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Published by Stanly Maharjan, 2020-05-20 03:34:51

Prime Mathematics 10

Prime Mathematics 10

Keywords: Prime Mathematics 10

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Chapter

3 Mensuration

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the Students will be able to
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solid objects (like triangular prism, pyramid, cylinder, sphere, hemisphere,
cone)
• estimate the required quantities and their cost of using geometrical shapes
in the facing, construction work etc.

Teaching materials:

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