Chapter 7
MINERAL RESOURCES
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. What is meant by ‘Ore’ ?
Ans. Rocks containing metallic minerals in concentrated form are called ores.
2. What grade of iron-ore is mostly mined in India ?
Ans. Haematite is mostly mined in India.
3. Name the ore of aluminium. Describe two main uses of aluminium.
Ans. Bauxite. It is used in aircraft and automobile.
4. Where is the largest aluminium plant in India located ?
Ans. The largest integrated aluminium plant in India is at Renukoot in Uttar
Pradesh.
5. Name one important non-ferrous metal which is being used since ancient
time.
Ans. Copper is an important non-ferrous metal which is being used since ancient
time.
6. Mention the varieties of Iron ore.
Ans. In India, three varieties of iron ore are found. They are :
(i) Haematite (ii) Magnetite (iii) Limonite (iv) Siderite.
7. Why is magnetite is known as black ore ?
Ans. Magnetite is dark brown to blackish in colour and is, therefore, known as
'black ore'.
8. Name the state where siderite variety of iron ore is found.
Ans. Goa is the only state where siderite variety of iron one is found.
9. Mention the main iron ore exporting port in India.
Ans. The main iron ore exporting ports in India are Marmagao and
Vishakhapatnam.
10. Name the two belts where manganese is found in India.
Ans. Nagpur – Bhandara belt of Maharashtra and Balaghat – Chhindwara belt of
Madhya Pradesh.
11. Which state is the leading producer of manganese ?
Ans. Odisha is the leading producer of manganese.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. What are minerals ? Mention any three unique characteristics of minerals.
Ans. Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic origin with definite
chemical and physical properties.
ICSE X 101
Geography Robomate+
Characteristics of minerals :
(i) Minerals are not evenly distributed over space.
(ii) Minerals have inverse relationship in quality and quantity, i.e., good
quality minerals are less in quantity than low quality minerals.
(iii) Minerals are exhaustible over time. They take long time to develop
geologically and cannot be replenished immediately when needed. Thus,
they need to be conserved as they do not have the second crop.
2. Name two varieties of iron ore.
Ans. (i) Haematite : It is reddish in colour and is also known as 'Red Ore'. It
contains 60 to 70 per cent pure iron and is found in Odisha, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
(ii) Magnetite : It is dark brown to blackish in colour and is, therefore,
known as 'black ore'. It is the best quality of iron and contains more
than 70 per cent of iron. Since it possesses magnetic property, it is
called magnetite. It is found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
3. Name two leading states producing manganese. Name two industrial
uses of manganese.
Ans. (i) Maharashtra and Odisha are two leading states producing manganese.
(ii) It is used in iron and steel industries.
(iii) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, black enamel.
4. State any three states along with the region for distribution of Bauxite.
Ans. Goa Mopa and Pernem.
Odisha Kalahandi and Sambalpur.
Gujarat Jamnagar, Kaira, Surat and Kutch.
5. State the distribution of iron ore deposit in the state of Odisha.
Ans. (i) The iron ore deposits in Odisha belong to the haematite variety
containing 55 to 68 per cent iron content.
(ii) Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Sundergarh, Cuttack, Koraput have
iron ore deposits.
(iii) The steel plants located at Asansol, Bokaro, Durgapur, Jamshedpur and
Rourkela receive their supplies of iron ore from these deposits in Odisha.
Q.III. Long Answer Questions :
1. Mention the uses of iron ore.
Ans. (i) About 90 per cent of iron ore is used to make steel. Raw iron by itself
is not as strong and hard as needed for construction and other purposes.
So it is alloyed with other elements to strengthen and harden it, making
it useful for construction, automobiles and other forms of transportation
such as trucks, trains and train tracks.
(ii) Powdered iron is used in manufacturing metallurgy products, magnets,
high frequency cores, auto parts and catalysts.
102 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
(iii) Radioactive iron (iron is 59 per cent) is used in medicine as tracer
element and in biochemical and metallurgical research.
(iv) Iron blue is used in paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics (eye
shadow), artist colours, laundry blue, paper dyeing, fertilizer ingredient,
baked enamel finishes for autos and appliances and industrial finishes.
(v) Black iron oxide is used as pigment in polishing compounds, metallurgy,
medicine, and magnetic inks.
2. Mention the uses of manganese.
Ans. The uses of manganese are the following :
(i) Manganese is used to make steel tough and resistant to rusting.
Therefore, it is an important raw material for the iron and steel industry.
(ii) Manganese is used in the manufacturing of black enamel, in chemical
industries for manufacturing bleaching powder and in electrical and
glass industries.
(iii) Manganese is used to form a number of important alloys.
(iv) Manganese is used in dry cell batteries.
(v) Manganese is used to manufacture vital enzymes for the metabolism
of fats and proteins. Manganese can also regulate blood sugar levels
and supports the immune system. It is also involved in bone development
and reproduction.
(vi) Manganese is essential to plant growth and is involved in the reduction of
nitrates in green plants and algae when distributed in the correct amount.
(vii) Manganese is an essential trace element in higher animals. It aids in
the action of many enzymes.
3. Mention the uses of Bauxite.
Ans. (i) Bauxite is the main source of aluminium, which is a lightweight, strong
and rust resistant metal.
(ii) Aluminium is used in aircrafts, automobiles, rail wagons, coaches,
shipping industry and household appliances.
(iii) It is used in electrical equipment industry and for transmitting
electricity because it is a good conductor of electricity.
(iv) Pure aluminium is the best material for making headlight reflectors
and mirrors and in telescopes.
4. Where are the deposits of bauxite found in India ?
Ans. Bauxite is found in the following areas :
Goa Mopa and Pernem.
Odisha Kalahandi and Sambalpur.
Gujarat Jamnagar, Kaira, Surat and Kutch.
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur, Balaghat, Shahdol, Mandla and
Amarkantak Plateau.
Chhattisgarh Durg, Bilaspur, Raigarh.
ICSE X 103
Geography Robomate+
Jharkhand Palamau, Ranchi.
Maharashtra Thane, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Satara.
Karnataka Belgaum mainly at Karle hills.
Tamil Nadu Salem, Nilgiri, Madurai, Coimbatore.
5. Briefly explain the features of the iron ore deposits in India.
Ans. (i) India is the largest producer of iron in the Asian continent and is one
of the largest iron producing country in the world.
(ii) The iron ore deposits in India are found in close proximity to the areas
producing coal, dolomite, limestone and manganese.
(iii) They are well utilized in several iron and steel plants.
(iv) They occur as hill masses and are easily accessible.
6. Mention the three varieties of iron ore found in India.
Ans. In India, three varieties of iron ore are found. They are :
(i) Haematite : It is reddish in colour and is also known as 'Red Ore'. It
contains 60 to 70 per cent pure iron and is found in Odisha, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
(ii) Magnetite : It is dark brown to blackish in colour and is, therefore,
known as 'black ore'. It is the best quality of iron and contains more
than 70 per cent of iron and contains more than 70 per cent of iron.
Since it possesses magnetic property, it is called magnetite. It is found
in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
(iii) Limonite : It is yellow or light brown in colour and contains 35 to 50
per cent of iron. It occurs in the iron stone group in the Raniganj
coalfield. It is also found in Garhwal (Uttarakhand) and Mirzapur district
(Uttar Pradesh) and the Kangra valley (Himachal Pradesh).
7. What are the uses of copper ?
Ans. (i) Copper is a good conductor of electricity, highly ductile and malleable
and is therefore, used for making electric wires and other equipment.
(ii) It is used in automobile and defence industries.
(iii) It is alloyed with iron and nickel to make stainless steel, which is
used to make utensils and other objects.
(iv) It is alloyed with zinc to form brass and with tin to make bronze.
(v) It is used in building construction for roofing and plumbing.
(vi) It is used in ship building industry.
8. Where is copper found in India ?
Ans. The main areas where copper is found in India are :
Madhya Pradesh Balaghat, Betul and Jabalpur
Rajasthan Khetri belt in Jhunjhunu and Dariba in Alwar
district ; Ajmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bundi,
Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Jaipur, Pali, Rajasamad,
Sikar, Sirohi and Udaipur.
Maharashtra Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and Nagpur.
Andhra Pradesh Guntur, Kurnool and Prakasam.
104 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
9. Write a brief note on the distribution of Iron ore in India.
Ans. India is one of the largest iron producing countries. Iron ore in Indian
subcontinent is distributed as given below :
(i) Odisha : These ores are found in the districts of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar,
Sundergarh, Cuttack, and Koraput etc. The ores found in this region
are good quality haematite.
(ii) Jharkhand : Large deposite are found at Chiria in Singhbham district.
The main iron ore producing districts are Singhbhum and Palamau.
(iii) Karnataka : It has huge reserves of Haematite and Magnetite. The
main deposits of iron ore found in Karnataka are at Bababudan Hills
in Chikmagalur district, Hospet, Sandur and Bellary district and also
Kudremukh.
(iv) Chhattisgarh : In Chhattisgarh, iron ore is mainly found in Durg
districts and Bailadilla in Dantewada district.
(v) Maharashtra : The main deposits of Iron ore are found in the region of
Ratnagiri and Chandrapur.
(vi) Andhra Pradesh : Iron ore is found in Andhra Pradesh in the districts
of Cuddapah and Anantpur, Krishna, Kurnool and Nellore.
(vii) Tamil Nadu : In Tamil Nadu, Iron ore is found in Tiruchirapalli, Salem
North Arcot, Coimbatore and Madurai.
(viii) Goa : The Iron ore deposits are mainly confined to North Goa.
(viii) Rajasthan : Deposits are found at Udaipur and Bhilwara districts.
ICSE X 105
Chapter 8
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name the quality of Gondwana Coal reserves.
Ans. Bituminous coal is found in Gondwana Coal reserves.
2. Name the coalfield in West Bengal.
Ans. The coalfield in West Bengal is Raniganj.
3. Name two types of coalfields of India.
Ans. The two coal of India are Gondwana and Tertiary.
4. Name two states that have huge deposits of the Gondwana coal.
Ans. The two states that have huge quantity of coal deposit are Jharkhand,
West Bengal.
5. Name two industries that use high quantity of coal.
Ans. Iron and steel industry and cement industry use high quantity of coal.
6. Name one important area that has large coal deposits in the states of
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Ans. Jharia in Jharkhand and Raniganj in West Bengal have large coal deposits.
7. Name one important oilfield in India.
Ans. Digboi oilfield in Lakhimpur district of Assam.
8. Where is the oldest oilfield located in India ?
Ans. India's oldest and important oil bearing area in the eastern part of the
Himalayas is Assam (Digboi oilfield).
9. Name two states that have petroleum deposits.
Ans. The two states that have petroleum deposits are Gujarat and Assam.
10. Which area is the largest producer of mineral oil ?
Ans. Mumbai High is the largest producer of mineral oil.
11. Which state is the longest producer of mineral oil ?
Ans. Assam.
12. Name the oldest coalfield in India.
Ans. The oldest coalfield in India is in Raniganj in West Bengal.
13. Name the largest coalfield in India.
Ans. The largest coalfield in India is in Jharia in Jharkhand.
14. Which country is the largest producer of coal in South Asia ?
Ans. India is the largest producer of coal in South Asia.
15. Name some raw materials derived from coal.
Ans. Benzol, ammonia, naptha, phenol, tar and sulphur are some raw materials
from coal.
106 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
16. Name the region in which India’s main coal fields are located.
Ans. Damudas in Gondwana system is India’s main coal field.
17. Name one refinery which belongs to the private sector.
Ans. The Reliance Petroleum Limited at Jamnagar in Gujarat belongs to private
sector.
18. Where is the Bhakra Nangal Dam located ?
Ans. Bhakra dam is located in Himachal Pradesh and Nangal dam is located in
Punjab.
19. What are called ‘Damudas’?
Ans. The major coal bearing formations that belong to the lower Gondwana system
are collectively called ‘Damudas’.
20. Name the two geological ages of coal.
Ans. Gondwana : Over 200 million years in age.
Tertiary : Over 55 million years ago.
21. Name the biggest oilfield in India.
Ans. Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimpur district of upper Assam is the biggest
oilfield in India.
22. State the importance of coal as a source of power.
Ans. Coal is a basic source of energy as it can be used for running machines,
trains, ships and dynamos.
23. Why does India have to import oil ?
Ans. India have to import oil because day by day the demand for petroleum is
going on increasing and the supply is less.
24. Where are the deposits of Petroleum normally located ?
Ans. Petroleum is found in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock
formations like sandstone, shale and limestone.
25. What are conventional sources of energy ?
Ans. Conventional sources of energy are those which have been used by man for
a long time and are still being tapped and used abundantly.
26. How is LPG obtained ? What does it mainly consist of ?
Ans. LPG is obtained in the process of refining crude oil. It mainly consists of
butane.
27. Name any four important oil reserves in Gujarat.
Ans. The important oil reserves in Gujarat are - Gulf of Khambat (Gulf of
Cambay), Mehsana, Kalol, Koyali, Sanand, Kathana, Navgaon, Kosamba
and Ankleshwar.
28. What is bitumen? What is it commonly known as?
Ans. Bitumen is one of the by-products obtained while refining crude oil. It is
popularly known as tar.
29. Which rocks are associated with petroleum reserves? What does
petroleum consist of?
Ans. Petroleum is found in the sedimentary rocks. It consists of inflammable
hydrocarbons in liquid state.
ICSE X 107
Geography Robomate+
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Which variety of coal is popular for domestic use? Give a reason for
your answer.
Ans. Anthracite and Bituminous are the two varities of coal which are popular
for domestic use. These type of coal produce less smoke and soot.
2. Name the two main belts of India where oil petroleum is found.
Ans. (i) The entire oil production of India so far comes from the Assam-Arakan
belt, the Gujarat-Cambay belt and the Mumbai High offshore zone.
(ii) The first belt runs from extreme north-east of Assam to the eastern
border of the Brahmaputra and Surma valley.
(iii) The second belt extends from Mehasana (Gujarat) in the north to the
continental shelf off the coast of Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) in the south.
3. Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in India.
Ans. Coastal oil-refineries – Kochi and Chennai
Inland oil-refineries – Digboi and Panipat.
4. State the different varieties of coal ?
Ans. Coal can be classified into the following varieties :
(i) Anthracite (ii) Bituminous
(iii) Lignite (iv) Peat
5. Name the two coastal oil-refineries, one on the west coast of India and
the other on the east coast of India.
Ans. The two coastal oil-refineries one on the west coast of India is Trombay
(Mumbai) and other is east coast of India is Chennai.
6. What is Mumbai High ? What is Sagar Samrat ?
Ans. (i) Mumbai High is so called because of the height of the syncline of the
rock structure in which the oil has been struck.
(ii) It is higher than the normal height and oil is taken from the depth of
over 1,400 metre with the help of a specially designed platform known
as ‘Sagar Samrat’.
(iii) It is a self propelled jack-up type of drilling platform.
7. Mention any two disadvantages of hydel power.
Ans. (i) The cost of building dams for producing hydroelectricity is quite high.
(ii) Building a large dam alters the natural water-table level.
(iii) Building a large dam can cause serious geological damage like triggering
earthquakes in the area.
(iv) Building dams to produce electricity, displaces many people from the
area and distrubs their life physically, mentally and psychologically.
8. Where is Hirakud Dam located ? Give any three of its uses.
Ans. Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from
Sambalpur in Odisha.
Uses :
(i) The dam supports two different hydroelectric power houses.
(ii) The dam regulates the flow of the Mahanadi river and produces
hydroelectricity through several hydroelectric plants.
(iii) The dam helps control floods in the Mahanadi delta and irrigates 75,000
square kilometeres of land.
108 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
9. What is Natural Gas ? Name two variants of natural gas.
Ans. Natural gas occurs in association with mineral oil. Therefore, an oilfield
yields natural gas almost invariably. It is mainly composed of methane
(95%) with small amounts of propane and ethane. It is a fossil fuel.
(i) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) : The gas supplied for household use
is called LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and is a by-product obtained
after refining crude oil.
(ii) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) : It is being used as an alternative to
petrol and diesel for transport of vehicles. Delhi has totally switched
over to CNG where buses and autorickshaws run on this fuel.
10. What are the advantages of coal as a source of energy?
Ans. (i) Coal is the source of thermal power (electricity), running trains and
machines and dynamas ships.
(ii) It is one of the chief raw materials needed in the manufacturing of
iron and steel.
(iii) Coal is used as the direct source of energy for domestic heating in
patteries iron and brass founries, cooking, in brick kilns, tile
manufacturing etc.
(iv) A variety of chemical like benzol and ammonia are obtained as the by-
products of coal which are given off when coal is burnt in a closed
chamber to get hard coke or metallurgical coke.
11. Why is petroleum called the ‘fossil fuel’ ?
Ans. Fossil fuel is formed by from the decayed plants, animals and other marine
organisms called 'fossils', that have been preserved in the earth’s crust
over, a long period of time by pressure, bacterial process and geothermal
heat. Therefore they it is called ‘fossil fuel’.
12. What does natural gas consist of? Why is it always found in along with
crude oil ?
Ans. (i) Natural gas consist of 95% of methane and small quantities of propane
and ethane.
(ii) It is always found in association with crude oil because both are formed
by the decomposition of remain of dead animals and plants buried
under the earth.
13. Mention any two advantages of hydel power.
Ans. (i) Hydel power is a clean, non-polluting source of energy. The water
used does not contaminate air or water by producing harmful wastes
or poisonous bi-products.
(ii) It does not produce any Greenhouse Gases and prevents us from the
harmful effects of Global Warming.
(iii) It is a renewable sources of energy which can be used again and again.
(iv) The dams built to produce hydroelectricity help to save and restore
water.
(v) It is economical and sustainable as it saves on fossil fuels and is
cheaper than electricity produced from fossil fuels and nuclear power.
ICSE X 109
Geography Robomate+
Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. Differentiate between the coalfields of Gondwana and Tertiary age.
Ans. Gondwana age Tertiary age
1. Gondwana age coal is free from 1. Tertiary age coal has high
moisture.. quantity of moisture content.
2. It contains less amount of 2. It contains more amount of
sulphur, phosphorous. sulphur, phosphorus and marine
sediments.
3. It is located in the states of West
Bengal, Jharkhand. 3. It is located in the states of
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh.
Q.IV. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Anthracite is used for domestic purpose.
Ans. (i) Anthracite has a carbon content of 90 per cent and burns slowly
without smoke.
(ii) It burns for a long time and leaves very little ash behind.
(iii) It has a high heating value. So, Anthracite is used for domestic purpose.
2. Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports.
Ans. Most of the refineries are located near the oilfield or near the coast to
minimise the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting the oil
inside the country due to its inflammable nature.
3. The location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial
development.
Ans. Coal is bulky raw material and its cost of transportation is very high. Hence
the location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development.
4. Petroleum called ‘liquid gold’.
Ans. Not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum goes waste or remains unused.
That is why petroleum is called 'liquid gold.'
Q.V. Long Answer Questions :
1. What are the uses of coal ?
Ans. The main uses of coal are the following :
(i) Coal is used as a source of power for running machines, trains, ships
and dynamos.
(ii) Coal is used for manufacturing iron and steel.
(iii) Coal is used as a source of direct heat and energy for domestic purposes,
in the potteries and for building materials like cement, burning of
bricks and tiles and in iron and brass foundries, etc.
(iv) A variety of chemicals such as ammonia, benzol, etc., are obtained as
by-product from the gases which are given off when coal is burnt in a
closed chamber to get hard coke or metallurgical coke.
110 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
2. Name the three varieties of coal and give the uses of any two of them.
Ans. Varieties and uses of coal :
(i) Anthracite :
(a) Coal is ideal for domestic use as it is smokeless fuel with high
calorific value.
(b) It is used for metallurgical processes and in iron and steel industry.
(ii) Bituminous coal :
(a) Coking coal is uses in iron and steel smeltin.
(b) High grade bituminous coal is also used for domestic purposes.
(iii) Lignite :
(a) It is found in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala and
Puducherry.
(b) It is used for the generation of electricity.
(iv) Peat :
Peat occurs on the Nilgiri mountains in patches, in Kashmir valley
and swampy areas of coastal plains.
3. Explain the coal formation process ?
Ans. (i) It occurs as a sedimentary rock in association with carbonaceous shale,
sandstone and even fine clay.
(ii) Coal is formed due to the accumulation of vegetable matter in swampy
areas or broad deltas, coastal plains and basin lowlands.
(iii) This vegetative matter was subjected to geological processes that
resulted in physical and chemical changes.
(iv) The mass of vegetative matter was probably changed into coal by heat
and pressure generated by the increasing weight of overlying sediments
and also by the movements of the earth.
4. What are the important advantages of using petroleum as a source of energy?
Ans. The important advantages are :
(i) Due to its high density, a small quantity of petroleum can produce a
huge quantity of energy.
(ii) Being liquid, it can be transported over long distances by pipelines or
by vehicles.
(iii) It has wide area of usage such as transport sector, for domestic energy,
production of electricity etc.
(iv) Petrochemical industries use its residue (by-products) as raw material
to produce products such as synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber, polysterene,
PVC, carbon black, printing ink, paints, lubricating oil etc.
5. What are the disadvantages of petroleum as a source of energy?
Ans. The major disadvantages are :
(i) Being a fossil fuel, it is an exhaustible source of energy which is non-
renewable.
(ii) Extraction and usage of petroleum products generates Greenhouse
gases which contributes to environmental pollution and Global Warming.
(iii) Due to its limited availability, it is very expensive.
ICSE X 111
Geography Robomate+
(iv) It is highly inflammable and can cause fires.
(v) Any oil spill in the sea either during extraction or during transportation
can cause great damage to the environment.
6. ‘The cost of building a dam is very high but its advantages outweigh its
cost.’ Justify.
Ans. The cost of building a dam is very high but its advantages outweigh its cost
because :
(i) Hydel power is a clean, non-polluting source of energy. The water
used does not contaminate air or water by producing harmful wastes
or poisonous bi-products.
(ii) It does not produce any Greenhouse Gases and prevents us from the
harmful effects of Global Warming.
(iii) It is a renewable sources of energy which can be used again and
again.
(iv) The dams built to produce hydroelectricity help to save and restore
water.
(v) It is economical and sustainable as it saves on fossil fuels and is
cheaper than electricity produced from fossil fuels and nuclear power.
7. What are the disadvantages (Problems) of using coal as a source of energy
in India ? OR
What are the drawbacks of coal found in India ?
Ans. (i) The calorific value of the coal found in India is not very high.
(ii) Coal is concentrated only in certain parts of the country. Therefore
the cost of transportation of coal to far-flung areas of demand is high.
(iii) Coal mining and usage of coal causes a lot of pollution.
(iv) Being conventional source of energy, the coal reserves in India are
limited.
112 ICSE X
Chapter 9
NON - CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
OF ENERGY
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name any three devices used to harness solar energy.
Ans. (i) Solar cells
(ii) Solar cooker
(iii) Solar water heater
2. Name the device used to harness wind energy.
Ans. Wind mill is used to harness wind energy.
3. Name two places in India where geothermal plants are located.
Ans. In India, Geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
and Puga Valley in Ladakh.
4. What are the chemical components of biogas ?
Ans. Biogas is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen
sulphide.
5. What is nuclear power ?
Ans. Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of
naturally occuring radioactive elements like Uranium, Thorium and
Plutonium.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. What are non-conventional sources of energy ?
Ans. (i) Non-conventional sources of energy are those which have been
developed in the recent past as an alternative to conventional sources
of energy.
(ii) These include solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal
energy, nuclear energy and biogas.
(iii) They are renewable and therefore, inexhaustible, non-polluting, less
expensive and easy to maintain.
2. State two differences between conventional and non-conventional
sources of energy.
Ans. Conventional Sources Non-conventional Sources
1. These are sources of energy which 1. These are resources which have
have been in use for a long time. been developed in the recent past.
2. They are exhaustible source of 2. These are inexhaustible sources
energy except hydel power. of energy.
3. They cause pollution when used, 3. They are generally pollution free.
as they emit smoke and ash.
ICSE X 113
Geography Robomate+
3. How is India in an advantageous position to harness solar energy ?
Ans. (i) India is fortunate enough to receive higher amount of solar energy,
equivalent to 5,000 trillion kWh per year.
(ii) This is because of India’s location on the Tropic of Cancer.
(iii) Most parts of the country have 300 clear sunny days in a year and per
hour per square km availability of solar energy is between 5 to 7 kW.
4. What is geothermal energy ?
Ans. (i) Geothermal energy is the heat energy contained in the rock and fluid
that fills the fractures and pores within the rock in the earth’s crust.
(ii) It is clean and sustainable.
5. What is biogas ?
Ans. (i) Biogas is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen
sulphide.
(ii) It is produced by anaerobic degradation of animal and plant wastes in
the presence of water.
6. Why are non-conventional sources of energy preferred to conventional
sources of energy ?
Ans. (i) Conventional sources of energy like coal and mineral oil cause pollution
and are costlier than renewable sources of energy.
(ii) Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable and therefore,
inexhaustibe, non-pollution, less expensive and easy to maintain. So,
non-conventional sources of energy are preferred to conventional
sources of energy.
7. State briefly how the sun’s energy can be used to generate power.
Ans. Solar photovoltaic systems and solar collectors are being used for powering.
Solar cells : They are known as photovoltaic cells. Solar cells are made of
thin wafers of semi conductor materials from silicon and gallium. When
the sun’s radiations strike on them, the sun’s energy is converted into
electricity.
A group of solar cells join together in a solar panel can give out a large
amount of solar energy and can produce electricity.
8. How is geothermal energy used to produce electricity ?
Ans. (i) Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to
steam, hot water and hot rock accessed by drilling wells up to thousands
of feet beneath the earth’s surface.
(ii) The extremely high temperatures in the deeper geothermal reservoirs
are used for the generation of electricity. The high-pressure steam
spins a turbine that rotates a generator and produces electricity.
9. How is biogas produced ?
Ans. (i) A digester tank is placed underground.
(ii) The digester tank receives the dung-water mixture through inlet pipe
while the other side discharges the spent slurry through outlet pipe.
(iii) In the digester tank, there is a gas outlet which is controlled by a pipe.
114 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
10. What are the advantages of using biogas ?
Ans. (i) Biogas is a clean, non-polluting and cheap.
(ii) There is direct supply of gas from the plant. Therefore, there is no
storage problem.
(iii) The sludge left behind is a rich fertiliser containing bacterial biomass.
11. What are the various places and sites where nuclear power plants are
located in India ?
Ans. Power Station State
Kaiga Karnataka
Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu
Kundakulam Tamil Nadu
Kakrapara Gujarat
Narora Uttar Pradesh
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
Tarapur Maharashtra
12. How is wind energy generated to produce electricity ?
Ans. (i) The wind energy is obtained by making use of windmills. The blades of
the windmill rotate due to the force of the wind.
(ii) Wind mills or wind turbines constructed to capture the wind’s kinetic
energy in a rotor consisting of two or more blades mechanically coupled
to an electrical generator that converts kinetic energy to mechanical
or electrical energy using suitable devices.
13. How is electricity generated using nuclear power ?
Ans. (i) The heat energy obtained from nuclear fission is used to heat water
and make steam.
(ii) The steam moves turbines which in turn run the generators which
produce electricity.
14. What are solar cells also known as ? How do they convert solar energy
into electricity ?
Ans. (i) They are also known as photovoltaic cells.
(ii) They are made of silicon and gallium. When sunlight strikes them,
they solar energy, they convert it into electricity.
15. How do solar cookers work ?
Ans. (i) The mirrors on the glass sheet of the solar cooker reflects the sunlight
into the inner walls of the solar cooker.
(ii) This causes the generation of heat energy that is used for cooking.
Q.III. Long Answer Questions :
1. Give two advantages of using wind energy. OR
What are the benefits of installing wind turbines ?
Ans. (i) Wind energy is a renewable source of energy which can be produced
again and again.
(ii) It is the cleanest form of renewable energy which produces no pollution.
(iii) It reduces our dependence on the fossil fuels.
ICSE X 115
Geography Robomate+
(iv) Land owners can look for additional income by installing wind turbines
on land that can even be used for agricultural purposes.
(v) The electricity generated by wind power can be used for domestic
consumption and reduce monthly electricity bills, and the surplus power
can be sold back to the local grid which can result in more savings.
2. What are the advantages of using geothemal energy ?
Ans. (i) It is easily accessible because of its extensive distribution.
(ii) It is environment - friendly in nature; has low emission of sulphur,
carbondioxide and other Greenhouse gases.
(iii) It is independent of external supply and demand effected and
fluctuations in exchange rates.
(iv) It is independent of weather and season.
3. Give two advantages of using tidal energy
Ans. (i) Massive amounts of water in the oceans move in extremely predictable
patterns. This makes it easy to harness the tidal energy.
(ii) Tides are controlled by the gravitational pull between the earth, sun
and moon. The tides will continue to be there producing energy and
tidal energy is an inexhaustible source of energy.
(iii) After the initial construction costs, there are very few additional costs
to keep the tidal energy plant running. They require little maintenance
and minimal personnel as well.
(iv) Tidal energy can be produced even if the water moves at low speed.
(v) These are no carbon emissions from tidal energy plant, making it an
energy source that does not negatively affect the global environment.
4. What are the advantages of nuclear energy ?
Ans. (i) Nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy generated from fossil
fuels (coal and oil) and therefore, reduces the use of fossil fuels and
lowers Greenhouse Gas emissions.
(ii) It not only saves on raw materials but also in transport, handling and
extraction of nuclear fuel. The cost of nuclear fuel (overall uranium) is
20% of the cost of energy generated.
(iii) The production of electric energy is continuous. A nuclear power plant
generates electricity for almost 90% of annual time. It reduces the
price volatility of other fuels such as petrol.
116 ICSE X
Chapter 10
AGRICULTURE - I
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. What is meant by the term 'agriculture?
Ans. Agriculture is defined as the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops
and rear livestock.
2. How is agriculture a consumer of industrial products?
Ans. Agriculture needs industrial goods especially the farm inputs like fertilisers,
pesticides, implements machinery etc.
3. What is meant by the term 'subsistence agriculture?
Ans. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers
focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.
4. How does the lack of education affect agriculture?
Ans. Due to lack of education many farmers do not use new and better quality
seeds, fertilisers and pesticides to protect the crops against diseases.
5. What is mixed farming?
Ans. Cultivation of crops and raising of animals simultaneously is called mixed
farming.
6. Where is intensive commercial farming done in India?
Ans. Intensive commercial farming is done in Punjab and Haryana.
7. Why is Government of India promoting use of organic fertilisers?
Ans. Government of India is promoting use of organic fertilisers to reduce the
burden on the chemical fertilizers and to increase the yield of organic food
whose demand is growing in the world market.
8. What do you understand by ‘commercial farming’?
Ans. This system of agriculture involves cultivation of crops for sale in the market,
and not for self consumption.
9. Where is Shifting Agriculture practised in India?
Ans. Shifting Agriculture is practiced in Assam, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Himalayan region, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.
10. Mention the advantages of mixed farming.
Ans. Mixed farming ensures a steady income for the farmers because if the
agriculture fails due to adverse climate or any other reasons they can look
back to the other means like cattle raising for income.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Mention any two problems faced by the farmers on account of small
landholdings.
Ans. (i) Small landholdings cannot promote modern agriculture.
(ii) They do not generate enough income to buy new agricultural inputs or
make heavy investments.
ICSE X 117
Geography Robomate+
(iii) They also lead to waste of time, labour and under utilisation of irrigation
facilities.
2. Mention the advantages of commercial farming.
Ans. The advantages of commercial farming are as follows :
(i) Since this type of farming is being performed in spacious land, so it
gives consequently a considerable output, also.
(ii) Farmers use modern scientific methods of farming as it to enhance
the quality and quantity of the crops, bilaterally.
(iii) Commercial farming keeps the farmers better off as they grow the
crops for market.
3. What type of farming is practised in areas where population is sparse and
land is in plenty ? Name one area where such type of farming is practised.
Ans. (i) Extensive farming is practice on farms of large size with the help of
machines and the input of labour per unit area is low. The emphasis is
laid on increased production.
(ii) The main crops grown are, rice, wheat and sugarcane.
(iii) This type of farming is practised in the Terai region of Sub Himalayas
and in parts of North-Western India.
4. Mention any two problems of agriculture in India.
Ans. (i) Unreliable Rainfall : Indian agriculture is dependent to a large extent
on the monsoons which are uncertain and irregular & unequally
distributed that is why when rains fail agricultural production is badly
affected resulting in scarcity of food grains.
(ii) Soil Erosion : Indiscriminate cutting of trees, overgrazing, faulty
landuse result in ‘soil erosion’ and ‘soil degradation’. Loss of fertility is
responsible for the low crop yields.
(iii) Lack of Irrigation Facilities : A large percent of the net cropped area
lacks irrigation facilities and is dependent on monsoon. The failure of
monsoon is the failure of agriculture.
5. What is known as ‘Shifting Agriculture’? OR
How is shifting cultivation carried out ?
Ans. (i) Shifting Agriculture is a primitive agricultural practice in which a
patch of forest is cleared, trees are cut and stumps are set on fire.
(ii) The cleared land is then cultivated for a few years until fertility of the
soil is seriously reduced.
(iii) Then the farmer moves to a fresh piece of land and the same process
is repeated.
6. What is ‘National Agricultural Policy’ ?
Ans. (i) The Union Government announced the National Agricultural Policy
(NAP) envisaging over 4 cent growth rate per annum in the next
decades, in July 28, 2000.
118 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
(ii) The policy seeks to promote technically sound, economically viable,
environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of country’s
natural resources - land, water and genetic endowment to promote
substainable development of agriculture.
7. What are the disadvantages of Shifting cultivation?
Ans. Disadvantage of shifting agriculture are :
(i) It accelerates soil erosion and causes floods and silting in lower reaches
of riverine flood plains.
(ii) The yield per hectare is low as the farmers do not use fertilizers.
8. How do the monsoons affect agriculture in India ?
Ans. (i) Indian agriculture is dependent to a large extent on the monsoons,
which are uncertain, irregular and unequally distributed.
(ii) Nearly 55% of the net sown area continues to depend on rainfall rather
than irrigation.
(iii) The irrigation facilities in India are very low.
9. What solutions are offered against irregular monsoons as far as farming
is concerned ?
Ans. (i) The government has given importance to optimum utilisation of irrigation
infrastructure.
(ii) Programmes have been started to ensure completion of irrigation
projects.
(iii) Sprinklers and drip irrigation system has been installed.
10. Mention any three remedial steps taken by the government to boost
agricultural production.
Ans. Three remedial steps taken by government :
(i) The Government announces minimum support prices for various
agricultural commodities from time to time to ensure adequate returns
to the farmers.
(ii) The government of India provides subsidy on fertilisers to ensure
adequate availability of fertilizer to farmers at reasonable rates.
(iii) The Government started Kisan call centres. These are working in 25
different locations covering almost all the states of the country.
Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. ‘Intensive farming and Extensive farming’.
Ans. Intensive farming Extensive farming
1. Size of land holding is small. 1. Farms are huge in size.
2. More than one crop is cultivated 2. Farmers specializes in the
on the same field. production of one or two major
commercial crops.
3. It is labour intensive. 3. It is highly capital intensive.
ICSE X 119
Geography Robomate+
2. ‘Commercial farming and Subsistence farming’.
Ans. Commercial farming Subsistence farming
1. In commercial farming crops are 1. In subsistence farming crops are
grown mainly for sale. consumed by the family.
2. Land holding are large. 2. Land holding are small.
3. Farmers use traditional methods 3. Farmers use modern methods of
of agriculture. agriculture.
3. ‘Plantation farming and Mixed farming’.
Ans. Plantation farming Mixed farming
1. Predominance of single crop 1. Cultivation of crops and raising
farming in tropical regions is of animals simultaneously is
called plantation farming. called mixed farming.
e.g. tea, coffee, spices, coconut
and rubber. 2. It does not require much capital
investment.
2. Its requires huge capital
investment.
Q.IV. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Shifting cultivation is a great menace to environment.
Ans. (i) In shifting cultivation a patch of forest is cleared and cleared patch is then
cultivated for a few years until the fertility of the soil is seriously reduced.
(ii) This results in acceleration of soil erosion and causes floods and silting
in the lower reaches of rivers.
2. Government has tried to discourage Shifting agriculture.
Ans. (i) Shifting Agriculture is wasteful and leads to soil erosion.
(ii) It adversly affects the environment as it leads to degradation of land
due to deforestation.
3. Mixed farming ensures a steady income for the farmers.
Ans. (i) Cutivation of crops and raising of animals simultaneously is done in
mixed farming.
(ii) So, if agriculture fails due to adverse climatic conditions or any other
reason farmers can look to the other means like cattle raising for income.
Q.V. Long Answer Questions :
1. Explain the role of ‘National Agricultural Policy’ as a remedy to boost
agricultural production.
Ans. The policy seeks to promote technically sound, economically viable,
environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of country's
natural resources – land, water and genetic endowment to promote
sustainable development of agriculture.
120 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
The salient features of this policy are :
(i) Annual growth rate of over 4 per cent envisaged.
(ii) Private sector participation to be promoted through contract farming
and land leasing.
(iii) Wider coverage of future markets to minimise fluctuations in price
and other risks.
(iv) Plant varieties to be promoted through legislation.
(v) Animal husbandry, poultry, dairy and aquaculture to receive high
priority to diversify agriculture.
(vi) New location-specific and economically viable improved varieties of
agriculture and horticulture crops to be developed.
(vii) Restrictions on movement of agricultural commodities will be removed.
(viii) Review of tax structure.
(ix) Institutionalisation of farm credit.
(x) Priority to rural electrification.
(xi) National Agriculture Insurance Scheme to cover every aspect of
agriculture.
2. Explain two economic factors that affect Indian agriculture.
Ans. (i) Subsistence Agriculture : Subsistence type of agriculture is mainly
practiced in India. This is because the per capita cultivable land is a
mere one-fourth hectare and the farm produce is just enough to sustain
the farmer.
(ii) Human Elements : Farmers are poor, debt-ridden and uneducated.
They do not follow the modern techniques of farming, nor can they
purchase modern equipment. Due to the lack of marketing facilities
and non-availability of loans on fair rate of interest, the farmers are
not able to invest the requisite resources in agriculture. They have no
security against failure of crops; neither do they have capital to invest
in agriculture.
3. Explain institutional factors that affect Indian agriculture.
Ans. (i) Small and Fragmented Landholdings : Majority of landholdings in
India are very small. Out of 98 million landholdings in India 75 million
are small or marginal landholdings. The average size of holdings in
India is very low, less than 2 hectares or 5 acres. These small and
fragmented holdings cannot promote modern agriculture. They do not
generate enough income to buy new agricultural inputs or make heavy
investment. Therefore, no scientific cultivation with improved
techniques and seeds can take place. Small sized holdings also lead
to waste of time, labour and under utilisation of irrigation facilities.
(ii) Exploitation of Farmers : Land tenure system is another important
reason for low productivity in India. Under the Zamindari system, the
cultivator was only a tenant who could be turned out of the land. Even
though Zamindari system has been abolished but its effects have not
ICSE X 121
Geography Robomate+
been completely wiped out. There is a section of landowners who act
as absentee landlords and get their cultivation done through tenants
and sharecroppers. Besides the tenants, a large number of landless
labourers also exits. They are paid paltry sum as wages and have to
work as bonded labourers. Thus, neither the owners nor the tenants
have the urge to raise production.
4. Explain briefly the environmental factors which affect Indian agriculture.
Ans. Environmental factors affecting Indian agriculture :
(i) Unreliable Rainfall : Indian agriculture is dependent to a large extent
on the monsoons, which are uncertain, irregular and unequally
distributed. That is why when rains fail agricultural production is badly
affected, resulting in scarcity of foodgrains.
(ii) Lack of Irrigation Facilities : A large per cent of net cropped area
lacks irrigation facilities and is dependent on monsoon. The failure of
monsoon is the failure of agriculture.
(iii) Soil Erosion : Soil erosion is not only a major cause for decreasing soil
fertility but also results in loss of valuable crop land. Loss of soil fertility
is responsible for the low crop yields.
(iv) Methods of Cultivation : Through a number of crops are grown in
India their average productivity is low. This is because of old and
ineffecient methods and techniques of farming.
(v) Faulty Cultivation of Crops : In India, agriculture is practised by
repetitive cultivation of the main two food crops - rice and wheat.
These two crops deplete the soil fertility.
(vi) Reduction in Net Sown Area : In the recent decades there has been a
gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits,
vegetables, oil-seeds and industrial crops. This has resulted in the
reduction of net sown area under cereals and pulses.
5. Why is agriculture said to be the backbone of the Indian economy?
Ans. (i) It provides food for our expanding population and fodder for our livestock.
(ii) It generates working capital for non-agricultural development, supplies
raw materials for agro-based industries like textile, sugar, food
processing, vanaspati, etc.
(iii) It provides a large part of the market for industrial goods, especially the
farm inputs like fertilisers, pesticides, implements, machinery, etc.
(iv) It accounts for a substantial portion of India's exports.
(v) It provides employment to millions of people.
6. What is the impact of the globalisation on Indian agriculture ?
Ans. Globalisation has thrown open Indian markets to the world. Now foreign
products including agricultural products can easily be imported to India and
India can export its products to other countries. Consequently, Indian farmers
are facing a big challenge from international competition. This is because :
(i) The yields per hectare of major crops in the developed countries are
much higher than that of India.
122 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
(ii) The prices of most farm products in the international markets are
declining whereas in the Indian markets these are increasing. The
prices are declining in the international market due to :
(a) Use of sophisticated farm machinery which has led to the reduction
in the cost of production;
(b) Rapid progress in the field of biotechnology, which has made
available highly productive seeds to the farmers.
(c) Heavy subsidies given to the farmers in the developed countries,
which result in low production cost.
(iii) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved
detrimental to agriculture in India.
7. What are the special features of subsistence farming?
Ans. The special features of subsistence farming are
(i) Landholdings are small and scattered.
(ii) The farmers use traditional methods of agriculture.
(iii) The agricultural output depends on monsoon, natural fertility of soil &
organic fertilizers used by the farmer.
(iv) Per acre output is low and is consumed within the family. There is no
surplus for sale.
(v) Food crops are the main crops grown.
8. What are the special features of commercial farming?
Ans. The special features are :
(i) It is generally practiced on large farms.
(ii) Crops are grown mainly for sale as there is large surplus for sale.
(iii) Farming activities are highly mechanized.
(iv) It is a capital intensive method of cultivation and it is prevalent in the
areas where farms are large and market economy is well developed.
9. What are the main features of shifting cultivation ?
Ans. The special features are :
(i) A patch of forest is cleared by cutting and burning of the stumps and
the same ash is used as fertilizer.
(ii) Seeds are sown on the ground without ploughing or following any other
steps of agriculture.
(iii) After 2-3 years when the soil has lost its nutrients, the field is
abandoned and the same practice is repeated on another patch of
forest.
(iv) Shifting cultivation is extremely harmful to the environment both by
means of forest destruction as well has acceleration of soil erosion.
10. What are the special features of intensive (commercial) farming ?
Ans. The special features of Intensive commercial farming are :
(i) It is practiced on smaller farms in thickly populated region
(ii) More than one crop is cultivated on the same field
(iii) Optimum use of land is made.
ICSE X 123
Geography Robomate+
(iv) It is more of labour intensive method of cultivation.
(v) Per acre production is more but total production is less due to smaller
landholding.
(vi) To increase the output, rich manure and fertilisers good quality seeds
and irrigation facilities are used.
11. What are the special features of Extensive farming ?
Ans. The special features are :
(i) Farms are of large size.
(ii) More of mechanical plower (machines) are used.
(iii) Farmers are specialized in one or two major commercial crops.
(iv) It is highly capital intensive method of cultivation.
(v) Total production is high with large surplus for sale.
12. What are the main features of mixed farming?
Ans. The special features of mixed farming are :
(i) Crop cultivation and animal rearing is done simultaneously.
(ii) Two or more crops are grown together.
(iii) It ensures steady income to the farmers.
(iv) Rotation of crops is practiced.
13. What are the main features of plantation farming?
Ans. The main features of Plantation farming are :
(i) Commerical crops such as tea, coffee, rubber etc are grown where the
same plants give yield for more than one year.
(ii) Single crop is grown on a large tracts of land, using modern machinery.
(iii) Cultivation is highly scientific with the latest technology and modern
methods of agriculture being used.
(iv) Large amount of capital investment is made to meet the daily expenses
involved.
(v) Chemical fertilisers, herbicides and insecticides are used extensively.
14. What are the local names of shifting cultivation in various parts of the
country?
Ans. It is known with the following names :
STATE/REGION LOCAL NAME
Assam Jhumming or Jhum
Kerala Ponam
Andhra Pradesh Podu
Odisha Koman or Bringg
Himalayan region Khil
Jharkhand Kuruwa
Madhya Pradesh Bewar, Masha, Penda and Hera
124 ICSE X
Chapter 11
AGRICULTURE - II
Food Crops
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. What do you understand by the term Cereals.
Ans. The term, 'Cereals' denotes all kinds of grass-like plants, which have
starchy, edible seeds.
2. What improved methods of cultivation can help raise rice production in
India?
Ans. Transplanting method and Japanese Method.
3. Name the state that produces the highest quantity of rice in India.
Ans. West Bengal produces the highest quantity of rice in India.
4. State the use of growing rice on lowlands.
Ans. Rice produced in lowland is used for local consumption and supplied to
other regions. Suppling water through irrigation is also possible.
5. What kind of soil is needed for the cultivation of wheat ?
Ans. Wheat requires well drained loams and clay loam.
6. Name three states leading in the production of wheat.
Ans. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana are leading states in the production of wheat.
7. How does the cultivation of pulses usually help in restoration of fertility
of the soil ?
Ans. Being leguminous crops pulses fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and
increase the natural fertility of soil.
8. Mention the two groups of rice in India.
Ans. (i) Upland Rice (ii) Lowland Rice
9. How is the ‘Threshing’ done ?
Ans. Threshing is done by beating the sheaves against the wooden bars. The
grains are separated from the stalks.
10. Mention the three names of crops of rice grown in West Bengal.
Ans. Aus, Aman and Boro.
11. Name three jowar producing states.
Ans. Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka.
12. In which state in South India rice is grown extensively? Why?
Ans. Tamil Nadu, as it receives good amount of rainfall as well as temperature
ranges from 25ºC to 30ºC in Tamil Nadu which is required for rice cultivation.
13. Which is a useful 'rotation crop'? Why?
Ans. Pulses as they are useful for rotation as they increase nitrogen in the soil
which increases natural fertility of the soil.
ICSE X 125
Geography Robomate+
14. In which part of the year is wheat grown in India?
Ans. Wheat is grown in winter (rabi) season. i.e. it is sown on the onset of
winter and harvested in April.
15. Why is wheat not grown in the eastern and in the extreme southern
parts of India?
Ans. High heat and excessive rainfall is unsuitable for wheat crop therefore it is
not grown in eastern and extreme southern part of India.
16. Name two leading states in production of Jowar.
Ans. Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
17. Which soil is suitable for Bajra cultivations ?
Ans. Bajra is grown on the red or the sandy loams. It also grows well in black soil.
18. What is India’s position in the production of cereal crops in the world ?
Ans. India ranks third in the world in the production of cereals after China and
the USA.
19. What are the three methods of sowing of rice seeds ?
Ans. (i) Broadcasting Method (ii) Drilling Method
(iii) Dibbling Method
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. What are the geographical conditions suitable for the cultivation of rice?
Ans. Geographical conditions suitable for the cultivation of rice :
(i) Temperature : 18ºC to 32ºC
(ii) Rainfall : 150 cm to 300 cm
(iii) Soil requirement : Deep fertile clayey or loamy soils are well suited
for rice cultivation.
2. Write a short note on upland rice.
Ans. (i) Upland rice is grown on mountainous regions.
(ii) Upland rice is sown in March-April and harvested in September-October.
(iv) This type of rice cultivation depends on the distribution of rainfall.
(iv) The entire crop is used locally.
3. Give two advantages of growing rice in nurseries.
Ans. (i) If the rice is grown in nurseries only healthy plants are picked up for
resowing in the field unhealthy plants are discarded.
(ii) Weeds are removed while resowing.
4. State two geographical requirements for the growth of wheat in India.
Ans. Geographical conditions for wheat :
(i) Temperature : Wheat being a rabi crop, is sown just before winter.
Ideally, temperature in the range of 10ºC-15ºC is suitable for sowing
and 20º-25ºC during harvest.
(ii) Rainfall : 80 cm of annual rainfall is ideal for wheat cultivation.
(iii) Soils : Well drained loams and clay loams.
126 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
5. Name two states that grow wheat extensively. What climatic features
have helped these states in this respect?
Ans. Punjab and Haryana have continental type of climate for wheat cultivation.
i.e. they have temperature around 7ºC to 10ºC in winter season as well
as they receive rainfall less than 100 cm. which is favorable climate for
wheat cultivation
6. Compare the climatic conditions for wheat cultivation with those for
rice cultivation.
Ans. (i) Rice is a Kharif crop whereas Wheat is a Rabi crop.
(ii) Rice needs temperature ranges between 18º to 32º whereas wheat needs
temperature 10ºC to 15ºC for sowing and 20ºC to 25ºC during harvest.
(iii) Rice needs rainfall 180 to 300 cm and incase of wheat 80 cm annual
rainfall is ideal.
7. What are millets? Why are millets referred to as ‘foodgrains of the poor?’
Ans. The term 'millets' refers to a number of inferior grains. They are cheaper
in rate and can be afforded by poor people.
8. In which region is ragi grown in India ? Why ?
Ans. (i) Ragi is grown in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu as well as in Uttarakhand,
Jharkhand, Gujarat.
(ii) These areas receive less rainfall as ragi requires average annual
rainfall between 50 cm to 100 cm therefore cultivation of ragi is possible
in above regions.
9. State the climatic conditions suitable for the cultivation of pulses.
Ans. Climatic conditions for pulses :
Temperature : 20ºC to 25ºC
Rainfall : 50 cm to 75 cm.
10. What are the two main agricultural seasons in India ?
Ans. Kharif : Kharif crops associated with southwest monsoon or rainy season.
Rabi : It begins with onset of winter in October and November.
11. Explain the ‘Winnowing and Milling’.
Ans. (i) Winnowing is the process of removing the unwanted husk from the grains.
(ii) Milling is done to remove the yellowish husk from the grains.
12. What is meant by "transplantation"? State its advantages.
Ans. In transplantation seedlings of rice are first grown in nurseries and after 4
to 5 weeks when saplings attain 25 to 30 cm of height they are ‘transplanted’
into prepared rice fields in groups of four to six at a distance of 30-45 cm.
Advantage of transplatation :
(i) Only healthy plants are picked for resowing in the field and unhealthy
plants are discarded.
(ii) Weeds are removed while resowing.
(iii) This method gives higher yield.
(iv) There is less wastage of seeds as compared to broadcasting method.
ICSE X 127
Geography Robomate+
14. Mention the climatic conditions necessary for the growth of Jowar.
Ans. Temperature : Jowar grows well at a temperature between 27ºC and 32ºC
at the time of germination, but it cannot be grown when temperature is
below 16ºC.
Rainfall : Jowar can be grown in arid and semi-arid areas having rainfall
under 45 cm.
15. In what way are the millets different from rice ?
Ans. Difference between millets and rice are as follows :
(i) Rice is the most important crop of India and supports half of the India’s
population whereas millets provide food for the poor, stalk and stem
are used as fodder for the cattle.
(ii) Deep fertile clayey or friable loams are ideal for the cultivation of rice.
Even black lava soil is suitable for its cultivation whereas millets do
not have any special requirements as far as soil is concerned it can
grow in soils which are rather interfile.
(iii) Rice requires an average temperature of about 24ºC while millets
require temperature ranging from 26ºC to 33ºC.
(iv) Rice requires 150 cm to 200 cm rainfall whereas millets require 50
cm to 100 cm rainfall.
16. What is Triticum aestivum and triticum durum ?
Ans. (i) Triticum aestivum is common wheat grown in northern India. It is also
known as ‘bread wheat’. It growns on alluvial soils.
(ii) Triticum durum is also known as Macaroni wheat. It is grown in central
and in southern parts of India.It grown on black or red soils.
17. Why is north India famous for wheat cultivation ?
Ans. North India is famous for wheat cultivation for the following reasons :
(i) Availability of ideal moisture retentive soil
(ii) Low winter rainfall.
(iii) Ideal 10ºC to 25ºC temperature with cooler winter in comparison to
the winter temperature of south.
(iv) Good network of irrigation facilities.
18. What is jowar also known as ? What are its requirements with regard to
rainfall, temperature and soil ?
Ans. Jowar is also known as Sorghum. The requirements are :
Rain : 50 cms to 100 cms
Temperature : 27ºC to 32ºC
Soil : Black clayey loamy dry soil is ideal.
19. What is bajra also known as ? What are its requirements with regard to
temperature, rainfall and soil ?
Ans. Bajra is also known as Cumbu. The requirements are :
Rain : 40 cms to 50 cms
Temperature : 25ºC to 30ºC
Soil : Red soil, sandy loams or black soil.
128 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
20. What is ragi also known as ? What are its requirements with regard to
rainfall and soil ?
Ans. Ragi is also known as Nachni or Buck wheat. The requirements are :
Rain : 50 cms to 100 cms
Temperature : 20ºC to 30ºC
Soil : Red soil, black soil, sandy loams.
Q.III. Distinguish between :
1. Transplantation Method and the Japanese Method of Rice Farming.
Ans. Transplanting Method Japanese Method
1. In transplantation method 1. Japanese method is the
seedings are raised in nursery modification of the transplantation
and then only healthy plants are method. It is an advance method
transplanted in the field. in which seedling are transplanted
in rows to facilitate weeding.
2. It does not use high yeilding 2. It involves use of high yeilding
variety seeds. variety seeds known as ‘Japonica’.
2. Cereals and Pulses.
Ans. Cereals Pulses
1. The term, 'Cereals' denotes all 1. Pulse crops includes a large
kinds of grass like plants, which number of crops, which are mostly
have starchy, edible seeds. leguminous and rich in proteins.
2. Cereals occupy about 54% of total 2. Pulses occupy 11% of the total
cropped area. cropped area.
3. Cereals include rice, wheat, 3. Pulses include gram, moong,
jawar, bajra etc. urad, arhar etc.
3. Kharif and Rabi crops.
Ans.
Kharif Rabi crops
1. These crops are sown in the 1. These crops are sown in the
month of June-July month of October-November.
2. They are harvested in September- 2. They are harvested in March-
October. April.
3. They need high temperature. 3. They need low temperature.
4. E.g. rice, maize, jowar, bajra, ragi, 4. E.g. wheat, barley, gram, linseed,
sugarcane, pulses, cotton, jute etc. mustard, potatoes etc.
ICSE X 129
Geography Robomate+
Q.IV. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Rice is not the main crop in the Deccan Plateau.
Ans. Rice is not the main crop in the Deccan Plateau because Deccan plateau
receives rainfall less than 100 cm which is not suitable for rice, as rice
requires rainfall between 150 to 300 cm.
2. Wheat is a winter crop in India.
Ans. Wheat is a winter crop in India because, wheat is mostly confined to the
regions of cool winter. It grows best in cool moist climate and ripens in
warm dry climate. It requires temperature 10º to 15ºC during sowing and
20º to 25º during harvest.
3. Wheat grows well in loamy soil.
Ans. Wheat grows well in loamy soil because loamy soil has good moisture retention
capacity and during germination wheat needs sufficient soil moisture.
4. Drilling is the best method for sowing of seeds.
Ans. Drilling is the best method for sowing of seeds because in drilling method
seeds fall in the furrows in a systematic way. Therefore germination rate
of these seeds is high and the wastage of seeds is minimal
5. Pulses are usually rotated with other crops.
Ans. Being leguminous crops, pulses fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and
increase the natural fertility of soil. Hence, pulses are usually rotated
with other crops to maintain or restore soil fertility.
6. Ragi is one of hardiest crops.
Ans. Ragi is one of the hardiest crops as it can grow under conditions of very low
rainfall and can withstand very severe drought.
7. Millets are called dry crops.
Ans. Millets are called dry crops because :
(i) They can be grown in regions of low rainfall where rice and wheat can
not be grown.
(ii) It is a hardy plant and drought resistant crop. It has no special soil
requirements. It is a short duration crop.
8. Tropical monsoon lands are ideal for rice cultivation.
Ans. Rice requires high temperature, high humidity and stagnant water in the
field till about a week before its harvest. These climatic conditions are
ideally met in tropical regions receiving ample of seasonal rainfall. Therefore
tropical monsoon lands are ideal for rice cultivation.
9. The deltaic regions of India are popular for rice cultivation.
Ans. (i) Deltaic regions are abundant in alluvial soil and have high water-table.
(ii) These regions receives ample sunshine, have high temperature and
humid climate.
(iii) These being the prerequisites for rice cultivation, it is largely grown in
the deltaic regions of India.
130 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
Q.V. Long Answer Questions :
1. Explain Zaid Kharif crops and Zaid Rabi crops. Give example for each.
Ans. (i) Zaid Kharif Crops : These crops are sown in August and September
and are harvested in December and January. Most of the oilseeds like
mustard are grown in this season.
(ii) Zaid Rabi Crops : These crops are sown at the beginning of the hot
season in February and March and are harvested in the months of
April and May. Summer vegetables, jowar, maize, watermelons,
cucumbers, etc., are important among these crops.
2. Expain two methods of rice cultivation in India.
Ans. In India, rice is cultivated by two methods (i) the dry method; and (b) the
puddled method.
(i) The dry method : The dry system of cultivation is mainly confined to
areas which depend on rains and do not have supplementary irrigation
facilities. In this method, the seeds are sown in rows with the help of
drills in heavy rainfall areas and scattered with hands in areas of
moderate rainfall.
(ii) The puddled method : The puddled or wet method of cultivation is
practised in areas which have assured and adequate supply of water.
In this method, the land is ploughed thoroughly and filled with three
to five centimetres of standing water in the field. This water is
maintained in the fields up to a depth of two to three centimetres till
the seedlings are well established.
3. Explain the methods of cultivation of wheat.
Ans. Sowing :
(i) The fields are ploughed and pulverized several times before the seed
is sown.
(ii) The seeds can be sown by using drilling or the broadcasting method.
(iii) The seeds germinate in about three or four days.
(iv) The plant needs three or four times irrigation during the growing period.
Harvesting :
(i) The wheat crop starts ripening in the month of March (temperature
about 21ºC) and is harvested in April when the temperature is 27.5ºC.
(ii) Wheat is mostly harvested using a sickle.
(iii) However, machines have replaced the sickles in Punjab, Haryana and
western Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) The traditional method of threshing (to get the crop trampled under
the bullock's feet) is used to separate the grain from husk.
(v) But this work is now done by threshers as the traditional method is
time-consuming.
4. Explain the methods of cultivation of Jowar.
Ans. (i) Jowar requires less preparation of the fields as compared to rice or
wheat.
ICSE X 131
Geography Robomate+
(ii) However, the soil management before sowing plays an important role
in the dry farming areas.
(iii) The seeds are mostly sown using the broadcast method.
(iv) But they are also dibbled in some areas.
(v) The crop matures in about four to five months.
5. How is Ragi cultivated in India ?
Ans. (i) Ragi is Kharif crop, sown between May and August and harvested
between September and January.
(ii) In many parts of South India it is cultivated throughout the year with
the help of irrigation.
(iii) The seeds are sown by broadcast method or with the help of drills and
even transplanted on well-prepared friable beds.
(iv) The crop requires 3 to 5 months to mature.
6. What is the difference between the Upland rice and the Lowland rice?
Ans. (i) Upland rice is grown on mountainous regions where as lowland rice is
grown on low lying region.
(ii) Upland rice depends on the distribution of rainfall.
(iii) Lowland Rice requires plenty of water during sowing and harvesting.
(iv) Upland rice is consumed by local people where as lowland rice is used
for local consumption as well as supplied to other regions.
7. Which is the popular method of rice cultivation? What are the unique
features of this method?
Ans. Japanese method (the improved version of Transplantation method) is the
best method of rice cultivation. The unique features are :
(i) High Yield Variety Seeds are used. (Japonica)
(ii) Saplings are raised in Nurseries by seed germination.
(iii) Transplantation is done when the saplings are about 20 cm to 25 cm
tall. This enables fertilizing and weeding at regular intervals.
(iv) A good network of irrigation is provided.
(v) Right amount of manure is used both in nurseries and in the
transplanted field.
(vi) Japonica seeds give a higher yield in this method.
8. What are the advantages of ‘Japanese method of Rice cultivation’ ?
Ans. The following are the advantages of Japanese method of rice cultivation:
(i) The transplanted plants are more resistant to insects and pests.
(ii) They are more resistant against the extreme, vagaries of climate.
(iii) They enable weeding even at the time of transplantation.
(iv) Though labour intensive, their yield is higher than that under other
methods.
132 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
9. Study the picture given below and answer the following questions:
(i) Name the crop which is being planted. Give one benefit of this method
(ii) of planting this crop.
Ans. (i) Mention the climatic conditions which favour the cultivation of the
(ii) crop being planted.
Rice is being planted in the given picture. The process of transplantation
allows better penetration of the roots in the soil.
Climatic conditions :
(a) Temperature : Rice requires a mean annual temperature 24ºC
with a range of 18ºC to 32ºC.
(b) Rainfall : It requires 150 cm to 300 cm of annual rainfall.
ICSE X 133
Geography Robomate+
Crops Climatic Rainfall Soil Leading Producers
1. Rice conditions 150-300 cm Clayey or loamy
80 cm West Bengal,
Not above Well drained Uttar Pradesh,
35ºC Less than loams, and clay Andhra Pradesh,
100 cm loams Punjab, Tamil Nadu.
2. Wheat 10º-15ºC 40-50 cm
(sowing) Variety of soils Punjab, Haryana,
21º-26ºC 50-100 cm including clayey, Uttar Pradesh,
(harvest) sandy Rajasthan,
50-75 cm Madhya Pradesh.
3. Millets Sandy loams, black
(a) Jowar Not below and red soils Maharashtra,
16ºC Madhya Pradesh,
Red, light black Karnataka,
(b) Bajra 25º-30ºC and sandy loarns Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana.
(c) Ragi 20º-30ºC Dry, light soil
Rajasthan,
4. Pulses 20º-25ºC Uttar Pradesh,
Gujarat,
Maharashtra,
Haryana.
Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu,
Uttarakhand,
Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan and
Andhra Pradesh.
134 ICSE X
Chapter 12
AGRICULTURE - III
Cash Crops (1)
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name one state in North and one in South India where sugarcane is
grown extensively.
Ans. In North, Uttar Pradesh and in South, Tamil Nadu are the states where
sugarcane is grown extensively.
2. Name the leading sugarcane producing state in India.
Ans. Uttar Pradesh is the leading sugarcane producing state in India.
3. Name the state in the Deccan region which is the largest producer of
sugarcane.
Ans. In the Deccan region, Maharashtra is the largest producer of sugarcane.
4. Give the name of any three oilseeds grown in India.
Ans. All the principal oilseeds – groundnut, linseed, sesamum, soyabean, cotton
seeds, sunflower, rapeseed, mustard, etc. are grown in India.
5. Which are the oilseeds that yield edible oil?
Ans. Groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, sunflower, soyabean, sesamum, safflower
are the oilseeds that yield edible oil.
6. Name one state where consumption of mustard oil is popular.
Ans. Uttar Pradesh is one of the state where consumption of mustard oil is popular.
7. Name two non-edible oilseeds.
Ans. Castor, linseed are two non-edible oilseeds.
8. Which two states in India are the leading producers of groundnut?
Ans. Gujarat and Maharashtra are leading producer of ground nuts.
9. Mention the main uses of groundnut.
Ans. Manufacture of hydrogenated oil and margarine are the main uses of
groundnut. It is used as a cooking medium.
10. Name an oilseed which is mainly a rainfed crop.
Ans. Soyabean is mainly a rainfed crop.
11. What percent of the world's sugarcane is cultivated in India?
Ans. India grows about 20% 1 th of the world production of sugarcane.
5
12. What is the main disadvantage of growing sugarcane by 'sett' method?
Ans. The main disadvantage of sett method is that it needs more labour. Thus
cost of cultivation is more.
13. What are the various products made of sugarcane?
Ans. Jaggery (gur), Khandsari and sugar are the three main products.
ICSE X 135
Geography Robomate+
14. What is the world position of India in the production of ground nuts?
What are the two types of groundnuts grown in India?
Ans. India is the second largest ground nut producer in the world.
The two types : a) Bunch type b) Runner type.
15. Give two conditions other than climate for the growth of sugarcane.
Ans. Proper irrigation facilities and loamy and black soils are also favourable for
sugarcane.
16. After oil extraction, what other uses can the oilseeds be put to?
Ans. The residue left after extraction of oil from oil seeds can be used as a
fodder for animals and also serves as a good manure.
17. State the different methods of cultivation of sugarcane crop.
Ans. The two methods are :
i) Sett method
ii) Ratooning method
18. Why must the sugar mills be located near the sugar fields?
Ans. Sugar mills must be located near the sugar fields since the sucrose content
reduces as soon as the cutting of sugarcane takes place and thus the
crushing of cane should take place within 48 hours.
19. Which two states in India are the leading producers of groundnut?
Ans. Telangana and Tamil Nadu together account for more than half of the
groundnuts produced in India.
20. What advantage does South India have over the North with reference to
sugarcane cultivation?
Ans. South India, has higher per hectare yield and better quality of the crop as
compared to North India owing to the favourable maritime climate free
from the effects of summer loo and winter frost, sufficient irrigation and
new farming techniques.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. Why is the sugarcane production increasing in Maharashtra?
Ans. Sugarcane production is increasing in Maharashtra owing to the favourable
maritime climate free from the effects of summer loo and winter frost,
sufficient irrigation and new farming techniques.
2. Give two uses of oilseeds, besides production of cooking oil.
Ans. (i) The residue of the oil seeds is used for making of oilcakes.
(ii) Oil is also used in the manufacturing of medical emulsions and soap.
3. State the temperature requirement of sugarcane.
Ans. Sugarcane grows best in areas with 20ºC to 26ºC temperature. Its growth
136 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
starts at a mean temperature of about 20ºC and the growth accelerates
with an increase in temperature to 24ºC and finally stops at 26ºC.
4. State the amount of rainfall required for the growth of sugarcane.
Ans. Sugarcane grows well in tropical regions with 100 - 150 cm of rainfall well
distributed throughout the year. However, irrigation is necessary in areas
of lower rainfall or even in areas of higher rainfall during the long dry
spells. The sucrose content decreases if heavy rains continue for long and
a rainfall deficiency produces a fibrous crop. A slightly dry sunny weather
is necessary during the ripening stage of the cane.
5. What kind of the soil is required for sugarcane production ? What extra
care needs to be taken for soil health when sugarcane is cultivated ?
Ans. (i) Sugarcane is grown in well drained rich alluvial, heavy loams or lava
soil.
(ii) It is largely grown on loams and clayey loams of the Great Plains
(Northern plain) and on black soils, brown or reddish loams and laterites
in the Peninsular India.
(iii) Sugarcane exhausts the fertility of the soil. Hence, the soil is
supplemented with manures and nitrogenous fertilizers.
6. Explain in detail sett method cultivation of sugarcane.
Ans. (i) New canes are usually planted by taking cuttings from old plants.
These cuttings, known as setts, quickly become established and after
a few days buds sprout to each cutting.
(ii) The sugarcane takes anything from 8 months to a year to mature.
7. Explain Ratooning method.
Ans. (i) In ratooning method during the first harvest the sugarcane is cut
leaving a little bit of the stalk in the soil with roots. The stalk soon
puts out new shoots or ratoons. The second or any other successive
crop obtained from the roots of the leftover crop is called Ratoon.
(ii) Sugarcane is a perennial crop and, in theory, the same plants could
continue to produce canes for many years. This is not done because
the yield from each successive ratoon crop is lesser than the previous
one.
(iii) After two or three ratoons, the old roots are no longer economical and
new setts must be planted.
8. State the advantages and disadvantages of ratooning.
Ans. (i) Advantages of Ratooning
(a) Crop need not be planted again, it saves labour.
(b) The ratoon matures early.
(c) This method is cheaper as it does not involve any extra inputs.
(ii) Disadvantages of Ratooning :
(a) The yield is of thinner canes with lower sucrose content.
(b) There is more risk of pests and diseases.
ICSE X 137
Geography Robomate+
9. State the three main areas of sugarcane production.
Ans. Sugarcane is cultivated throughout India between 8ºN to 32ºN latitude.
There are three main areas of sugarcane production in India :
(a) Sutlej - Ganga plain from Punjab to Bihar;
(b) Black soil area from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu; and
(c) Coastal Andhra Pradesh and the Krishna valley.
10. What geographical requirements and climatic conditions are suitable
for the cultivation of groundnuts ? OR
What conditions of temperature and rainfall favour the growth of
groundnut ?
Ans. Groundnuts thrives well in the tropical and subtropical climates and is
highly susceptible to frost. The groundnut is a rabi crop in Odisha and in
southern states. In the rest of India, it is a kharif crop. Sandy loams, loams
and well drained soils are best suited.
Temperature : Groundnut requires about 20ºC to 25ºC temperature. Dry
weather is needed during the time of ripening.
Rainfall : Groundnuts require light to moderate rainfall between 50 to 100
cm. Rainfall should be well distributed. Prolonged drought, continuous rains,
stagnant water and frost harm the crop adversely. In Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra it is raised under irrigation.
11. Give the method of cultivation of groundnut
Ans. (i) The sandy soil is ploughed. Then the seeds are sown by broadcasting
or drilling in June or July.
(ii) When the plants mature, they flower. After self pollination the flower
stalk elongates, turns downwards buries the fruit where it matures.
The mature fruits have wrinkled shells with one to four seeds per pod.
(iii) The whole crop takes 4 to 5 months to be ready for harvest.
(iv) Groundnut is a Kharif crop in most part of India. The crop is sown in
June-July and harvested in November - December. But Tamil Nadu it
is a summer crop sown in February-March and harvested in June-
July.
12. Mention the climatic conditions that is suitable for sugarcane cultivation.
Ans. (i) Sugarcane matures in 10 to 12 months depending on the climate.
(ii) Sugarcane grows best in areas with 20ºC to 26ºC temperature. Its growth
starts at a mean temperature of about 20ºC and the growth accelerates
with an increase in temperature to 24ºC and finally stops at 26ºC.
(iii) Sugarcane grows well in tropical regions with 100 - 150 cm of rainfall
well distributed throughout the year.
13. Mention two different ways in which sugarcane is propagated.
Ans. Sugarcane is planted by following methods:
(i) Sett Methods : New canes are usually planted by taking cuttings from
old plants. These cuttings known as setts, quickly become established
and after a few days buds sprout to each cutting.
138 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
(ii) Ratooning : In this method during the first harvest the sugarcane is
cut leaving a little bit of the stalk in the soil with roots. The stalk soon
puts out new shoots or ratoons. The second or any other successive
crop obtained from the roots of the leftover crop is called Ratoon.
Sugarcane is a perennial crop and, in theory, the same plants could
continue to produce canes for many years.
14. Name two important oilseeds grown in India. Describe where are they
cultivated and the purpose for which they are used.
The two important oilseeds are groundnut and mustard seed.
(i) Groundnut is grown in Gujarat, Telangana and Tamil Nadu.
(ii) Mustard seeds are grown in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab and
Madhya Pradesh.
(iii) The purpose of growing these oilseeds is that it is used for extraction
of oil for cooking purpose and the residue is used for preparing oil
cakes which is used as fodder.
15. Mention the main uses of groundnut.
Ans. (i) Groundnut is mainly used for the manufacture of hydrogenated oil.
(ii) It is also used in making margarine, medical emulsions and soap
manufacture.
(iii) Groundnut oil is used as a cooking medium.
(iv) Its oil cake is used as cattle feed.
16. State the economic importance of oilseeds.
Ans. The economic importance of oilseeds are it is used to manufacture
hydrogenated oil and cake to cattle and the oil extracted are send to foreign
countries to earn profit.
17. Why is a lot of labour required for sugarcane cultivation ?
Ans. (i) A lot of labour is required for sugarcane cultivation from the time of
sowing. Such as before sowing, ground is prepared, furrous are mad,
cuttings (setts) are made by the sugarcane. Besides this pesticides
and insecticides are sprayed, manuring is done two to three times.
(ii) Thus a lot of labour is required for sugarcane cultivation.
18. What are ‘cash crops’? What are they-also known as?
Ans. Cash crops are those crops which are mainly grown for sale. They are also
known as ‘commercial crops’. They provide raw materials to agrobased industries.
19. Why is it prudent to grown only one ratoon crop between two seasons of
Sett crop seasons?
Ans. The roots of the sugarcane weaken and begin to die away at the end of one
ratoon crop. Therefore the farmers can take only one ratoon crop between
two seasons of sett crop cultivation.
20. What is the uniqueness of soyabean as compared to other oilseeds?
Which three states are the leading producers?
Ans. It is the most appropriate substitute for animal protein. It contains all
essential amino acids necessary for healthy growth. Leading producers
are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
ICSE X 139
Geography Robomate+
21. State the conditions of temperature, rainfall and soil necessary for the
growth of mustard.
Ans. Temperature : Mustard grows best in cool climate, i.e. in temperature
which ranges from 10ºC to 20ºC.
Rainfall : The crop requires rainfall varying between 25 to 40 cm.
Soil : Mustard can be grown on loams but slightly heavier soils are preferred.
22. Mention the climatic conditions necessary to grow soyabean.
Ans. Soyabean requires temperature in the range of 13ºC -24ºC. Temperature
above 13ºC is necessary for the normal growth of soyabean.
Soyabean grows in regions with 40 cm to 60 cm of rainfall. The rainfall
should be well distributed throughout the growing season. It is grown on
friable loamy acidic soils.
23. How is soyabean consumed ?
Ans. Soyabean has a high protein content. The beans may be eaten as vegetable
or made into soya sauce. Soyabean is used as a substitute for animal
protein. It is consumed as soya milk and tofu (cheese)
Q.III. Long Answer Questions :
1. State the problems associated with sugarcane cultivation.
Ans. Problems of Sugarcane Cultivators :
(i) Sugarcane is a soil exhausting crop and therefore the cost of fertilisers
increases the cost of production.
(ii) The farms are far from the mill and a delay of more than 24 hours
between harvesting and crushing reduces the sugar content.
(iii) The cost of transport increase the cost of production.
(iv) The crop is an annual crop and therefore, the farmers are unable to
cultivate any other crop, thereby, limiting their income.
(v) It requires high input of irrigation means.
(vi) The price is fixed by the government which is most of the times not
profitable for the farmers.
2. Explain the role of Government solving problems of sugarcane cultivators
(farmers).
Ans. (i) Cooperative societies have been set up by the government to help the
farmers.
(ii) Rural credit banks provide loans to farmers at low interest rate for
buying farming tools, high yielding variety seeds, fertilisers and
pesticides.
(iii) Better irrigation means are developed to provide regular water for
irrigation of sugarcane farms.
140 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
Crops Climatic Rainfall Soil Leading Producers
Sugarcane conditions
100-150 cm Well drained rich Uttar Pradesh,
20ºC to or irrigation alluvial, heavy Maharashtra,
26ºC facilities loam or lava soil Tamil Nadu
with high (highest yield
humidity hectare),
Karnataka,
Groundnut 20ºC to 50 to 100 cm Sandy loams, Andhra Pradesh
25ºC loams and
well-drained soils. Gujarat, Telangana
Mustard 10ºC to and Tamil Nadu.
20ºC 25 to 40 cm Loams, Heavier
loams Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Punjab,
Soyabean 13ºC to 40 to 60 cm Friable loamy Madhya Pradesh
24ºC acidic soils and Haryana
Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan and
Maharashtra
ICSE X 141
Chapter 13
AGRICULTURE - IV
Cash Crops (2)
Q.I. Very Short Answer Questions :
1. Name one important region where tea is grown in South India.
Ans. Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu.
2. Name the different varieties of tea grown in India.
Ans. Black, green, oolong, brick are the varieties of tea grown in India.
3. Why is blending necessary for tea?
Ans. Blending is necessary for tea to give it special aroma and to make many
proprietary brands.
4. Which is the most important beverage crop of West Bengal?
Ans. Tea is the most important beverage crop of West Bengal.
5. What is meant by 'Clonal Planting'?
Ans. In clonal planting, tea shrubs are grown in nurseries from cuttings of high
yielding varieties.
6. Name two states in India where coffee plantations are found.
Ans. Karnataka and Kerala.
7. Which soil is good for coffee cultivation?
Ans. Coffee cultivation requires rich, well drained friable loamy soil, containing
a good deal of vegetable mould.
8. Give three varieties of coffee grown commercially.
Ans. Coffee Robusta, Liberica, Arabica.
9. What factors affect the rapid development of young tea leaves ?
Ans. High humidity, heavy dew and morning fog are good for the rapid
development of young tea leaves.
10. Which is the best quality of soil required for the growth of tea plant ?
Ans. Virgin forest soil containing good amount of iron and humus.
11. State the different methods of cultivation of tea plant.
Ans. (i) From seeds
(ii) From cutting
12. State the traditional coffee producing area.
Ans. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala are traditional coffee producing area.
13. Name the two varieties of coffee plants grown on commercial scale.
Ans. Coffee Arabica and Coffee Liberica
14. Which state is leading producer of coffee ?
Ans. Karnataka is leading producer of coffee.
142 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
15. Give two examples of plant fibre crops.
Ans. Cotton and jute are plant fibre crops.
16. Which is the most important fibre crop grown in West Bengal?
Ans. Jute is most important fibre crop grown in West Bengal
17. Name the state leading in the cultivation of jute.
Ans. West Bengal is the leading state in the cultivation of jute.
18. Name two articles made of jute.
Ans. Carpets, rugs, twine etc. are made of jute.
19. Name three states which produce long staple cotton.
Ans. Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra produce long staple cotton.
20. State the steps involved in processing of black tea.
Ans. The steps involved in processing of black tea are 1. Withering, 2. Rolling,
3. Fermentation, 4. Drying, 5. Blending.
21. What are fibre crops ? Give two examples of plant fibre crops.
Ans. The crops which provide fibres for cloth making etc. are called fibre crops.
E.g. Cotton and jute.
22. Why are floods beneficial for the growth of jute ?
Ans. Floods are beneficial for the growth of jute because jute grows best on soil
enriched by new enriched by new alluvium brought by river inundation.
23. Name the leading producer of tea in India. What factors have helped it
become the leading state ?
Ans. Assam the leading producer of tea in India.
Factors :
(i) The slopes of hill provide good drainage.
(ii) Annual average rainfall between 125 cm to 375 cm.
(iii) Well drained, deep friable loamy soil.
Q.II. Short Answer Questions :
1. State the advantages of pruning.
Ans. (i) The pruning of the bush starts after two years in order to maintain the
height and diameter of the plant limited to one metre.
(ii) Frequent pruning encourages the rapid productions of fresh leaves
and shoots.
2. State the temperature required for the growth of tea ?
Ans. (i) The ideal maximum monthly temperature is 24ºC to 30ºC.
(ii) When the maximum temperature in shade falls below 24ºC or the
minimum temperature below 18ºC, the growth is retarded.
3. State the rainfall distribution for the growth of tea plant.
Ans. (i) The tea plants grow well in a humid climate, and cannot stand long
spells of dry weather at any time of the year.
(ii) It must have abudant rainfall at least 150 cm, well distributed
throughout the year.
(iii) In Assam tea areas, the annual rainfall averages between 125 cm and
375 cm, while in Duars and Darjeeling districts it ranges from 250 cm
to 500 cm.
ICSE X 143
Geography Robomate+
4. State the type of soil required for the growth of tea plant.
Ans. (i) Tea plant requires well drained, deep friable loams or forest land rich
in organic matter.
(ii) The soil should be gently rolled so as to prevent waterlogging.
(iii) Soil must be deep and have a moderately open texture.
5. Explain the seed method of cultivation of tea.
Ans. (i) Tea plants can be raised from tea seeds. High quality seeds are sown
in well prepared nurseries.
(ii) The saplings are transplanted within a year in the proposed tea gardens
at the distance of one metre on all four sides.
(iii) Soil must be depend have a moden ately open texture.
6. Explain cutting method of tea plantation.
Ans. (i) Tea shrubs can also be grown in nurseries from cuttings on high yielding
varieties. This is known as the clonal planting method of propagation of tea.
(ii) When the saplings are 20 cm high, they are transplanted in the tea
garden.
7. Which is best period most suitable for tea picking ?
Ans. (i) The pruning of the bush starts after two years in order to maintain the
height and diameter of the plant limited to one metre.
(ii) In India, picking is much more frequent.
(iii) At lower elevations, tea is picked every ten days during the growing
season and at higher altitudes, every fifteen days.
8. What is Green tea ?
Ans. Green tea is not dried in the sun but in ovens after the leaves are steamed
in large vats and crushed in machines. It is not fermented. This variety of
tea is consumed in China and the Far East.
9. State the temperature required for coffee cultivation.
Ans. (i) Coffee plant requires warm climate (15º to 28ºC) and a moderate supply
of moisture, but there must be a fairly long spell of dry weather for the
beans to ripen.
(ii) It cannot stand frost nor very high temperatures, i.e., above 30ºC.
(iii) Strong sunshine and snowfall both are harmful to the plant. Its
cultivation, therefore, is restricted to areas where the mean annual
temperature does not exceed 28ºC.
10. Give the rainfall required for growth of coffee.
Ans. (i) During the period of growth, the plant requires 150 cm to 200 cm of
annual rainfall.
(ii) If the rainfall is well distributed it can even be grown in areas having
325 cm of rainfall.
(iii) A prolonged drought either causes serious damage or reduces the
yield heavily.
11. How does the process of harvesting of coffee cultivation takes place ?
Ans. (i) Harvesting of coffee may begin in the third year after planting but is
usually done in the fourth or fifth year.
144 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
(ii) Coffee picking is done by hand by removing the ripe berries from the
stalk.
(iii) Indiscriminate picking of both ripe and unripe berries results in coffee
beans of inferior quality which fetch low prices.
12. Give the reason for the following stages in processing of tea.
(i) Withering (ii) Rolling (iii) Fermentation
Ans. (i) Withering: The gathered leaves are first withered or dried in the sun
for a day or two to extract moisture.
(ii) Rolling: They are then rolled mechanically between steel rollers to
break up the fibres. The leaves are dried again or baked lightly over
charcoal fires, until they become reddish brown in colour.
(iii) Fermentation: The leaves are allowed to ferment and this reduces the
amount of tannic acid in the tea by half, but does not impair its flavour.
13. State the two methods of propagating tea plants.
Ans. Tea is cultivated in two ways:
(i) From seeds : Tea plants can be raised from tea seeds. High quality
seeds are sown in well prepared nurseries. The saplings are transplanted
within a year in the proposed tea gardens at the distance of one metre
on all four sides.
(ii) From cuttings : Tea shrubs can also be grown in nurseries from
cuttings of high yielding varieties. This is known as the clonal planting
method of propagation of tea. When the saplings are 20 cm high, they
are transplanted in the tea garden.
14. Why is dry weather necessary at the time of harvesting cotton?
Ans. Dry weather is necessary at the time of harvesting cotton because rainfall
during the ball-opening and harvesting periods is harmful for the plants as
it makes them vulnerable to pests and disease.
15. Name a state which produces short staple cotton. Which climatic and soil
conditions are needed for the cultivation of cotton in the state mentioned?
Ans. (i) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
Madhya Pradesh produce short staple cotton.
(ii) Favourable climate conditions for the cultivation of cotton.
Temperature : 21ºC to 27ºC
Rainfall : 50 cm to 75 cm
Favouring soil : Black soil.
16. In what way is Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta suitable for jute cultivation?
Ans. (i) Jute is grown on both the old and new alluvial soils, which have been
deposited by Ganga and Brahmaputra during floods in the delta.
(ii) The hot damp climate and alluvial, loamy soils provide excellent
conditions for growth of jute in the Ganga - Brahamaputra delta.
17. State the climatic condition required for the cotton cultivation.
Ans. (i) Cotton requires uniformly high temperature (during July to September)
between 21ºC and 30ºC. During October, the day temperature should
ICSE X 145
Geography Robomate+
be above 26ºC, which helps the ripening and bursting of cotton balls
under the sunny skies.
(ii) The minimum temperature should not fall below 20ºC as it retards
plant growth.
(iii) Rainfall should be moderate, ranging between 50 to 75cm. Rainfall of
more than 85 cm destroys the crop. Cotton plant needs sufficient
rainfall in early stages of growth, but a sunny and dry weather is
required after flowering.
18. Cotton grows well in which variety of soil ? OR
What conditions of soil favour cotton growth ?
Ans. (i) Cotton grows well in the well-drained clayey soils containing lime and
phosphates.
(ii) Since cotton crops exhaust the fertility of soils rapidly, regular
application of manures and fertilisers to the soils is necessary.
19. State the chief cotton growing areas in India.
Ans. Cotton occupies about 5 per cent of the total cropped area in India. The
chief cotton-growing areas in India are :
(i) in the north-western Deccan on the fertile Black Cotton Soils.
(ii) the central and southern Deccan region of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
(iii) in the Upper Ganges Valley, where much of the cotton is grown with
irrigation.
20. Give the uses of jute production.
Ans. (i) It is used for manufacturing rough quality cloth, sacks and other packing
material.
(ii) It is now used in the making of many utility products like carpets,
rugs, twine, upholstery, tarpaulins, etc.
(iii) Jute is also referred to as 'golden fibre' as it provides huge revenue to
the government.
21. What do you mean by the term retting ?
Ans. Jute is dried and stripped of unwanted leaves and is put in water and
allowed to rot. This process, known as retting.
22. State the soil conditions that favour the growth of jute.
Ans. (i) Jute grows best on the soil enriched by new alluvium brought by river
inundation.
(ii) Loamy soils are most suitable for jute production as water sinks quickly
into it.
(iii) The clayey soil gives the heaviest yield but the fibre is sticky.
(iv) Sandy soils produce coarse fibre.
23. What are the climate requirements for growing jute ?
Ans. Temperature : Jute requires a hot and humid climate with temperatures
between 24ºC and 35ºC and relative humidity of 90 per cent.
Rainfall : The annual rainfall should be more than 150 cm. About 2.5 cm to
7.5 cm of rain distributed in a month during sowing period is sufficient.
146 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
Occasional showers (varying from 2 cm to 3cm) at intervals of about a
week, are most beneficial for it. However, incessant and untimely rains
and prolonged droughts are harmful.
24. Why is jute retted ? How in this done ?
Ans. (i) Retting softens the outer bark and facilitates the early removability of
the fibre within. Chemical additives help in the retting operation.
(ii) The fleshy part of the stem is eventually decomposed and the fibres are
then scraped to remove any remaining pieces of the soft vegetable matter.
(iii) After drying, the fibres are loosely spun and woven, and are used in
making sacks and bags, carpet, upholstery etc.
25. Describe the processing of jute.
Ans. (i) Jute is harvested by hand, by pulling up the stem. It is dried and
stripped of unwanted leaves and is put in water and allowed to rot.
This process, known as retting, was once done by submerging the jute
into ponds and streams but is now done in special tanks.
(ii) Retting softens the outer bark and facilitates the early removability of
the fibre within. Chemical additives help in the retting operation.
(iii) The fleshy part of the stem is eventually decomposed and the fibres are
then scraped to remove any remaining pieces of the soft vegetable matter.
(iv) After drying, the fibres are loosely spun and woven, and are used in
making sacks and bags, carpet, upholstery etc.
26. What conditions favour the growth of tea in the Nilgiri ?
Ans. Conditions that favour the growth of tea in the Nilgiris are :
(i) Nilgiri hills experience rainfall throughout the year.
(ii) High humidity, heavy dew and moming fog experienced here are good
for rapid development of young leaves.
(iii) Slopes of the hills provide good drainage.
27. State the advantages of growing tea plants on hill slopes.
Ans. (i) The high altitude of hills provides the required climatic conditions.
(ii) The slopes protect the crop from annual inundations and stagnant
water during rains.
28. State the factors which favour the cultivation of coffee in South India.
Ans. (i) Warm climate temperature between 18ºC to 28ºC and rainfall between
150 to 200 cm.
(ii) Well drained friable loamy soil.
29. How is cotton harvested ?
Ans. (i) The crop is harvested in October when the cotton balls ripen and burst
into white, fluffy and shiny balls of fibre.
(ii) The crop is harvested in three to four pickings as the balls mature;
yields decrease with successive pickings.
30. How is cotton cultivated ?
Ans. (i) In most part of the country, cotton is cultivated as a kharif crop. It is
sown at the on set of monsoon.
ICSE X 147
Geography Robomate+
(ii) Seeds are usually sown by broadcasting or drilling method.
(iii) Weeding is required during the growth of the plant.
Q.III. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. Tea is grown on hill slopes.
Ans. Tea gardens are set up on hill slopes because the high altitude provides
the required climatic conditions and the slopes protect the crop from annual
inundations and stagnant water during the rains.
2. Tea bushes are pruned at regular intervals.
Ans. The pruning of the bush starts after two years in order to maintain the
height and diameter of the plant limited to one metre. In India, picking is
much more frequent.
3. Coffee estates are inter-planted with orange trees, cardamom and pepper
vines.
Ans. Since coffee plant is susceptible to direct sunrays it is planted under the
shade of trees such as silver oak and jackfruit which are planted before
the coffee plantation. Other trees like orange, cardamom and pepper vines
are also interplanted to generate extra income.
4. Coffee is grown on the slopes of peninsular hills.
Ans. (i) Hill slopes peninsular India are suitable for coffee growth because
there the soils are well drained and so the water does not stagnate.
(ii) Coffee plant is sensitive to cold and frost hence it is planted in the
hills slopes peninsular India having warm climate as their altitude is
500 to 1800 m.
Q.IV. Long Answer Questions :
1. State the method of cultivation of coffee.
Ans. (i) Sowing : Coffee is propagated from seeds or cuttings in a nursery and
after a few months, the saplings are transplanted to the field. Plants
are positioned 3 m apart. They are pruned annually to ease picking
and to ensure heavy bearing of coffee berries. The tree is kept to a
height of 1.5 to 2.5m. Coffee plants are grown on slopes so that water
does not stagnate.
(ii) Covercrops : Since coffee plant is susceptible to direct sunrays it is
planted under the shade of trees such as silver oak and jackfruit
which are planted before the coffee plantation. Other trees like orange,
cardamom and pepper vines are also interplanted to generate extra
income.
(iii) Harvesting : Harvesting of coffee may begin in the third year after
planting but is usually done in the fourth or fifth year. Coffee picking
is done by hand by removing the ripe berries from the stalk.
Indiscriminate picking of both ripe and unripe berries results in coffee
beans of inferior quality which fetch low prices.
148 ICSE X
Robomate+ Geography
2. How is the Black tea processed ? OR
Mention the methods of processing of tea.
Ans. In processing Black Tea the following steps are taken:
(i) Withering : The gathered leaves are first withered or dried in the sun
for a day or two to extract moisture.
(ii) Rolling : They are then rolled mechanically between steel rollers to
break up the fibres. The leaves are dried again or baked lightly over
charcoal fires, until they become reddish brown in colour.
(iii) Fermentation : The leaves are allowed to ferment and this reduces the
amount of tannic acid in the tea by half, but does not impair its flavour.
(iv) Drying : Further fermentation is checked by roasting and drying the
leaves over a fire or in an oven until they are black in colour.
(v) Blending : Expert blenders and tea-tasters further blend the various
grades of tea to give it special aroma and make many proprietary brands.
3. Mention the methods of processing of Coffee.
Ans. There are two methods of processing coffee, namely, the Wet Parchment
method and the Dry Parchment method.
Wet parchment methods : In the Wet parchment method, the fruit covering
of the beans is removed before they are dried and then pulping, fermenting,
washing and drying takes place. After this the coffee beans are ready to
use.
Dry parchment methods : In the Dry parchment method the following
process is followed:
(i) The harvested cherries are sorted and cleaned, to separate the unripe,
overripe and damaged cherries and to remove dirt, soil, twigs and
leaves.
(ii) The coffee cherries are then spread out in the sun to dry.
(iii) The beans are then fermented by drying in the sun for a week.
(iv) After drying, machines peel off the two layers of inner husks.
(v) They are sorted according to size and quality and then packed in sacks
for use.
(vi) The beans are roasted at temperatures of about 99°C and then ground
into coffee powder which is used to make the beverage. Roasting gives
it brown colour and characteristic aroma and taste.
4. Write a short note on processing of cotton.
Ans. After harvesting the cotton crop passes through the following process:
(i) After the cotton has been picked, either by machine or by hand, it is
ginned. Ginning is a process used to separate the fibers or lint from
the seeds and the short fibres or linters which adhere to them
(ii) The seeds may be crushed to yield oil, the residue being used for
cattle fodder.
(iii) The cotton lint (fibre) itself is baled for transport to the manufacturing
regions.
ICSE X 149
Geography Robomate+
(iv) The fibres are washed and then combed to form a rope - like mass of
fibers known as sliver.
(v) The silver is fed to the spindles and spun to make cotton yarn.
IMPORTANT CASH CROPS OF INDIA
Crops Temperature Rainfall Soil Distribution
Tea 24º-30ºC at least Forest soil; 1. Assam :
150 cm rich in humus and the Brahmaputra
iron valley, Surma
valley
2. West Bengal :
the Duars,
Darjeeling
3. Tamil Nadu :
highest yield
per hectare
4. Kerala
Coffee 15ºC-28ºC 150-200 cm Well drained, 1. Karnataka
but does not friable loamy soil, 70.4% of total
tolerate frost or rich in vegetable production;
heat mould
2. Kerala 21.7% of
total production
and
3. Tamil Nadu
5.8% of total
production
150 ICSE X
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
ROBOMATE TOPOGRAPHY BOOK
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search