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Published by Stanly Maharjan, 2020-05-20 03:34:51

Prime Mathematics 10

Prime Mathematics 10

Keywords: Prime Mathematics 10

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Chapter Algebra

4

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the Students will be able to
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RU x y z y z x, x z y

/+6 D x D y D y D z D z D x

ͮDĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐ Ͳ ϭϬ $OJHEUD

D x D y Dy D[ y Dx y D x D\z D-x

Dy D x y Dy D[ y Dx+y DxD+xy +\z Dx+y-x
Dy

Dy DDxy+y Dy D [ y Dx+y D xD \R Dy
Dy DDxy+y Dy D [ y Dx+y D x \ Dy
DDyy D x +y D x+ y
DDyy DDxx++yy

5+6 3URYHG

([DPSOH ,I D xyS E xyT DQG F x yU VKRZ WKDW DT U EU S FS T

Solution: *LYHQ WKDW D xyS E xyT DQG F x yU
/+6 DT U EU S FS T

x.yS T U x.yT U S x.yU S T


xT U y S T U xU S y T U S xS T y U S T

xT U U S S T y S T U T U S U S T

xR yST SU T U TU ST U S SU TU S T

\R



5 + 6 3URYHG

([DPSOH ,I x D D SURYH WKDW x ± x D D

Solution: +HUH x D D

&XELQJ RQ WKH ERWK VLGHV


x D D




RU x D D D D D > D E D DE D E E @
DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐ Ͳ ϭϬͮ
D

RU x D D x D

RU x D DR x D

RU [ D D x

RU x ± x D D SURYHG

$OJHEUD


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