Robomate+ Geography
PRACTICE SHEET
On the outline map of India:
Q.1. (c) Shade and name Wular lake.
(a) Draw, name and number the (d) Mark and name the Aravali
Standard Meridian. Mountains.
(b) Label the river Yamuna. (e) Mark and name the Karakoram
(c) Shade and name the Gulf of
Pass.
Khambhat. (f) Shade and name a densely
(d) Mark and name the Nathu La Pass.
(e) Mark and name the Karakoram populated state in South India.
(g) Shade and name a region with
Range.
(f) Shade and name a sparsely Black Soil.
(h) Mark with a dot and name
populated State in Northeast India.
(g) Shade a region with Laterite Soil Chandigarh.
(i) Mark and name the winds which
in Eastern India.
(h) Mark with a dot and name bring rain in winter to the
Coromandel Coast.
Vishakhapatnam. (j) Name and print S on an oilfield in
(i) Mark and name the winds that bring North-east India.
rain to West Bengal in summer. Q.4.
(j) Print S on the iron mines in (a) Shade an important area where
Singhbhum. Iron is found in India.
Q.2. (b) Shade and name the Plateau in
(a) Mark and name Chennai. India known for black soils.
(b) Label the river Godavari. (c) Shade and name an offshore
(c) Shade and label the Chota Nagpur oilfield.
Plateau. (d) Mark and name the Great Indian
(d) Shade and name the Gulf of Kutch. Desert.
(e) Mark and name the Gangetic Plains. (e) Mark and name the Konkan plains.
(f) Shade and label an area with Red (f) Shade and name the Garo, Khasi
Soil. and Jaintia hills.
(g) Mark and name the winds which bring (g) Mark and name two rivers in India
rain to Mumbai in July and August. draining into the Arabian Sea.
(h) Mark and name the Satpura Range. (h) Mark and name (i) Srinagar; and
(i) Mark and name the Jharia Coal (ii) Kochi.
Field. (i) Mark and name with arrows the
(j) Shade and label the Northern direction of winds blowing in Kerala
Circars. during summer season from the
Arabian Sea.
Q.3. (j) Shade and name the Chota Nagpur
(a) Draw, name and number the Tropic Plateau.
of Cancer.
(b) Label the river Narmada.
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SECTION B
Chapter 3
CLIMATE
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name the place in India which receives the heaviest rainfall.
Ans. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram
2. Name the factors which affect the climate of a place.
Ans. Temperature, humidity, Precipitation, atmospheric pressure and winds..
3. What is 'Monsoon’?
Ans. The term ‘monsoon’ is derived from an Arabic word ‘Mausim’ meaning season.
4. Name two regions which get very little rain from the Summer Monsoon.
Ans. Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir.
5. Name any two states that receive rain in January-February.
Ans. Tamil Nadu, Punjab.
6. Name an area which gets sufficient rainfall from the winter monsoon.
Ans. Tamil Nadu gets sufficient rainfall from the winter monsoon.
7. Name one region which gets rainfall from the Retreating Monsoon.
Ans. Chennai gets rainfall from the Retreating Monsoon.
8. Name two areas which get more than 200 cm of rainfall in India.
Ans. The windward side of the Western Ghats, southern slopes of Eastern
Himalayas, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal.
9. Which winds are responsible for the rainfall experienced over the greater
part of India?
Ans. South West monsoon winds are responsible for the rainfall experienced
over the greater part of India.
10. State the benefits that are derived from the local winds that blow in
summer in the following areas: (a) Kerala (b) West Bengal
Ans. (i) Kerala : ‘Mango showers’ important for mango, tea and coffee plants.
(ii) West Bengal : Kalbaisakhi - strong winds which are beneficial for
growing jute and rice in West Bengal.
11. What is the cause of winter showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab?
Ans. Western disturbances originating from Mediterranean sea cause winter
showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
12. How are the sources of rainfall in the northwest part of India different
from the rainfall experienced on the coastal areas of Eastern India in winter?
Ans. Northwest part of India gets rainfall in winter from western disturbances
whereas the coastal area of Eastern India receives rainfall in winter from
Northeast monsoon.
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13. Explain the term ‘October Heat’.
Ans. October is a transition period between hot rainy season and cold dry season.
During this period, the sky is cloudless and the temperature is high. This
sultry and oppressive weather is called 'October Heat.'
14. Why does India have Monsoon type of climate?
Ans. India has a tropical Monsoon type of climate because India lies in the
tropical belt and its climate is influenced by the monsoon winds which are
largely confined to the Tropics, i.e., between 20º N and 20º S.
15. What is 'Diurnal Range of Temperature'?
Ans. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature of a place
on a given day is called its ‘Diurnal range of temperature’.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Name the type of climate prevailing over India. Mention any two factors
responsible for it.
Ans. Tropical Monsoon
Two factors are
(i) Himalayas which act as a climate divide.
(ii) Monsoon winds which bring rainfall to Indian subcontinent.
2. State two important characteristic features of the Monsoon rainfall /
Summer monsoon rainfall in India.
Ans. Main features of the monsoon rainfall in India are :
(i) There is rainfall over three months and the rest of the year is mostly
dry. Seventy per cent of annual rainfall occurs in the rainy season.
(ii) The rains are mainly of relief type. The windward slopes of the
mountains get more rainfall than the leeward side.
3. Describe the process of retreat of the summer monsoon.
Ans. (i) The south-west monsoon starts retreating from northern India in early
October.
(ii) In this season monsoon trough of low pressure over the Ganga plains
becomes weaker due to apparent southward movement of the sun.
(iii) The low pressure conditions are transferred to the centre of Bay of
Bengal which is marked by cyclonic depressions which originate over
Andaman Sea.
4. Why is western part of Rajasthan a desert region?
Ans. (i) The southwest monsoon winds blow parallel to the Aravalli and are thus
not obstructed by them and therefore the rainfall is low in Rajasthan.
(ii) Secondly, the Arvallis are low residual hills and thus do not obstruct
the southwest monsoon winds and therefore the rainfall is low.
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5. Mention the different sources of rain in Punjab and Tamil Nadu during
the winter season.
Ans. (i) Punjab gets winter rainfall due to western disturbances.
(ii) Tamil Nadu receives rainfall during winter rains from North East winter
Monsoon.
6. Despite the broad climatic unity, the climate of India has many regional
variations. Justify this statement giving suitable examples.
Ans. Despite the broad unity of the monsoon type of climate, variations in climate
occur in different regions of the country.
Examples of these variations are:
(i) Barmer in Rajasthan may record a temperature of 48°C or 50°C on a
June day, while it hardly reaches 22°C at Pahalgam or Gulmarg in
Kashmir on the same day. However, in Dras near Kargil, the
temperatures may go down to -40°C during winter.
(ii) Kerala has tropical climate with warm and moist air, whereas Punjab
has continental climate with severe heat alternating with severe
cold.
7. Why Chennai has a lower annual range of temperature than Lucknow?
Ans. (i) Chennai lies in coastal area hence experiences moderating influence
of land breezes and sea breezes and therefore has lower annual range
of temperature whereas Lucknow has continental type of climate and
does not have influence of land breezes and sea breezes.
(ii) Hence Lucknow has very high temperature in summer and low
temperature in winter which gives higher annual range of
temperature.
8. What is meant by the season of 'Retreating Monsoon'? Name the months
in which this rain is experienced.
Ans. (i) ‘Retreating Monsoon’ refers to the period of withdrawal of south-west
monsoons. This is due to the gradual development of high pressure
over the Ganga Plains.
(ii) This is experienced during the months of October and November.
9. What is the economic importance of the following :
(a) Kalbaisakhi in West Bengal and Assam.
Ans. Rainfall from Kalbaisakhi is beneficial for growing rice and jute in West
Bengal and tea in Assam.
(b) Mango showers in Kerala and Karnataka.
Ans. It is important for mango, tea and coffee plants in Kerala and helps in early
ripening of mango crop in Karnataka.
(c) Cyclonic rainfall in Punjab.
Ans. It is beneficial for rabi crops.
(d) Relief rainfall on the Coromandel Coast.
Ans. It is good for rice cultivation.
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10. Briefly explain the role of the Himalayas in determining the climate of
India during :
(a) The hot weather season.
Ans. The Himalayas are high altitude areas and are thus cooler than the other
parts of India due to their altitude.
(b) The southwest monsoon season.
Ans. The Himalayas prevent the southwest monsoon winds from leaving India
and thus these winds shed off their moisture on the Indian side whereas
Tibet remains a rainshadow region.
(c) The cold weather season.
Ans. The Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the Indian sub-continent
from the rest of Asia by preventing cold Siberian winds from entering the
Indian region.
11. Name the seasons during which the North-East Trade Winds dominate.
How does these winds affect the climate of India ?
Ans. (i) The North East trade winds prevail over India during the cold and dry
winter season.
(ii) These winds blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the
country it is a dry season.
(iii) However when these winds blow over Bay of Bengal they absorb
moisture and cause some amont of rainfall on the Coromandel coast.
12. How Himalayas act as a climatic divide ?
Ans. (i) The Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the Indian sub-
continent from the rest of Asia.
(ii) They not only prevent the cold Siberian winds from entering the Indian
region and from India becoming a cold desert but they also force the
moisture laden South West Monson winds to shed rainfall in India or
else India would be a dry region.
13. Describe effect of EL – Nino on Indian monsoon ?
Ans. (i) EL – Nino is a warm ocean current which sometimes appears off the
coast of Peru in South America during the month of December.
(ii) It increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the
movement of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean and cause weak
drought like situation in the Indian sub – continent.
14. What is known as ‘Summer Monsoon’ ?
Ans. (i) In summer, the land gets heated more than the sea, Hence there
develops a centre of low pressure on the land.
(ii) Over the adjoining sea, the air is comparatively cool and a high pressure
develops there.
(iii) This causes the winds to blow from the sea to the land. It is the
‘Summer Monsoon.’
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15. What are 'Western Disturbances'? What is their influence on the climate
Ans. of India ?
(i) Western Disturbances are also known as Westerly Depressions. These
are Temperate Cyclones that originate in the Mediterranean sea and
blow eastwards.
(ii) In India, they blow over the northern plains, mainly over Punjab and
Haryana during winter.
(iii) They bring little rainfall over the region. This rain is very good for
better yield of wheat (rabi) in the region.
16. Which state that has the longest rainy season by South West Monsoons?
Ans. Give a reason for your answer.
(i) The state that has the longest South West Monsoon season is Kerala.
(ii) Kerala is situated at the southern-most part of peninsular India in the
west where the Arabian sea branch of the advancing South West
Monsoon touches the shores of India first.
(iii) On the other hand, since it is the southernmost state, even the retreating
south west monsoon winds leave the state of Kerala last, thus making
Kerala the state having longest South West monsoon season.
17. What are known as ‘Jet Streams’? What are the two types of Jet Streams?
Ans. Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of strong air currents blowing in
the upper layer of the atmosphere. They help the western disturbances to
enter into India. They also decide the arrival and departure of Monsoons.
The two types of Jet streams are
(i) Westerly Jet-streams that prevail over North Indian plains during winter
months.
(ii) Easterly Jet-streams that cause tropical depressions in the tropical
zone in the east.
18. What are the two types of cyclonic systems that affect India? Name
Ans. any two areas that receive rainfall from these cyclonic systems.
The two cyclonic systems that affect India are :
(i) Tropical cyclones, which affect Coromandel Coast i.e. the coast of Tamil
Nadu Coast, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) Temperate Cyclones, which affect Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh.
19. Why do tropical cyclones originate over Bay of Bengal ?
Ans. (i) Tropical Cyclones are low-pressure systems called 'tropical depressions.'
(ii) They originate over the Bay of Bengal due to local variation in heat
and moisture in the atmosphere.
(iii) They generally originate in the region around Andaman Islands between
latitudes 12ºN and 17ºN and move in west or north-west direction over
the Bay of Bengal and bring rain to eastem coastal region of India.
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20. What is El-Nino' effect?
Ans. (i) El-Nino is a warm ocean current that sometimes appears off the coast
of Peru in the South Pacific ocean, during December.
(ii) It increases surface temperature of the ocean and can affect the
movement of ocean winds in the Indian ocean, causing drought in the
Indian subcontinent.
21. What is meant by 'Burst of Monsoon'?
Ans. South-west monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall accompanied by violent
thunder and lightning. This sudden violent onset of rainfall in the first
week of June is termed as the ‘Burst of the Monsoon’.
22. Name any two local winds which blow in India during the summer season.
Ans. (i) Strong dusty winds called ‘loo’ blow over northern and northwestern
India during day time.
(ii) Strong winds blow over Assam known as ‘Bardoli Chheerha’.
23. What is meant by ‘rain shadow area’? Give an example and state the
mountains which are responsible for the rain shadow area.
Ans. (i) The leeward side of the mountain which receives very low rainfall is
called the ‘rain shadow area’.
(ii) For e.g. the eastern slopes of Western Ghats is a rain shadow area for
the southwest monsoon winds.
24. State two differences between the rainfalls that occur from June to
September and that from December to February in North India.
Ans. (i) The rainfall caused during June to September in North India is caused
by the South West Monsoon Winds. These are onshore winds which on
being obstructed by the Himalayas, result in heavy rainfall.
(ii) The rainfall caused during December - February in North India is
caused by the Western Disturbances. These are temperate cyclones
that originate in the Mediterranean Sea and travel towards India
resulting in moderate rainfall.
25. What is the direction of the summer monsoon ? Why ?
Ans. (i) South West.
(ii) The intense heat that prevails over India causes the development of
low pressure over the northern plains. It attracts the moisture bearing
South East Trade winds from the southern hemisphere.
(iii) After crossing the equator they are deflected to the right and blow
over India as the south west monsoon winds.
26. ‘Rainfall in India is orographic in nature.’ Give an example with reference
to the distribution of rainfall and the effect of relief on its distribution.
Ans. (i) Relief plays a very important role in the distribution of rainfall in
India.
(ii) The windward slopes of the Western Ghats obstruct the moist winds
from the sea and cause heavy rainfall. While the leeward slopes remain
dry.
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Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. Burst of Monsoon and Break of Monsoon.
Ans. Burst of Monsoon Break of Monsoon
1. South-west monsoon winds bring 1. When the South-West Monsoon
heavy rainfall accompanied by fails to bring rainfall for two or
violent thunder and lightning. more weeks and there is a dry
This sudden violent onset of period in the rainy season it is
rainfall in the first week of June called the Break of Monsoon.
is termed as the Burst of the
Monsoon.
2. Tropical Cyclones and Temperate Cyclones.
Tropical Cyclones Temperate Cyclones
1. Tropical cyclones are largely a 1. Temperate cyclones are most
summer phenomenon. intense in the winter season.
2. They are generally smaller in size 2. They are bigger in size than the
and their shape is more or less tropical cyclones and are oval in
circular. shape.
3. Tropical cyclones develop over the 3. Temperate cyclones develop over
seas. continents.
4. They develop in the tropical 4. They develop in the temperate
region of Bay of Bengal and region of Mediterranean sea.
influence Indian coastal climate.
5. They bring heavy rainfall with 5. They bring light to moderate
strong winds over the rainfall in the North western part
Coromandel coast of India.
of India under the influence of
westerly jet streams.
3. Arabian Sea Branch and Bay of Bengal Branch of south west monsoon
winds.
Ans. Arabian Sea Branch Bay of Bengal Branch
1. It enters Indian landmass after 1. It travels a shorter distance and
blowing over a vast open sea. carries less moisture.
During this period it collects lot
of moisture.
2. The Arabian Sea Branch blows 2. The Bay of Bengal Branch partly
over India. enters India; its major part blows
over Myanmar and Thailand.
3. It hits against the Western Ghats 3. It has to travel a long distance
as soon as it blows over the land. over land before it hits against
the mountains.
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Q.IV. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December.
Ans. Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December because,
(i) Kanpur has continental type of climate. i.e. it has very high temperature
in summer and low temperature in winter.
(ii) Whereas coastal areas like Mumbai has moderating influence of land
and sea breezes, hence it has Maritime climate. Therefore it does not
experience very high temperature in summer and very low temperature
in winter.
2. Punjab gets rain in winter.
Ans. Punjab gets rain in winter because Punjab comes under the influence of
Western disturbances which move eastwards from the Mediterranean region
and bring rainfall to the northwest India during winter season.
3. The Indo-Gangetic Plain gets some rainfall in the months of December
and January.
Ans. During the winter season the Indo-Gangetic Plain comes under the influence
of Western disturbances and hence it gets some rainfall in the months of
December and January.
4. When the Malabar coast is receiving heavy rainfall in July, the Tamil
Nadu coast is comparatively dry.
Ans. (i) Malabar coast gets rainfall from Arabian Sea Branch of the South
West Monsoon winds.
(ii) Whereas in case of Tamil Nadu coast it is parallel to Bay of Bengal
Branch of South West Monsoon winds and lies in the rain shadow
area of Arabian sea branch of the South West Monsoon winds. Thus it
remains comparatively dry.
5. The Northern Plains of India have a Continental type of climate.
Ans. The Northern Plains of India have a Continental type of climate, because northern
plains do not have moderating influence of land breezes and sea breezes.
6. Central Maharashtra receives little rainfall.
Ans. Central Maharashtra receives little rainfall because Central Maharashtra
falls under the rain shadow area of Western Ghats.
7. The monsoon rain is unevenly distributed over India.
Ans. (i) The monsoon rain is unevenly distributed over India because most
parts of India receives relief rainfall, therefore windward sides always
receive more rainfall than leeward side.
(ii) As well as some places like Aravalli, Coromandel coast lie parallel to
south west monsoon winds. Therefore not able to obstruct these wind
and receive very little rainfall.
8. Excessive cold is experienced in north India during winter season.
Ans. In India nothern part have continental type of climate which is characterised
by high temperature in summer and very low temperature in winter.
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9. Most of India remains dry during North-East Monsoon. OR
The North East Monsoons bring almost no rain to most of India.
Ans. (i) Most of India remains dry during winters because it comes under the
influence of the North-East monsoon winds which come from land and
are thus dry winds.
(ii) When these winds pass over Bay of Bengal they collect moisture and
give rainfall to Coromondel coast.
10. In spite of Aravalli Range Rajasthan receives very less rain.
Ans. (i) In Rajasthan, the Aravalli Range is parallel to the direction of the
south west monsoon winds.
(ii) So it is unable to stop the moisture laden winds and thus receives
very low rainfall.
11. Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi.
Ans. (i) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi because the Bay of Bengal
branch of South-West Monsoon goes up the Ganga plain.
(ii) As it proceeds up the Ganga valley, the amount of rainfall keeps
decreasing east to west.
(iii) Since Patna is located to the east of Delhi, it receives 102 cm of rainfall
while Delhi gets 50 cm of rainfall annually.
12. Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the
South West Monsoon winds.
Ans. (i) In Rajasthan, the Aravalli Range is parallel to the direction of the
south west monsoon winds. So it is unable to stop the moisture laden
winds.
(ii) Since the moisture laden winds are not obctructed by the mountains,
they do not cause any precipitation in Western Rajasthan.
13. Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.
Ans. Mangalore lies in coastal area. Therefore its climate is moderated by land
breezes and sea breezes. It does not experience extreme climate. Hence
Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.
14. Even in summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
Ans. Shimla lies on a higher altitude than Delhi. As altitude increases
temperature decreases and thus Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
15. The northern plains of India do not freeze in winter.
Ans. Due to Himalayas in the north the cold Siberian winds cannot enter India
and thus the Northern plains do not freeze in the winter.
16. Kochi has a lesser annual range of temperature than Agra.
Ans. (i) Agra has continental type of climate as it lies in the in interiors away
from the sea therefore has very high temperature in summer and low
temperature in winter.
(ii) Whereas Kochi lies in coastal area. Hence it has moderating influence
of land breezes and sea breezes leading to less difference between
summer and winter temperature.
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17. The Coromandel coast gets most of its rain during the winter season.
Ans. (i) The Coromandel coast lies to the east of the Eastern Ghats.
(ii) These mountains block the north-east monsoon winds that pick up
moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
(iii) Thus due to the obstruction provided to these winds by the Eastern
Ghats, the Coromodel coast gets rainfall in winter.
18. Kolkata receives heavier rain than Lucknow.
Ans. (i) The Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon is deflected towards
the west along the Himalayas.
(ii) The rainfall goes on decreasing as it proceeds through the Ganga
valley on its way it gives more rainfall to Kolkata in West Bengal.
(iii) By the time it reaches Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, it sheds less moisture.
19. The Summer Monsoon winds blows over the Arabian Sea from the South
West.
Ans. (i) A high pressure gradient builds up between the hot North India with
intense low pressure and cooler water bodies surrounding it with high
pressure.
(ii) The low pressure area attracts the South-East trade winds blowing in
the Southern hemisphere. After crossing the equator these winds are
deflected towards the Indian Sub-continent as South-West monsoon
winds which blow over Arabian Sea.
20. Thar is a desert.
Ans. (i) The Arabian sea branch of South-West monsoon runs parallel to the
Aravalli which does not offer any obstruction.
(ii) As a result Thar desert, located in the west of Aravalli, receives no rain.
(iii) The moisture laden winds passing over Thar desert do not saturate as
the heat in the desert region increases their capacity to hold moisture.
So, Thar receives no rainfall.
21. Kanpur has extreme temperature conditions.
Ans. Kanpur is situated in the interior parts of the country and is away from the
moderating influence of the sea. So it is very cold in winter and very hot in
summer.
22. Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even though both lie on the western
coast of India.
Ans. Kochi is located closer to the equator whereas Mumbai is not. So as Kochi
experiences vertical rays of the sun, it is warmer than Mumbai.
23. The Ganga Plains gets the monsoon rain much later than the west coast
of India.
Ans. Ganga plain lies in North India and the Southwest monsoon, first strikes
the west coast of India, before North India.
24. The Konkan coast experiences orographic rainfall.
Ans. (i) Orographic rainfall is mainly caused by the presence of a relief barrier.
(ii) The Konkan coast comprises of a part of the Western Ghats which
obstructs the onshore Arabian Sea branch of the South West monsoon
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winds. This causes heavy rainfall on the western slopes of the Western
Ghats which comprises the windward side of the Konkan coast.
(iii) While the eastern slopes receive less rainfall resulting in a rain shadow
area. Hence the Konkan coast receives orographic rainfall due to the
influence of the Western Ghats.
25. The city of Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh has a higher range of temperature
than that of Chennai in Tamil Nadu.
Ans. (i) Kanpur has an interior location while Chennai has a coastal location.
(ii) The areas in the interior of the country have an extreme type of climate
resulting in high annual range of temperature while the coastal areas
have a moderate climate.
(iii) This is mainly due to the influence of land and sea breeze caused by
differential heating and cooling of land and sea.
26. The coastal areas of India do not experience a significant variation in
temperature between summer and winter months. OR
Coastal areas have maritime climate.
Ans. The coastal areas of India do not experience a significant variation in
temperature between summer and winter months due to the effect of land
and sea breeze caused by differential rate of heating and cooling of the
land and sea which results in an equable and moderate climatic conditions.
27. The annual rainfall in Rajasthan is less than 25 cm.
Ans. (i) The Arabian sea branch of the South West Monsoon which blows towards
the Gujarat coast goes unhindered towards the Himalayas. The Aravalli
range lie parallel to the winds and offer no obstacle to the winds.
Rajasthan, therefore, remain dry.
(ii) The Bay of Bengal branch which blows from the east sheds its rain on
the way and gets dry by the time it reaches the west.
(iii) Rajasthan also lies in the rain shadow of the Aravalli range. Hence
Rajasthan gets little rain, overall about 25 cm.
28. The mango showers are beneficial local winds.
Ans. Mango showers are local winds which bring rain to Kerala in the month of
May. It is good for the growth of mangoes, tea and coffee plants.
29. The latitudinal extent of India is responsible for the variation in the
climatic conditions which prevail in the country.
Ans. (i) The Northern plains lie to north of the Tropic of Cancer in the Temperate
Zone. The winters are much colder.
(ii) South India lies below the Tropic of Cancer, in the tropics and gets the
direct rays of the sun. Hence it is hot through most of the year. The
winter are not so cold.
30. Most parts of India do not receive rainfall in winter season.
Ans. During winter season north east trade winds prevail over the country. As
there winds blow from land to sea, most parts of India experiences dry
season (no rainfall) except the Coromandel coast.
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31. Tamil Nadu Coast remains dry during “South West Monsoon Season”.
Ans. Tamil Nadu remains dry during ‘south west monsoon season’ as it lies in
the rainshadow region of the Western Ghats and parallel to the Bay of
Bengal branch of south west monsoon winds.
32. Both Mangalore and Bangalore are almost on same latitude. Yet
Ans. Mangalore receives much more rainfall than Bangalore.
(i) Mangalore lies on the West coastal plains (to the west of Western Ghats).
(ii) The Western Ghats block the Arabian Sea branch of South West
Monsoon winds and cause heavy orographic rainfall over Mangalore.
Bangalore lies in the rain-shadow region of Western Ghats. Therefore
it receives very less rainfall.
33. Mumbai receives vertical sunrays twice a year while Delhi does not
Ans. receive the same even once.
(i) Mumbai lies to the south of Tropic of Cancer while Delhi lies to the
north of Tropic of Cancer.
(ii) Since the apparent vertical movement of the sunrays is limited only
between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, Mumbai receives vertical
sunrays twice a year while Delhi does not receive them even once.
34. Barmer in Rajasthan records very high summer temperature as compared
Ans. to Pahalgam or Gulmarg in Kashmir.
(i) Barmer lies in the arid region of West Rajasthan. Due to intense
insolation and terrestrial radiation, during the day, it experiences
very high temperature specially during summer.
(ii) Pahalgam and Gulmarg in Kashmir are situated at a much higher
altitude, Since the temperature falls by about 6ºC for every 1000 meters
of height, the temperature here is quite low as compared to Barmer in
Rajasthan.
35. Kanyakumari experiences an equable climate.
Ans. Kanyakumari lies in coastal area therefore its climate is moderated by
land breezes and sea breezes.
36. Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai.
Ans. (i) Jaipur experiences continental type of climate i.e. very high temperature
in summer and very low temperature in winter as it does not have
moderating influence of land breezes and sea breezes.
(ii) Whereas Mumbai being situated in coastal area experiences moderating
influence of the land breezes and sea breezes and hence does not
experience much difference in summer and winter temperature.
37. Diurnal range of temperature is more hot at Jaisalmer than at Cochin
during summer?
Ans. (i) Jaisalmer is located in the sandy region of Thar desert. It is also away
from the sea and hence has no moderating influence of the sea.
(ii) Due to high insolation and terrestrial radiation, it experiences very
high temperature during the day.
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(iii) At night, due to high terresrial radiation, the temperature falls drastically.
(iv) Cochin is located near the coast. It has moderating influence of the
sea. Hence it experiences less variation in its daily temperature.
Q.V. Long Answer Questions :
1. State the features of North – East Monsoon season ?
Ans. The special characteristics of this season are as follows :
(i) Temperature in general decreases from south to north. Kashmir and
other adjoining hilly regions experience snowfall.
(ii) Clear skies, cool weather, light northerly winds and low humidity is
experienced.
(iii) Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern
Rajasthan and Uttarkhand receive light rainfall from Westerly
depressions from the Mediterranean sea. They move parallel to the
Himalayas in the northern plains and cause some rainfall over the
northern belt up to Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in the north-east.
(iv) As the land is colder than the water-bodies, there is high pressure
over the landmass and low pressure over the water bodies. The region
to the south of Tropic of Cancer has a temperature above 20ºC due to
more vertical sunrays and the moderating influence of the sea.
2. What are the characteristics of “Hot Dry Summer” ?
Ans. The following are the special characteristics of the Hot Dry Summer Season :
(i) Low pressure prevails over the Iand especially in the northern and in
the north-western region as they experience hot dry dust-storms. They
are called ‘Loo’. They raise the temperature, dry up the surface
moisture, wither plants and cause heat-strokes.
(ii) Temperature goes up to 50ºC in Western Rajasthan due to high insolation
caused by the absence of cloud cover and terrestrial radiation.
(iii) Moderate temperature is experienced in the coastal region due to the
proximity of the ocean bodies surrounding the peninsular part of India.
(iv) Strong winds called ‘Kalbaisakhi’ are experienced over West-Bengal and
in Assam. They cause sudden heavy rain and damage standing crops.
However, it is good for tea in Assam and jute and rice in West Bengal.
(v) Thunderstrom (pre-monsoon showers) cause rain fall along the Kerala
and Karnataka coasts. The little rainfall that they bring is importantfor
mango, tea and coffee plants. Such rains are called Mango showers as
they help in early ripening of mago crop. They are also call as Cherry
Blossoms in Karnataka.
3. Describe the following factors affecting the climate of India.
Ans. (i) Altitude : There is a decrease of 1ºC for every 166 m rise in height,
because temperature decreases as you move to higher altitudes. So,
the mountains are cooler than the plains. For example, Ooty has much
lower temperature, than Kochi, because of the altitude.
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(ii) Influence of the surrounding seas : India is flanked by three water
bodies, namely, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian
Sea which have a profound impact on the climate, especially in areas
lying close to the sea. These water bodies act as the major source of
moisture to the summer monsoons and bring heavy rainfall to the
whole area. In fact, it is because of the nearness to the sea that these
areas have a moderate climate.
4. Describe Latitude as a factor affecting the climate of India.
Ans. (i) The Indian subcontinent is divided into two parts by the Tropic of Cancer.
The northern portion lies in the temperate zone and the southern
portion lies in the tropical zone.
(ii) The warm temperate or sub-tropical climate of the northern zone gives
it cold winter season and hot summer season.
(iii) The southern tropical climatic zone of India is warmer than the north
and does not have a clear-cut winter season.
(iv) Similarly, the northern zone does not have the mid-day sun almost
vertically overhead during any part of the year, while the southern zone
has the mid-day sun almost vertically overhead at least twice every year.
5. How relief plays an important role in climatic conditions of India ?
Ans. (i) Relief plays an important role in the climatic conditions of India. The
Western Ghats get heavy rainfall on western side because they stand in
the way of south west monsoon winds which come from the Arabian Sea.
(ii) On the other hand, the Deccan Plateau gets less rainfall as it is lies
in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats.
(iii) In Rajasthan, the Aravalli Range is parallel to the direction south
west monsoon winds. So it is unable to stop the moisture laden winds.
This makes Rajasthan a dry area.
(iv) The southern hills of Assam get heavy rainfall but the northern ones
do not. This is because the southern hills force the moisture laden
winds to shed their moisture before they proceed northwards.
6. State any four characteristics of South West Monsoon ?
Ans. (i) These winds blow from June to September.
(ii) The direction of these winds is from South West to North East.
(iii) They bring heavy rainfall. This is a high temperature and high humidity
season. The pressure is low on the land area and high over surrounding
water bodies.
(iv) During these months South West Monsoons cover the whole of India.
7. What are some of the special characteristics of the Bay of Bengal Branch
of South West Monsoons?
Ans. (i) It brings much rainfall to Andaman Nicobar islands, Bangladesh,
Myanmar and eastern states of India.
(ii) It blows parallel to the Coromandel coast towards the eastern part of
India.
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(iii) These winds are blocked by the Garo Khasi and Jaintia hills, causing
highest amount of annual rainfall in the world at Cherrapunji and at
Mawsynram on the windward slope of Khasi hills (about 1200 cms).
(iv) After reaching the Eastern Himalayas, they deflect towards the west,
parallel to the Himalayan range and thus cause rainfall in the Gangetic
valley in West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
(v) They also bring rainfall to the eastern slopes of Aravalli range. As the
Aravalli acts as a barrier, they do not cause any rainfall over Thar
desert region.
CLIMATE CHART
Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
23.1 24.8 26.5 29.3 32 32.8 33.1 32.1 30.5 29.3 28.7 26.1
Temperature 15.3 10.1 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.5 6.1 10.2 10.5 20.1 16.8 19.0
°C
Rainfall cm
(i) What is the annual range of temperature at the station?
Ans. Annual Range of Temperature
= Highest temperature – the lowest temperature
= 33.1ºC – 23.1ºC = 10ºC
(ii) Name the season during which the rainfall is heaviest.
Ans. The rainfall is generally received during the Winter season / Cold Season
/ Season of Retreating Monsoon / North East Monsoon Season.
(iii) What is the mean annual temperature of the station ?
Ans. Mean Annual temperature
Sum total of temperature of all the months
= 12
23.1 + 24.8 + 26.5 + 29.3 + 32 + 32.8 + 33.1 + 32.1 + 30.5 + 29.3 + 28.7 + 26.1
= 12
348.3
= 12
= 29.03ºC
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2.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
22 19 14
Temp. 16 18 23.5 28 31.5 30 29 27 28
Station in °C
A Rainfall 10 2 –
in cm 0.5 – – – 5 30 48 75 38 17 13 7
Temp. 10 14 22.5 26 28 29 29 25 22
Station in °C
B Rainfall .5 20 30
in cm 20 2 – – – 4 5.5 8.5 6
(i) What is the annual range of temperature at station A?
Ans. Annual of Temperature = highest temperature – lowest temperature range
= 31.5ºC – 14ºC
= 17.5ºC
(ii) Which of the two places has greater influence of the sea? Give a reason
for your answer.
Ans. The place that has lower annual range of temperature has greater influence
of the sea.
In the example given above – The Annual Range of Temperature of station A
= 31.5°C – 14°C
= 17.5°C
The Annual Range of Temperature of station B = 29ºC – 7ºC
= 22°C
Therefore station A has greater influence of the sea.
(iii) Which of these stations have more equable climate?
(Note : This question is same as Q.(ii) but worded differently.)
Ans. The station which has lower annual range has more equable temperature.
In this case it is station A.
(iv) What is the annual rainfall received at station A?
Ans. Annual rainfall = Sum total of rainfall received in all the months.
The annual rainfall received at station A
= 0.5 + 5 + 30 + 48 + 75 + 38 + 10 + 2
= 208.5 cms.
(v) Which winds bring rainfall to station A and station B respectively?
Ans. Station A receives more rainfall from June to September / October, hence
it is the South-West monsoon winds. Station B receives more rainfall is
more from November to February, hence it is North East Monsoon winds.
(vi) What is the mean annual temperature of station B?
Ans. Mean Annual temperature
= Sum total of temperature of all the months
12
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10 + 14 + 22.5 + 26 + 28 + 29 + 29 + 25 + 22 + 17 + 13 + 7.5
= 12
243
= 12
= 20.25ºC
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Chapter 4
SOIL RESOURCES
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Which soil is suitable for growing coffee in Karnataka?
Ans. Laterite soil is suitable for growing coffee in Karnataka.
2. How were the soils of Gangetic Plains formed?
Ans. The alluvial soil of Ganga plain is formed due to the deposition of alluvium
which is brought from the Himalayan region.
3. State three methods of controlling the erosion of soil caused by running
water.
Ans. Terrace farming, contour ploughing and planting of trees are the three
methods of controlling the erosion of soil caused by running water.
4. What is Pedogenesis ?
Ans. The process of soil formation is called Pedogenesis.
5. Define soils.
Ans. Soil is the thin layer of loose mixture of small rock particles and rotting
organic matter that covers much of the world's land surface.
6. Define humus.
Ans. Decomposed vegetal and animal remains are referred to as humus.
7. Name the sources which affect the formation of soil.
Ans. Changing temperature, running water and wind affect formation of soil.
8. What is loam ?
Ans. Alluvial soil which is a mixture of sand, clay and silt is called loam.
9. Name the 3 river systems because of which alluvial soil is found in
North India.
Ans. The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
10. What is the disadvantage of clay content in the black soil ?
Ans. Black soils contain high clay content. These soils expand when wet and
become difficult to plough.
11. Name two cash crops grown in black soil.
Ans. Cotton, jowar, wheat, sugarcane, linseed, gram etc.
12. Name the soil ideal for dry farming ? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. Black soil is the soil ideal for dry farming because of its moisture
retentiveness.
13. How is red soil formed ?
Ans. Under prolonged weathering by rainfall, ancient crystalline and
metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular plateau break up to form red soils.
14. Name any three states in India where Red soil is found.
Ans. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
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15. Which is second largest soil group in India ?
Ans. Red soil form the second largest soil group in India.
16. Name the crops grown in red soil.
Ans. Rice, ragi, tobacco, sugarcane, potatoes etc.
17. Name the two types of laterite soils.
Ans. There are two types of laterite soils :
(i) Upland Laterites and (ii) Lowland Laterites.
18. Name two cash crops grown in laterite soil.
Ans. Laterite soil suits only special crops like tapioca, cashewnuts, tea, coffee, etc.
19. What is Soil Erosion ?
Ans. The removal of the top soil cover by water, wind and human activities is
called soil erosion.
20. Name the natural agents of soil erosion.
Ans. The agents of soil erosion are running water, wind, glaciers.
21. Explain how wind is responsible for soil erosion.
Ans. In the absence of vegetation cover the soil particles are carried away be
high velocity winds and deposited elsewhere.
22. Name the two major types of soil erosion in India.
Ans. Sheet erosion and Gully erosion.
23. Explain the two varieties of alluvial soil.
Ans. Khadar and Bhangar.
24. Mention any two states where alluvial soils are found.
Ans. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar etc.
25. List four measures taken by farmers to conserve soil.
Ans. Planting trees, strip cropping, shelter belts, terrace farming.
26. With reference to the type of soil only, state why :
(a) Jowar is grown in Maharashtra.
Ans. Jowar is grown in Maharashtra because of its black soil.
(b) Bajra is grown in Rajasthan.
Ans. Bajra is grown in Rajasthan because of desert soil.
(c) Sugarcane is grown in Uttar Pradesh.
Ans. Sugarcane is grown in Uttar Pradesh because of well-drained alluvial soil.
27. What is soil erosion ?
Ans. The removal of top soil cover by water, wind, glaciers or by human activities
is known as soil erosion.
28. Name the states in which black soils are found.
Ans. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Name any four type of soils in India. Which one of them is the most
important for agriculture?
Ans. (i) Alluvial, black, red, laterite are four types of soils in India.
(ii) Alluvial is the most important soil for agriculture.
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2. Name the process by which Laterite soil is formed. Mention one
disadvantage of the soil.
Ans. Laterite soil is formed by the process of leaching.
(i) It is poor in lime, silica and potash.
(ii) It is acidic in nature as alkalis are leached.
3. How are alluvial soils formed? Mention any two advantages of alluvial
soil?
Ans. Alluvial soils are formed by deposition of sediment brought down by the
rivers.
Advantages of alluvial soil
(i) It is light and porous, therefore easily tillable.
(ii) It is a fertile soil as it is rich in minerals, especially potash and lime.
4. Name two states in India where Regur soil is found. In what way does
Regur soil help agriculture?
Ans. Gujarat and Maharashtra are the two states in India where Regur soil is found.
(i) The soil is very fertile in most of places.
(ii) In any season it has moisture stored in its subsoil.
5. Which minerals are found in regur soil? Name the most important crop
grown on it.
Ans. (i) Lime, iron and magnesium are the minerals found in regur soil.
(ii) Cotton is the most important crop grown on it.
6. Name one soil of volcanic origin commonly found in India. Name one
crop widely grown on this soil.
Ans. (i) Black soil is the soil of volcanic origin commonly found in India.
(ii) Cotton crop is widely grown on this soil.
7. Name two important agents of erosion. For each, state one method of
controlling the erosion caused.
Ans. Wind – strip cropping and shelter belts
Running water – terrace farming
8. How are soils classified ?
Ans. According to its location, soil can be classified as :
(i) Residual or Sedimentary Soil: These soils are formed in their original
position by the breaking up of parent rocks. They include black soil,
red soil, laterite soil, desert soil, etc.
(ii) Transported Soil: These soils are transported by various agents of erosion
and consist of sediments carried and deposited by rivers and winds.
9. State the area where alluvial soil is found ?
Ans. (i) Alluvial soils are found on the plains of the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra rivers.
(ii) The Deltaic alluvium is found in the deltas of the Ganga-Brahmaputra,
Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri river.
(iii) It is also found in the coastal strips of Peninsular India. It is also found
in the plains of Gujarat.
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10. Name the crops which can be grown on alluvial soil ?
Ans. (i) The soils are fertile and suitable for cultivation of rice, wheat,
sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, gram and oilseeds.
(ii) In the lower Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley they are useful for jute
cultivation.
11. How is black soil formed? Why is it largely found in the plateau region
of India ?
Ans. (i) Black soil is formed due to the denudation of volcanic rocks.
(ii) It is largely found in the plateau region of India because the plateau
region of India (Deccan trap) is formed because of volcanic eruption and
volcanic rocks are found here.
12. Where is regur soils found in India ?
Ans. The regur soils are concentrated over the Deccan lava track which include
parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Tamil Nadu.
13. State the disadvantages of red soil.
Ans. (i) Red soil is poor in nitrogen. phosphorus. potassium and organic matter.
(ii) It is not fertile but responds to fertilisers.
14. How is laterite soil formed ?
Ans. (i) Laterite soils are formed from lateritic rocks.
(ii) It is formed in heavy rainfall regions where silica and lime are leached.
(iii) After this the rocks are subjected to weathering which forms laterite soils.
15. Where is laterite soil found ?
Ans. Laterite soils mainly occur in the highland areas of the Peninsular Plateau,
especially on the summits of the Sahyadris, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal Hills
and many other hills in the eastern parts of the peninsula.
16. What is leaching ? OR
What is desilication ?
Ans. Leaching is the process in which the nutrients get percolated down below
the soil due heavy rainfall; thus leaving the top soil infertile. This is also
called desilication
17. State the disadvantages of laterite soil.
Ans. (i) Laterite soil is a porous soil; silica is removed from it by chemical
action. It is poor in lime and magnesium and deficient in nitrogen.
(ii) It does not retain moisture and hence is not fertile.
(iii) It is acidic in nature as alkalis are leached.
18. Explain how human action is responsible for soil erosion.
Ans. (i) The removal of vegetation cover for different land use like railway
lines, roads, buildings or even agriculture has caused Sheet, Rill and
Gully erosion.
(ii) Uncontrolled grazing of domestic animals in the valleys and the upper
slopes.
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19. Name the type of soil which is :
(i) Formed due to volcanic activity.
(ii) Formed by decomposition of metamorphic rocks.
(iii) Formed as a result of leaching.
(iv) Agriculturally most important.
Ans. (i) Black soil.
(ii) Red soil
(iii) Laterite soil.
(iv) Alluvial soil.
20. Name the soil abundantly found in the following regions :
(i) Chotta Nagpur Plateau (ii) Hills of Meghalaya and Assam
(iii) Delta of Godavari (iv) Deccan Plateau Area
Ans. (i) Red soil
(ii) Laterite soil.
(iii) Alluvial soil
(iv) Black soil.
21. Mention two ways by which soil can get nitrogen.
Ans. Soil can get nitrogen by :
(i) Growing pulses as there are certain bacteria in the roots of pulses which
have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to form nitrogen compounds.
(ii) By use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
22. One important crop cultivated in :
(i) Alluvial soil. (ii) Black soil.
(iii) Red soil. (iv) Laterite soil.
Ans. (i) Wheat.
(ii) Cotton.
(iii) Ragi, Rice.
(iv) Coffee.
23. The type of soil found in the following places :
(i) The Indus and Gangetic Plains.
(ii) The Malwa Plateau.
(iii) Crystalline rocky regions of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.
Ans. (i) Alluvial soil.
(ii) Red soil.
(iii) Red soil.
24. Name the soil which :
(i) is good for the cultivation of cashew nuts.
(ii) covers almost all of West Bengal.
(iii) is a result of leaching.
Ans. (i) Laterite soil.
(ii) Alluvial soil.
(iii) Laterite soil.
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25. State two advantages of red soil.
Ans. (i) It is porous and has high percentage of iron oxide.
(ii) It is loose and aerated.
26. Why has soil erosion become a pressing problem in India ?
Ans. (i) The loss of forest cover in India is estimated at 47,500 hectares. This
loss of vegetation cover leads to sheet erosion of hilly slopes because
water instead of sinking into the ground washes the soil down.
(ii) In the absence of vegetation cover and washing off of the top soil, rills
begin to appear on the landscape. In the third stage, the water run off
during heavy rains may develop deep grooves causing gully erosion.
Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. Regur soils and laterite soils.
Ans.
Regur soils Laterite soils
1. They are formed by weathering 1. They are formed by the process
of lava rocks. of leaching.
2. They are black in colour. 2. They are red in colour.
3. They rich in iron, magnesium and 3. They poor in nitrogen,
lime. magnesium and lime.
4. They are not fertile.
4. They are very fertile.
2. Transported and 'In situ' soils.
Ans. Transported soils 'In situ' soils
1. These soils are derived by 1. These soils are formed in their
sediments carried and deposited original position by the breaking
by rivers and winds. up of parent rocks.
2. They include alluvial soils. 2. They include black soil, red soil,
laterite soil, desert soil, etc.
3. Inland alluvium and Coastal alluvium.
Ans.
Inland alluvium Coastal alluvium
1. Inland alluvial soils are found in 1. Coastal alluvial soils are found
Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra in the coastal regions of
river plains peninsular India.
2. Light in colour. 2. Dark in colour
3. Sandy 3. Clayey
4. Porous 4. Non porous
5. Coarse in texture. 5. Fine in texture.
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4. Bhangar and Khadar alluvial soils.
Ans. Bhangar Soil Khadar Soil
1. Old alluvium soils, known as 1. Khadar is younger alluvium as
Bhangar occupy the largest part flood waters deposit new layers
of northern plains. every year.
2. Bhangar is above the flood levels 2. The area in northern plains that
of rivers and presents a terrace lies below flood levels is made
like structure. up of Khadar.
3. Bhangar is full of kankars (lime 3. It is formed of fine silt and clay.
nodules).
4. Khadar is very fertile and ideal
4. Bhangar is not very fertile. for intensive cultivation.
5. Soils of the Northern Plains and Soils of the Deccan Plateau.
Ans. Soils of Northern plains Soils of Deccan Plateau
1. The soils found in the northern 1. The soils found in the Deccan
plains are alluvial soil. plateau are black soil.
2. They are formed by the deposition 2. They are formed by weathering
of river load. of lava rocks.
3. They are rich in potash and lime. 3. They rich in iron, magnesium
and lime.
6. Wind erosion and Water erosion of soils.
Ans. Wind erosion Water erosion
1. It is caused by wind. 1. It is caused by running water.
2. Under this top fertile soil is blown 2. Due to high speed of water a
away by high speed winds. layer of soil on the surface in
removed over a large area.
7. Alluvial soils in the upper and lower course of rivers.
Ans. Alluvial soils in upper course Alluvial soils in lower course
1. It is coarse i.e. the particles are 1. It is fine texture.
larger in size.
2. It is dry and less compact. 2. It is more moist and more
compact
8. Alluvial soil and Red soil.
Ans. Alluvial soil Red soil
1. It is transported soil. 1. It is insitu soil.
2. Rich in organic matter and 2. Poor in organic matter and
humus. humus.
3. Light grey in colour. 3. Reddish in colour.
4. Very fertile. Suitable for wheat, 4. Rice, ragi, tobacco, sugarcane etc
rice, sugarcane, jute etc. can be cultivated with adequate
amount of fertiliser.
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Q.IV. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Different regions in India have different kinds of soil.
Ans. (i) Various forces of nature such as changing temperature, running water
and wind lead to soil formation.
(ii) India has varied relief features, climatic regions and vegetation types,
these have led to the formation of variety of soils.
2. Laterite soil is not suitable for cultivation.
Ans. Laterite soil is not suitable for cultivation because :
(i) Laterite soil does not retain moisture and hence is not fertile. It suits
only special crops like tapioca, cashewnuts, tea, coffee, etc.
(ii) It is a porous soil; silica is removed from it by chemical action. It is
poor in lime and magnesium and deficient in nitrogen.
(iii) It is acidic in nature as alkalis are leached.
3. Red soil is red in colour.
Ans. Red soil is red in colour as they contain large amount of iron oxides.
4. Khadar soils are preferred to Bangar soils.
Ans. Khadar soils are preferred to Bangar soils because they are more fertile as
they are replenished every year by floods.
5. Alluvial soils are also called Riverine soils.
Ans. Alluvial soil is also known as riverine soil because it is mainly found in the
river basins.
6. Deltaic alluvium is more fertile than the coastal alluvium.
Ans. Deltaic alluvium is more fertile than the coastal alluvium due to high
precentage of organic content in it.
7. Leached soils are red in colour.
Ans. Leached soils are red in colour because of excess of iron oxide.
8. Soils of the Western Ghats are affected by wind erosion.
Ans. Due to high rate of deforestation on the Western Ghats they are affected
by soil erosion.
9. Black soil is largely found in the Deccan Trap region.
Ans. Deccan trap is formed by weathering of volcanic rocks. So Black soil is
largely found in the Deccan Trap region.
10. Soil erosion by wind is common in arid regions.
Ans. In arid areas there is very little vegetation because of which it is exposed
to high velocity winds causing soil erosion.
11. Black soil is suitable for the growth of cotton.
Ans. Black soil is very fertile, fine textured and moisture retentive, clayey in
nature and thus suitable for growth of cotton.
12. The need for conservation of soil as a natural resource.
Ans. As the soil supports all forests, grasslands and crops from which all living
creatures on earth derive their food and clothing directly and indirectly
and also ensures agricultural prosperity, Hence there is a need for
conservation of soil.
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13. Black soil is called as black cotton soil.
Ans. Black Soil is fertile, fine textured, clayey and moisture retentive and this
is suitable for cotton cultivation. Hence it is called as black cotton soil.
14. The soil in the valley of the river Godavari is different from that found
in the valley of the river Yamuna.
Ans. (i) Soil found near the valley of river Godavari is black soil.
(ii) Soil found near the valley of river Yamuna is alluvial soil.
(iii) Black soil is formed due to disintegration of basalt.
(iv) It is volcanic in origin. It is formed in the place where it is found (in
situ) whereas alluvial soils are formed by the denudation of different
types of rocks and the deposition of sediments by rivers.
15. Reforestation should be practiced extensively.
Ans. Reafforestation should be practised extensively in order to compensate for
the large scale deforestation occuring because of industrialization and other
factors, which certainly results in soil erosion and land degradation.
16. Man is largely responsible for soil erosion.
Ans. Man is largely responsible for soil erosion because more forests are being
destroyed to house and feed the increasing population. Cutting of trees exposes
the soil to water and wind which leads to soil erosion on a large scale.
Q.V. Long Answer Questions :
1. What are the characteristics of fertile soil ?
Ans. Fertile soil has the following characteristics:
(i) It contains adequate amount of moisture to supply essential nutrients
to the p1ants
(ii) It has sufficient depth to enable the plants to grow their roots as per
their requirement
(iii) It is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
that are necessary for basic plant nourishment
(iv) It contains organic matter that improves the structure of soil.
2. What are the characteristics of alluvial soil ?
Ans. The special characteristics of Alluvial soil are :
(i) It is called ‘transported soil’ as it is carried by the rivers and deposited
in the plains.
(ii) It is light and porous. Therefore ploughing this soil is easy.
(iii) It is fertile soil as it is rich in potash, humus and lime.
(iv) Has two broad classifications based on its age. They are
a) Khadar soil
b) Bangar soil
(v) In the upper reaches of the rivers this soil consists of coarser particles
and in the lower courses it consists of finer particles. Thus the soil
particles are not uniform everywhere.
(vi) It is deficient in Nitrogen.
(vii) This soil is more alkine (with pH value higher than 7) in drier areas.
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3. What are the characteristics of black soil ? OR
Give characteristic features soil which is most suitable for growing cotton
and sugarcane.
Ans. (i) Black soil is fine textured and clayey in nature.
(ii) It has high quantities of lime, iron, magnesium and generally poor
percentage of phosphorous, nitrogen and organic matter.
(iii) It is black in colour as it is formed weathered lava rocks.
(iv) It is very clayey (up to 50% clay content) and, therefore, highly retentive
of water Because of high clay content, these soils expand when wet
and become difficult to plough. During the dry season, black soils shrink
and develop big cracks which help in air circulation.
4. What are the characteristics of red soil.
Ans. (i) Red soil has got its name from its colour.
(ii) It is porous and has high percentage of iron oxide.
(iii) It is generally shallow and its pH value ranges from 6.6 to 8.0.
(iv) It is loose and aerated.
(v) It is poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter.
(vi) It is ideal for dry farming as it is formed in poor rainfall areas.
(vii) It is not fertile but responds to fertilisers.
(viii) It needs irrigation support for cultivation.
(ix) It contains soluble salts in small quantities.
5. What are the characteristics of laterite soil.
Ans. (i) Laterite soil are of a coarse texture, soft and friable.
(ii) It is red due to the presence of iron oxide which is formed by leaching.
The soluble plant foods like potash are removed from the top soil leaving
alumina and iron oxide.
(iii) It is a porous soil; silica is removed from it by chemical action. It is
poor in lime and magnesium and deficient in nitrogen.
(iv) It does not retain moisture and hence is not fertile.
(v) It is acidic in nature as alkalis are leached.
(vi) It is considered suitable for building purposes.
6. Explain the types of Soil Erosion by water.
Ans. (i) Sheet Erosion : It occurs on gentle slopes and is the slow removal of a
thin layer of soil when vegetation is destroyed. Rainwater washes
away the thin layer of bare soils.
(ii) Rill Erosion : When sheet erosion continues for long, the silt-laden
run-off forms many finger-shaped rills or grooves over a large area.
This is called rill erosion.
(iii) Gully Erosion : Due to heavy rainfall deep channels are carved on
bare soils as the water flows with force downhill. Gully erosion removes
nutrients and a heavy load of loose soils.
(iv) Stream Bank Erosion : Streams and rivers change their courses by
cutting one bank and depositing the silt loads on the other.
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(v) Leaching : After harvesting, farmers leave the soils bare for some time.
During rainfall the nutrients in the soil are leached or percolated below.
(vi) Shore Erosion : Sea waves continously dash against coastal rocks and
cause erosion. The broken material is then removed by the retreating
sea waves.
7. State the causes of soil erosion.
Ans. (i) Heavy Population Pressure on Land: The population continues to rise
at a rapid rate because of which more forests are being destroyed to
house and feed the increasing population.
(ii) Nature of Rainfall: India receives 80 to 90 per cent of rainfall in the
monsoon season. Heavy downpour during monsoon months causes
floods. In the remaining months droughts are frequent. This affects
the soils.
(iii) Overgrazing: The cattle freely graze in open lands making them bare
of vegetation. Winds carry away dry soil particles from the bare
landscape. Thus, soil erosion takes place.
(iv) Bad Farming Techniques: The poor farmers plough fields in traditional
ways. The farming techniques and small size of holdings lead to soil
erosion on a large scale.
(v) Topography: Northeastern parts of India, Shiwaliks and hilly regions
in South India are affected by soil erosion because of steep slopes and
heavy rainfall. During heavy rainfall, soils are washed away by running
water down the slope.
(vi) Deforestation: Forests are destroyed so that more land can be used
for cultivation Cutting of trees exposes the soil to water and wind,
which leads to soil erosion.
8. Name the areas which are mainly affected by soil erosion in India.
Ans. The worst affected areas include:
(i) The badlands of the Chambal and Yamuna rivers;
(ii) The piedmont zone of the Western Himalayas;
(iii) The Chotanagpur plateau region;
(iv) The Tapi-Sabarmati valley region in Gujarat;
(v) The regur soil area of Maharashtra; and
(vi) The dry areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana.
9. Describe the soil conservation methods.
Ans. (i) Terrace Farming : On hilly slopes, terraces act as bunds and prevent the
soil from being washed away by running water. Terrace farming is practised
with successful results in Japan, South-East Asia and the USA.
(ii) Shelter Belts : Farmers plant trees in several rows to check wind
erosion. They are known as wind breaks.
(iii) Contour Ploughing : Ploughing along contours on a slope prevents soil
being washed away by rainwater or by surface run off.
(iv) Strip Cropping : Crops are grown in alternate strips of land to check
the impact of the winds.
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(v) Construction of Dams : Rivers cause soil erosion. Dams are built in
the upper course of rivers to control erosion of soil.
(vi) Plugging Gullies : The gullies made in the soil are plugged with
deposition of silt during heavy rains.
(vii) Planting Trees : The trees, like in the case of shelter belts, are planted
along the edges of the fields, the waste land and on steep slopes to
prevent soil erosion as well as to enhance the capacity of the soil to
retain water.
10. State the effects of soil erosion. OR
Why is soil conservation is nessesary ?
Ans. (i) Loss of fertile top soil together with its mineral nutrients, from the
upper surface leads to gradual loss of soil fertility and agricultural
productivity.
(ii) Lowering of the underground water table and decreasing soil moisture.
(iii) Drying of vegetation and extension of arid lands; Increase in the
frequency of droughts and floods.
(iv) Silting of river and canal beds; Recurrence of landslides; Adverse effect
on economic prosperity and cultural development.
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Chapter 5
NATURAL VEGETATION
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. What is meant by natural vegetation?
Ans. Natural Vegetation refers to the plant cover that has not been disturbed
over a long time, so as to allow its individual species to adjust themselves
fully to the climate and soil conditions.
2. Give the economical value of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Ans. Tropical Evergreen forests produce various plant species of high economic
value. The timber produced is hard, durable and fine grained.
3. Name any two trees that grow in the Tropical Deciduous Forests and
provide timber.
Ans. Sal and teak grow in the Tropical Deciduous Forests and provide timber.
4. Why are the Sunderbans so called?
Ans. Littoral or tidal forests have Sundari trees, after the name of which these
forests are known as 'Sunderbans' in the Ganga Delta.
5. What is Social Forestry?
Ans. Social Forestry refers to the management and protection of forests and
afforestation on barren lands with the purpose of helping in the
environmental, social and rural development.
6. What are the climatic conditions under which evergreen forests develop?
Ans. Evergreen forests are found in the areas where the amount of annual
rainfall is more than 250 cm, average annual temperature is between 25°C
and 27°C and average annual humidity exceeds 77 per cent.
7. Why are the Western Ghats covered with thick evergreen forests while
the Eastern Ghats are covered by deciduous forests?
Ans. Western Ghats are covered by that evergreen forest as it receives heavy
rainfall but the rainfall decreases in the Eastern Ghats so the forest found
here are deciduous forest.
8. Under what climatic conditions do Montane Forests develop?
Ans. Montane forests are found in areas where annual temperature is 12ºC to
13ºC, rainfall is between 100 and 300 cm and annual humidity is between
56 and 65 per cent.
9. Why are Thorn and Scrub forests largely found in the northwestern part
of India?
Ans. Certain part of north western India have arid conditions with scanty rainfall.
Therefore these regions have thorn and scrub forests.
10. Corridors must be established between different reserved forests. Why?
Ans. Corridors enable the migration of wild animals from one reserve to the other.
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11. Name the area where tropical rain forests are found.
Ans. The area where tropical rain forests found are western slopes of Western
Ghats, hills of north eastern region and the island groups of Lakshdweep,
the Andaman and Nicobar and Tamil Nadu coast.
12. What are the climatic conditions under which dry deciduous develop ?
Ans. Dry deciduous forests are found in areas having a mean annual temperature
of 23ºC to 27ºC, annual rainfall between 70 cm to 100 cm and humidity
between 51 to 58 per cent.
13. Mention the areas where Tropical Desert Vegetation thrives.
Ans. Tropical Desert Vegetation forests are chiefly distributed in south-western
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, central and eastern Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh.
14. Under what climatic conditions do Littoral Forests develop?
Ans. Littoral Forests are found in wet marshy areas, in river deltas, in tidal or
other swampy areas and along the sea coasts.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. ‘Forest are called handmaid of agriculture.’ Give reason.
Ans. (i) Forests are useful in agriculture in various ways both directly and
indirectly.
(ii) Directly they supply wood for making agricultural implements.
(iii) Indirectly they help in keeping climate moderate and helps in creating
favourable conditions for rain. They are helpful in checking floods and
preventing soil erosion.
2. Mention two main characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests.
Ans. The main characteristic features of these forest are :
(i) They are dense, multi-layered and have many types of trees and shrubs.
(ii) Trees reach great heights of more than 60 m or above.
3. Mention two reasons why Tropical Evergreen Forests are difficult to
exploit for commercial purposes.
Ans. (i) Tropical Evergreen Forests have tangled mass of canes, palms, bamboos,
ferns and climbers and are thus inaccessible.
(ii) These forests lack means of transportation and are thus not fully
exploited.
4. Name two varieties of the Tropical Deciduous Forests.
Ans. Two varieties of the Tropical Deciduous Forests are :
(i) The Moist deciduous forests
(ii) The Dry deciduous forests
5. Briefly explain two reasons for forests being an important natural resource.
Ans. (i) Forests are the moderators of climate. They play an effective role in
controlling humidity, temperature and precipitation.
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(ii) Forests play dominant role in carbon cycle. They absorb atmospheric
carbon dioxide and help in maintaining the purity of air and controlling
atmospheric pollution.
6. Name the type of forests found in the western part of the Western
Ghats. Give two reasons why these forests are so named. OR
Why do Tropical Evergreen Forests appear green all the year round ?
Ans. Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in western part of Western Ghats.
Reason :
(i) Since these forest are restricted to heavy rainfall areas receiving more
than 250 cm rain therefore these forests are dense, multi layered and
hence many types of trees and shurbs are found.
(ii) Trees of such forests do not have fixed time to shed their leaves, to
flowers or for fruition. That is why these forests appear green all year
round.
7. Mention three reasons for decrease in forests area.
Ans. (i) Due to rapid population growth and the demand for more food, forests
have been cleared to convert them into agricultural land.
(ii) Forests have been converted into pasture land for expanding dairy
farming and cattle ranching.
(iii) Overgrazing in the forests by animals in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions has resulted into large-scale degradation of natural vegetation.
8. What are ‘Tidal forests’? Name two typical trees found there.
Ans. (i) Littoral or swampy forests are also known as Tidal forests.
(ii) These forests are found in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks
prone to tidal influence and as such are also known as delta or swampy
forests.
(iii) The trees found here are Sundri, Keora, Amur etc.
9. Give any three features of social forestry.
Ans. (i) Restoration, reallocation, reorganisation of existing forest lands for
the total development of the land and the people living on it.
(ii) Joint management of the forest and its production processes.
(iii) Developing the socio-economic structure that makes the above two
possible.
10. What is agro-forestry?
Ans. (i) Agro-forestry is a part of social forestry and represents the intermediate
stage between forestry and agriculture.
(ii) Agro-forestry refers to “the sustainable system of managing a piece of
land through combined production of agricultural crops and forest crops
and animal rearing, to ensure the most efficient land use under a
management system in accordance with socio-cultural practices of
the local people.”
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11. What is the difference between agro-forestry and traditional forestry?
Ans. (i) Agro-Forestry is different from the traditional forestry in the sense
that it is not vulnerable to population stresses. It is created in
accordance with the socio-cultural practices of the population.
(ii) In fact, agro-forestry co-ordinates with local population and reduces
the pressure of population on traditional forestry.
12. What are the characteristic features of deciduous forests?
Ans. The main characteristic features of deciduous forests are:
(i) The trees in these forests shed their leaves from six to eight weeks
during spring and early summer when the storage of water is acute.
Further, the sub-soil water is not enough for the trees to keep their
leaves all the year around.
(ii) A particular species can be found over a large area.
(iii) They are commercially most exploited forests of India.
13. Why are deciduous forests commercially the most exploited ones?
Ans. (i) Deciduous forests have important trees such as sandalwood, teak,
sal, shisham etc.
(ii) Beside, providing valuable timber, these provide various other products.
Sandalwood, found in thse forests is in great demand in India & abroad.
(iii) Also these forest are less dense. So, deciduous forests are commercially
the most exploited ones.
14. What are the characteristic features of Tropical Desert vegetation?
Ans. The main characteristic features of Tropical Desert Vegetation forests are:
(i) These forests have Xerophytic vegetation. Due to paucity of rainfall,
the trees are stunted with large patches of coarse grasses.
(ii) In these forests, plants remain leafless for most part of the year and
look like scrub vegetation.
15. What are the characteristic features of Littoral Forests?
Ans. The main characteristic features of Littoral forests (Tidal forests) are:
(i) They have mainly evergreen species of varying density and height,
usually associated with wetness.
(ii) The tree trunks are supported by a number of stilt like roots which
remain submerged under water during high tide and can be seen
during low tide.
(iii) They have profuse growth with tangle of climbers, which is an
adaptation for survival in soft and shifting mud.
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16. Name the important trees found in deciduous forests and mention their
economical value.
Ans. The important trees of deciduous forests are teak, sal, shisham, sandalwood,
mulberry etc.
Economical value of Important Trees
(i) Teak : Used for ship building and construction purpose.
(ii) Sal : Used for making beams, planking and railing of bridges, doors,
window posts of house, sleepers.
(iii) Shisham : Making furniture and construction purpose.
(iv) Sandalwood : Used for statue making and ornamental objects.
(v) Mulberry : Used for manufacturing sports goods like hockey sticks,
cricket stumps etc.
17. What are the objectives of agro-forestry?
Ans. (i) To reduce pressure on natural forests for obtaining timber as well as
non-timber forest produce.
(ii) To check soil erosion and to maintain the natural fertility of the soil.
(iii) To maintain ecological balance along with proper utilisation of farm
resources.
18. Identify the tree as per its characteristics mentioned below:
(i) It yields wood that is hard and scented and is usually found in high
altitudes.
(ii) It is generally found in the deltaic region and is used to make boats.
Ans. (i) Sandalwood
(ii) Sundari
19. Differentiate between afforestation and deforestation. State the
disadvantages of deforestation.
Ans. Afforestation Deforestation
It is the planting of trees in It is the process of cutting down of
abandoned areas, or any other trees for various purposes like,
suitable place, in order to improve industrial-zation, colonization, etc.
our environment.
Disadvantages of deforestation are :
(i) Loss of Flora and Fauna.
(ii) Loosening of soil particles, which eventually results in soil erosions
and surface water run-off.
(iii) Increase in the temperatures.
(iv) An imbalance is generated amongst the soil minerals, and the soil
losses its fertility and mineral content.
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Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. Tropical Evergreen and Tropical Deciduous Forests.
Ans. Tropical Evergreen Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests
1. The trees in these forests do not 1. The trees in these forests shed
have a fixed time to shed their their leaves from six to eight weeks
leaves, to flower or for fruition. during spring and early summer
That is why these forests appear when the storage of water is acute.
green all the year round. Further, the sub-soil water is not
enough for the trees to keep their
2. These forest are commercially leaves all the year around.
the less exploited.
2. These forest are commercially
3. These are found in heavy rainfall the more exploited.
regions with above 200cm rain.
3. These are found in moderate
rainfall rainfall between 100 to
200 cm.
2. Vegetation and Forest.
Ans. Vegetation Forest
1. Vegetation refers to the 1. Forest refers to a large tract of
assemblage of plant species living land covered by trees and shrubs.
in association with each other in
a given environmental set-up.
Q.IV. Long Answer Questions :
1. Give characteristic features of Montane Forests.
Ans. (i) Montane forests contain mixed species of broad leafed evergreen trees
and conifers. They also contain scrubs, creepers and ferns.
(ii) At the foothills of the Himalayas deciduous forests are found.
(iii) At an altitude of 1000 m to 2000 m there are the moist temperate forests.
(iv) In the hilly areas of West Bengal and Uttarakhand, evergreen broad
leaf trees like chestnut and oak are found.
(v) Between the altitude of 1500m and 1750 m, coniferous trees like Chir
pine is an important tree. At an altitude of 2250 m and 3000 m, blue
pine and spruce are found.
(vi) At higher altitudes, alpine forest and pastures are found followed by
mosses and lichens. Beyond the snowline no vegetation is found.
(vii) In the Peninsular regions, the area is only about 1500 m in height and
vegetation varies from tropical to temperate forests.
2. Why are the forests grown around the cities having the Iron and Steel
Industries?
Ans. (i) The level of pollution is much higher in areas where Iron and Steel
industries are located.
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(ii) This is because during the manufacture of steel, gas emissions from
the manufacturing plants emit particulate matter, sulphur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and hydrogen fluoride which pollute
the air.
(iii) Besides, these steel plants emit significant dust levels of about 20
kilograms per metric ton of steel. To prevent pollution, trees are planted
around the cities having Iron and Steel Industries. These trees act as
a barrier for the dust and purify the air.
3. Mention three methods for the conservation and development of forests
in India.
Ans. (i) Afforestation : Growing more trees in open and barren spaces.
(ii) Stopping Indiscriminate Felling of Trees: There should be a strict
ban on felling of naturally growing trees. If a tree has to be cut,
necessary permission has to be obtained. Besides, proper replacement
of trees by planting saplings at least in the ratio of 1:10 (1 tree to 10
saplings) should be undertaken.
(iii) Establishing Corridors between Different Reserved Forests: Wide
corridors should be established in different reserved forests to allow
the migration of wild animals. This will also help numerous species of
animals to use these corridors for their dispersal and migration.
(iv) Using Alternative Sources of Energy: In order to conserve forests, we
must use non-conventional or renewable sources of energy, like solar
energy, tidal energy, hydel energy, etc.
4. Give any four objectives of social forestry.
Ans. (i) Providing fuel wood, fodder for cattle, timber and minor forest products
to rural people.
(ii) Utilising the available land according to its productive capacity.
(iii) Developing local cottage industries by providing raw materials.
(iv) Providing efficient conservation of soil and water.
5. What are the various functions of forests (Importance) ?
Ans. The following are the basic functions of forests :
(i) Productive Functions : It provides various forest products such as
flowers, fruits, timber, cane, oils, edible plants etc. It also provides
with various types of livelihood to a large population.
(ii) Protective Functions : Protect soil from erosion. Thick humus layer
prevent the evaporation of water.
(iii) Regulatory Functions : They can regulate the atmospheric temperature
from controlling CO2 in the atmosphere. Forests also enable the
occurrence of rain.
(iv) Accessory Functions : Provide habitat for wildlife and recreation to
human beings in the form of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks,
biosphere reserves etc.
6. List any four points of co-relation of forests with environment.
Ans. (i) Forests moderate the climate of the region by affecting the humidity,
temperature and precipitation in the region.
(ii) Meeting the recreational needs of the people.
(iii) Improving the natural beauty of the region.
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(iv) Improving our environment and controlling global warming and thereby
minimizing the problem of climate change.
7. Give characteristic features of Dry Deciduous Forests.
Ans. (i) Dry Deciduous forests thrive between moist deciduous forests (in the
east) and tropical thorn forests (in the west).
(ii) On the wetter margins, these forests have a transition into moist
deciduous, while on the drier margins they degrade into thorn forests.
(iii) In the Northern Indian plains and in the areas of higher rainfall in the
Peninsular Plateau, these forests have open stretches in which teak
and other trees are interspersed with patches of grass.
(iv) During the dry season, the trees in these forests shed their leaves completely
and give the forests a look of a vast grassland with naked trees.
(v) The common trees of these forests are teak, tendu, sal, rosewood,
amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, etc.
Natural Vegetation of India
Vegetation Climatic Distribution Important
Type conditions Trees
Tropical Temp: 25ºC-27ºC Western slopes of the Rosewood, ebony,
Evergreen Rainfall: More than Western Ghats, hills of mahagony, toon,
250 cm north-eastern region, chaplas, sissoo
and the Andaman and gurjan, telsur, etc.
Nicobar Islands.
Tropical Temp: 26ºC-27ºC Northern states along Sal, teak, arjun, palas,
Deciduous Rainfall: 100-200 cm the foothills of the shisham, mahua,
Himalayas, eastern mulberry, semul,
slopes of the Western sandalwood, etc.
Ghats and Odisha.
Tropical Temp: 25ºC-27ºC South-western Punjab, Ber, babool, date palm,
Desert Rainfall: Haryana, khair, neem.
Less than 50 cm Uttar Pradesh, Central
and Eastern
Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Gujarat.
Littoral Temp: 26ºC-29ºC Deltas of large rivers Keora, amur, bhara,
Rainfall: on the eastern coast, rhizophora, screw
More than 200 cm in pockets on the pines, canes and
western coast, in palms, sundari, agar,
saline swamps of the etc.
Sunderbans in West
Bengal and coastal
areas of Andhra
Pradesh and Odisha.
Montane Temp: 12ºC-13ºC The Himalayan zone Spruce, deodar,
Rainfall: 100-300 cm from Kashmir to walnut, cypress,
Sikkim and jamun, chestnut,
Arunachal Pradesh. cedar, kail, birch
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IMPORTANT TREES AND THEIR USES
• Rosewood is used for making furniture, floor boards, wagon parts, etc. It is
used as decorative wood for carving and for making ornamental ply-boards
and veneers.
• Ebony is used for ornamental carving and for decoration. It is used for inlaying,
for making musical instruments, sports goods, piano keys and caskets.
• Teak wood is moderately hard, durable and easy to work. It is used for
construction purposes, shipbuilding and making furniture, railway carriages,
sleepers and bridges.
• Sandalwood is used for making statues and ornamental objects. It is also
used in making aromatic substances and for extracting sandalwood oil.
• Sal wood is very hard, heavy and tough. It is used for making beams, planking
and railing of bridges, doors, window posts of houses, railway sleepers, etc.
• Palas leaves are used for rearing shellac worms.
• Ber is a fruit which is eaten raw or made pickle or beverages. Its timber is
hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used to make legs for bedsteads, boat
ribs, agricultural implements, charcoal, etc.
• Babool's bark and gum have medicinal value.
• Neem bark and roots have medicinal properties. It is effective in treating
diabetes, allergies, ulcers and several other diseases. Neem oil, leaves and
neem extracts are used to manufacture health and beauty products. Neem
is also used as an insecticide.
• Deodar is a medium weight durable wood. It is used for construction work
and for making railway sleepers. It is also suitable for beams, floor boards,
ports, window frames and light furniture.
• Sundari trees provide hard durable timber for construction purposes and
boat making.
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Chapter 6
WATER RESOURCES
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name four surface water resources.
Ans. River, lakes, ponds and tanks are surface water resources.
2. How much water is utilised by the agricultural sector in India?
Ans. 92% of water is utilized for agricultural sector in India.
3. What is meant by irrigation?
Ans. Irrigation refers to the process of watering of agricultural plants through
artificial means such as wells, tanks, tubewells, canals.
4. Mention the three factors based on which different means of irrigation
are used.
Ans. Different means of irrigation are based on factors such as nature of soil,
crop requirement, availability of surface and ground water.
5. Name the states in India where well irrigation is used.
Ans. Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Rajasthan.
6. Name the two types of canals.
Ans. Inundation canals and Perennial canals.
7. Why is irrigation needed for agricultural development?
Ans. It is because of uncertainity of rainfall and to maximise production.
8. What are the conventional methods of irrigation?
Ans. Well, tanks and canal irrigaion.
9. In which states of India canal irrigation is practised?
Ans. Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, etc.
10. Why do we need to adopt different means of irrigaion ?
Ans. We need to adopt different means of irrigaion for sustained agricultural
production and all around development.
11. Name the states in India where well irrigation is used.
Ans. Well irrigation is used in India in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Goa and Tamil Nadu.
12. Name two states where perennial canals are widely used ?
Ans. Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
13. Name the three modern means of irrigation.
Ans. Furrow, spray, drip, sprinkler are the modern means of irrigation.
14. Why is water harvesting needed?
Ans. Water harvesting in needed because rainfall in India is of short spell and
of high intensity which leads to acute shortage of water.
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15. What is a well ?
Ans. A well is a small hole dug in the surface of the earth to obtain water from
the subsoil for irrigation and other purposes.
16. What are the advantages of perennial canal ?
Ans. The perennial canals function throughout the year and thus help in
increasing the agricultural production throughout the year.
17. What is furrow irrigation ?
Ans. Furrow irrigation is a type of flood irrigation in which the water poured on
the field is directed to flow through narrow channels dug between the
rows of crops, instead of evenly distributing the water throughout the
whole field.
18. What is spray irrigation ?
Ans. In spray irrigation systems, a long hose is set to a water source on one side
and on the other side the water is released through spray guns to the field.
19. Mention the steps taken to conserve water.
Ans. Adopting water saving technologies, encouraging watershed development,
rainwater harvesting, water recycling and preventing the pollution of water.
20. Why is well irrigation confined mainly to the alluvial plains?
Ans. Well irrigation is confined mainly to the alluvial plains where owing to the
soft nature of the soil, wells can be easily dug and plenty of ground water
is available.
21. How has irrigation helped the agricultural production in Punjab?
Ans. Inspite of being a region of low rainfall Punjab has a high agricultural yield
because of a good network of irrigation facilities such as canals and
tubewells, that helped the agricultural production to increase.
22. Name the major areas where tubewells are used.
Ans. The main areas where tubewells are used include the northern plains in
the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Name two states in which tube wells are extensively used. Give a reason
to explain its importance as a source of irrigation.
Ans. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat.
Importance of tube wells :
(i) It is an independent source of irrigation.
(ii) It brings up clean water.
(iii) It can irrigate large area of agricultural land.
(iv) It is easier to bring up large amount of water in a short time period.
(v) It is a perennial means of irrigation as it is drilled up to permanent
water table.
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2. How are the fields irrigated using the Persian wheel method ?
Ans. (i) Persian wheel method is a partly submerged vertical wheel with buckets
attached to the rim.
(ii) As the wheel is turned by draught animals rotating a geared horizontal
wheel, the buckets are filled and emptied into a trough above, which
carries the water to crop-sown fields.
3. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of well irrigation.
Ans. Advantages of well irrigation
(i) Wells can be dug at a very low cost which is well within the means of
poor farmers.
(ii) Oxen which are kept for ploughing the land can be utilized for drawing
water from the wells at no extra cost to the farmers.
Disadvantages of well irrigation
(i) Wells depend on underground water resources whose distribution
varies from region to region.
(ii) It is difficult to dig wells or bore tube wells in the hilly regions of the
north and stony areas of the Peninsula.
4. Give two advantages and one disadvantage that tube wells have over
surface wells.
Ans. Advantages of tube well
(i) It can irrigate larger area of agricultural land.
(ii) It is easier to bring up large amount of water in a short time period.
Disadvantage of tube well
(i) Excessive use of tube well water can lead to depletion of ground water.
5. Why are inundation canals being converted to perennial canals ? Give
two reasons. OR
Why are perennial canals preferred over inundation canals ?
Ans. Inundation canals are being converted to perennial canals because
(i) Perennial canals have water throughout the year unlike inundation
canal.
(ii) Perennial canals irrigate a large area.
6. Where are tanks most widely used in India? Why? OR
Why is tank irrigation preferred over other means of irrigation in
peninsular India ?
Ans. Tanks most widely used in Peninsular plateau in India because :
(i) It consists of hard rocks which do not suck up water, so wells and
canals cannot be made there.
(ii) There are many natural depressions in the area where tanks can
easily be made.
7. Mention two disadvantages of tank irrigation.
Ans. Disadvantages of tank irrigation
(i) Tanks get silted up soon and regular desilting is required to make
these suitable for irrigation.
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(ii) When the monsoons fail these tanks go dry and therefore, are not
dependable sources of irrigation.
8. Give three disadvantages (drawbacks) of using conventional system of
irrigation.
Ans. (i) In the conventional system of irrigation a large quantity of water is not
property utilized.
(ii) The fields situated in low areas always get excess water causing
prolonged waterlogging. Thus, crops are subjected to water-logging
resulting in poor yields.
(iii) Excessive irrigation and poor water management are the main reasons
of waterlogging and gradual buildup of soil salinity has made the soils
unsuitable for cultivation.
9. Canal irrigation is more suitable in north India as compared to south
India. Give reasons.
Ans. Canal irrigation is more suitable in north India as compared to south India
because :
(i) The rivers of northern plains are perennial as they are snow fed
whereas in southern India they are seasonal.
(ii) The surface of the northern plains is flat and soft and thus easier to
dig as compared to southern India where it is rocky.
(iii) The demand for irrigation is greater in northern India due to larger
arable land as compared to south India.
10. What is meant by water harvesting? Mention any three water harvesting
systems practised in India.
Ans. Water harvesting is collecting and storing rainwater.
The systems of rain water harvesting are :
(i) Systems which collect roof run offs for household use.
(ii) Systems which use infield or adjoining catchment to provide
supplemental irrigation for agriculture.
(iii) The simplest harvesting technique is the check dam. It is a small barrier
built across streams which help in storing water during monsoon.
11. Give three reasons to justify the need to conserve water?
Ans. We need to conserve water for following reasons :
(i) The increase in population with the progress of time results in water
scarcity.
(ii) Water resources like rivers, lakes, etc. are polluted and their water
can hardly be used without adequate treatment.
(iii) The water demand for industrial use is increasing day by day.
12. Give two reasons why water scarcity occurs in India.
Ans. Water scarcity occurs because :
(i) Seasonal rainfall.
(ii) More demand due to increase in population.
(iii) Water pollution.
ICSE X 93
Geography Robomate+
13. What are inundation canals ?
Ans. Inundation canals are seasonal canals which are drawn from rivers
without constructing any barrage or dam. Such canals use the excess
water of rivers at the time of floods and remain operational during rainy
season.
14. Give the advantages and disadvantages of inundation canal.
Ans. Advantages of inundation canal
(i) Inundation canals are easily and cheaply built.
(ii) They are useful in controlling the floods.
Disadvantages of inundation canal
(i) Inundation canals are seasonal in nature and thus uncertainty of
water supply.
(ii) These canals can be constructed only in the low lying areas.
15. What are the disadvantages of perennial canals?
Ans. (i) These canals at times increase the salinity of soil due to excessive
irrigation.
(ii) The problem of water logging happens in case of unlined canals as
water soaks into adjoining areas turning them into swamps.
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of spray irrigation ?
Ans. Advantages of spray irrigation
(i) Utilizes water more efficiently, reducing the amount of water needed
to irrigate a field.
Disadvantages of spray irrigation
(i) The spray irrigation is expressive as it requires complex machinery.
(ii) Water is lost through evaporation in spray irrigation and plant diseases,
that are caused due to excess moisture, can occur due to over-watering.
17. What is sprinkler irrigation ?
Ans. Sprinkler irrigation method of irrigation a pipe fitted with a nozzle on the
top is used through which water is sprayed directly to the required plants.
It is often referred as ‘overhead irrigation’ method.
18. What is drip irrigation ?
Ans. (i) Drip Irrigation is the most advanced and efficient method of irrigation.
(ii) Usually used to irrigate fruits and vegetables, this system consists of
perforated pipes that are placed between rows of crops or buried along
their root lines and give water directly on to the crops.
19. What is watershed management ?
Ans. (i) Watershed management refers to the efficient management and
conservation of both the surface and groundwater resources.
(ii) It includes prevention of runoff water and storage and recharge of
groundwater by various methods like percolation pits, recharge wells,
borewells, dugwells.
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20. What is rain water harvesting ? What is the aim of rain water harvesting ?
Ans. Rainwater harvesting is collecting and storing rainwater
Aim of rainwater harvesting is :
(i) Harvesting surface and groundwater,
(ii) Prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage, and
(iii) All other hydrological studies and engineering interventions, aimed at
conservation and efficient utilization of the limited water endowment
of an area such as a watershed.
21. Mention any three objectives of rain water harvesting.
Ans. (i) To avoid flooding of rivers
(ii) To raise ground water
(iii) To solve the problem of water scarcity.
22. Mention two advantages that surface wells have over inundation canals.
Ans. (i) Wells are an independant source of irrigation so they may be used as
and when required.
(ii) Wells are the most economic source of irrigation and can be dug at
any convenient place.
(iii) Inundation canals are flood water canals and have water in them only
when the rivers are flooded during rainy season.
23. What is a multipurpose project?
Ans. A multipurpose project is made by constructing a dam or dams across the
perennial river and it aims at fulfilling various objectives such as irrigation,
flood control, supplying water drinking and industrial purpose, navigation
canal construction, fishing and fish breeding.
24. Name 4 important canal system in Uttar Pradesh.
Ans. (i) Upper Ganga canal.
(ii) Lower Ganga canal
(iii) East Yamuna canal.
(iv) Sharda canal.
25. Name important canals of Punjab.
Ans. (i) Sirhind canal.
(ii) Upper Bari Doab canal.
(iii) Bhakra dam canal.
26. Name important canals of Rajasthan Canal Scheme.
Ans. (i) Indira Gandhi canal.
(ii) Bikaner canal.
27. Name some important canals of south India.
Ans. (i) Nagarjunasagar canal.
(ii) Nizamsagar canal.
(iii) Tungabhadra canal.
ICSE X 95
Geography Robomate+
28. Name 4 cities where rain water harvesting is practised in India.
Ans. (i) Mumbai (ii) Chennai
(iii) Bengaluru (iv) Delhi.
29. What are tubewells?
Ans. Tubewells are deeper wells at a depth of 20-30m from which water is lifted
up with the help of power driven pumps to be used by man. It is also known
as lift method.
30. Suggest five effective measures to conserve water.
Ans. Water can be preserved by adoping
(i) water saving technologies,
(ii) encouraging watershed development
(iii) rainwater harvesting
(iv) water recycling and
(v) preventing the pollution of water.
31. How are the farms irrigated using tanks ?
Ans. The tanks can be easily made by means of making dams in hollow spaces
in which rain water is stored in large quantities for distributing regular
supply of water through the channels to the arable lands in the seasons.
32. Mention the ideal conditions for construction of tube well.
Ans. The ideal conditions for the drilling of tube well are :
(i) Availability of plentiful water at great depths,
(ii) Level land and soft soil for the tube wells to be set up,
(iii) Large fertile area in its surrounding area to be irrigated; and
(iv) Availability of regular cheap electricity to run the tube wells.
Q.III. Long Answer Questions :
1. Give the advantages and disadvantages of canal irrigation.
Ans. Advantages of canal irrigation
(i) The rainfall deficiency in some areas is made up by canals taken out
from the perennial rivers.
(ii) In arid areas like Rajasthan, canals have proved to be boon as a result
of which sandy patches are yielding good agricultural harvests.
(iii) Canal irrigation has enabled Punjab and Haryana to be called the
'granary of the country' and nucleus of the Green Revolution.
(iv) Major parts of Tamil Nadu enjoy rainfall during winter season while
summer remains dry. Thus, irrigation is needed in summer to make
up the lack of rainfall. Canal irrigation provides a solution to this
problem.
Disadvantages of canal irrigation
(i) At some places where the perennial unlined canals flow at the ground
level and between raised high banks, the water table may reach the
surface and make the once cultivable soil completely waterlogged.
Complete saturation of the soil with water may give rise to swamps.
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Robomate+ Geography
(ii) In the canal irrigation where the water table is a few feet below the
ground, the alkaline salts come to the surface, mix with the soil and
make it unproductive.
(iii) Due to waterlogging, the capacity of soil to absorb water decreases. So a
few centimetres of rainfall in excess of the normal covers the land with
a sheet of rainwater, which in the absence of proper drainage ruins the
standing crops, houses and even stored food grains and fodder.
2. Tank irrigation is practised mainly south India. Give reason.
Ans. Tanks constitute a special feature of irrigation in the Deccan because of
the following reasons:
(i) The rivers of the Deccan are not snow-fed and are mainly dependent
on the rainwater.
(ii) There are many streams which becomes torrential during the rainy
season but dry up when the rain ceases.
(iii) The hard rocks in the area do not suck up water, so wells also cannot
be made there. But the tanks can be easily made by means of making
dams in hollow spaces in which rainwater is stored in large quantities
for distributing regular supply of water through the channels to the
arable lands in the dry seasons.
(iv) The terrain of the Deccan Plateau is very uneven with many natural
depressions where tanks can be easily built.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tank irrigation.
Ans. Advantages of tank irrigation
(i) In the uneven rocky plateau of Peninsular India, where rainfall is
highly seasonal tank irrigation is useful.
(ii) In the large stretches of the India plateau, due to hard rocky terrain,
wells and canals are difficult to construct, so only tank irrigation is
feasible.
(iii) Tank irrigation is highly significant in storing the abundant rainwater
that would otherwise flow out and go waste.
Disadvantages of tank irrigation
(i) Tanks get silted up soon and regular desilting is required to make
these suitable for irrigation.
(ii) When the monsoons fail these tanks go dry and therefore, are not
dependable sources of irrigation.
(iii) Most of the tanks are non-perennial and becomes dry during the winter
and summer seasons when water is urgently required for rabi and
zaid crops.
(iv) Due to large area coverage and its shallow depth, huge quantity of
stored water either evaporates or sinks underground without being
used in the irrigation.
(v) Tanks occupy a large fertile area which otherwise could have been
utilized for growing crops.
ICSE X 97
Geography Robomate+
(vi) The lifting of water from the tanks bringing it to the field is a strenuous
and costly task.
4. Give the advantages and disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation.
Ans. Advantages of sprinkler irrigation
(i) There is no loss of water by seepage.
(ii) There is no loss of water by evaporation.
Disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation
(i) It is an expensive method of irrigation.
(ii) It is helpful for a small land area.
(iii) It is used for crops which require less water.
5. What are the elements of rainwater harvesting ?
Ans. The elements of water harvesting are given below:
(i) Catchments: The catchment of a water harvesting is the surface which
receives rainfall directly. It can be a paved area like a terrace or
courtyard of a building or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground.
(ii) Conduits: Conduits are the pipelines or drains that carry rainwater
from the catchment or rooftop to the harvesting system.
(iii) Storage facility: Rainwater can be stored in any commonly used storage
containers like RCC, masonry or plastic water tanks.
(iv) Recharge facility: Alternative to storing, rainwater can be used to recharge
groundwater aquifers. Thus can be done through any suitable structures
like dugwells, borewells, recharge trenches and recharge pits.
6. Why there is a need for irrigation ?
Ans. (i) Uncertainty of Rainfall: The rainfall in India is highly irregular in
place and time, that is, normal rainfall is marked by wide fluctuations
in different parts of the country. Sometimes the monsoon arrives early
and at times it comes late.
(ii) Uneven Distribution of Rainfall: In India, the distribution of rainfall
is quite uneven. Most parts of the country receive 80 per cent of the
annual rainfall from June to September from the South-west monsoon.
(iii) Crop Requirements: Different crops require different quantities of
water for their growth. High yielding varieties requiring higher quantity
of chemical fertilizeras need more moisture which could be supplied
only through irrigation.
(iv) Nature of the Soil: The water requirement of different crops depends
on the nature of the soil. For example, clayey soils have higher moisture
holding capacity and therefore, require less irrigation.
(v) To Utilise River Water Effectively: Many rivers in India are not
perennial and carry insignificant flows during the rabi season. There
is also a wide disparity in the water flow from year to year.
(vi) To Maximise Production: To obtain maximum production, irrigation is
a must.
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7. Why do we need to conserve water ?
Ans. We need to conserve water for the following reasons:
(i) The overexploitation of underground water often results in the lowering
of water table.
(ii) The loss of vegetation causes drought and reduction of rainfall and of
the water table.
(iii) Irrigation utilized more than 90 per cent of the total fresh water.
(iv) The demand for water for industrial use will increase more than two
times of water demand for domestic use by 2025.
(v) The increase in population with the progress of time results in water
scarcity.
(vi) Our water resources like the underground water, river, lakes etc. are
polluted and their water can be used without adequate treatment.
8. How is watershed management significant in maintaining the water
supply in the long run ?
Ans. (i) Watersheds are extremely important. Watersheds provide many of us
with our drinking water supply, plus recreational opportunities and
aesthetic beauty.
(ii) Unfortunately, the replacement of vegetation by impervious surface
like roads, parking lots and rooftops has a negative impact on
watersheds.
(iii) This increases the velocity and amount of runoff flowing into surface
waters and causes erosion, turbidity and degraded wildlife habitats.
(iv) Forested areas play a very important role in the health of a watershed.
The plant cover and leaf litter absorb moisture and help maintain soil
structure, while root masses keep soil permeable and stable so moisture
can move into it for storage.
(v) This is more desirable, because it allows water to be filtered and
released slowly into the stream system rather than rapidly running
overland.
9. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of tubewell irrigation.
Ans. Advantages of tubewell irrigation
(i) It is an independent source of irrigation.
(ii) It bringes up clean water.
(iii) It can irrigation large area of agricultural land.
(iv) It is easier to bring up large amount of water in a short time period.
(v) It is a perennial means of irrigation as it is drilled up to permanent
water table.
Disadvantages of tubewell irrigation
(i) Excessive use of tubewell water can lead to depletion of groundwater.
(ii) It is useless if the water is brackish.
(iii) It is expensive as it requires continuous supply of electricity.
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Geography Robomate+
10. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:
Rain Water
(a) Name the activity shown in the diagram.
(b) Give two objectives of the activity named in (b)
Ans. (a) Technique of rain water harvesting known as recharging of ground
water through hand pumps.
(b) (a) The recharging the shallow or deep aquifers by hand pumps may
increase the level of underground water.
(b) Improves the quality of ground water which can be used till the
next rainfall.
(c) To reduce surface run-off. (Any two)
100 ICSE X
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