Rann, north-

east of the Gulf of Kutch. It flows from north-east to south-west.
• Banas river has two right bank tributaries — Sarod and Arado nadis

and a left bank tributary — Balaram nadi. The Arado nadi flows from
north to south. The blue line on the topo-sheet in the Arado nadi
indicates that it is a perennial stream.
• Banas river has a broad bed with its width varing from 1/4km to over
1 km, but it has a narrow perennial water course. Its dry part fills
during the rainy season.
• Sipu nadi is a tributary of the Banas river, which flows from north-east
to south-west. The two main tributaries of Sipu nadi are — Varka nadi
and Mahadeviyo Nala, which rise in the hilly region to the east and join
the Sipu nadi on its left bank.

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• There are numerous streams, besides the main rivers. These streams
rise in the higher ground adjacent to the main rivers and their courses
show large tracts of broken ground, indicating soft soil easily eroded by
water. Most of these streams are seasonal and depend on the rains for
water supply.

• The sandy nature of the river beds indicate that a large volume of flow
occurs in the rainy season.

• Due to the high river banks, ravines have developed along the banks of
the river, which are well-developed to the south of the Banas river and
on the side of the Balaram nadi.

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Climate
• There are three climatic seasons :

1. Summer, hot and dry from March to June
2. Monsoon, hot and wet from July to September
3. Winter, cool and dry from October to February.
• Maximum temperature in summer is 47°C and Minimum temperature
in winter is 0°C
• Since this region is located in the western part of India, it receives
comparatively less rainfall than other parts of the country.
• The annual rainfall is between 50 to 100 cm during the monsoon season.
• Due to high temperature, excessive evaporation occurs, which gives
rise to scrub and semi-desert vegetation.
Vegetation
• The hilly region in the north is covered with mixed jungle, referred to
in the topo-sheet as 'Open Mixed Jungle' and 'Dense Mixed Jungle'. The
green colour indicates that the area has been categorised as forest.
• The vegetation in these forests comprise short trees (dry deciduous
type) and tall grasses.
• In the hilly region, where the forests have been cleared, 'Open Scrub' is
marked on the topo-sheet, indicating that the area receives only
moderate rainfall.

SETTLEMENTS
• Almost all the villages are located in the lowlands drained by rivers.

These areas have level ground and alluvial soil deposited by the rivers.
• The hilly region and the sand hills do not have any settlements because

of the unfavourable topography and lack of cultivated lands.
• Except for Chitrasani, which is a rail/road centre, all the settlements

are small and scattered in the lowland area and are either nucleated
or dispersed in pattern.

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TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
• Except for the main line of the western Railway and the roads that run

across the south-east corner through Chitrasani and a motorable road
connecting Badarpura and Bhutedi villages, there are no roads.
• The villages are connected by cart tracks and footpaths only.
• There are no bridges or causeways on the rivers.
• Since the rivers are generally dry and contain water only during the
rainy season, the carts can cross the river beds without any difficulty.

OCCUPATION OF THE PEOPLE
• Most of the people are likely to be engaged in agriculture as many

areas have yellow wash, which indicates cultivable land.
• Rearing of sheep and goats may be prevalent in the hilly areas.
• People living in the villages adjoining the forest may be engaged in

collecting forest products and firewood.
• There are few lime kilns, but the absence of roads, shows there is no

evidence of quarrying. Thus, the main occupation of the people appears
to be rain-fed agriculture, along with rearing of animals and gathering
of forest produce.

2) SURVEY OF TOPO-SHEET NO. 45D/10 :
This region lies in Western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat
at the southern end of the Aravali hills.
District : Sirohi and Banaskantha
Location : Latitude – 24º30’ North - 24º45’ North
Location – 72º30’ East - 72º30’ East

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Based on the relief features, two distinct regions can be found on the topo-
sheet.
Hilly Region
• In the south-east corner of topo-sheet lies the Aravali hills, rising to a

height of over 1400 metres. The Aravali hills run from north-east to
south-west and the ranges are more or less parallel.
Plains
• The remaining portion of the topo-sheet is occupied by a large plain
area.

DRAINAGE PATTERN
Main River
• The Sipu nadi rises in the hills north of Abu and flows in south-west

direction.
• The right bank tributaries of Sipu nadi are: Sukli nadi, Undawala, Dior

nadi.

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• The left bank tributaries of Sipu nadi are: Devengan nadi, Gogua nadi
and another unnamed river flowing past Dhavli.

• The pattern of drainage in the hilly region is radial. From Abu, the
highest point of the region, the rivers radiate (flow in different direction).
In the plain region, the upper courses of rivers are dendritic.

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Climate
• The area has three climatic seasons:

1. Summer, hot and dry, from March to June.
2. Monsoon, hot and wet, from July to September.
3. Winter, cool and dry, from October to February.
• Maximum temperature in summer season remains high, with the
temperature rising up to 47°C, whereas the minimum temperature in
December/January drops to 0°C.
• The rainfalls between 50 to 100 cm during the monsoon season.
Vegetation
• In the hilly region, dry deciduous forests, with short trees are found. In
the plain region, scrub and thorny bushes are found, where no
agriculture is practised.

SETTLEMENTS
• Most of the settlements have either nucleated or dispersed settlement

pattern.
• Mt Abu is a hill station situated at a high altitude which provides pleasant

climate. There are a number of temples like Anjini Devi ka Mandir,
Adhor Devi ka Mandir, Raghunathji Mandir, Dilwara Temple, etc.
It has Nakhi Talao which is a tourist attraction point.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

1. The two main modes of transport are:

(i) Metalled road (ii) Cart tracks.

2. Abu is connected eastwards by two roads : One road runs south-east to

Abu road; and the other runs north-east to Oriya.

3. Important settlements connected with metalled roads are:

(i) Revdar with Karaunti (ii) Gulabganj with Sirori

(iii) Andra with Gulabganj (iv) Vajna with Was.

4. Important settlements connected with cart track are:

(i) Marol and Mitan; (ii) Fatehpur with Butri;

(iii) Bhatana with Goreli; (iv) Mitan with Nimora;

(v) Sirori with Asawa; (vi) Bhamra with Dantrai.

Roads are motorable in dry season show that the area cannot be crossed

by cars or motors during rainy season as the ground becomes wet and

muddy, but in dry season when the ground is hard and dry motors can

cross this area. This indicates that rainfall is seasonal.

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5. There are a number of causeways on the rivers and streams.
6. Anadra is an important settlement which ha many facilities like Police

Chauki, Dispensary Dak Bungalow and metalled road.
7. Dantrai, Pamera, Wahan, Bhatana am Dattani have Post and Telegraph

Office.

Occupation of the People
1. The main occupation of the people in the plains appears to be agriculture

as depicted by yellow wash, which represents cultivable land.
2. The people in this region depend on the periodic rainfall for irrigation.

Besides there are tanks, wells and a canal in the north-east beginning
from the reservoir in the grid square 2222.
3. The green colour in the hilly region indicate the presence of forests. Fairly
dense mixed jungle and open mixed jungle are present in the region. People
here may be occupied in animal rearing especially goat and sheep.
4. Some people may be employed in Post Offices, Police Chowkies, Dak
Bangalow and Rest Houses. Some others may be working in brick kilns.

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED ON TOPOGRAPIC MAPS

To be conversant with the language of map-reading or map interpretation, we
must be familiar with the key or conventional signs or symbols which are usually
printed at the bottom of the map. These signs and symbols represent natural and
man-made features but are reduced in shape and size.

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

SYMBOLS NAME INTERPRETATION

Temporary Dwelling It is a temporary house. The
people living in such houses
may shift their house if the
need arises. It is also called
a Kachha house.

Permanent Dwelling It is a permanent house and
is not to be moved. It is also
called a Pucca house.

Nucleated It is a village where the
Settlements houses are very close to
each other. There and the
next two categories can be
either permanent or
temporary. They are also
called Clustered settlements.

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SYMBOLS SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

NAME INTERPRETATION

Dispersed The houses are very apart
Settlements from each others. They are
also known as ‘Scattered
Settlements.’

Linear Settlements These are the houses built
in line along a road or a
stream. They are also
known as ‘Ribbon Patterned
Settlement.’

Village (inhabited)

Deserted site

HEIGHTS

Bench Mark Height of a place actually
marked on a stone pillar,
BM 560 rock or shown on a building
340 as a permanent reference.
It is written as BM 215 m.
240
Triangulated Height i) Also referred to as
ICSE X triangulation points or
triangulation stations. The
height is calculated by
trigonometry and hence
accurate.
ii) It is depicted by a triangle
with a dot within and the
height beside it.

Spot Height It is the height of a
particular point (spot) on the
ground (in metres) above
mean sea level.

Contours Contours are imaginary
lines drawn on maps, joining
all places with the same
height above sea level.

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SYMBOLS SOURCES OF WATER - 1

7r NAME INTERPRETATION

Tanks They are largely manmade
facilities for the storage of
water for irrigation. They
can be perennial or
seasonal. In the survey
maps they are largely
seasonal.

Tanks Embankment The relative hight of the
with Relative Height perennial tank with an
embankment from top to
bottom.
e.g. The relative height of
the perennial tank with an
embankment from top to
bottom is 7m.

Reservoir A lake-like man-made
facility for the storage of rain
water. It is always perennial.

Broken ground i) A relief feature found
mostly in dry regions around
rivers and streams.
ii) It is land around river,
which is totally weathered
(exfoliated) due to alternate
wet and dry spell.

Embankment a wall or bank of earth or
stone built to prevent a
water body flooding an area.

Submerged rocks

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SYMBOLS SOURCES OF WATER - 2

7r NAME INTERPRETATION
(Brackish)
Springs Here the ground water
Perennial comes to the surface all by
Non-Perennial itself. There is generally a
temple associated with it.
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Wells Main source of water in the
villages. They have water
throughout the year. Hence
they are perennial.

1) Lined Wells Perennial lined well
(depicted in blue)

2) Unlined wells i) Unlined well (depicted in
blue)
ii) Wells are drilled down to
the watertable. It they have
water throughout the year,
wells are perennial.
Usually, they have a brick
and mortar lining.

3) Tube Wells These are the most reliable
wells. They are much
deeper, safe, occupy less
space and the water is
clean.

4) Well with The relative depth of the
Relative Depth lined perennial well is 7m
from bottom to top.

5) Well with The water in the well has
Brakish Water high level of dissolved
minerals (soft / hard water).
Thus it is unfit for drinking.

6) Canal A canal is associated with a
dam or an embankment
across a river from where it
carries water to far-flung
areas. Thus canal is a man-
made path to carry water
from a dam or an
embankment.

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Geography DRAINAGE Robomate+
NAME
SYMBOLS Tidal river INTERPRETATION
A tidal river is a river whose
.6r Dry River-bed with flow and level are influenced
relative height by tides.
6 metres
Dry River bed with A dry river bed with a
water channel narrow perennial water
River with islands channel (depicted in blue).
Sand or other sediment can
Tidal Stream build in a portion of the river
by currents when the river
level is high. During the dry
season, these can be
exposed above the surface.

Dry Tank Seasonal tank

Perennial Tank Has water present in a
through out the year.
Confluence
Meeting of tributary and
Dam with main river.
masonry work
Dam with earth dams made out of masonry
work – mainly stone and brick

Dam built up by compacting
successive layers of earth
(mud).

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NAME
SYMBOLS Waterfall INTERPRETATION

SYMBOLS Perennial Stream The word ‘falls’ indicates
Dry/ waterfalls over a steep slope,
Seasonal stream in this case 30 m. The river
Disappearing plunges over a piece of steep
stream slope or steep resistance
plateau this forming a
waterfall.

Has water present in it
throughout the year.

The streams dry up during
the summer season.

STRUCTURES

NAME INTERPRETATION

Fort It indicates that the place of
historic significance.

Temple / Mosque / Indicates the important

Church religion practiced there.

Graveyard Indicates a burial ground.

Chhatri Chhatris are elevated,
dome-shaped pavilions used
Lime kiln Lime Kiln as an element in Indian
Brick kiln Brick Kiln architecture.
Light-house
An open oven where lime is
made.

An open oven where bricks
are baked.

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SYMBOLS MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS - 1

Dep NAME INTERPRETATION

Stony Waste Form Line i) When the relief of an area
is so inaccessible and
complicated that assessment
of its accurate height is not
possible, contours are drawn
as broken lines to indicate
only the general pattern of
the ground and give no
definite idea of the actual
heights.
ii) Since they only show the
form of the land they are
called form lines.

Depression Lowering of land due to soil
erosion. It is largely found
in desert regions due to
wind erosion.

Stony Waste Indicates stone quarrying or
mining in the area.

Sand Dunes They are mounds of sand in
the desert conditions.

Sheet Rock Sheet Rock It is an area of land where the
Rock Outcrop top soil is completely eroded.
Rock Outcrop Generally such land tends to
CG Fence dip towards the valley. No
Camping ground cultivation is possible.
14 Hachures It is a portion of rock jutting
Map-North above the surface of the
earth.

Hachures short lines of
varying thickness to show the
shape and slope of the land.

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SYMBOLS MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS - 2

PTO NAME INTERPRETATION
PO
Telephone Line Indicates the best mode of
PS communication.
DB
Post and Telegraph Indicates the presence of a
Dispensary Office post office in the village along
PWD with the telegraph facility.
IB
Post Office It indicates the presence of
RH a post office in the village.
CH There is no telegraph
service available.
Police Outpost
Police Chowki Police Station

Dak Bungalow Small government owned
bunglow. Used by travellers
at nominal rates.

Dispensary Indicates the medical
facilities available in that
settlement. It can be
considered while comparing
two settlements.

Public Work Municipal body in small
Department towns.

Inspection Bunglow Used by forest officers in
forest areas. Also found in
large construction sites
such as a huge dam if any.

Rest House Government Guest House

Circuit House Government Guest House

Police Outpost

Police Chowki

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Geography BOUNDARIES Robomate+
NAME
SYMBOLS INTERPRETATION
International
SYMBOLS Boundary Boundry between the two
State Boundary countries.

District Boundary Between two states.
It can be either demarcated
Tehsil Boundary or undemarcated.

Between the two districts in
the same state. If the
districts are in two different
states then the state
boundary would be shown.

Indicates the surveyed
region consists of 2 or more
tehsils (segmentation of a
district). It is also called
‘Taluka boundary’.

AIR TRANSPORT INTERPRETATION
NAME

Aerodrome

Airfield

SYMBOLS FOREST INTERPRETATION
NAME
Dense Forest/Jungle
Open Mixed Jungle Dense Forest/Jungle Indicates heavy rainfall.
RF
Open Mixed Jungle Indicates moderate rainfall
Fire line
Reserved Jungle Indicates moderate rainfall

Fire line It is a 5 m wide pathway, clear
of all vegetation to prevent a
forest fire spreading from one
section to another.

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NAME
SYMBOLS Footpath INTERPRETATION

Pack track Indicates minimum progress
in the region. Possibly hilly
Cart track terrain or wet land.
Path meant for the
movement of domesticated
animals. It can also be used
as a footpath.
It can be used by bullock or
horse carts.

Motorable in dry season Cart track It is a cart track which is
(Motorable in usable only during dry
20 dry season) season. During monsoon one
cannot travel throught it as
ICSE X Unmetalled Road it becomes damp or marshy
during the rain season.
Metalled Road
It is also called Kachha road.
Bridge Along It is a mud road. Even the
A Road/Cart Track automobiles can use these
roads. It indicates more
Causeway advancement than the first
three.
Bridge with piers
Best type of roads. Used by
all types of road vehicles. They
indicate greater development.
The two digit number along
the metalled road indicates
the distance stone.

A bridge may be associated
with a cart track or a road.
It connects the road/cart
track across a stream or a
river or a canal.

It is a raised road over a
small water body. (Usually
road used only in the non
rainy months.)

Bridge with piers, i.e. an
overhead structure with a
road or railway, supported by
masonry pillars or columns.

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Geography RAILWAYS Robomate+
NAME
SYMBOLS Broad Gauge INTERPRETATION

20 Meter Gauge The distance between the
pair of rails of a track is
RS Narrow Gauge 1.676 meters.

Single Gauge with The distance between the
Distance stone pair of rails of a track is 1
meter.

The distance between the
pair of rails of a track is
0.762 meters. It is mainly
seen in hilly areas. Also
called ‘Light Railway’.

Level Crossing It is a place where a road
crosses one or more railway
lines.

Railway Station It indicates human
settlement near railway
line.

Cutting with tunnel A low hill is cut through to
make a railway line.

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GRID REFERENCE

LOCATING FEATURES ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS :
To help locate features on a map, a grid is often drawn on the map. A grid is a net
of line that form ‘cells’, like in a graph paper. A feature on the map can be located
by knowing the cell in which it lies.
Before we understand what are grids, we must know something about the Vertical
and the Horizontal red lines drawn on the survey map. i.e. Eastings and the
Northings. Each is known by a two digit number.

1. EASTINGS : They are the vertical red lines drawn parallel to each other
on a survey sheet with a distance of two centimeters (20 mm). They have a
two digits numerical value in ascending order from west to east. The lowest
numerical value is 00 and the highest value is 00.

23 24 25 26 27 28
For example :

N 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm

23 24 25 26 27 28

Eastings

2. NORTHINGS : They are the horizontal red lines drawn parallel to each

other on a survey sheet with a distance of two cms (20 mm). They have a

two digit numerical value in ascending order from south to north. The

lowest numerical value is 00 and the highest value is 99.

N 78 78

For example - 2 cm

77 77

Northings 2 cm 76
75
76

2 cm

75

2 cm 74

74 73

2 cm 19

73

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The intersection of the Eastings and the Northings form square blocks of
two centimetres of length and breadth. They are called ‘Four Figure Grids.’
They are essential to determine a location of a feature or a survey symbol
on the survey sheet.

3. FOUR FIGURE GRID : It is an area enclosed by a line of easting and a line
of northing, both having a two digit numerical values. The four figure grid
value is read in the form of L i.e. first the value of Easting and then the
value of the Northing.

25 26 27 28 29
92 92

A

91 91

90 90

89 89
C 88

88

B

87 26 27 28 87
25 29
B = 2787 C = 2688
Eg. A = 2591

4. SIX FIGURE GRID : This is used to identify the smallest feature shown on
the survey sheet.
Note : The distance between two Northings and two Eastings is 2cms,

This distance is further divided into ten equal parts of 2 mm. In this actual
area, there are numerous man-made and natural features such as wells,
prominent trees, notable heights etc. By evolving the technique of six a
figure grid reference, a surveyor can easily locate these features on the
map with accuracy.

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Calculating Six Figure Grid Reference :

1. The 6 – figure grid reference helps in finding the precise location of any
given sign or symbol.

2. The sequence for finding the 6 figure grid reference is EEENNN.
3. While finding the 6 – figure grid reference we need to first find the 4 figure

grid reference.
4. Remember to draw the alphabet ‘L’ for four figure grid reference,
5. The 4 – figure grid reference is 3330 as shown in figure above.
6. To find the 6 – figure

One block on a topography sheet measures 2 cm.
Divide this 2 cm block into 10 equal divisions horizontally and vertically

2 cm
 10
 1 division = 0.2 cm.

Scale :

0 1 2 3 4 51 6 7 8 9 10

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31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
32 32

31 1 32 830_ 31
30
1 29

30

29

28 28

01234567890

To fill the first gap take the division on the horizontal line as values increase
towards to the east

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
32 32

31 31

10

30 9 30

81 328303

72

6 29
29 5

4

3 28
28 2

1

0

To fill the second the second gap take the division of vertical line as value
increase towards the north.
 The six figure grid reference is 328303.

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SCALE
Scale is the ratio of distance between any two parts on the map to the coresponding
distance on the ground.

Scale

Verbal statement Representative Linear
2 cm to 1 km Fraction or Graphical
1 cm to 500m 1 : 50,000
5km 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 25km

1. Verbal Scale : In this method, scale is stated in words or we make a
statement about it.
e.g. 1 cm to 1 km
1 inch to 5 miles
The value on the left hand side usually represents the map distance.
Disadvantages :
(i) Verbal scale is expressed in units of measurement which differ from
place to place.
(ii) When the map is reduced or enlarged from the original, the scale does
not remain the same.

2. Linear or Graphic Scale : In this method, the scale is represented by a
straight line divided into equal parts (primary and secondary) to show what
these markings represent on the actual ground. The Primary Divisions are
the major divisions on the scale graduated from left to right. The Secondary
Divisions are smaller units graduated from right to left on one primary
division as shown in figure below.

5 43 21 0 5 10 15 20 25

Linear Scale - 1:1,00,000
Each primary division denotes a distance of 5 kilometres. Each secondary
division denotes a distance of one kilometre on the actual ground.
Advantages :
(i) The relationship remains true even if the map is enlarged, reduced or

only a small portion of it is used.
(ii) It combines both Verbal Statement and Representative Fraction.
(iii) It helps in calculating the distance directly in kilometres or metre

without using any calculations.

ICSE X 23

Geography Robomate+

3. Representative Fraction : In this method, the scale is represented as the
ratio of the length of a line on the map and the corresponding actual distance
on the earth's surface.

Distance on the map
R. F. = Distance on the ground in the same unit
e.g. 1:1,00,000

Advantage :
The main advantage of R.F, is that it is only a fraction and is independent
of any particular unit of measurement and has universal application. It is
therefore, also known as International Scale or National Scale.

24 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

SETTLEMENTS

1. Dispersed or Scattered Settlements :
Permanent huts are scattered or located on large
farms where there is sparse population. If the
region is a highland, then livestock rearing will
be the main occupation spread over a large area.
Such settlements are found in regions of
unfavourable topography i.e. hilly region, sand hills
etc. This type of settlement is generally associated with regions of high
land, poor soils and an abundance of available sources of water.

2. Linear Settlements : Permanent huts and houses
are built alongside the local main road, railway
line or river banks. In coastal areas they are
similarly built. However, in course of time, these
develop as route focus, trading centres, or
collecting and distributing settlements.

3. Nucleated Settlements : Buildings / permanent
huts form clustered or compact settlements
gradually merging into each other forming bigger
townships. These concentrated settlements
suggest productivity and prosperity and are usually
located on fertile plains, or sheltered valleys where
large populations can progress.
Some of the factors which encourage nucleated of compact sites include
the need for defence, the availability of water supply at particular locations
and the development of modern means of transport.

4. Radial Pattern Settlements : These are clustured
in a star-like pattern around a tank, lake, factory,
etc.

5. Isolated Settlements : Settlements, which are 25
remote and isolated. They are usually found in hilly
and mountainous region.

ICSE X

Geography Robomate+

DRAINAGE PATTERNS

The main river together with its tributaries forms ig own drainage pattern,
which reflects the relief and geological structure of the area, nature of
rocks, slope...of land and the amount of rainfall experienced.
The most important and common drainage patterns are:
1. Dendritic Pattern : From the Greek word 'dendron'
meaning tree-like, this is the most common drainage
pattern. The relief being more or less uniform, the
tributaries join the main river at acute angles.

2. Radial Pattern : In upland areas from peaks, Dendritic
particularly conical peaks, dissected uplands, where
streams flow down or radiate in different directions Mountain
from a central focal point, the drainage pattern is Radial
said to be radial.

3. Trellised Pattern (Centrifugal drainage pattern) :
Due to alternating layers of hard and soft rock, the
streams and tributaries join the main river at right
angles forming a trellis.

Trellised

4. Disappearing or Ephemeral Streams or Disappearing Dry Valley
Drainage : Disappearing streams do not join the River
main river but simply disappear due to porosity of
soil such as sand, chalk, limestone, etc., and
insufficient water in it. Found in arid regions.

Disappearing

26 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

OCCUPATIONS

EVIDENCES OCCUPATIONS
(a) Forest or Green Patch Forestry
(b) Yellow Patch or orchards Agriculture
(c) Meadows or Scrub Cattle-grazing or sheep rearing
(d) Mines and Quarries / Lime Kilns Quarrying and mining
(e) Presence of metalled road Trade

railway line Industrial Development
(f) Factories and mines Entertainment and Cultural
(g) Annual fairs, Golf Courses, Parks,
Coast, lakes, rivers, etc.
Rifle Rangers, etc. Presence hotels and Inns/
(h) Fishery sunrise and sunset point
(i) Tourism Presence of PTO, PO, PS, DB, IB.
Brick Baking
(j) Government services / jobs
(k) Brick kiln

DIRECTIONS

‘Direction’ is a relative term. 360º
While determining the direction we

must clearly understand the what the 315º N 45º

question is stating. For example if the NW NE

question is what is the direction of A

from B, we must assume that we are

standing at B and not at A.

North, South, East and West are 270º W E 90º
the Cardinal (Primary) directions. North

East, South East, North West and South

West are the Secondary directions. The

directions that lie between these are SW S SE
called the Tertiary directions. They are
North-North-East, East-North-East, 225º 135º

East-South-East, South-South-East, 180º
South-South-West, West-South-West,

West-North-West and North-North- West.

Please note not to give the directions in abbreviations in the examination.

(Do not wirte NW in place of North West).

How to identify the Direction?

Q. What is the direction of ‘•A’ from ‘  B’?
In this case you are standing at ‘B’.
(i) Using a pencil, draw a straight lirtiniag A and B on the map.

ICSE X 27

Geography Robomate+

(ii) Draw the four cardinal direction place from which the direction is to
be found.

(iii) Find the correct direction

North

North-East
B

West A East

South

In the example given above, the direction of •A from  B is South-West.

AREA BY THE GRID SQUARE METHOD

On topographical maps, each grid square measures 2 cm (2 cm is equal to

1 km.)

To calculate a certain area on a topographical map, the following steps are

involved.

Find out the number of complete grid squares within the area enclosed

between Easting and Northing mentioned.

Example : 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 32

32

31 31

30 30

29 29

28 28

(i) Find the area enclosed the Easting 33 to 37 and Northing 30 to 32.
Length of the shaded area between Easting 33 to 37 = 8cm
(2cm = 1km) = 4km.
Length of the shaded area between Northing 30 to 32 = 4cm
(2cm = 1km) = 2km.
 Area is 4km × 2km = 8km2.

(ii) Find the area of the map. ICSE X
Ans. Length of the map = 20cm

(2cm = 1km) = 10km

28

Robomate+ Geography

Breadth of the map = 20cm
(2cm = 1km) = 10km
 Area is 10km × 10km = 100km2.

(iii) Calculate the area enclose between Easting 04 to 11 and Northing 11 to 14.
Ans. Length of the shaded area between Easting 04 to 11 = 14cm

(2cm = 1km) = 7km.
Length of the shaded area between Northing 11 to 14 = 6cm
(2cm = 1km) = 3km.
 Area is 7km × 3km = 21km2.

DEFINITIONS

1. Representative fraction (RF)
Ans. It is the ratio between the distances on the map to its corresponding distance

on actual ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000.

2. Scale
Ans. Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on the map and

the actual distance of the same points on the ground.
The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000.

3. Contour
Ans. Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all places with the

same height above sea level.

4. Contour Interval
Ans. The interval between two consecutive contours is called contour interval

The contour interval of the tops map is 20 metres.

5. Index Contour :
Ans. Contour lines are thickened at regular intervals to make it easier to read

contours. For example at every 100 metres the contour line is made darker,
the darker lines are called Index Contours.

6. Triangulated Height
Ans. It is the height of a place which has been calculated using trigonometry,

represented by a small triangle. E.g. -  540 (black)

7. Spot Height
Ans. The height of random places between contours shown with a dot. E.g. - 425

8. Bench Mark
Ans. Height of a place actually marked on a stone pillar, rock or shown on a

building as a permanent reference, it is written as BM 200m.

9. Relative Height
Ans. Relative Height is the height of a feature with reference to the height of

the surrounding land and NOT to sea level.
It is represented by the height with a small 'r' eg - 12r.

ICSE X 29

Geography Robomate+

10. Rock Outcrop
Ans. Large areas of rock where the overlying soil layers have been eroded and

removed due to mechanical weathering.

11. Stony Waste
Ans. A large area usually in arid/semi-arid regions where the finer sand/ soil

has bown away leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles.
12. Broken Ground
Ans. A relief feature found mostly in dry regions around rivers and streams. It

is land around river, which is totally weathered (exfoliated) due to alternate
cooling and heating.
13. Fire line
Ans. A cleared pathway of 5 metres in a forest to prevent the spread of forest fires.

14. Mixed Forest
Ans. A forest with more than two varieties of trees growing in close proximity to

each other.

15. Open Jungle
Ans. A forest where trees are widely scattered

16. Dense Jungle
Ans. A forest where trees grow very close to each other.

17. Open Scrub
Ans. Scrub is vegetation found in regions with less than 100 cms of rainfall.

Therefore it indicates a dry region.

18. Brackish
Ans. It is a well, which has water with very high salt content which is unfit for

drinking purposes.

19. Causeway
Ans. It is a raised metalled road over a small water body. (Usually road used

only in the non rainy months.)

20. Cutting
Ans. A portion of land, which has been cut in order to make land available for

transport routes. (it is indicative of a rocky region)

21. Embankment
Ans. They are raised rock or soil filled constructions on which roads/railway

tracks are built. Also made near tanks and rivers to prevent flooding.

22. Form lines
Ans. Form lines are contour lines, but show only approximate heights above sea

level as they are used to indicate the elevations of the area which are not
accessible for proper survey. Hence they are drawn as broken lines and
are called 'form lines'.

23. Q.C Q.D., OC, OD, PQ, etc
Ans. These are alphabetical codes used to represent the biggest grid sq. of 10,000

square kms.

30 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

24. Dep
Ans. It is a depression often found in sandy areas where the wind, having blown

away the sand, leaves a hollow or a depression.

25. Hachuring
Ans. Early cartographers attempted to show surface features on maps by using

the technique of hachuring. Hachures short lines of varying thickness to
show the shape and slope of the land. In accordance with this technique,
the steeper the slope is, the thicker the lines are which represent it.
While hachuring was initially innovative for its time, it gradually began to
be replaced since the actual height of the land was not depicted.

26. Lime kiln or brick kiln
Ans. These are open furnaces where limestone is purified or bricks are baked

for construction purpose.

27. Hill shading
Ans. Hill shading resembles a light and shadow effect. Valleys and the sides of

mountains appear as though they are cast in shadow. This is a visually
striking method, which is ideal for providing an overall view of the relief of
an area. Hill shading, however, does not show height which means that is
no more accurate than hachuring

28. Scale
Ans. Scale is the ratio of distance between any two parts on the map to the

coresponding distance on the ground.
Scale

Verbal statement Representative Linear
2 cm to 1 km Fraction or Graphical
1 cm to 500m 1 : 50,000
5km 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 25km

29. (a) Advantages of linear scale :
Ans. It helps to measure the distance directly in kms. without any calculation,

5 43 21 0 5 10 15 20 25

(b) Advantage of RF over verbal scale.
Ans. RF is expressed in fraction so it is universally used, whereas verbal scale

is expressed in units of measurement which differ from place to place.

ICSE X 31

Geography Robomate+

CONTOURS

Contours : Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all places with

the same height above sea level.

Contour interval : The interval between two consecutive contours is called contour

interval (*it is a constant 20 mts in your toposheets.)

Contour lines are always shown in brown colour on the topography maps.

Contour lines give an indication of the slope of the land as well as the elevation

above sea level.

The different landforms are represented by varied spacing and shapes of contour

lines.

1. Gentle Slope : Where contour lines are far

apart, it represents a gentle slope of the land.

A B
500
400
300
200
100

500
400
300

200
100

0

Gentle Slope

2. Steep Slope : Steep slopes are represented by A B
a close spacing of contour lines.

A Contour interval 100m 1100
1000
1100 Steep Slope 900
1000
800
900 700
800 600

700 500
600 400
300
500
200
400
300 B100

200
100

32 ICSE X

Robomate+ A Geography
B
3. Uniform Slope : In places where the contour
lines are spaced uniformly, it represents a
regular or uniform slope of land. The cross
section drawn below the contour diagram brings
out clearly the uniform slope of the land.

Height
(m) 300

200
100

0

Uniform Slope

4. Concave Slope : In a concave slope, the slope
of the land is gentle at low elevation and
becomes steep at high elevation. The spacing
of contours will be far apart at lower levels and
closer at higher levels. The cross section brings
out clearly the concave slopes of the land.
Volcanic hills have concave slopes on all sides.

Concave Slope

5. Convex Slope : The slope of the land is steep
at low levels and gentle at high elevation.
Therefore, the contours are closer at low
elevations and farther apart at higher
elevations. The cross section brings out clearly
the form of the convex slope. A dome mountain
has convex slopes all around.

Convex Slope

6. Knolls : Knolls are small, isolated 150100100
hillocks that appear more or less 100
rounded and are represented by almost River100
circular contours.
150 150
A 100 B

100

Knolls

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Geography A 50 100 Robomate+

7. Conical Hill : A hill is a landform with Metres 150 B
a summit at a high elevation. Land 500
slopes in all directions form the summit 400 200
of the hill. Where the slopes are uniform 300 250
in all directions from the summit of the 200
hill, it is called a conical hill. Contour 100 300
lines are nearly equally spaced. The 0 350
summit of the hill is marked by the 400
contour line of the highest value. The 450
contour line marking the foot of the hill
has the lowest value. The cross section Conical Hill
brings out the uniform slope of the
conical hill.

8. Plateau : A plateau is a flat-topped AB
highland (indicated by hardly any 800
contour lines) with steep slopes on one 700
or more sides. A plateau is also called 600
a tableland because it has a flat 500
undulating surface with gentle slopes. 400
The edges of the plateau rise steeply
from the adjoining lowland. Closely Metres
spaced contour lines mark the steep 800
slope which forms the edge of the 700
plateau. The cross section clearly brings 600
out the form of the plateau. 500
400
9. Ridge : A ridge is a long, narrow sharp-
edged upland of hills or mountains Plateau (Table-land)
which has many peaks. A ridge is
sometimes called a range of hills. The B
slope of the hill may be steep or gentle.
The cross section gives an idea of the 600 555000450400
form of a ridge . 350
300

A
Metres
600
550
500
400

Ridge

34 ICSE X

Robomate+ A Geography300
400
10. Escarpment : An escarpment has a steep B500
slope on one side and a gentle slope on 600
the opposite side. The steep slope called a Metres
scarp is represented by closely spaced 800700
contours and the gentle slope called the 700800
dip slope is shown by contour lines drawn 600
far apart. The cross section clearly shows 500
the contrast in slopes between the two 400
sides of an escarpment. 300

Escarpment (Scarp)

11. Col or Saddle : A col or saddle is a gap between two fairly high peaks of a
ridge. Routes in hilly regions make use of the col or saddle to cross the hills.
One has to ascend to reach the col and then descend on the other side. The
cross section brings out the form of the col. Sometimes a broader col is
referred to as a saddle. Cols or saddles are useful for communication. A
gap is usually at a lower level.

2000
2100

2600 A 700 600 800B
2500 700
22430000
2200 500

2700 400 Metres
2600 800
2500 Saddle 700
600
2400 500
2300 400

2200 300
2100
2000

A Col

12. River Valley and Spur : A river valley is a

lowland occupied by a river. Land slopes A 340 320 300 280 B
along the path of the river and down the two 360

sides of the valley. Therefore, contours have

a V-shape with the apex of the V-pointing on

the upstream side.

River valleys in mountain regions which are

deep and narrow are represented by closely Metres
spaced contour lines. Broad and shallow 360
valleys are represented by widely spaced 340
contour lines.
320

300
280

Spur

A spur is a stretch of highland which extends from a ridge or a range of

hills. Spurs usually lie between two valleys. Spurs are represented by

ICSE X 35

Geography Robomate+

V-shaped contour lines with the apex of the V-pointing towards lower ground.
In the contour diagram study the differences in the form of contour lines of
valleys and spurs.
The cross section brings out clearly the contrasts between valleys and spurs.

13. Cliff : A cliff is a high, steep, almost vertical 20
rock face or slope. This is represented by
the merger of two or more contour lines. The 0 Sea
closer and more numerous the contour lines, 20 B
the steeper the slope. In topographic maps 60
where two or more contours merge, the cliff A 80
symbol is marked. Cliffs occur commonly
along the coast owing to the erosive action Cliff Metres
of waves. Cliffs along the coast are shown by 80
the merger of contour lines with the Cliff 60
coastline. 40
20

0

14. Waterfall : A waterfall occurs where there 450 W4a0t0erf3al5l0 300 250

is a steep slope along the path of a river. 600 500

Water falls vertically down the steep slope. A B

Waterfalls are represented by the merger of

two or more contours across the path of a

river. The contour diagram brings out the

form of the waterfall. Metres
600
550
500
450

400

350
250

The intervisibility of places : Waterfall

The intervisibility of two places on a map

depends on their height as well as the Q R
nature of slope between them. Other
factors like the type of vegetation, the P 750 Metre
location of buildings or other structures P 600 750
may also affect visibility. Generally, the 450 600
greater the elevation of the land, the 300 450
larger is the visible area. For example, 150 300
large areas can be seen clearly from
the summit of a hill or ridge. Concave Q R 100
slopes between two points make them 0

intervisible. Intervisiblity

A convex slope often prevents intervisibility between two points. A convex

slope throws a large area of shadow which hides places in the shadow

zone.

36 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

MEASURING DISTANCE

There are two types of measurements of distance :
(a) Direct Distance
(b) Indirect Distance.

(a) Direct Distance : It is also called the straight distance (‘as the crow flies’
etc). For this use a ruler and measure the distance between the two points
mentioned in the question. Take the distance in cms on the scale. Using
the appropriate scale mentioned in the question, convert the distance into
meters or Kms as required.

11 6 km
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

1 km 500 m 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ANS – 5 km

Scale

(b) Indirect Distance : Measuring the length of a stretch of a road, a cart
track the perennial stream of a river etc is called ‘Indirect Scale’. This is
because these do not follow a straight line / direction.

Piece of thread

1 km 500 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 km

A B

Same piece of thread 37

ICSE X

Geography Robomate+

Steps :

(i) Take a string of sufficient length. Put a knot on one end of it so that
the starting point does not slip off and that you have correct
identification of the starting point.

(ii) Measure the length along the curves and bends of the road / stream
in bits.

(iii) When you complete the measuring of the stretch given to you, mark at
that point on the string, using your nails or pen.

(iv) Now measure the length in cms on the ruler.

(v) Using the appropriate scale, convert the same into Kms or in meters
as required.

INTERPRETATION OF COLOUR TINTS

In conclusion, we may say that the colours on a topographical map are of great
significance, as they indicate certain features.

1. Black : Lines of latitude and longitude, all names, river banks, dry streams,
broken ground, heights and their numbering, railway lines and stations,
telephone and telegraph lines, surveyed trees. Prominent surveyed trees
have numbers on their trunks which serve as landmarks. Cutting of surveyed
trees is not permitted.

2. Red : Grid lines (Easting and Northings) and their numbering, roads, cart
tracks, footpaths, pack tracks, huts, settlements, buildings.

3. Blue : Water features, water bodies that are perennial (contain water).
4. Brown : Contours lines, their numbering, form lines, sand features such

as sand dunes and sand hills.
5. Green : All wooded and forested areas, scrub, orchards, scattered trees.
6. Yellow : All cultivated or agricultural land is shaded in yellow.
7. White patches : Uncultivated land / wasteland.

MAN MADE FEATURE : Canal, wells, dams, banks, settlements, all facilities
such as PTO, PO, PWD, RH, FORT, DB, TO, PS, Pipe-lines, All occupational features,
Dispensary, Mines, Places of worship, all modes transport, distance stones etc.

NATURAL FEATURES : All topographic features, Rivers, Streams, Drainage pattern,
Springs, Depressions, sandbars, Sand-dunes, Broken ground, River bed features,
All forms of natural vegetation etc.



38 ICSE X

Chapter 2

MAPS

INDIA N

R. INDUS R.JHELUM RIVERS
R.CHENAB
R.BEAS

R.SATLUJ

R.GOMATI R. BRAHMAPUTRA

R.YAMUNA R.GHAGHARA

R.KOSI

R.CHAMBAL GHANDAK

R.BETWA R.SON

R.NARMADA R.GANGA R.DAMODAR
R.TAPI R.MAHANADI

R.TUNGBHADRA R.GODAVARI
R.KRISHNA

R.KAVERI

Note : Students are supposed to mark rivers in blue colour. In the above map
different colours are used for easy understanding.

ICSE X 39

Geography Robomate+

INDIA N

SOILS

Laterite soil
Coastal alluvium
Alluvial soil
Deltaic alluvium
Black soil
Red soil

40 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

INDIA N

PLAINS

GANGETIC
PLAINS

3

KONKAN NORTHERN
COAST CIRCARS

6 5

KANARA 1 COROMANDEL
COAST COAST

MALABAR 2
COAST
4

Kanara Coast
Coromandel Coast
Indo-Gangetic plains
The Malabar coastal plain
Northern Circars
Konkan Coast

1. The coast which lies between Konkan and Malabar Coast – Kanara Coast
2. The coast experiences rainfall in winter – Coromandel Coast
3. The most fertile plain in the northern India – Indo-Gangetic Plains
4. The Malabar coastal plain
5. Northern Circars
6. Konkan Coast

ICSE X 41

Geography Robomate+

ARAVALI MT. GODWIN AUSTIN (K2) INDIA N

8 PHYSICAL FEATURES

KARAKORAM
10 RANGE

MT. KANCHENJANGA
1 HIMALAYAS

5

2

11

VINDHYA 6
SATPURA
9
GARO JAINTIA

KHASI

WESTERN 3
GHATS
7
EASTERN GHATS

NILGIRIS

4

1. The young fold mountain range - Himalayas
2. The old fold mountain range - Aravali Range
3. The continuous mountain range - Western Ghats
4. The blue mountains - Nilgris
5. Mt. Kanchenjunga
6. The mountain range between Narmada and Tapi - Satpura
7. Eastern Ghats
8. Mt. Godwin Austin (K2)
9. Garo, Jaintia, Khasi hills
10. Karakoram Range
11. Vindhya Range

42 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

INDIA

5 PLATEAU AND PASSES N

KARAKORAM
PASS

NATHULA
PASS

3

4 CHOTA NAGPUR
PLATEAU

1

MALWA
PLATEAU

DECCAN
PLATEAU

2

1. The plateau which is rich in minerals - Chotanagpur plateau
2. The plateau formed by lava rocks/ highly dissected plateau - Deccan plateau
3. The pass located between India and Tibet - Nathula pass
4. Malwa Plateau
5. Karakoram Pass

ICSE X 43

Geography Robomate+

JAMMU AND INDIA
KASHMIR
POPULATION DENSITY N
2 DISTRIBUTION

ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
3

THAR
DESERT

6

5
BIHAR

4
WEST BENGAL

1 SPARELY POPULATED AREA
KERALA DENSELY POPULATED AREA

1. Densely populated state in Southern part of India - Kerala
2. Sparsely populated state in North - Jammu and Kashmir
3. Sparsely populated state in North eastern part of India - Arunachal Pradesh
4. A densely populated state in the east - West Bengal
5. Most densely populated state - Bihar
6. Sparsely populated area in the West - Thar Desert

44 ICSE X

Robomate+ INDIA Geography

3 WATER BODIES N
LAKE
WULAR

5

GULF

OF

KUTCH

4

GULF OF 1
LAKE CHILIKA
KHAMBHAT

2 ANDAMAN
Palk Strait SEA
6
7
GULF OF
MANNAR

1. The largest salt water lake – Chilika
2. The strait between India and Sri Lanka – Palk Strait
3. One of the largest fresh water lake in Asia located in Jammu and Kashmir

– Wular Lake
4. The Gulf of Khambhat
5. Gulf of Kutch
6. Gulf of Mannar
7. Andaman Sea

ICSE X 45

Geography Robomate+

INDIA
N

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

IST MERIDIAN 82030' E
1

ALLAHABAD

2 TROPIC
OF CANCER

3
TEN DEGREE CHANNEL

1. The time meridian of India / The IST of India- 82½ºE
2. The latitude on which the sun shines vertically on June 21st /

The Latitude which divides India into two equal halves – Tropic of Cancer
3. Ten Degree Channel

46 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

INDIA N

SRINAGAR CITIES OF INDIA

1 CHANDIGARH

8

DELHI
2

ALLAHABAD 5 7
KOLKATA

MUMBAI VISHAKHAPATANAM
HYDERABAD 49

3 CHENNAI
6
BENGALURU

KOCHI 10

1. City situated on the banks of river Jhelum – Srinagar
2. City situated on the banks of river Yamuna / Administrative capital / political

capital – Delhi
3. IT / Electronic capital of India – Bengaluru
4. IT city near to Bengaluru – Hyderabad
5. City situated on the confluence of river Ganga and Yamuna – Allahabad
6. The oldest artificial harbour on the east coast – Chennai
7. Tidal port or riverine port city – Kolkata
8. This city is the administrative capital of Punjab and Haryana – Chandigarh
9. The deepest landlocked port in India – Vishakhapatnam
10. Kochi

ICSE X 47

Geography INDIA Robomate+

WESTERN WINDS N
DISTURBANCES

1

N. E. MONSOON
WINDS

2
TAMIL NADU

1. The winds which bring winter rainfall to Punjab / Haryana – Western
Disturbance / North west winds

2. The winds which bring winter rainfall to Tamil Nadu /
Coromandel coast / Eastern coast of India – North East Monsoon winds

48 ICSE X

Robomate+ Geography

INDIA N

SOUTH WEST
MONSOON WINDS

SOBUATYHOFWEBSETNGMAOLNBSROAONNCWHINDS
2

1

SOUTH WEST
MONSOON
ARABIAN
SEA
BRANCH

1. The winds which bring rainfall to the western coast of India / Mumbai /
Malabar coast / South West Monsoon winds of Arabian sea branch

2. The winds which bring heavy rainfall to the north eastern part of India -
Bay of Bengal branch of South west monsoon winds

ICSE X 49

Geography Robomate+

4 INDIA
MUMBAI N

HIGH DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS

DIGBOI
3

1
JHARIA

SINGHBHUM 2

1. Leading producer of coal – Jharia
2. Leading producer of Iron ore – Singhbum
3. The largest onshore refinery / Oldest oil refinery – Digboi
4. The offshore oilfield / Leading producer of petroleum /

mineral oil – Mumbai High

50 ICSE X