Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for Learners of English

English P 'al Oxford
RrF British English PhrasalVerbs
C countable noun 51 ~ebody Dictionary
sing singular
etc. et cetera (= and so on) sth something for learners of English

n noun l! uncountable noun

See also p x for an explanat~onof the abbreviations used in the grammar
patterns.

shows common subjeds of the phrasal verb
shows common objects of the phrasal verb
shows a verb with a similar meaning
shows a verb with the opposite meaning
introduces a note on grammar or usage
shows the grammar patterns of the phrasal verb
idiom(s)section of the entry
derivative section of the entry
means 'look at'
replaces the key verb in a menu box
A taboo (see Labels below)

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AmE describes verb, expressions,spellings and pronunciationsused in Information in the dictionary is given In entries, arranged En the alphabetical order
of the key words and then in the alphabetical order of the particles.
American English and not in 8ritish English, for example k t onsb,

blimp outlup, duke it out. Main parts of an entry

approving verbs show that you feel approval or admiration. - - . -, L-+.
,.4 7 :'eyTT-1.- PJ* 1 * > ~ - n V v I > -

BrE dtxribes verbs, expressions,spellings and pronunciations that are blow mlau:A m E blouf (blew /blu:lblor

mainly used in British English and not in American English, for r and irregular forms. Iblwn;AmE blcunl)

example beaver away (at sth),doss down, put (theclock)h c k . I Phrasal verb, The main <I ,blow a'way: ,Iblow sth 1t'way to be moved or
carried away 1~ythe forceI$ the wind 1or by sws
disapproving verbs show that you feel disapprowl or contempt, for example forms of the verb + particle breath: to m a.e in thls way: It luas so windy the

dumb sth down,flash sth about. ..~tm r l y

neurswpr
figurative a figurative example is one in which language is used in a Ron- baIwecuuwu. ows-an.ye'modew.suadwdeanv bc.,nme oz,eusbtleown his
the
I\ ,,,&.( Definition.The meaningsof
literal or metaphorical way, as in His anger b l a d up (=suddenly lid.
& v + nlpmn+adv ru v+aak+n
became very strong) unmntrollobly. . . - -.-.1 ) e i w sb a'- y I(iqforrm12) to impress sb a lot;
--the verb. to surprise or Dlease SD. r s.a.w.. <rLa*w. uruy last ymr
formal verbs are usually only used in serious or official languageand

would not be appropriate in normal everyday conversation. Ucamples (in italic type). -- and it jwt bl Ir 2 (A&, informad,

Examplesare abide bysth, embark on/trponsth, viefor sth. sport) to dele: Mitchell bCw8 o m y the

humorous expressionsare intended to be funny, for example toddle off and Grammar patterns to show other runnprs
how the verb is used.
W e t e rounded upsome g d speakersfor the conference. 6 v+nlpron*a

informal verb5 are used between friends or in a relaxed or unofficial . -Further information in an entry
- --.--
situation. They are not appropriatelor formal situations. Examples
Special symbols show
are bang on about sth, kick back, tuck into 5th. .<". ,* -.,<,- TN7,- -m- *-*.q,.v,

less formal synonyms are verbs that have a similar meaningto the main A*. ,

phrasal verb, but are used in less official situations or are more .synonyms and opposites.

common in normal everyday conversation. Information on prepositions
frequently used with the
less frequent verbs or grammar patterns are not used as often as the main fmm the resz of the g m p . IEEj sNek out 2
(adfrom sbtsth) to be much better or more
phrasal verb or the other grammar patternsgiven.

literary verbs are used mainly in literature and imaginativewriting. verb. a r t a n t than other people or things: This

Examples are yearnforsb/sth, eke out 5th.

mow formal verbs have a similar meaningto the main phrasalverb, but are

usually used in more serious or official situations, or in a less sblsih) to o p p m or rehse to accept sththat you

casual way. belleve is wrong Parents often stand o8ut ogoinst

old-fashioned verbs are passingout of current use, for example, buck up, god rroublasome behnviour for some otuuntea, gtahl.ennsvgr.i-voer
ira. EZ) stick out L r
aboutloround,run along. sth; hold

st:h

rare verbs or grammar patternsare not commonly used. 8b v + a &

slang is very informal language, mainly used in speakingand sometimes Idiom related to the verb. n3 stand out like a sore thumb t~o be very

restrictedto a particular group of people, for example people of the *..,nt>ticeable in an urfpleasm: t way: Drvssed like

same age or those who have similar interests or do the same job. Derivative adjective related thrai, *,-' y v u I* >wd.*uv u r *:;mLAe u" w*r- r,hr 6..u..r.hr . u

b out'standing udj 1 excellent: an OLrtslanding

Examples are want in, wont into sth, juice 5th up. to the verb. 1 very obvi-

spoken verbs are used mainly in informal conversations, for example Teak of earth's

up! chuck 5th out. Information on grammar -' outslQndmf~eclfllres.. 3 {of payment, wvrk, prob-
and usge.
lems. etc.)not yet paid, done, solved, etc: w r e w v

tabm verbs and expressionsare likely to be thought by many people to outstanding &bbs o I don't haw any ur

be obscene or shocking and you should avoid usingthem. outstanding.

written verbs are used mainly in written language, for example abound b ouCstandingly udu 1 used to empkasue the

good qual~tyof sth:01LtSlalLdingiy CYUI@USUC-

inlwith sih, springfrom 5th. cessfuf 2 exawnely well: Owen has p h y d out.

staridingly thi

1 What is in the dictionary? and particleare very common, or where there is wmething unusual or interesting

3n th~sdictionary we ~ncludeseveral different types of verbs that are used with about the verb. For example, phone bock can mean two slightly different thingr
adverbs or prepositions,(often called 'particles'). ('telephonesomebody who has called you: or 'telephonesb for a second time J;
pin 5th ~p means 'fastensomething to a wall with pins: but there is also a noun
a dIoimacit wrb + partidecombinations. Sometimes when you meet combinations pin-up, meaning'a picture of an ottr~ctiveperson designed to be put up on a wall
of verb and particle, it is impossibleto guess the meaningin the context from the for people to look at ', or 'theperson who appeon in o picture like thot'.
meaning of the verb and the meaningof the particle. Examples of these arefall
t h e (meaning'nothappen')and put up with m w l d y (meaning'accept bllthese types of verbs can cause problemsfor learners, and so they have been
mmebdy who is annoying without complaining*).There is often a single-word verb included in this dictionary.
with the same meaning. For example, instead of 'Themeeting was put off until the
n m day',we could say 'Themeeting was postpond until the n a t dday: Single-word 2 Particles
verbs, howewr. may be moreformal than the phrasal verb, or used in slightly
different contexts. These are the particles used with phrasal verbs in this dictionary, The "shows you

b Verbs which are always followed by a particular partide. Examplw of these are which are the most common. You will find more information about those particles
- - - ----in the Guide to Particles at the back of the dictionary.
rely on, crop up, abideby. These cannot be used wfthout the partide. Ip*l ...---v> <,"- w,---- w#*~.v-~--,~ = - ~ . - v - v - 3 7 ++ ~ , " ~ * mF3---7" r----l#wmL

c Verbs that are followed by a particle in a particular meaning. These verbs can abmrk *about above across ahar agdnrt ahead a h e t l w F
be used on their own without a particle. but haw a different meaningwhen they
are used with one. Brush 5th up is an example of a verb like this. Brush sth can dong among aparl *around side *at *OW1
be used on its own meaning'clean, polish or moke 5th smooth'. Brush 5th up back
means 'study or practise 5th tog& bock the skifl or know!dge that you hod in the before behind between own *6or for
post': Youshould brush up your French bqfore you go to tofaflce.Other examples forward from *in into
are d / W ofj,gmw/grow up, walkhulk out. A '0 'R on!
Many very common verbs fall into this group. Look, for example, can be used
with several different particles, and it has a special meaningwith each one that is *o-u-t.-of. ,o-n-sl ' ~rouah *tD t0fl
different from look on its own. rook up the word in yourdictionary.o I'm really under upon without
lmkingfomnrd to the trip. o h k cut! There?a car coming. "with
Some more formal verbs also fall into this group. For example you can 'jbrmisha
room', that is, put furniture in it, but if you 'frrmishmmcbody with so#~tAing'you 3 Long verbs
are givingthem some useful infomation.
Some verbs, such as mme,go,put and take are used with many different particles.
d Verbs with a partide, where the particle adds to, but does not change, the In these cases you will find literal meaning of the verb plus particle includedfor
basic meaningof the verb. The particleoften addssomethingto the meaning,
such as completeness. For example, you a n say '/'//finishmy work and then I'llgo completeness. These rneaningr can also help you understand the idiomatic uses of the

out' or '!'//finishofJ my wd-and then I'N go out.Wnish 08emphasizes that you are verb plus particle. For example, at run around,you will find the literal meaning'run in
difJereentdirections'(It'sa lovely pork fo run around in)as well as the idiomatic meaning
completingyour work. Another wimple is wuke/wkeup.You e n either ray 'movevwy quicklyfrom place to place, being very busy' (I've been running around all
'Iw k e ot 6.30' or 'Iw k e up at 6.30.'Woke up is much more common than w k . ,
which is used more in formal or written English. Other examples are spreud/sprmd day trying to organize the meeting.).
wt,fadelfodemay, ,slonelslmreaway.You will find more information about the
meaningof the particles in the Guide to the Partidesat the back of the dictionary. At the keginningof many of these verbsyou will find a menu box with a list of all the
particles that can be used with the verb, in the order they appear in the dictionary.
e Verbs plus particleswhew each has their normal meaning. Phaw bock
(meaning 'telephonesb again')is an example of a verb like this. The meaningof These verbs are:
phone back can be worked out from the meaningof phone and back. Verbs of
this type have been included in the dictionary where the cornbination of w r b -< .---- tc)me rut do fnll give

vi break orlng 1roll
go hanu Ihold klsap kitk knorlk lie live look
.Ipas ..play pulII push P"' run send
moke move I ....
-a!. .I. &*I.- llll. throw 4m.m
sat sn 510RO Slay STlCK lWMW uuln lu~m,

It is also possibleto add many different particles to verbs of movement to create

hulti-word' verbs with literal meanings. For example, we can use the verb w l k in

these sentences: We walkeddown the rwd. o He walked up to me and ask& mefor
a light o We sang as we walked along.o Walk amss the r o d , don't run. These are

draightfonvard combinationsof verb and particles.

4 finding the verb you want out) or as a transitive verb with the adverb + prepositionout of, followed by a noun

lke phrasal verbs are arranged in the diaionary undertheir key verbs (for example. or pronoun (Ideepout of my way).

giw,move, sit)and then in alphabetical order of the particles. Within each panicleyou Ifthe verb can be usedwith -""--'v- -"*Fa""'" """-W"" "" -."'"',' 7"'-
an -ingform of a verb that follows
will first find the verb + particle, with no object. Then there are meaningsof the verb it. this is giwn at the beginning: ,msh 'fnh ah; ,rush 'Into dolnn &,.rush

that mn be used both without an object and with an object After that, there are st3 'Into doin~gsth to do or decide styI quickly

meaning of the verb usedonly with an object. first verbs with people as objects (sb), WIithout thinki ng about ~t I:za,nrr.eohallnyy;tot.o8.1lma.a0keYOsUb
Don't go rushing
then verbs that a n have peopleor things (sblsth) and then verbs with only thin@as daI this:

objects (sth).Verbs with itself, yourserf, etc. come at the end of those, and verbs that are This tells you that all these sentences are possible: Don't rush into anything. o
Don't rush into leaving your course. o Don't rush me in& making a decision.
only used in passiveforms will be last. For example:
b More informationabout the grammar of phrasal verbs is given In the section on
TvGzF=-.-- 7i'zlx=----- p-+y--G-9" % w-,*--
Grammar Patterns (page x)
give sb up break sb/sth in put 5th ou

give sth up break sth in put yourst

give yourself up brwk into sth be put oui 2 Common subjects and objects

1 The phrasalverb At the end of manyi f the verbs, or ad-;ki--?+;;h;;-;~;s;h
at the end of a n u m b e d meaning, wiu; etc. breaks out, it starts sudden~ly:They
you will f~ndsame commonsubjects wcluId have gol married in 1939 tT wur, had not
or objects. These show you the type
of contexts that the verb is often brnkenout. o Plfire brokeof4ton aferry) a t e d a y
EEl war, flre, fighting, mw, vlolence 2 ( a h

The arrangementof the verbs in the dictionarywill tell you whether they o n be used used in, so that you can use it correctly yourself.

an object, (INTWNZITIVE), with an
with and without an object.
without

-.-." .--*-,Znr"IbkBkor both
object --(TRANSITIVE) For example, at breok out, you will see:

if a vehicle, et,c---,-Tbw*r- eaks down, it

Lmk at the beginningof the entry stops working because of a fault: he washing Sentencessuch as Fighting has broken out on the border, Fire hoke out in a
for h k down: warehouse.o A furious mw bmke out over the ownership of the painting are
machine has brokendownaguin. o We(= our mi-) therefore very common and acceptable in English.
bmke down t w k on the m y home. 2 if talks,

This shows you that in this meaningbreak down is an intransitive wrb, used You can use these subjects and objects to help yau use the verbs in the right context.
without an object: My car bmke

- - -Thew arehllo forms of the verb
down on the way to work th' i-s morning. 3 opposites.Synonyms and

-"-' " -'-----"m --When?there are helpful synonyms

at bum down: bum 'down; ,bum sth 'down if a building or opposites, these are given in
burns down, or sbburns it down, it is destroved -w.---., ,----- ---.-J--------.---r-..+

by fire: Thep a l m burnt down in the heinel&th ,pull'In; ,pull'Into sth 1 If a win or a bus pulls

century. o She thracstened to burn the hehorndown. alphabetical order, synonymsand in, It arrives somewhere and stops: The express

p~ lled in on lirne. o The morch pulIed in,to boy 27.
2 (RrKj if a vehicIe or a IWiver pulls in, they
This shows you that you can use bum down as a transitive and an intransitive opposites that are phrasal verbs f,mtwe to the skle of the mad and stop: 1Dull in in

verb in this meaning.The definition ",,k;T;;;Ake';b ,upl,;ke';;6u-F,c firsi and then single-wordverbs. ml of trh.ne b~-usoz...nogeHeewp.muE.k d intu Ihe pc~ r k i n gIot
These will help you understand
also shows you how to use it. D M~u
Look at the b i n n i n g of the entry
for wrrk up. 1to stop sleeping:to make sb slop sleeping:Horn the verb and add to your draw in, draw inta sth
vocabulary. Information is alx,
many timesdws Ihe b a b woke reup in the nrght70 m purr out, pull out or sth
I uslsually wake up early in the s u m r o You look
as if you've only just ken uplo Can you m k e given about the formality of the

me up at 8?oHe was woken up by the sound of synonym or opposite and whether it is British or American. As the contextsthat the

synonymsare used in may not always be exactly the same as the original phmsal

This tells you that you can use it as an intransitiveverb (What time did yorr wake up verb, it is worth looking them up in this dictionaty or another dictionary to be sure

this morning?),and as a transitive object up at 6.30.)or that you understandthem and how they are used. For example, while knockdown
-
,; -----with yourself (Imust haw shouted
verb with an (I-'ll*,woaukte you --.Up

-"'-c7- R1 can be used instead of break down in the examplesgiven there, breok down cannot

so loudly while I was dreaming that ,keep 'oI u t ,keep th to not enter a always be used instead of knockdown.

1 woke wrfup.) place; to remain outside: There m a sign scrying J They hod to get the police to breakkllock the door down. J If you don't open up,
'Keep <aut?. o Please keep out gf the orce 4whtle I'm going to knockhmk the door down. J Theseold houm are going to be hocked
I'm woskim. down. I( These old houses are going lo be broken down.
At keep out,you will see:
vAv + a d v + v*adv+prep

This tells you that in this meaningyou can use the verb on its own (Danger! Keep
...

Vlll

4 Notes ---w - y . l l ~ - I------- v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n v+pron+adv
Not6 are given inN o placesB.efore * m Y * r . W <--r--"z-
k ' l 0 n gt5 sb (not used in theprogressiue6ast?s) These three patternsare all used with transitiveverbs. In order to be able to use
a definition you will find information
the property of sb:to be owned bv sb:The these verbs cormly, you need to know where to put the object. The patternsshow

about the tenses or a particular use k l o n g i to my cousin. 0 That land belongs you this. The most frequent patternscome first at each verb

of a phrasal verb:

Notes are also given after the v+nlpmneadv v+adv+n
examples where there is a particular
~ r~~~ a~ 'wX aY yX Y- -~- . ,rt- r r- preo- ple Maze Verbs that can be u w l with these patterns, where the object can go either W e e n

,blaze 1{at sW&) if m s or

point of grammar or use to draw away, the guns fire continuously: Thegum k p t the verb and the particle or after the particle, are sometimes called SEPARABLE

,u.I--u.-"r r y away as the enemy 2 if a fire blazes verbs. They are shown in the dictionary as, for example, tear sth up:

your attention to. This b often away, it burns brightly She tore the IeCter up. She tow up the lette~. She tore it up.

something about the passive, or -8 laze is used with the sanle meanings. When the object is a long phrase, it usually comes after the particle: She to^ up a//
where the verb without the particle + v + a bv
the letters he had sent her.
can alx, be used with a similar meaning. When the object is a pronoun, it must come between the verb and the particle.

5 Grammar patterns of phrasal verbs v + adv + R v + pron + adv

To help you uw the verbs correctly, a simple system of grammar patterns is given With some phrasal verbs the object can only come between the verb and the
after each one. Thew shew you how the verb combines with an adverb, a particle when it is a pronoun. A noun must follow the particle. They are given in the
dictionary as, for example, fight back sth: fight itlthem back
preposition, a noun or a pronoun, an infinitive, etc. and the order in which these

words o n occur. The short forms use.d are these:? -A U " 1 " ' y , 3 - . r r r r r r . - ~ , - -.7 - mrr- ,-*-1 fight back sth I tried to fight back my tears.
.I X I -, *7 . ...mrr- ,Fur .",.n*.-nlu .-a>.-. -9- fight itJthem back Ihad an urge to scream but managed to fight it back

ad rerb - f-lmn = nourI or pronoun

nitive (withot P = preposition v + nlpran + adv
erb form end
n = pi..n.r.foi,.nn.o..un ... There are a few phrasal verbs in which the two park of the verb must be separated
. -a-. doinnl = by the object. An example is mess sb aboutlaround:
nf

= not = verb T h y changed theflight time and d 011 the pussengrs around.

Frequent patterns r + nlpron e prep

The following are the most common types of verb patterns used in the dictionary. An example of a verb that is used in this pattern is drill sth into sb

drilr sth into sb The teacher driiied grammar into us rightfrom the start

veadv Intransitiveverbs, for example: R~II-IVB.

break down My cur broke down this morning. A few phrasal verbs are only used in the passive. for example: klge2 carried away.
hang around There was o group of kids hanging omund
The verb patterns will show you how to use these verbs. belget carried away will
sit down outside.
have the pattern beiget + v + adv. betget stuck with sth will have a pattern
Come in and sit down.
be/@ + verb + prep.
v + PWP These are verbs followed by a preposition. For example: Other phrasal verbs that are used with objects can also be used in the passivefor
example: The dm1has been called ofl. Where this is common you will find an
rely on sblrth You con rely on me.
example of the passive and a note. Verbs with the patternv + prep are not usually
call k r sb I'll callfor you at 8.
used in the passive. If they are, you will find a note about this (see rely on sblsth).
come across sth I came across an interning book in the

library Orher pcrttems

v + adv + prep Some verbs are followed by an adverb and a preposition: You can easily work out how to use verbs with different patterns. For example, if you

put up with sblsth How do p u put up with him? look at take sb up on sth, you will see the pattern v + nipron + adv + prep. This
settle down to sth Come on children, m l e down to work now.
keep out of sth Keep out of the kitchen until I've finished shows you that the verb is used in sentences like this:

cooking. I i i like to _ t o k e ~ u p ~ - o n ~yo-ur~offerof o M f o r the night
v + pron + adv + prep
These lad two groups are sometimes called INSEPARABLEverbs as
the object always follows the particle.

At set out, you will see the pattermv + adv + to inf. This dexribes sentencessuch

as: Hes?t out to become a millionai~by the time he was thirty.

Boom out sth has two patterns: gzzi_Accoantforsthcanbewedinthepassim:

r+adv +n She boomed out instructions. abidela-! T h w i ~ i s a a * l * w f O rby rwmeses
v + adv + speech A voiceboomed out, 'Nobody move!'
a'blde by ath 0to aocept d m a law an lor mwIjMto
Building your6 say that it is impossible to know why sb likes
agreement. a decisio~etc. d obeg themilt sbfsththat yw do not like at .tall:humomw)'She
*--.Idioms Members nu& abideby the rules 4f theclub
vocabulary .,l,WF.., - ,+.-,rm. -,-.*lrl-.m -seems to like you.' 'Well Ihere's m acwurtting
rules, daclslm,the law
*--> rry*,. lor iwte!'
)S*ll) comply (wlth nth)
,bite alth 'offtocu t sth off by biting ft She bit off
eV+PWP
Many phrasal verbs have idioms a piec.e of c h m h ,te. o Hisfinger had k e n bitten

related to them. You will find these g$' a dug abound{anbarndl
immediately after the grammar adv+n + v+r
033tflbte/snap ~ .. Smean om (lwormag to snout accustomieaknstmn/
D'

patterns. The idioms in the at sb or speak to them angrily,often for no good a'bouml in#Hh sth (urrittkn)to have a lot of ee,custom a$ryoumw

reason:Ionly asked him when the work w l d bt sth; to contain a lot of sth: The rim them ,murself to doing dh (forno to make
abound hiwithfish.
in some way to the meaningof the stdyourself familiar w ~ t hsth;to k a m e used to
*n Ean ( i ~ r n a t~o tnrv to do ev+prep
phrasalverbwhereyoufindthem, sth: It shouldn't lake iom lo m W m w u r slu-
toomucho~sththatistoohiffic~tfory~~:~his
sCCedslak'stdl d ~ n lbo working in o It hmk o whilefor
.For example: time he's bitten flmore than he mnchew. -,, .,-
bermtoaccuslom themseltres0 thedark

hwahve nouns and C p d i S a s . ac'cede to sth ( r o m l ) to agree to or allow sth Q v nIm+prep

that sb has asked for, often after you have
onmwedlt forawhile: T h e n o w m m a n t ~ a~chete~kl
Nouns and adjectivesthat are related in meaningto a particular phrasalverb are pii~icp-ure ta review thea

given after the grammar patterns or any idioms. Sometimes the derivative has E- AST-l eretqous tehstc,adennbweaun&s *, ipnrtehrermm~ : 'ache for sb- to have a atrong desire for

more than one meaning, each one relatingto different uses of the phrawl verb. ~bl~~wtodosth:f~achfnglbr~.
E 3 lone k r sbfsth
---------.----- ..-.to find the=me dmvativewith a H a v e ~ l l o u requests k e n u.xeded to?
You will find the meaningat the appropriate entry, with a link to show you where Qv+pre~
-- -r --.-3 - >-. ..-. 0V+PEP
-47%
,mix sb 'up: b yad ,mixedI 'up to matke sb
different meaning. account~ a k u n t ~ acquainti ~ m t l
unable to think r:leady or urtderstand w'hat is

For example, you will find one h a w:ning: Now yuu'w mixed rn up completely! ac'ooud for sbrsth 1to lmow where s ~ s t h~s ac'qualnt sblpurssff wlth sth 0to
meaning of the adjective mixed-up Im !.o ca w h t
a t the verb it is related to, really c o zn.nf,m H e g ~ml i!xedup and or what has happened te them,esmiallyafter make sbly~umIfamfl* with or aware af sth:
mix sb up; be/get mixed up and Ine
wmwr,m an acc~dentor a natural disaster.All the people 'H e & ~ d & m l a k e h i s s o n a I o n g a n d ~ u a i n t him
who were wrking In the buiMing hnue nola km
F ,rnlxed-'up adj ( i n f o m l )confused because of m u n l e d Ibr o Them are three files that I mnl w'th lhe bELSiness'

social or emot~onapl roblems:she's a vew mixed- V+"'pmn*prep

another meaningat mix dh up up krd. m u n t fir Account for7sbisth is often act /=kt/

(with *h), a link from oneto .--3x e R ~ M ~ ~ E. D >-aLt MW"IX mi.u.p,,Cwm STH) used in the passive in this meaning. 2 (old-
fushiontd)to destmy sth or kill sb: Olrr guns 'act rw sth to perform a partlcuLarmle or fun*
the other.
m u n t e djorfiveenemyplanes. tim: W l l j l M~ OL~S imWpm&for us?otorge
Study pages fines act as a detmmztfomolorisdp.
Q V+PWP Dagent,m u l t a n t . I n t e r m e d h w ,
There IS a 25-pagesection of study pages in the middle otthis dictionary, You can deterrent EFW serve ss sth
use these on your own or in class with a teacher. They will help you to learn phrasal ac'cuunt for sth Ito expbln how mwhy 5th
verbs and give you practice in usingthem. happened:to he the explanationfar 8th:How da QV+P~P
you accountfir themt h l the box has d b p
Guide to the particles peamd? o Poor hygiene m y hue amomled for 'actfor ab(also,&on w h d d s b . p t o n sb".
the m w m in apes of the dissrrre. the fact be'hatfji F sb a& for you or acts on behalf of
At the end of the dictionary is a guide to the most common particles used in the you, they deal with your *airs for you, for
verbs in this dictionary and their main meanings. This will help you understand that...2 to beaparticularpart of sth;to beapar- example by representingyou in a courtof law, or
verbs better and be able to guess the meaningof new ones that you meet. by doing your dutywhen you are not able to:Do
ticular amount: Car crime nmruniedfor 28% of you huwea solicrlor actingforyoufoThe P r i m
all m p o W o m o Wages m u n t for Iess tuasactrng on hhar of the Qwem o ThePrince

thun half of the brrdgel. E3 a b r a~mou~nt, a

(particular) pmportlon, (so many) per cent

FE9 make up sth,represent sth 3 to keep a zwrsuctingonI h e Q w n ' s behuQ

rccord of how the money in your care will be BEd cllent

spent or hasten spent Everypenny of thefunds eV + P ~ ~ P
i~amountedfot: 4 to mns~derparticularfacb or
circumstances when you are maklng a decision 'act on sth (ah'& upon sth mrefimn I to
do sth as a m u l t of advice,information, instruc
about sth, especially when you are calculating
the cast OF sth: The mst of thefilm and the p m tions,etc. that you haverecelvd Thepolice-
assing wereail m u n t e dfor m Ihemlculntwn of anlng on iqformutionfromu m e m k of thepub-
the cusi 4f the service. lEB take sth Into
Iic, o I mjusi ucting on instructions.o IF my
ncwunt
advicehod been rmerItrpon, this umuld-haw

hagpznd &lee, lnlonnablon,Imtmctlons

. .,....-.......-.....*,.,,,-, ,,*. -,m,. *-, ,...-......-......-....-......a.,,m.....o,,,u...n...t,.

W Actonhiponatham be u& inthepassive background added to the afmosptm. o (Brb adhere /adWr)/ alight / a w l

in this meaning.2 to have an effect an sth: The Thehousehnshenaddedtoouertheyeum.o The sd'hem to sth (formu0to act in the way that a a'Hght MVupon s h t h ta notimsblsth

drugactson themntml nemus system. EtilAct fdat the holal is of a wry high stundard Add particular law, rule or set of instructions says suddenly;to h d or think of 5th by chance: My
that you should;tofollw or supportaparlicular
can be used on its own with this meanlng:The ta this t h q~zmlity cf the hem and the h e m opin~onor set of Mi& Thw Rnve adhemi crlighbsd onan old bwt o He$nul[y d g h t d
strictb to the W m qf the t?m&0. He found Ihe
-drugocls guickl~ and it Sclmr why this issuchapopuhr hoteI. dlet u e r y d m l l loudhereto. o Howmonywpie on a solution.
aalrnlly adhereta thrs vtew?
'e V + P ~ P E i d problems,number,knowledge, anJoymant E Z i prlnclplau, rules, guldellm IBBksep to B IFgMd u p o n W.th
ath (lessforma0
,acton be'hatf of sb; ,adon sb's be'half = -Add to sth canbeused in the passive. 0 v +prep
Adhere to ath can be used In the passive:
ACT FOR $ A Qv+pre~
All sofew repurremen&rntut beadhered lo.
,act 8th 'out 1 to perfom a story or eventsthat ,add to'gether, ,add sth torgether to come align/aklam/
have happened or might h a m , as if yw are 0 V+PWP
performing a play: The &her read a story and together to plpduce 8th; to join two or mom a'lign yoursePF with sbrsth to publicly sup
things, numbers, etc. together to produce sth: admit /aaw(a-) wrt a Wmn, a group of people or a set of opin-
thechildm acled it out. o Sheucfedoutherfunla- The games, the dancing and the good f&d all Ions: Thesenalwal&ned hImw,!fwith the critics
sies of w p stardom i n f h nt of her bedroom mir- added together lo make a mmombIe l e n . o of the pro^^?&&rim.
ror o rnguratiw)Thelulwlenationwmfollowing Whenall the d mfactors err addad togethm I
the dmma being acled out on thefootball field. tun understand her & ~ l o n . o Add the fuw num- *~+PM+P~~P

Elldory, fanksy 2 to act a part in real life:I bers togetherand dlvtde by three. ad'mH sth (formaI)to show that sth such as allow/a%u/
found myse&fCIFIing out the role of good, brnve
IF33 factors, numbers, costs an explanationor an answer Ispossible: to allow sl'lowfor sth to includesthwhen youarecalm+
patient 3 (technical) to express your thoughts +v+adv v+adv*n + v+n/p-cm+edv latlng sth or planning sth:Addan atm ten min-
sth to happen: Thesituation admits of only one ulps toyour journqrllmemalIo~~fIohramcBic. o
and feelings in your behaviow, offen without ,edd'up(iqr3rmr)1to seem reasonable:to&
erplenniion. I'ue h w h t a lrrrgesiketoallowfor #hefactt?mii!
h n g aware of it s e w : to have all the different parts agreeing mqv shrrnk inthe m h
!BE explanation,a- ZEE3 m I k w of sth
@v+sdv+n + v+nlpmn+adu w ~ t ehach other TherearethingsIn herstoty that
Q v +prep
,act 'up (itbfornsllll 1 to make sb annoyed by just don't add up o Now that I know where she
behavlng badk trying to get attention, etc: The rwls lust night, it's all Rm'nning lo adrd up.W agree/arm:/ the ~ s t b i l l t y , t h ef.etllmt..., d m
Add up with this meaning is used especially In
kidshawbeen&ingupaI1dqK2Ifamachmeor negative sentences.2 to increase gradually to W Allow far sth can be u s d in the passive:
part of the bady acts up, it does not work prop make a large number or amount: Saw a small
erly: Thecar'satctingngpagtzin.o M y ankle bm- amount a h month; it'll m n add up. 3 Sf two or a'grw wMh sb to make you feel happy or Thishad not k e n a l l o dfor in the budget.
more numbers add up, they come to the total
ingup I= ispainful and causingpmb1ems)i that they shouldor that you would expect: These healthy: You Imk mt! Marriage obviously & v + P ~
fim just don't add up.
LEEl play up a g m wilh you. o M w h m m s don't agree with al'low of sth toshowthat 8thsuch88 an
EEXEIAct up Is & e n d In the progresshe gv+adv me (=they make me feel iwsick).
-Agree wlth 5b is often used In negative explanation oranansweris&wssible;tomakesth
tenses. sentences.
possible:ThefuctsaZbwofonly onewIerurtIon
Qv+& Q V+PP *5admit of nth
v + prep
'act upon sth =ACT ON STH ,add 'up( m p ~ b l l yBrE), ,addsth 'upto calcu- a ' g m wlth ath; a ' g w wfth dolng sth to
late the total of two or more numbers ot
approve of sth,m i a l l y a policy or a belief: I

add amounts. lneuer muM& up o She'sWIY@ don't o g m with w p r l a l p u n i s h w l al'lude to sbrsth -0 to mention sWsth
,opn dlsagree with sth, dlsegrea wlth dolng
,addsth 'In to includesthwith 9thedw toput sth at adding up in her hacad. o Sheaddedt h e h u m s indirectly o r in a few words: He hated his
u p i n a t h e .o I ~ b u s e a c ~ k u E a t o r t o a d d sth
into sthe h or between two things:Sond me ih up thebill. mother's way of a1IUdimgW Jmn but never mtu-
Q V+PBP
newfigzres when the &itional haw h n EEd numbam,fVgm, -om, Eort ally saying hermm.

a&W in,o Pve& zn tme x b u p a ~ p h s . Qv+adv + w*adu+n 4 v+nlprm+a6v Alrude to sblsth can be used in the p s

Add can also be used with this meaning: ,add 'up to eth 1if twoor morenumbersor Ag- sive:Doyou know lhe-n w h IWSalld8d to
I'YPaddedamupleof exlrapnragmphs. uresadd up to sth,theymake a totalof 9thwhen
'aimat sth:'afmat doingsthto try to achieve in the reporl?
Qv+edv+n + v+nlpmn+adv they are added together: Can you anange the 'esth: to have sth as your alm: She3 drniRg at a
sportsscholarship, o W e n d m o h a t i ? x m i r r g V+P'BP

,add'on;,add'onto sthIAmF)tobuildanwrtw numbersingmlrps2hladdup10IO?oThecostof wtts. amount/amunt/
room or rooms on to a house or ather building: all the heeguipmmrtyouneedfor a baby ad& up ma
Tkydecidadtoaddon mthr than mow. e~ A k m t o d o s t h I s a h ~ w i t h t h ae'm~ ount to sth (no! UlCBd in the p m m d w
mnsideruhie sum. 2 (irllormal)to show sth; ta
Qv+& + v+sdv+prep meaning:~ Z d o y o u a i mfoachkw? lenses) F to add up to sth;to m u l t in a findtotal
have a particular meaningor result:Hts e v W v + prep
,addsth 'on:,addsth 'onto nthto include5th didn't redly add up to very much (= gaveus very of 6th: Themsl of the trfpawu10ted ta well wer
'aim stk at sb!dh ifyouaimsthatap&imlar Xml o Themoneyl p y in taxand i w m mo m
or attachsthextra:Headdedaon lothebi1I. little information). o Ail in all, it adds up to a person or group, you do or say sth that you lriburlons arnunls m about 40% of my s a b q

W Add (to sth) can also be used with this pretdycbaspemle sifuation. intend tohave an&ect onthem:Therrduertlsing P D comstosth2tobeequQltoorthe~~meas

meaning He addedfZ Lo the bill. IF3 amount to 5th mmpniqn isaimdprimarilyal youngpeople. o 1 sth: Whnl they drd ornunred lo a brerrch of con-
Qv+nlpmn*adv + v*adv+n r
*v+nlpron +adv prep Qv+adu+prep was maaiming my remclrk~utyou t m . o It doesn'tmatter w M b Ipay or my bus
rernurks,cdtlclsm, campalgn
b W b n n a thing that isadded to mincluded address/aniirm/ b a d pays -it amounts' lo the snme thing in the
Aim sth a t sb 1soften used in the passive. and o I#all amounts to a fot of hard work. EE)
with sth else: The calalogw adverlIsed addans ad'dress purself to nth (@mat)to think Q v +nlpmn+ prep
such as extra memory and n about a problem or a situation and decide how soma ta Sfh 3 if you say that sblsth doesn't
pra d~I~Wunits soflwure,o a d d ~ you are going to deal with it: We must a d d m
be 'alrned at 8th;b'aimed; at ddng d h to amount to much, you mean that helshelit isnot
have sthas an alm or purpose: !i'he newscheme b wry important:He'Il n e wamount to anything. o
'add to sthto increasethe size,amount,number, ourselues to lheprobllemof t m p o l l u t i o n .
etc. of sth: Taking the chiklren with w muld +e i m a! reducing u?wrnp~ment. The fn~iormntlownehove d m ' t a m o u n t 0much.
only a& to ow problems, o MuskpIoyhg rn the er+pmn+vrep be+v+prep EE3 addup tosth

@ v +prep



a s ' d a t e yourself wkh d s t h 0to b ~ I v e ofs allthe hotet's semiw. o I'd like to ......................................................................................................... ......-.........................- .....................-..............
say that you agree with sb or with their ideas:
It uras unrwzsonable io expm ihe D e m ~ l v l slo ouailmys?Vof thtsopporduni& to hankyouall.
~ f n t k&m s e i w with spending curs and m
EEi f~lllWeso, pportunity
inc-. Qv+pmn+m

r a p P , d l ~ ~ U ~ 4 w d l averager m l backM. I. DEB p u f t m t + p u l l w t d ~ , p u l l o u t . o t d ~

ev+pmn+vrep ,average 'outto mult in a fair or equal amount ,back a'way; ,back aWay from sblsth to nth;wlthdraw (from sth)(nmomfimO

attend /antend/ over a p e r i d of time or after mal m s i o n s : move backwards away h m sbtsth frightening +v+adv v+adv+pmp
Sometimes I do tfw d i n g and sometimes my or unpleasant: He stepped forward and sha
attend to sbmth (formal)to deal wlth w take jlallotmate W .It averages out over a month (= h c k d a w j in alarm o The child bucked atwy ,back 'up;,back rblsth 'uptomovebackwards
responwbilityfor 8th: to give practical help and results in us each dobg the same amount of from thedog neruousljr a short distance,especially in a vehicle;to make
care to sb who needs it Ihnw some urgent busi- cooking). sbhthmovebackwardsa shortdistance: Youmn
ness to allend $ao (BrO Are you being attended e v + a d v rotmat(fmm sW&) (momfOt+fd baek up another i w mem or so.o J&f backed
to? ,werage 8th 'out(al rth) to calculatethe aver- the van up and d m off qujdF1~4m m t i v e )
+se@olsonncKa m 2 Thew m n was backed upagainst the ~ 0 1 1 .
)svrr) w,mwme 5th(moreJormn
+v+adv + v+adv+pmp
*@ v +adv + v +nlpron+ adr v+ adv n
bll~hOSsd. ~curto-, k ~ r ~ I h : ~ s s t age of sth: yuu amage it our, there's am?mr ,back a'way from sth; ,back a'way from
msto~len euery .three minutes. o The tax oWhoritim doing sth to avoid doing sth unpleasant or ,back 'up;,backsth 'upif ~ c b n c k e n p o r l s
ER)l o o k a f t n r sbloo hacked up,~tcannot move andformsa longline:
dficult; to show that you no longer supprt an Two l a m were c M by the mW,musing
(~f0~maO awmged out his profir at fl0ma year overfive action or an idea: We will laot back oluay@~om cars lo bacR upfor mtles o The W j i c ts bricked
tough m w s m . o The unbn hm h n s k d uway up to ihe m c lights.
+v+prep yean. from mlling astrike. W B a c k 6th up is nearly dways used in the

attribute/ambju*/ @v+adv+n + v+n/pron+adv +v*adv+p~ep passive.
,average 'atal sth to have a particular
Ntrlbu!e sth to sb to consider, perhaw amount as the mrage overa period of time: The 6 vtadv + r+nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n
wrongly, that 5th has been written, painted, lime sheswmkpmctising thplnno aueragesout ,back'down(o-m sth)totaltebackachimor
spoken or created by a particular person: This at about an hour a day a demand that you have made, or sth that you ,back sbMh 'up 1to say or show that what sb
painting is wualIy allributed toGoyn. says is true: I tell my plr& I rws with you,
@v+adv+prep have said,usually becaw sb forces you to: Nei- wilFyou Back m u p ? o Hisversionof events knot
lher of them will h c k downon this issue. e His
)SYH) a d b e sth bsb critlm weref o r 4 60k k down. bock& up by theavidmlce~ESJm m e n t , elalrn
2 to supportor help sb/sth: Me2 mmplalnad that
Q u + nlpron+prep m m k 9j e (awok~e /a'wwk:krnE EE9 cllrnbdown ( w w 8th);glw In (to her hushand never backed her up In the control of
the chiidnn, o W i n g her up (= playing music
at'tdbuts sth to sblsthto considerthat 5th is a'woukl,awoken/a'waokan;AmEa'wwkm/) to support her) ~ lthesband 'Midnigh!Express'.

caused by a particular person or thing Hi3 ow- awake to d h V 0 r n I )to h e aware of sth 3 s C ~ U ~ O B A COKFF (FROM STHIPROM DOING STH), +IEQ support sWsth
and itspssible results;to realheor understand r +nlpron+adv v+ adv +n~~~~)
cesscan be largely attributed tahard wrk.Q She sth- Theyfinally aluoke ta thefulI &ent of the BACK OFF STH
problem. o I suddenly a& lo thefaa that Ihad t 'backupn [C]fl](AmE,W ) ( - f i y &as
sad she u m not going taattribute blame or a k Qv+adv
*t h m w infront of me, ~~,back 'ott I(Informan to stop an &ectiue) music that supports the main
revengefor whol had hap- S W O ~ A W A K E NTO STH. AWAREN 80 TO STH or singer or player In popular music or jazz: a

*EBD ascrih 5th to sblsth:put d m to ah ev+prep annoying sb:Back off Md Ier me make my own backup 5ing.w for Steuia!Wondero She once sag

( ~ S S ~ 0O F ~ decisiom.o Thepmshawugmdfobackflalard

@ v +nlpron+prep lenw the muple alone. 2 to move away h m

auction/ k u n ,BE 'oh-/ sWsth frightening or unpleasant: As t h hmd

awaken/aawe~kan/ teacher apprmched the children btPdrad ofl

,auction sth 'OW to sell sth at an audon, espe- a'weken to m,a'waken sb to 5the r n 0 retreat (fromswath) see also BACK AWAY, BACK

cially sth that sb no longer needs or wants:The to become aware of slh, or to make sb becorns AWAY FROM SBlSTH bwkupfir Madonna.
aware of sth, and its possible results:People a m + = U ~ U B A C K - U P ~ ~ B A C K S TUHe
how and all ILP mnlmfs will be auctioned fl gmdunlly aluakening lo their rights. o Thep u b gv+adv
nm week.
,back 'off(from sttdrom ddng h l ,,beck 'off ,back sth 'up 1 ( m m ~ ~ t I n g ) t o m a k e a w ~ o f a
@v+adv+n 4 r+nlpmn+adv lit has hawakened 60 the full horror of the sth (especiallyAm9 to decide not to continue to file, a program, etc. that can be wed if the ori-
ginal one ISlost or damaged:We back up all the
situnlion. do sthorsupport an idea,in orderloavoida dm-
cult or unpleasant situation: The government fiIeseuerynight. fl1e2toaddsthextratosth,
a'vall yoursmtf of hW m l )to make use of +See U b AWAKE TO 8TH b n c M ofT in theface of strong opposition. o He especial& as a support: The lecturps will be
&v+prep 4 v+nlpmn+prep
8th. to take advantageof sth,usually to improve refused to Lmk o f f r o m his wrlrer sfniemmt.o backed up by pmcttml work. o They backed up

your situation: Guests are mmurqged to auail The &Is hwkd fl their demandfor meeting their dmnaRdswith threats.

wrth thePmidenl. &v+nlpmn+adv + r+adv+n
seealso eAcK new ( O N ~ R O WSTH)
w 'back-upn I[Ulsupport or helpthat you can
Qv+adv + v + p p U.R.P..in..a.rder to do sth: milihrv back-YDo Th#

,back 'ontosth Wh'i)f a bulldingbacks onto haw n huge-h&-up learn.2 [ciasecondpieceof
sth, It has 5th tehind It: The Rote1 backs onto the equipment. set of plank percan, stc. that can
goIf mum. replace another if necessary:He 'sourk k - u pif

6' V + P ~ ~ P anotherplayer h ' t availubk.o thehk-up pian

,beck 'out;,back 'out of slh;,back 'out of 9 [C] (computing)a copy of a ffle, program,etc.
doing sth to decide not to do sth that you had for use in case the origtnal is lost or damaged:
agreed orpmmisedto do:E w W i n g ' s a r m W . Haw you kepi a h c k - u pof thisple?oa buck-up

It's too [rife to buck out mu o There'sstill time O disk
+s@e &hBACKUP B ~ B A C Km T H UP
back out of selurye theh o w .

baaMI (-I balemi -bang tbml banked on getiing a cup qf &ke at the a i m
,bag sth 'upto put sth,usuallylargeamounh of but evewing uxls closed, o He was hw~kingon
m ~ ),bale 'out:,bale 'out of ath ,banga'round(also,brign'beutesmially BrB she tmin k i n g on time. o Shemight already haw
stb, intoabagorbags: Thewegetabbamhggd = BAIL ow, to move around noisily: We couM hear t h m
up on thefarm andthensentoutto theshop. h i n g n h u t upstairs,nuruiagihings. cieawd up butlwouldn't bank OR It.
HAIL OUT OF STH I
Bag sth canalsobe usedwiththismeaning. evtadu count on sblsth,eount on ddng M,
Q v+adv+n a v+nlpmn+adv ,,,,bale 'out;, M ea2h 'out(&m =BAILOUT,MIL
ov~ count on sbl* dolng ath: reckon on sUsth,
bail
,bale 'at,.bale sbhth 'out of sth ,bang a'way 4 . ( h f m m O to hit sth 1pwatedly reckonon dolng sth,mckon on sblstk dolng

( R ~ E=)BAIL SBISTI~OUT, BAIL SBISTH OUT OF STH wlth lots of force or energy:She p k k d UP uphe ath
*v +prep v +prep+dpmn +to inf
hammer and hgan brvlglng away with mthusG

,bail 'aut:,ball *odd sth 1(BTEa h .bale balk ma^^ asm. 2 if sth suchas your heart bangs away, It ,bank 'up;,bank sth 'up IBrE) tu form into a
makes very loud regular sounds: My hwn wap large pile; to make sth form a large pile: The
'out, ,hk'wtofnth) tojump outof a plane that hngingaway unhea2th;Ip
is going to crash, using a parachute (= a large 'balk at sth; 'balk at ddng sth (-flu srrowI&ndbnnkduponeithero~otfherwd.
Qv+adv
PleCe of cloth that owns out like an umbrella =enurnAT STH, M u L K AT DOING STH Qv+adv a v+nlpmn+adv t v+adu+n
,bang a'way at sth IAm&,i?@~rmuOto work
and makes people fill slowly and safely): The
very hard at sth: She ban& m y all drry at her -
crew jmt M time lo h i 1 orat 2 0to stop

dorngsthor takmgpart insthbecause it i s d f i - ,balls slh 'upWEEA)tospoil sth;todo6thvery assrgnment+ ,bargaln ath a'way (mre)togive away 8thvalu-
cult or unpleasant: Theactor who luassupmsed badly ,srw, bash away (at sth)(BE? able or Important in exchangefor sth less valu-
h bepbying !hewnboiM out. +see o h BACK
A more polite. informalway of sayingthis &v+adv+prep able or imprrhant: Thelerrders Med lo bnrgnin

OUT,BACK OUT OF STH, BACK OUT OF DOING STFF 1s foul Bth up or bungle 8th ,bang sth 'down to put 5th down quickly and away thefeedom of iheirpwpk.
with a lot of force so that it makes a loud noise: +v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
e v + a d u v+adv+pmp @v+nlpmn+adw v+adv+n

,hi!'Out ,ballsth 'Out(BrEah,bak'out,bah b 'balls-up n (A,skng, espechlly i9rEj m e - He banged hisfist down on thelabk o He hnged fwwnt)
8th 'out)to throw water out of a bcat with a con- thing that has been done very badly: I ma& a thephone down (=ended the telephone conversa-
tainer orwithyourhands:Thebwfwillsinkunless real boils-upofmyexam. tlon) beforeImuId&xpInln. 'bargaln forlon sth; 'bargaln Form dolng
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n 5th; 'bargain forlon sbleth dolng sth to
we h i 1 out. o Thgrsiartedbaillng theboat out. A more polite, informal way of sayingthls expect or be prepared to do sth; to e m sth to
,bang'Into sbtsth tocrash intomhit sbtsthvio- happen or sb to do sth: We hadn't b u r g a f d f o r
bo=t,watW 1s foul-up. lenmusualIy by mistake: He ran around thecor- such bad weathe%o 1hadn't bagotned on taking
ner and banged &to an old lady who luasmmhg
&v+adv r v+nlpm+BdY + v + d r + n the kids with us. o Ididn't $argainJor Jake being
,bailsb 'out (fnw) ta pay sb'shfi (= the money bandm u d l

that sb accused uf a crime has to pay if they do ,bandto'gethertoformagroupandacttogether the other way. at the wrtlr o When he tried to awue mIth Kate,

not appear a t their hial) for them,so that they m order to achieve sth, etc: We tu band ev+m hego&okthan re h a d b ~ ~ d n e d f oorW. hal

canbe set flwunt~tlheir trial together toJightthezer%forms. ,bang 'ona b w t sblsth (BrE, Ilgforrrml)to talk I hadn't bargained for was that veryfew pmpk

+ v + n l m + a d v . v+adv+n v+adv or write a lot or tn a boring way abut 6th:Put is would speak English.

,ballsbnth 'out:,ballsblsth 'omof 4th ( B E aEwy$ bmging on abut mlftlcs.o She keew BE) reekon on sblath,mkenonddng ~th.
hngingon aboul how t u o d r f u l herson a
a h .bale sbisth 'out,,bale ablstk 'wt of sth) bandage /kndrd3/ reckon on sblsth dolng 5th

(informnh to rescue sWsth f¶vm dimculties, ,bandage sbMh 'up to map a bandape (= a IEE) goon (aboutsblskh) EiElThese phrasal verbs are u9uaUy used in
especiallyfinancial difficulties: Thegovernment long narrow strip of material) around a pi?of
hm ref& to$ail thecompany outagain. the body that is @ u r d : Joe brrndngcd me up (g v+adv+prep negativesentences.
until the W r mme. o I didn't see the burns e,bang 'out sth; ,bang When?'out (irV3rmuD
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + V+PMP
becawe herfingerswereallbadaged up.
v+nlpron+athr+prep 1 to play music very loudly: He hnged out the
EEJ wound. sbC lwann,m k
C. 'ballowl n (ospciully AmE, fi~inanoe)an act of Bandage sblsth up is often USAin the tuneon thepiano. 2 to write sth very qu~cklyand barge/ h d 3 : ~ m ~ h - r & /
glv~ngfinanclalhelp to a cornpan): economy,etc.
to save it fromfalliwg~varnmentIbankhiloukP pacsive. Bandage sWsth is alsoused wlth this wlthout taking much care: She was banging out ,barge 'in (on Wsth), ,barge 'Into sth (InJ%r-
o a hiloulpnckage four mvek a w6 IE9 b S h d h Out (BrFJ; mno 1tomteraplaceorjoinagmupofpeople
meanlng. chum sth out
quickly and rudely, without being ask& Sony
A noun must always m o w out. but a prp t o M h , h t...oShebrrrgedinonowmting
Qv+nlpmn*adv v+adv+n noun comesbetween theverb andoat. wtlhoul knocking. o Hejust
balancepbselansl (his way)inlo
+v+adv+n .v+pmn+adv
the m m .2 to interrupt what sb is doing or say-
,bangsbtsth 'up( A d , iqfommfl to damageor ing,especially when you havenot &n Inv~tedto
'balanceA against B to comparethe value or b a n d ~ l ' b n d i l (b.dk..bmdying,t#ndl.d,
importance of one plan, mrnent. etc aminst I ~ J W sblsth, especially by hitting sth else: I joln in: As soon as I pn& for breath. &Id
another: You m w ilh& the high &laa bandfed) barged in, 0 Youmn" j u t coma hrging into o w
aguinrt thelong tuorkinghlrrs. banged up my knee when Ifell flthe bike.
,bandy sth a'boul (also ,b.ndy .th a'mund &v+sdv+n + v+nlpmn+adv wnuersnthnl
E B net sth amlnst sth eslwcialiyBE)ifa word,anme+etc. isbandied
about,it is mentioned or talked about by many beiget ,banged'up(BrE,i n f o m O t o b locked Qv+adv + v+prep
6 v+ nlpmn+prep people, often in a careless way: Thesturles being
bnndied about ore cvmplereIy fa&, o He's nut up or put in prison:He wasbawtdup in a S i W barkw k m b a x k l
,balance'out;,balancesth 'outrupifth- pow jail for six months.
that are very different or have opposite effects mid onythrng like the £#ama lueekfism being
balance out or you balance them oat, they 4$~belget + v+ Etdv ,barksth 'outto ahoutathloudly:Shebwkdout
bandiedaround
become equal in amount or value: you eat a insWhmZoh8r~~
uoriefyof fdp,rotein and mrbohydmu will mstory,flgurer, wwdltann
M o m out o w r a week. o Weneed to inu& t h m Ellordsn, lnstntalons rapsth wl
W Randy sth aboatlaround Isusually usad
moregirk m bnlance up the numbers (= so that m the passive. 'bankon 8- 'bank on ddng ath: 'bank W Rark sth can also be used with the same
on sblsth doing sth to rely on sWsth: to be meaning, He h r k e d o r d m at T f m
there are equaln u m b r s of boys and girls). &v+adv*n v+nlpmn+adv confident that sth will happen: 1'm habankimpon
*g v + a d v + n * v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+ap#zh
&r+adv * v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
your help o I'm hnking on you to helo me.o I'd

. -..b..a...r..r..l.c....a..d.e................................. .................................1.0................................................-...................,....... *,,,..........,*

barrleade/,mkerd{ ,bash 8th 'out(BE, wimal)to write 8th vwy ,Wsth ' o u t ( l ~ r m a Lesmiulty Brmto sayor be 'down to sb to be the rmponsibilimof akto
qulckl%without taking much Eare: I don't do sing sth very loudly or in a harsh voice: 5% besb'sfault:It's&wn toyou@he@lhrmrmra
bad,&= yourself& 'I,; be*,-de
M t giwyou an order She bawls it out. o The Qv+adv+pr%p
youmetftsb 'Inl~ntofln'sldesth to put up a IJustbhthmout. be ' d m to sfh to onlya little moneyleft
line of objectsat the entrance to a mooor build- chiidmn h w k d o u t tht?songSn
in& so that nobody can get in or out, usually to ~ + ~ ~ , " ~ Y+ ~ m n +v+adu+n 4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mrP) b I'mdownlomy last&Ih

protect or defend yourself or sb else: T k p o l h , b s h sb 'UP (&rE, W r m b to attack sb vio- v+adv+m Qv+adu*prep

mild when he barricaded hi-rf in. 1"tIly *UP be/bl:m f m b k l (Warn,~ m gw,ar {waa, ibetgo 'down wfth 8th to have or catch an ill-

They b~rrbxdedt h e m i w h i d e their house. o woa;AmEwaz,whe\,wsmIwa(r), #:(r)/, M n +ness:Glll'sdown withflu
v +a& +prep
Famllm had to be bebarticaded insidea resta~rigap Bashsbupisusedlezs often than thesynw /bin,bmo

w h i k s t & @ n t s p r u w~ lslde. nym beat sb up be 'In 1 to be in fashion:mlsklrts me in #his

&W room, hwrse @ v+n/prOn+adv v + a b + n season.2 to be electedtoapolitical position:The

@ v+nlprnn+adv v+nlpm+prap batMl M. t.1. -aRer -on bmocmtsam infir another iernt.
-at 12 - o n a m
baselbersl ,bat sth a'rouml(inform0 to taLka h t or &- *v+sdv
--"away - / p l w p on a!
Base 8th on sth( a h at,,,~ upon &mwp cugsvlansorideas,etc.beforeycudecidewhat to -onto be 'In for sth (Irsfomdj to be going lo experi-
formno touse orhavem id- an-fieme. etc. -berm ence8th soon,espeAallysthunpleasantShe's in
do: We'reim b a t l i ~ S m he i k s o m W-. bhind -out forn shock. o It lwks hke we're infiro srorm.
as the point h m which 5th can de dml&: @Id I d ~ s . f i g u m 8 beh~ndm
-outfor

Themuelisbnsedonatrwstorjr o&kbming &v+rlrpmn+adv 4 ~ + & + n -down -outof beevfg+eatd'Ivn+opnmspth(ilafwmafi tohave a shareinor
of two .wit. -down m -war knowledge of sth;to be or become involved In
the pmsecutmn cuse on the ev- -psd
ne-. 0 w h th~e design based w orhs batten1- -down W sth:Amyou3non~he?oI'dlikelohinon
r n ~ ~hnrrt htustd upon i m r & imrm- 4go d m with - thmugh hdeal.
#ton.o Sue's kno.wl&e of Japan was bns@d only ,batten sth 'downtofasten 9th firmly firmly &order -in
on whutshehndmadin books. to prevent damage by starms or winds: Thqr -in- - UP
mamged lo batten &urn the shutters and doors
bselslon,theoty, deslgn, qlnlon, stc -/get in on - upwrist
E 5 l l Base sth onRlpon 5th is often used inthe Wore the hurrimne hit -up Mfore
-(well) Inwltt~ -up for beQ(vw+eadllv)+'Ipnrewv ith sb to be (very)menuwith
@v+adv+n r v+n/pron+adr sband likelyto get an advantagefromthe£riend-
-Into -uplo
13 -upon
-off

passive . b a t t e n d mfhe'hatchwtopreparefordif- +ship
ficult times ahead: Businesses are b--m.m- -l n ~ v+a&+prep
v + Wpmn +prep b~ sthto try to gat or obtain sth:Saueml be 'Into sth to haw a taste forw an Interest in

bash ~ J E down the h t c h e s and preparing pr a dimuz p o p k i n t h e o ~ a r e ~ t M w m j osbhe. 's sth: Are you inlo jazz rnwic?oHe'sbaen inlo
bmngbuniw. IwrclnrImwhats&'s&
Ju--m..r t m f n s s s f n c e M w t w a s m I lBoy.

, h s h sbtsth a'bout ( B E , Worm0 to hit or bmerr~r)~ QV+P~P eswespecInIIy W.Ej = srr/ool eV + P ~ P
strike sblsth and treat themlit in a roug-h m y.:
,batter nth 'down to hit 8th EepeatedFy until it b 'at ab (I-, he 'Off 1to leave;to go,- M y in a hurry:I
Themuggerhadkshedherabout breaksandfalls down: Theonly rurry&get in unrs must be ofl 2 to have gone bad and not be fit to
KEEP ON AT 68 eator drtnk:Thismilk is on
(4 v+nlpion+ adv
be 'atsill to be busy doing sth:He3 kern at his
.bash a k y <at+th) (BrE)ta work very hml at ro hl&rthedoordotom +v*abu
sth fora periodof tlme:IbaPhsdawyatihe&- @Jdoor= k e a k h clcmn:&.(hh essaynllnight. oI'ilbeal fialldnylomorroul
be 'off 8th 1 to have no interest in sth:to have
icie w~thoutab r e a k h m I 1 until 6. +v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n +V+PW
Ov+a& stopped liking sth. She can't b w1I.Ske's &n
be 'at It to behave badly; to argue or Wt: ofl herfood all A.o That's it I'm f l menfor
TIw kids omai It again.
,bash 8th ' d o r m ( i ~ l , ~ ~ b~ ar~~l kt( so m t a & ~ r @ w ~ ~ l ~ u b . ~ k ) be a'wayto not 'be at Dome, especially when YOU lve. 2 to have finished speak- on the tele
destroy sth and make it fall bv hittlnn it vi-*- Ib~:kl are on holidayMW.atlm or on a buslness trip: phone:Isn'theofl thephoneyet?
~ e n d~~ h: ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ h a d l o b a s h ~ at d o [ s~th to We'll bt o m y for the month of A w w t . oHe5 b v + prep
mdoorbmreak *h h'beaudlk~ ar td aomw; .baulk

(mmfirmao, unwilling to do sth or to get involwd In rth away on brrsilmessat the moment. rnmbe ,off for 'sth(#rformoOm have a particular
knock 5th d o w n ( m o ~ o m ~ becauseit is dlfflcult, dangerous,expensive,etc:
Hehulkedat theidea of Mlinghispurents where *v+a& amount of sth:How am w flfor (= how
+v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+edv+n
ke before ~b=BE UP BEFORE SB much havewegot)?
,bash 8th 'in(infinraal,espedully Brm to bmak h e m g o i n g .
or destroysthbyhlttingltviolently: Thwhdom EZZl Idm,mpame be be'hlndsbtogive sb your supportDonWar- +v+adv+pr%p
*get that W'W behfndpuall theww be 'on1(of anwent, a show,a perPormanoe,etC.1
had k e n W e d in. @ V+PW V*PBP to be happening:to take place: Is ##party
EQ wlndow, haad.skull. m -e-
EE)smash sth in bawlb y ,bbe'hlndvrfth sthtobelatedoingath,suEhaa on?2 (of a performer)t o be on the stage;toper-
paying abW,yourrent,etc:We* behindwiththe
Bash 8th in is oftenusedInthe p a s s i ~ ,bawl sb 'outI M m l )to s w k angrlIy to sb mortgage repayments.o I'm Mind with my cob form:Who's on m?o We'reonafter the support

+u+nlprcm+adv *v+arhr+n +Icge usrgmenrs. band, 3 (of f d ) to be cooking:Am the p o t o m
03Il .bash sbk 'k&bralm In (Womanto hit bemuse they have done 5th wrong: hfy baaa v+adv +prep m?
sb very hard:Shut w o r r l l baFhyourbminsin! hwledrrPe outfir hInsIrrk,
I S 3 tell sb afl (for 6tMforddngsth) h'downif a computer systemtsdown,it La not cAv+adv
, b s h "a (with nth) (ME.Wrml)to continue ,,6+. n,pmn +a*
workhe hard at sth: Lei's bash on. oI'd k M r + adv + &you'rs (spoken,~lrformalu) d whenyou
bash on w ~ l hmy work. , ,, (wrmat),-iwbwt working temporarily:SureIyy o w c O m P W isn't
down again? are acceptinga bet ora c h a w
E B eat on Iwlth sth)Imowfirmarj
am of speaking angrily to sb because they haw Qv+adv be 'onsb if sthsuchas drinks,fwd, ti-, etc.
Qv+a& are on sb,they are paid for by that m n : The
donesth wrong be 'down on sbtotreat sbseverelyorUnealrlY:
He'sbeenreaUy&wnonmMl~ drinksumon mtonigh1.nkht.

@ v+PreP

be 'on sth 1 to be taking medicine, a drug, etc: be 'outof sthtohaveuwdupa pupplyofsthand be 'up ta sth (Iru3rmal)1to be busy doing sth,
S h e ' s k n onihepillSorlenyears. o r'ntonstrong havenothingleft We'moutof swar
~~~ ~ i n k i l k2mto be talking tosbon thetelephone: @ v +a& u prep mpe~iallysth bad: Whol ?laveyw been W ,bealsb 'baaktomakesbmwebackwardsaww

she's ken on thephonefor to be eating be 'wer sb to have returned to your usualstate labehy?~T h e k l d F m q u f e t - I'rPnsum they'rew from sth: She rws beaten t u c k bythePames.0
ro Mgmd (= they are doing 8th bad). 2 to be as T W t r M lo beat theenemyf o m back.
or drinking &I: I'm on t h W ~ I W Y of happiness after the end of a relatfonshfp:It
thFPmorniag wns hardat~rstb,ut I'm o m him nour g o d aspeopleexpxt: Wasywrntaol up tostand- Beat sb back isusuallyusedin the pass&.

Av+n-lr I@oml) used e v + w p ard? +v+nIpron+adv * v+a&+n

.V P.YC m& ~ * a d v * W P ,beat 'down(on/upon sbl*) I if the sunbeat8
what am you 'an?(s-, uvkatb up?
*when you are wry surprised at sb's behaviour be to your (spoken i n f w m 1~ used toask mrndown, it shines with great heat: The sun bw#
"
state of health after an illness:He's o m theflu sb if there is sumethingwrong: Youh k terrible! down all ufternmn a clear sky. 2 if rain
and are suggestingthat they areacting ina siml-
lar way to sbusingdrugs nom What's up? 0 Imuldn't rcndersland what was up beats down, it falls with great form: The rnln

Qv+m mfthGeorge.2 used as a greetingto mean 'how was lanling down on #hem.

ba 'on about sth (bg-orrnal,m p ~ i ally@ to be 'wst't(wmo~toshowthatymthink are you?, 'what have you been doing?', etc ev+adv
talkaboutsth,oPteninaboringway;torneangth:
He's a l w y s on aboul how rnllcn money he eorns. sb is so old that they can no longer do anything be u'ponsb (formnilto be goingto happen verg , b a t sb~sth' d mto persuadenb to reducethe
Or interestinTghe *'ldren &Whedat soon T~etecrwnIsalmasr umnILT. price of 5th: to get sbto accept a lower prim for
0 WhQtareyouon about?(=I don't r e d y h h anrIaid he w a s m it
stand). 4 v +prep sth: Chrktriadlo h ithem downlo a io~erp*.

ev+adv+prep +v+prep+~t rnknock sblsth down

bIgheepat rb 1l (mmal, be '*mugh (bab) to be ronnectedto sb on the @ v +n / p m +a& a v + a h +n (hJh7ma)

e s p m B~rE[)btotry to persuade sb to do sth $y "Iephone Y w h t h m ~ h m m You'rr ,beat 9th 'down 1to hit 8th hard. &n many
talking about it verg often and in an anno- *Othemnagwmm ,bear '~QWIon s b t h( a h,bear Idarmupon times, untll ~tfalls down: Tlaepol& had 0M t
way: I'ue k e n on at my husband to go so the doc- sblsth moreformnl) 1 (=phi@BrE) to move the door doun, o h p l e am hndly beat- the
towards sblsth in a determined or threatening dam down mgether hat b w k (= they are not
106 but he mn't. be 'through (with sblnth) (especlnlly AmE) to
way:A m u x l cfjournalisAF born do~unon the rushhg to buy it). EEl dear b w k 5th
BE) n q sb havef~nishedusingodroings* tohavehished
Q v+adv+pmp v + p p m i n i s ~ o Ahwrimner is bmrfng down on d m ; batter 8th dmrm 2 to make 8th flatter or
a relationship wrth sb:Aren't you FAmugh w? c e w l Am&. 2 (eswtirrllyAmEE if a prob- lower by hitting it hard, usually with sth flat: I
You've h n lem o r a ditlcult situation bears downon you, ~ w d sapade to tatdown themuduntil it uhww
be sonto*b 1to becomeawm thittsb 0 He p r a m h i Re was through it makes youfwlvery worrid and has a severe and hard. o 5%0 rwmen tried to beot down the
with dmgs. o Keith andIare through.
has done sth wrong or illegal slid be tryingto
ev+adv
catch them: Thepaliceamn'!onto wpt. 2 to talk +mecton you:Thedraught i s h r r w d o m n wry j E Q m on his back.EZJflames
to sb about sth, especiallyto coinplainsbout sth hE 'up 1to be awake: b ' m W e a m
UP all night. 2 (of the wlnd, the sea, &c.) to hard on farmers.3 (espciaJly AmEl to press v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
or ask them to do sth: rue k n onto the muncil
or push on sblsth: Cligumtiue)Theg o m m e n t ,bed sbtsth 'off 1to drive sblsthback or
eabut Iheno&. increase in strmgth or bpcome violent: I n the has announced It will bear down on (= deal by lighting: They b w t off an attack & hhrebe!
V+PWP strictlywith) irlflntion.
morningthe wind uxrrp up and we m t twdyfora army. o ~ e % i e dlo beat the thugs of with a
dOYk sof1irag. 3 ((spoken.iwiirnm0 (of a drink a @v+adv+prep
be amto to find or sththat cwld onstick. E E l attack,attnckar 2 to defeat s h t h in
meal,etc.) to be ready: W 3 up!Comeandgel It. 'bear onmpon sb/sthuormtd)to be connected
hirvevery gd results you or sb else: She a comwtetltlon. Themmpany has beaten W V
*seeab
could be onto sonrsthing (= she might hw dis- To withsblsth:to hoveaneffect onsWpth:Thisdaci- strong competitionfmrnabmnd. EEd chl!enga,

coverd sth that wfflpmve important). @u+adv sion bmrs d i m l y on our evemiby [iues. mpetltlon
E9 dfed stu'sth
$v+PW h'up againsta b t h toke fadng problemsor &v+adv+n + v+nlprwrtadv
difficulties: W e k up agailrsi tough mmptifion.
nod,tohavesbtoppewdork asapmtestand ba E.E.l7lThis verb 1s rnaLnly used In written Eng- 'beat on sb MrnE. idormal) to hit o t klck sb
on strfke: Themstal workersorsstlllovt. 2 to be O rhmprayers 'Mu& lh@Yuh?re raa'rV up e" 11Sfi.
nolonger in prison: I'veheardSmilA3out V+@P repeatedly
if a jury (= a group of m p l e who decide the aminsf it I= in a dimcult situation). oDo YOU see O h W A T SB UP:BRAT UP ON SB
results of a competitionorwhether or not sb 1s
*m l i r e w h t W ' u h ~ p a g a i ~ f l ,bear s b t h 'out ( e s m h t i y Brm to show that e v + p r e v
guilty of a crime) is out, they m stiu trying to v*&*P'Bp sth is true or that what sbsays IsW e :to support ,beat 8th 'out 1to pmduce a r m m b~ M W
sbtsth:Iolwaysslrldshe'd doruell. John will bear
make a decision 4 to no longer be in fashion: be 'UP bfore sb at.^ be* *)to -r me out on this. o John will bevlr out w h t l s 0~ ~ 6th such as a drum repeatedly EZ!i rhythm 2 to
in court or beforeajuof*: He'supmom t h j d ~ @ putoutaflwbyhitting it withsthsuchasablan-

Black ls out thisyea,: o F b l i r e w s s m r o &out ~ r r o ~ Thisih~isrwtbormout@thf~~. ket, a jacket, a brush, etc. He used kisjnclfet 50

of fashion these dqvs (= no one is gwlite any 4 v + a d v + ~ mv~+PreP +v+n/prcn+adv 4 v+adv+n baat out thefInmes. IiBJflames, flm 3 to make a

more).5 ifan action,forexample,b out, i t isnot be 'up for ath 1to be mnsideredfor sth, espe ,bear 'up ( u w r sth)to remain cheerful and in p~weof metal flat by hitting it with a hamme'
possible or Is not allowed: Shll w g @ tm g d k cially as a candidate for ajob, In an eIection. etc: conml in a diffcult situation: 'How is Your etc: PUmgotd mn be &ten out foform V q Illin
motkr?"She's W r i n g up very mluelL'o 'Howare sheds. E E goldnmn,dent
one evening mt mek?Monday's out -I'ue god a She's upforpromotion, o &formal)Thmtrm50 you?"Oh bearing up'
tickets w f o r gmbs I=mailable for people who g v + a c i v + n v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(less
Fretrch class. askquicklyt 2 tobeforsbto buy2seeyourhouw
Qv+& is up fir sale.o A Picmso is upfor a u c t f o ~3 +v+adu J%wuenA

the Juryb (still) 'out on s(k used when you (i*msal) to twready to take part Inan activity: U r n' b a r 8b/& = eEAR ONh7PON SB/STH ,boat sb ~t(Forath)(AmlT)mdefsatsbinamm-
are say~ngthastth is stihot certain: Thejury is
stillouton whetherw i n e m hgoodfiryou Thenewjob wrll beachallmge,but I'm upfor it. &.'bear with 8btobeptient withsb:ifwu'lljurrl petition: Thgy &at wL n h other wmganiesfor
bee* wrth mefor a moment, I'll hy to find 0 thecontract.
beloutfwsth;ba hittodosthtobetrying 4v+&*Prep She's ~tndsar btofstmin.Just beor wlth her
@v+nfpmn+adw v+adv+n
very hard to do sth or to get sth: He's outfor b 'Up ta 4b 1to be sb's responsibilityor duty:
r e m e . 0 Everyom'sjusl oul for lohat they can It's up loyou lomakesun thehoztse Lr kept tidy-2 Bearwlth sbisusually used inthe p-nt 'beat sb to sth;,beatsb YO H to achieve13thor
gel thesedays (= they aretrying to get things for tobe lefttosbtadecide: 'Shalt wgaou6? 'It'sup tense or to ask sb to be patient.
themselves).o The & m a team wnnt lo win reach a place before s'b eW.Beckham healevery-
thisreom, bu#Smzilawouttnstop them. toyou.' e v+PWP o m eke to the ball. o Book iww Wores o w

ev+adv+pmp else beabsyou bo it!

+v+a*+prep v+adv+tolnf +v*nfp~pn+pwp

.............u....p..beat .......m.................................. .....I1I.4.....*.......-...................X.......IX _ - .... ..'."'*"""" .........................1.5."......".............................. .........-..................b...H....e....o...f..f...
.............X......I....h.

, k M Sb 'uptohitorkick sbregeatedly: H e r b behng bone $ p e r k E!Dl spclu, clar*, group, bindpmmd/W n d . b ~ mbdamd/E
eatngory3to be part of 6th or connected with a
bandlrsedtoWhm~.oTh egangtmn# r o un d,beg'off;,beg b f foft ,beg'off dolng sthto part~culatrime or place: Thesethings beIong lo ,blnd sb 'over (law)to warn sb that they wllF
becstingup old India. mt) l l y the pusL o Wrztm like him belong to a different hare to appear in court if they break the law
ask tobeexcusedhm sth;to saythat you cannot again:He was b o u n d o u m t o l r e t p t h e ~ .
bWhsb up(informal. h m (BE m do 6ththat you are expectedor have p r o m i d to @nercafmn EEi thm w,generation
do: She was asked & work the weekend shift bud B i n d s b m i s u s d l y used inthepawive.
+ ~ ? Q ~ D B E AUTP O N S B Qv+m
she tried to beg OAF o He kgg@doff ~Lstiinghis &v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
&v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
grulndparents. 'blnd sb to sth v o r m n to form sb to do sth by
b ,beat-'up ( m m h l l y A making them pmmlw to do it or making it part
EfBpulloltt,allout d atk,pull out M ddng of a legal document: Th@mmpany directom we
,baterr-'up) udj [usually before noun] (infor- belt ~ b e ~ t t hound to wcmq (=they have promised not ta
ma0 old or damaged: Hedrives a h t - u pold mix -L say anything) about thefrr#ureoJ the wmplny. o
,belt sth ' d m ( A M , t@rmoO to drink ath The bandfound they tuew bound fo the mnbuct.
, h a t yourseH 'up(informan to blame ywrself quickly: Hebelreddown hisher Bind sb to 8th is usually used in the pa%
Z9 knoek sth back
afor 9th; to criticize yourseIf: w don't sllGceed SlI'C
thefirsf t i m , weshouldn't beat ourselvesurn but Qv+adv+n + v*nlpron+adv
Qv+nlpr~l+w~
try ugain. ,bell 'outztb; ,belt FMhem 'out(lrbformaoif
you belt out a song or a piece of music,you sing ,bind8th Up(with sth) ta tie a long thin piece of
.e)v+pm*aW be'lfeve In s M t h 1 to feel SUE that sbtsth fabric mund 9th to protect it: S ~bEound up his
or play it very loudly: Nobody mn belt alrl a hne wounds with bar&$es.
,beat 'up on sb W,iw317~t~o )attack sb exists: Do you kliev eininaligehnos.s+lppsoeeIabehlienvleseien- Qv+dv+n + v+nlpm+adv
physically or with words:Of mum it3 mot OKto God.o 1don't belieue likesiwmn, o A mdio h i t d o u t p o p music. Imbound 'up In st41to b verybusy with 8th;
b w t u p o n ~ v r w i f eo. H e w a s d o f denling mA noun must always follow out, but a pro- to be very intm-sted or involved in sth: Hebtm
LIEVR It4 SdSTH 2 to haveconfidencein sW&, to hound up in hls work to haw much time for hls
+upon the Presidernt in thepress. noun comes betwm the verb and out. childrw~b. ound 'up wlth 8th c l w l y connected
feelsurethattheylitwilIbesucceWlorachiwe with sth: The history of She mmmw is ~ I
Seealso BEAT ON SB +v+adv+n r v+pmn+edv bound up with the histaryof the CranlfarniIy.
sth:Mypamnrsalmuys k l i e v in me. o I h w 60
@v+adV+prep ,belt 'upIBrE. WrmaO 1(spkm)usedto tellsb
believe in a p d u c t W o r eI m n sell rt. not very politely to be qulet: &*U up, will you?
beaver/%tmr)/ S ~ UuIp( r n f o m l )2 to fasten the belt that
OV+PP you wear in a car to keepyou in yourseat ~fthere
,beaver a'way (st ah](BrE, lrlformal)to work is an accident (a seatbelt) buckleup
very hard at sth: She*$ been h v e r l n g atmy at be'lleveIn sth:be'lhva In dolng sth tofeel
her homeuwrkforhours. @ v+adv
thatsthisright or valuable;toapproveof sth:Do Y
@v+adv
you beltem In w i t u l punishment? o She MY

believe in running rrsks. o I'vealways b e l W in

giuingpmple a s m n d cham^ bend (mb ,mm t n b i bmrtl (MI l b r t l . ' b w l'bml)

become~brkhm(l b n w m e m l Q V+PWP ,bend 'downto lean down: He &nt dorota ond 'bAeat sthtotrytobitesth:The&gbEIatthe

becoma) be'lleve ~ t ohf sb to accept that sbiscapableof kissed heron thechmk. boy'shand.
a particular action, etc., especially a bad or
be'comeof sbhthO t o happen to sWsth: immoral,one: Taking drugs!1can't belime f h t
I w n d e r w h ~ bt mm of the m p l e wfto lived oSLucy!o If I hudn't seen him &M it. I would 6 v+adv QV+PP

~ d w r o W h t w L f l $ e c w n e ~ u s ~ ~ Immueyr have b e I i e d t b of him. o She is &*r- ,bend -', ,bend 'aver sth to lean mrw: to ,blte 'back (aswab) to mct when sb has
bend h m the waist: Bend ouer nnol lolxh w r harmed you and ay to harm or crlticiza them:
job? mined io believe she worst of me (= think I am youcrtficizehim, he'll b i t e k k
=Becomeof sblsthisalwayswdhaqws- capable of doing, and l i l y to do, 6thwry bad). foes, o He was bendingouer his desk, m'tinstins
EZL) hllback(atsWsch)
tlon with what @ v+ nlpmn+prep @v+adv* v+prep

(4 v + P ~ P m b e n d owr 'bac- (to do rth) to do @ v+adv

belong~ I T R UA;&-19-1 everything you can or make a great effort to do ,blte sth 'backto stop yo& from saying5th
sth, especially to help sb: We kd o w M k - or Ram showing how you feel: She stmggqIeri to
be'long to sb(MI rrsedIn t h e m l w m) wards to kfairla all the chiIdm.
b!teback the Iwrsof dhppohtrrrenr. o M ~ k ebit
,bed "down (&.E) 1to lie down to ga to sleep f ta betheprolwrtyof sb;to be ownedby sb: The back his onget o The word 'idiot*came into her
hourrebelong& tomywustn. o Thatland belongs bet wyl,M. or h m u e n t bsb
somewhere you do not normally sleep: Young iothegollduh o W h o a b w t h e m n k b ~ & ? 2if hmd, butshe bit it back.
people h k k d down in ahrwnys. IEB doaa
d m(BrE,lessformal)2 ( a h,bad 'In) if sth/sb a llme or an event belongs to a team, a group of tmg, b s t l ~b,etted). E U w o w ,anger, retort IlE)l u p p l a unth
new beds down,itthey W m e settld and start people, etc. they we the mast succemfhl,popular
to work well: It'll take a whilefor the new sysbrn 'beton s t k ' b t on sbdolngsthtorelyon~th Bite sth back isnot used in the passive.
ro bed &wn. o The tam players have Meii or ~mportant:Britain drd well in the athletics or on sb doing sth and expect It to happen: 'Do @ v+adv+n + v+pm+adv + v+n+adv(mrP)
down well an the Mrn wmpatition, but #heoby klongwI to N ~ m oy
Thesecand havd thettuentiethcentuuryhlonged you ihirrk she'll corn.'' 'Iwouldn't M on it (= I ,bite 'intosth 1 tocutorprrss lntothesurfaceof
@v+adv to the young. 3 if a job, a du& etc, belongs to don't t h ~ n kit is very Hkely).' oDonr bet on me sth: Themllm bli inro his neck.EQcut Intoatb
2 to have an unpleasant effecton sth,especNly
still being hem wheny#u get h c k !
BE)cwnt om sblsth,~ountonddngath,count by making itsmaller. Therecessronis bitinginlo
you, it is your responsibility. Thejob of d k r p
beef J~HI linirsg ta chzld belongs lo [email protected] The credit on sblethdolw s*l ourprofits.

,W 'up nth;,wM e m 'up~*donnatlo) for our smxss hlongs io #hestaf (= they made QV + P ~ ~ P Q v +prep

make sth bigger, stronger, more interesting,etc: uss u c c e M , for example by working hard). ,bHe sth 'offto cut 8thofP by biting it: Shebftofl

Securib has hen Wed up. o Tha mmww hns +Y+WP -........................ n n h e of chomlale. o Hisfinger had hen bitten
lar way;to advert& ssblsthas 8th:~ome$a#im&
been Wfngtoktf up its imp, be'long to ath 1 to be a member of sth, for @ V + a* + n + v +WPM + a*
example, a dub, an organhation or a family:I nrerecefvlng w h n l h n s k n billedrnarauolution- mf*nmsbb 'headoffotf(frlfom0to shout
A noun must always follow up, but a p m don't bebw to any polrtiml p~rly.ooPortUgaI
noun wrnesbetween the verb and up. olreody belongs to the European Union.EXi nty treatment. o The r n r n b i l w ;Q fi-b or speak W them angrily,often for no goDd
(trade) union,club, (polltleal) party2 to bepart reason: 1only asked him when the work muid be
@v+sdu+n + v+pron+adv of a particular group or system: R a t t h m k e s hrinkl AT I M ~ ~ , , - ,
t 'bwfwbpndj [only before n o w improved; belongtotheuipwjiamily. o TThesethmturtlesall
made bigger, stronger, more Interesting, etc: finished and he almost bit my head ofl blte o f f

beefededupsecurity more Man you can 'chew(informal)to t r y to do

- . . _.b....k...e...k....................I.X...-.............. ... ...............-...... .I.1..6.................A.....II....................................... -..+ .......- ....L ....X...........................................~.....n..............I..7................-.........'..-.'...- . bl.o...w.....a..w....a...y.....

toomuch ar 6ththat ia too 6-t for you: I"hk blarep l e a ( r h ~b~lenrl~ ~eo~le,thgrbecomesimilatorthepeoplearound ,blockfih'outtosbop~tornoiisehmooming
dImehe3bi~n~momlhan~mndtaudtauI,~
h- bmen myhidher'tongue offjout Ublam ' O M 'Out if music bm rmt. them:He should try 0 blend h wfththe WLFa in; to cwer or hide sth: The blocked out
much of thesunlight. o m u r u t i w )I'm W tu
medto say that youwrsh you said 8th that '0 a radio, etc. blares out music, it is produwd blr nore.
or played wry loudly: Music tuas blaring our + S e e a h BLEND INTO STH; MERGE IN (WITH STH), the tnIfFc n0i.w now Ijwt block it out I= I don't
you have just said: Sam looked hurt and Mark hear it).
Irom somwm, The radio wlrs bhriw out MERGE INTO STH
cuuldhaw bitknherherngw on: +
+./+a& BXi MgM, run,.ound
rock music.
@v+adv+n. v+pmn+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
black~blekekl SEB blast wt. Mmf sth w t ( k m w n t ) ,blandsth 'In 1(in owkIngEto addmothasub
,black 'out to lose consciousness or bse your v+adv r v+adv+n + v+nlpmn*adv PrePW)
stance to ath and mix them together: Heat the
burtergently and lhrm&nd Ina h t S l @ ~ uBrFX) ,block s h t h 'out;,block sb/sth 'outof sth
memoryfor a shorttime: Thepainhit hlmand he blast r n ~ m t m b l r e s t ~ mix sth In 2 to make a suhtance mix with to avo~dremembering swath or thinking abut
bkksdout.
,blast a ' w y(~sWah) if a punor sbusing a gun another so that ynu cannot see where one ends sblsth, especially sth unpleasant: He rried lo
ev+adv blasts away, the gun fires Ioudly and continu- and the other starts:BIend theqeshadow in with blmk the ~ncidentowl of his mind.
ously: Themachirwgw b h t d w y all night. yourfingem. o He ble& m she c h a m 1 lines to ,sv*1blot sblath out,btalsWsth owlof ath;
k 'blackoutna temporarybss of oonsciousnegs shut 8th out, shut sth out of stb:lupplaSSsth
ev+adv make thepicture look softer
or of memory: When dEd you stud hauinr rm Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,blast s M h a'way (lessmmto)kki ssb or +v+adv+nev+pmn+adve v+n*e&(less
+bhckouts? remove sth or break it apart vlolentl~for v + n/pmn +a h +prep
S W Q h BLACKOUT at BLACK STH OUT example w ~ t ha gun, explosives, etc: They h u e fwuent)
blast& a w the saof this h u t i f u i MI.& to
,black ath 'out to turn out ltghts mmpleteb or , b l d 'Into8th tolookorsoundsoaimilar tosth ,blocksth'uptofillsthsuchasahoklem@etely
cover windows. etc. so that light cannot be seen make o twd o flgurotiw) This t h r y h u k~en that it ISdIfEcultfor anyone to seew hear It sep so that nothrng can get through It All the win-
from outside: b h h d out windowslhouseso The bIns&dawayby thenemevidenm. arately. Theanimalsmn become a[mosl ~nviriibk dows hnd k e n b h k e d up
city rws often b h k d o u t (= therewereno lights ,sv*, blow sbMh away by hlend~nginto ihe longgrms o Thenew devel- EEI wlndow,door,hole,Rlsplaw
because there was no electricity)by power cua Qv+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
ev+adv+n + v+nlpmn+a&(m) opment should bknd inlo itssurrwndin~s.
E J window, city b ,blacked 'upadj completelyfull;not clear:I've
Hack sth out isoftenused in the psssive. EZJ background, surroundlnp
+saaabo HI.END IN;MERCE I N (WITH STH).MERGE got a blockwl-upnor;e.
Q v + a d v + n . v+wn+adv + v+n+adv(rnre) ,blast "ff when a spacecraftblasts ofF,It leaves
INTO STM
b 'blackout f (mp3ully Brm (in the past) a the ground and goes up into spa=: The m%et
bius.Moff at 7.2Bp.m +v+prep
periodof timeduringa warwhsntheslrwsmd
buildin@ were kept as dark as possible so that m Hft off ,blotsbrsth 'out;,blot s h t h 'out of 8th to

the enemy could not seewhatto bomb 2 [usually *v+adv avoid remembering sWsth or thinking about
pl.] (BrE)acoveringfor windows that stopslight t 'bl8~t*Wnl[rlthe moment when a spaceffaft
,bRmp 'autrup(AmE, iMormaO to becomefat: to sblsth,espe~iallysth unpleasant:He wanted 0

from outside corningIn,Orthat stops bright light leaves the ground:BIaslafl uttU bP in SOsemnrls. galn weight blot out the memog~

being seen h m outside: blackout material 3 ,blast 'out:,blast sth 'outiF music blasts out +v+adv IEImmorles, thught. bidaWsth out,
(also 'outageAm& a m o d of time when the or aradio,etc.blasts outmusic,It bpruducador
electricity supply to a place stops completely played very loudly:A B w t h sang wus blastzng block sblsth out o# stll; shut sth nut,s h d sth
lEti3This is now themost common meaning of out a t f i f l ualume,o The m$iu was b h t i n g out
h q mkmusic. blinkjbhkl out of 5th
blackout. 4 a situation when the government or ev*n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n r
thp w11ce prevent a radio or television pro- ,sr*, blare out, M m .fhout ,blink sth a W y to clear 8th BPm the eyes by
gramme h m being broadcast, or do not allow v+nlprm+adv+m
some newsor information to be giventothe pub- +v+adv + v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv blinking .(= closing and opening ywr eyes
quickly): He blinkedawy a tear ,blot sth 'outto stoplightor noise in; to

mteam c w e r or hide slh: Dnrk c l o d s wexe blotting out

lic: The government have heen ascud of main- *+v+adv+n v+dpmn+adv She sun. Mocks?h wt
EB3 l l g Msun,ttwr,round
toinfnganews bfackoutowrelmionfraud" ,blinksth 'bsektotrytowntrolyourteam!~nd
+ ~ e e a f s oR L A C K O U T ~B~LACK OUT Q v + a d v + n * v+rtlpmn+adu
myseffb l l n k ~ n g ~ c k ~ ~ h h ~
blank~l$lsegkl ,blazea'wayl (atsWrth)ifgunsorpeopleblaze
,blank 'out( A m ,&form0 If you or your mind away, the guns fire mtinuously: Thenunsk e ~ i E lonly tmarIs)

biazing away at the enemy. 2 If a fire blazes 9v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv

away, it burns brightly -* -wt
BEaBlazeis usedwith the 8ame meanhgs. -0Wr
blanks oat, you m ' t remember mythinn or & v +a& -18 -down "UP
you become confused:I h o p l & n l blank out in ,blare 'upif a gre bl- am,it suddenly starts ,block slNsth 'In to stop a vehicle from being in, into
drlven away by parking too close to it: You're -off
the eram. burning more strongly: @gumidHis anger blodrlngthathfini in, o ~ h i y h a d p w k e idn
blared up u n m m i k h l j t
UElHBlank hasthe same me-. frontof me,b h k I n g m I n ~Iwasblackdinbj,
@ u+adv -rfrv+a"r,l" two Io,-r&ssoIhadtoleavethewrund~Ik. ,blow alrey; ,blow Hh a'way to be mwed or

,blank 9th ' o d $ to delibxately sth . ' .blendhlendl Q) v+nIpmn+adv + v+adv+n(& fwwnt) carried away by the form of the wind or by sb's

unpleasant Your chlkfhmd imtqovuth. 2owtokcewnedr isffthi- Ibled 'In (* *)if rwmetHlng ,block nth 'off1t o ~ l o s e a m a d o r a n o t h e r p ~ ~bmmdtJh';bt omwei n t h i s way:~twmso windy~hem
cuU but you mn?just blank by placing a barrier acmesit to stops&t.h gohg kw OW? 0Aslldden b m blew h~snews-
in
written or printed, for example, with black ink in or cornme out: The mIiEB bIocXBd mdreel a f t W P Q ~ W 0. she blew away #heduston the lid.

so that it -not be m d : All ihe names in the ~~~~ ~ .- ~ -~ . ~ w ~ ~
blend i n m l y with thewpet. o Than e w o m
remn had been blanked ouf. b h k m ' t b k d in )-,&[ withi&&&it&m[sur. leaks.-kh street, mad, areal, antrank EE) ,blow sb a'way 1 [lqfwnurbto imp- sba lot
* v+pmn*
w*n+adv(rrve) close sth off (to 8thlsb) 2 (especmllyAmG) to to surpriseor pleasesb:I s c u o h w ~ o m m o n

mundings. 2 (wtth sb) if sb blends in with other reservea period of time for a particular activity: B d w a y last ymr and it just blew me awa~a

T h u W y aflernoomare blocked offprsporbs.

@v+n/pron+& + v+adv+n

........................~ .... bol.l..d.'.,o..w....n..,.

2 IAmE, idormat, s p a m to defeat ab easily: ,blow 'out;,Mow ath 'out1Wafhmebbws HBlbhqtnabi~cm ,~blu-nder 'intonth 1to walk into 6Wethbecause
Mitchell blew m a y theother r u m . you areawkward orunable to s:Sheblundmpd
o a t or sWsth blows it out, it is put out by the atlcm blows up in your face. it goes ~ w byd y intoa tree.2 teaceidentallyAnd yourself ina dii-
+v*nlpmn+& + v+adv+n wind o r mme air: Them WQS a s&n gusr of wrong andcausesyou harm or embarrassment
b 'blow-up n I {especinllyAmE) an explosion 2 ficult or dangerous place or situation: She blun-
,Wow sbisth a'wayto kill sb or removeor des- mind and the mmndle bleur out. o She twk a deep ylmman n i o n when sb becomesvery angry: d e r d intoa dangernusownof theclrjrafterlosing
troy sth with explosivesor with a gun:He threat- her way. 0 He had innocently blundered into a
breathandbk-wout ail thecundk 2 if a window an argument:Thelensionsbeluxenthemendedu1
a blg blow-up, priwie dkpute.
e n d to blow us a m %o They blew hk k m p g blow8out,oran explosion,etc, blow it out, the
force makes it fall out: All the windows blew out 4 Wt?dS0 BLOW-UPat BLOWSTH UP *w+m
nwuy(= by shootlngthem).

+B blast nbiatk avray in the blast.o The expbsbn blew our the win- #law sb/sth 'up to kid sb or destroy sth with a
v+Wpmn+adv + v*arhr+n dows in the butldmg. bomb or an explosion: Theh w k m thraalened

,brow 'dorm; ,blow 5th 'down It sth bbm e v + a d v + r+adv+n + v+nlpm+sdv toblow theplnneup. oOAj&einIfalyruasMown ,blurt sth 'outto say sth suddenly and without
down, or the w ~ n dblows It down, it falls to the ,blowSb 'outWmE,i?g-1, wrt)to defmt slb up hy a car bomb Iapf uwek
ground m u s e of the force of the wink An O M easily: The home Fmm blew out the Suns by M thinkmgcmrulEy: %$been anmi&nt,'she

wk tree hnd bbwn down in the &rm oH m - points. Blow sblsthupis oftenusedinthe passive. blurted out o Hefound himself blurting oui the
@v+dpmn+adv v+adv+n Q v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
dredsof treeshavehnblowndown this iuintm whole story to her
b 'wawwt n W,irlformal. sporl) an easy v+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n ,blow ath 'up1tofillsthwlthairor gas: Y w W @v+adv+&

,blow 'In; ,blow 'Into sth (lnformab) to arrive victory lo blow up the tyres on your bike. EZQl balloon, boardfbxd:AmEbad/
somewhere where you are not expPcted: Laok +seealsoE~owow~astow OWT E B Inflate sth ( m m f o r m n ~ I& stk

who'sjusl bbwn in! o How you h r d who'sjwt ,blow ath 'out 1to breathe sth out fmn your down 2 to make 9th larger: What a lowlyphoto! ,boardsth 'up to cwer awindow or a door wlth
mouth. She inhakd and thenbIau thesmokeout.
+blown into town? exhale 9th 2 to All sth, especially your Why don'tyou have it blown up?@Eiphota Isrrr, boards:Allthe windows had &en b m k d up.
v+adv v+prep enlarge ath (mrefmmf3) to make sth seem
cheeks,w ~ t hair Sheblew out her cheek in ems- more ~mportantb,etteror worse than ~treally IS: FB3 wlndmv, houw,shop
,blow 'off;,blow sth 'off;,Mowsth 'off sth The whole Marr has k n blomn un out of all Board sth upis often used inthe passive.
1 if sth blows ORor the wInd blow&it off, it is pamtwn. cheeka pmportiom. F B exaggerate sth(moreJorrnQi)
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n @v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
removed by the forceof the wtnd: M y hat bkwofl
UiE!blow yourlshb 'bmlnnaul (ir&mmn to kill ~v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n ,bob 'up 1to come to the surface quickly: S h
oAgusl4fwrndblewherwofloTbrooJwas yourselBsb by shooting yomIfIthem in the dive$ in and hbobbad up nfiw =rids LWr En t h ~
blown o r llae Greem'hoz&. 2 if sth blows off in b 'blow-up na lacger picture made from a photo middle of the pool. 2 to appear suddenly: She
an explosion, or an explosion blow s t h off it 1s head or pictun: The blom-LIDs h o d a SCar on the hbbed upfmm behind thefence.. pup up
violently remwed: Thedoor blewoff inlheaxplp
sion. o Thee+plosiunblewthemf off( t h e h o w ) . ,blow Itself 'wtIf a storm blows itseaelfant, it attacker 3 c h k . QV+&
loses its force and stops: By morning the m m
+ s e e a I s o ~ w w - ~ ~ a tU~P ~ o w
@v+adv + v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n + +h iblown itsev out.
v+pron+adr t 'blowup odj [only More m]that you can
v+ nlpmn+ prep fill w ~ t ahir or gas

mblowlknack s M Dtl tO i m p m or ,blow 'over1if a stormblows wer, it bemrnea +see also BLOW-UP atBLOW UP

surprise sb very much: When Ifirst W the less strongand stops: W e s h e l W in a barn until ,bog ' d m(Amtobe unableto makepmgreas:
sow,it blew my sackso n
the sMra blew wet IEQ dle dmvn,subside 2 if

,blow 'off 8th;,blow It '&(A&, ir&mdj to sth such asan argumentblows wer,it becomes ,bluff sb 'wt.(oId-fmhioned,i&rmaL (?s@n[ly The bill hgged down aftw kfngpaspedbY Can-
deckde no2 to do sth you should do or were plan- less immrtantand is forgotten: Dun? m m back AmEj to lie and pretend In order to h i v e sb gress.
ningto do: Jmh bkw off herclnssesonfiiduy to work until the argument has blown over EfQ
+v+nlpfcm+sdv r v+adv+n (bv+adv

afLermntogo shopping. subslde ,bluff It 'out{es@dlyBrEj to lieand deceivesb be~ge,tbogged'down(In sth)1tobelget tuck

EmXA noun must follow off, but a pronoun + v + a d r In order to get out of n dimcult situation, espe- in mud orwet gt~undt:obecome stuckin 8th and

comesbetweenthe verb and off. ,blow 'over,blawrmth 'mmrifsWslh blows cially when they suspect yw are not being hon- unable to m a h progress: The m r got bog&

@ v+adv+n v+pmn+adv over or the wind blows sbhth over,they fan to m&est: if he asksany dimult questions~you'll have down m the mud. 2 to beunabletomakeprogress

,blow3b '0ff(.4naE, InirmaOto disappoint sbby the groundbecauseof the forceof the wind:Gne to b I m it out. o I know euerylhing so there's no in an activity: Ihn'iget down in details. o
not meeting them asarranged.,to end 8.wlation- of the irees had blown o w r in the stom.o The
shrp with sb: We uwre srrppwd to go out yes* fence had been blown over in a storm. point lryrng blw itout. I'm rather wged down (with work) at the
day, but he blew meoff:
Blow sblsth over is offen used in the p w moment.
+ stand sb up slue: Pedesk~amwere blown over in &e force +Qv+rt+sdv
v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n ,bluff sb 'out of sth (oWfmhbmd,AnFF to belget+v +adv
winds today. deceive sbin orderto get sth Pornthem
,bog 'm(BrE.sZmg) usedto tell sb rudely to go

,blow 'out 1 if a lyre blows oat, it bursts sud- g v + a d v r v+nlpron+adv +F 0 , c h m t $hof sth,chwt sb out of sth away:Sog oflISn tryinglosleep!
clear off ( W o r m 0
denly:One of &front tym bkmout. hrrt ,blow 'up 1 to explode; to be dstroyad by an v + dpmn * a&+ prep
2 rf an oil or gas well blows out It suddenly explosion: The bomb blew up as q r f s tried to @v+adv
defrrse it. 0 The cur blew up when it hit thewlL
sendsout gas with greatforce explode (moreformal) 2 to staxt suddenly ,blundera'rouml: ,blumlera'mund sth ( a h , M I a'wayif a liquid boUs away, it boils until
there is nothing l& The wuw in the s a m n
+v+adu and withfom:Aslosm blew upjusraftertheship ,blunder a'boutPmund, ,blunder a'brmv'mund
had all bolledaway.
F 'blowoutn Ianoccasionwhenatyre bursta on Ieftmrt. o R row has blown upowrtheleaklngaf sth especially RrEj to move about a place in an
a vehicle while it 3s being driven 2 an occasion ir$ormcrtioion to t h e p m . EQdla d m 3 [a* sb) awkward or uncertain way, knocking into +)ar.) wapOrah(m~j-ormul)
when oll or gassuddenly escapeshm anoil weU thmgs: He blunder& a b u t in the dark, &ling v+adv
(rnformaRto become very angry: MYmum blew fir the light swilch. o f blun&d wound the
3 (BrE, i!&rml) a large meal at which pmple u p a t m y c d a d f o r ~ p l n g m u p m h t eo.HfsattG ,bolt d h 'down 1to make a liquid less In quan-
j b t , hying lo be quiet. tity by lmlllng it IIB) r e d m nth (morefOmU0
eat too much 4 W+inform0 a large party or tudeannoy&meand f bkw up.
soclaloccasion +v*adv v+prep

-B see a h BLOWOUTat e ~ o wSB OUT ev+adv

b....o...l.l..d...o...w....n...t...o.....................-......*.....-.....*.r......-....- .....-.2..(.

2 (to8th) tomakesthsmakr bysemwingunim- ,bomb'outElnjBmE,qpdallykmh')loPailvery bottleybntl:A ~ E ' W

portant parts and leaving only the essential badly: Themovkbombed o u r n t t h e b x o ~ , ,bod sb ' o e ,boot sb 'out of sth (ir&rmaI, ,bottle 'out:, W e 'out of sth; , w e 'out

things: Boil the report down lo Ihe key wznts. Bomb is&ou&with thesamemeanlng. especwlly BrE) to force sb to leave a place. job, of dolng sth (BrE, iqfofmnr) to suddenly

E l 0 wndvlnw 8th (moreformal) Q v+adv school,club,etc:I'll have to boosyouwtsoon-1 decide not to do sth -use you are too fight-

&v+nlpron*a& 4 v+adv+n berg& ,bombmi'out:met ,bombed ' o d want tolock up.o T ~mEnnngerh i e d him oat of en& I hoftled out of phoning him at the k t

,boil 'down to sth (not used in thepmgmmIw of sth ff a personis bombed out,their home 1s thetenrn,o He luns bootedout the h o w by his mrnute.

f e r n )if a situation,an issue,etc.boll3 downto d~stroyedby bombs: if a building 1s bombed fn ther -,sr*, cMekon outchlclren out ol sth.chlcken
,srrrr kkksbout,ldEkYboutofrth~hfimml),
sth, it has that as itsmainpart:Itall h ~ f s d o w n out, It is destroyed by bombs: T h y got bombed outvfddnglth
throw sb out,thmw sb out of sth Qv+adv v+adu+prep
lo money rn the&. +out.
+v*a&+prep belget+v+edv r be(get+v+adv+prep Boot sb out, boot sb oat of sth are often ,bottle sth 'upto keep yourfeelings, especialEV

,boll' m rI If a liquid in AN, etc. W over,it used In the passive. sadness or anger, hidden md not telE other
pwple how you am feeling: Tell m m n e hour
m:boils andflows over the side of the pan: Dm? kt +v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n + yo~~'re@lingin,.&&@ boltlingit all up.
bane A ~ bEwnl v+ nfpmn+adv +pr%p

the milk borl o m 2 Onto 8th)(inform0if anger. ,bone 'up on 8th ( W r m a l )to study 8th:to look ,boot 'up;,Msth 'up (mmputlng)if a m- @Iemotions,feelings

an argument,etc. boils mr, it change and again at sth you a h a d y h w lrnurl bone upon puter boots up, or sbboots it up, it is turnedon @v+nlpmn+attv v+adu+n

becomes very violent and diicult to control: +myFrench &foremgotoParis. and becomes ready to use: My machine tsn't boot-
The unrest could boil owr inlo civil wul: o She v + adv + prep
inlerrupied swiftly ,!&ire hts m p r muM boil mgupupropriy. o When-youh#up,a m w wirl

+owragain. EE)explode , b k 'In(at.th),,bOOk 'In@&th(BrE)toarrive appwr on tk h e m o Bwi the computer up and ,bottom 'outif markets,prices or ktd situetions
v+adv enaryowpassword. bottom out, they reach their l m t mint and
at a hotel and arrange to have a mom: TRajr then stopgettingworse: Them n hnsfinnlly
,boil 'up Lf anper, an argument,etc. boils up, It h k e d in (at the 56 Fmncis H o w wing af a h computer
mme.o She M e d into a hotel in the certw oj +$oltomedout.
starts to beoomestrongerormoreviolent Qv+adv v+dpmn+&v + v+adv+n v+adv

+v+adv border /lmda(r);AmE'b3nl-/

, h i l SWI 'up to heat a liquid or somefwd Boston 'border on sth (also'border upon d h ( h f o r - bouncem-si
until lt bails:I'llboil the W k u pegainand we'll FEE)checkIn(atah);chkhtosth M I ) 1 to share a borderwith mother counho~r
Rrrveacupof tea. region;to be next to a place:Many slates bo&- ,bouncesth a'round(frsrormat,e ~ 1 ~ s c l a l f y ~ ~ ~
BE0 check out, cheek out of nth ing on t h EEam mger Fa jora o Their garden
Boil sth can be uselwith the samemean- border$on the Riwr S e w n . 2 to mme close to to discuss 5th with other pmple: We're bouncing
@v+adv v + w p being 6th: Her selfar@dence bordm rm a r m samnew ikksarnwrd.
ing. gance.o Our task h r & n on She impossIbk E!D E E Ideas
,book sbllpourself 'In(atsth),,books'luyour- verge on ath
@ v+Wpmn+adv * v+adv+n self 'intesth(BrE)toresemaroomatahotel, Q v + prep ~ v + n l p m n + a d u4 v+e&*n

etc for sb: I'ue Booked rrs in at the Plaza. o The ,bore 'into sbleth (lltemv)if mmebody'a eye8 ,bounce 'back(from mth)IAmEcrIsn ,wmp'beek
bore into sblsth,they stare ina way that makes (lnb ath)] (Informal) to m v e r well after you
hote! I w m booked into was awfuI. o He'sbooked sb feel uncomfortable: His blue eyes seemed to havebeen ilUs~ckor had a dimcult time:No mat-
b m into fm ter whnt happens, she ahays b o u r n back wry
,bollix sth 'up(AmE,slang)tomnfuseorchange h a m ! f r m n rehub~litutionclinic. quick1y.
0v + P ~ @ P Isr.)r e c o w (from sth)(morejbrmal)
sth:tospoilsth EEi hotel
,boss sb a'rwnd ( a h ,bM. sb #but a w @v+adv
messsth up (JtbfOmO, lwewsth up @ v + nfprm+adv v +ntpmn+prep ciolty BrE) (fnformnl)to tell sb what to do in a
forceM or unpleasant way: He's alwuys bossing ,bounce Wck: ,brim sth 'back if an e
(slang) ,book 'up (lw ath) (wfuBrE) to reserve a hki wiJe mmd. mail boancea back,or the system bounces it
Q v+nlpran+ adv
@v+nlpmn+& * v+adv+n place, fur example on a lrip or a course:I h k & d back, it returns to the person who sent It
botchl%DtJ;AmEba.tf/ M u s e the sgetemwet deliverit
bolsterrbmtstalr):A ~ 'bEwi.1 upfor the coursenwnths In h l l c e .
W Bmk (for5th)can be used with the same ,botchd h 'up{ i r l f o m t )to spoil 6th by doing it Q v + & + v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
badly;to do sth badly: I m W o f f i l n g my corn-
,bolster s h t h 'upto support or encouragesb: meaning. pure6 he's botched il up cunnplp&E~ ,bounoe ab 'ide sth;,bounce $b 'Into
E33 mess sth up dolng sth (especiallyBrE) to make or force sb
to make sth better or stronger:He tried tobolster +v+adv Botch sth is usedmorefrequently withthe
up their momk o The high iniemf ram helped samemeaning:botched a m p &at DrY to do sth quickly without g~vingthem time to
to bokre*up them?wm$ be ,booked'up1if a plane, restaurant, theatre, think about it:IfeltI'd heenbouncedinlomppon-
+v+n/pron+adv v+sdv+n ing apmposalldidn't really agree with.
EEi confidence,morale etc. i s boom up,there areno seats,tablea etc. =This phrasal verb is of€cn used in the
available:Ail theflights are h k e d up Be b ' b t c h p ( a h b k h ) n (Wrmnl,-I& passwe.
Braa pieceof work that is badly done @ v + nlpmn+prep
Bolster sWsth is morefmquent. fully h k e d is often uwdwith the same mean-
ing.2 (informal)if a person is booked up, they ,bounce sth 'off 8b (iMrmol0 to tell sb eLse
Qv+nlpmn+a& v+adv+n have no tlme available:He mn'!see you tomor-
your ideas to find out what they think about
row, he's booked up. them: We wmable to sharepmblems andbounce
ideas on each other
,bolt 8th 'down (WrrrmT)to eat sth very +be+v+edv ESl Meas
quickly:Ehadlohltdownmy br&fa$t.
@ v + dpmn+prep
mfood ,boom 'outif a soundor sb's voiw booms mt,it
makes a loud, deep noise:Hls uolw boomed out,
E E EBolt nth isalso usedwith this meaning.
+v+n/pmn+adv b v*adv+n

announcingthew i n m .

+v+adv

,bornb a'long (ir&rmal, espclally BrE)to move ,boom 'out to say 5th In a loud deep v o w
very fast,usually havehicle She bwmd out #n#Wfans through n bud
h a i k o A micehmmd out: ' N o M ymoue!'
+v+adu
&v+adv+n v+a&*spwch

bowmu1 branchfim:ntJ:AmEbmntJj ,break'down1if a vehicle, etc.breaka down,it t 'keakdUmI n =BRRAKDOWN at BREAK DOWN

,bow ' d m 1-t( sWath) to move your ,branch 'Off 1iS a road or path branches aff, it stops working because of a fault: The m h h g F ,brOkOH-'down d j = BROKEN-DOWN at BREAK
leaves a larger one and goes in a different direc- m h i n e h a broken down ogoin. o We (= our DOWN
head or the top ~ rof tyour body forwards or tion: ShefolIoruad thepath until itbranched ofl o
Over Ihe bridge0 rwdhmrtdrosoff lothe right, 2 car)bmkedown twimon the way home.2 iftalkn ,break 'In Ito enter a buluildtng illegally or by
downwards as a sign of respect: He 50 if a person branches off, they leave a road or a marriage, etc 'break down,they fail: Negoii- force: SomLmdy broke h last night and sbk the
path and travel in a diflerent direction: Go past
h w down the king. 2 (to ~Wstht)o do what thefirm and branchoff towwds the he, ations kt- the two sides haw broken down. o PC& video.o Thepr@tghlershad tob r e d into
Thirnaorriage bmke down &er thmyetars. 3to
sb tells you to da without trying to resist: We @v+& IVSCW th??lZ. See a h BREAK 1lYTO STH 1 2 (on
lose control of your feelings and start ctying:As sth) to interrupt sb when they are speaking or
@se W fusl bow down and IPI the gwernmpnt ,branch'out(Into sth)to beginto do a newjob or
an activity that you do not usually do: Th@mm-
do whaleuerit wan& pmy u bmnchlng out inm Eumpe, o She's I ~ P she drove a m Ijwl bmke down and wept. 4 if dolng 8th: H e r r ~ l o g i z d f obr mkrng in on their
ing thewmmny lobranch oat on her own. your health breaks down,it becomes wry bad: m n v m ~ t i o no. Mary bmke in: 'It'snot herfauIlI'
Qv+edv
Qv+& Herhealth bmkedown asaresuitof thestmin. 5 & 1v + m
,h'Out,,bOw ' o d of 8th to stop doing an
activity or a job that you have been doing suc- brazen / % I T ~ I (Into sth) to be divided into parts sothat I t Is eas 2v+a& r u+adv+speech
m s f u l l ~often for a long time: mr thinyymrs
in politics, hefteels it is time 60 bow out. o Smith ,brazen 'out s t h ; ,brazenIt 'out to behave in ier to discuss, to analyse or to deal ~ 8 t h M: y b 'break-In n an entry into a building using
wili h w w t of p r o f ~ ~ ~ l ofnwotIhlE ol the end of a confident way as if you are not ashamed or weekly budget breaks down asfoSIow: 50% for force, usually illegally:Therehmbeen n serhof
embarrassed about 5th you have done, even mt, ~ 0 f%or Jwd, 10% for mvel, and 20% for brwk-msm thearm.
themson. though you should be: The wnutor brazen& it
out asthe listof smndaIsgm. ewrythtng e h . o Thejob bmksdown inlo m n ,break s b i s t h 'In to train a person so that they
Q v + a d v * v+a&+pi-ep W A noun must always follow out, but it get used toanewjoborsituation;totrainahorse
comes between the verb and out. +p a r k see a h BREAK STH DOWN 3 6 (Into 8th) if so that you can ride it: We try to b m k newomen
'bow to 8th to agree unwillingly to do sth w to ingenlg o Thehorses hadn't been broken in.
accept sth that sbelsewants you to: The g o v m - &v+it+aUv r v+adv+n a substance breaks down, it separates into dSf-
m n t euentually $ o w e d f o p u b i i c ~ u r e . ferent parts or changes into sth else in a chem- Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
break/brek/ mmke1brauk;AmEb m k l ical prooess:Somepesticides breakdown We11in
ESl pressure,the Inevbble ,break sth 'Fn 1 ifyou break In new shoes or
brokenI'braukan: AmE 'bmukanl) urclkl:+ $ e e a h R R E A K STH DOWN 4 boots,you wear them untll they becomecomfort-
Isvlu,glve In (tosblsth) able-If m k me w k s lo break in t h e new book.
,break a'way 1(from sth)if an object breaks Q v+adv EGi boots,shoes EfX) weer ath In 2 (Am& (in
OV+P~ away from sth that is holding it in place, it the past) to prepare the engine of a new car for
becomessepamtedfrom it: The t w t hnd broken h 'braakdormn1[GIanoccasion when a vehicle normal use by drivlng it slowly and carefully
,bowlsb 'out(incricketltomakethepwscm who a m y from i t s moorings. 2 (from sb) to escape or a machine stops working: We had a b m k -
IShitt~ngtheball (thebatmnan)have tolemethe suddenly fmm sb who is holdlngyou or keeping d ~ w n o nthe way home o o bmkdown !ruck2 [C] car run 8th In(Rrm
field by throwing a ball that they cannot hit and you prisoner Theprisoner brokenwayJhmthe
that hits the wlcket (= the threesticks behind the guards.3 (from sW8th) to leave a group or an a fallure of talks, a marriage, taw and order, Qv+adv+n + v*nlpmn+adv
batsman); todismigsa whole team in thisway organization,such as ap~liticaplarty o r a state. etc: a bwkdown in communication o They were
because of a disagreement, usually in order to b t h responsiblefor the breakdown of their mar-
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n form a new one: SeuerafMPs broke away lofirm riage. 3 [CJa period of mental illness when sb
a new par& o Ruo stub broke away from the
,bowlsb 'overto surpriseor impress sba lot; to @!@roilon4. (fmm tblsth) to move away from a becomes tired, depressed and unable to lead a ,break 'Intosth 1to enter a building, opena car,
affect sb deeply: We were bowL&om @ the news. group of people or a crowd: She managed lo
o Phillp hwIed w a l l ouer by deciding logo inlo b w k awayfrom thehepack(= in a race)and estab. normal life: He had a nmorrs brtmkdomn lnsl etc dlegally andbyfom:Athi.$mnbreQkinloa
lish a W.o He bmke owayfrom the group ond ywr 4 [C,usually sing.]detailed informationor mr m under ten s w d . o Three houses in our
uduertking. mme ouer to talk tow.5 (from 6bIsth) to reject a
tradition orthe usual way of do~ntgh i n g and do figuresthat are the results of dividing sth lnto street Ianw been broken inso thk week
Bowlsb overisoRen usedIn the passive. sth new and different: Thecumpuny is trying lo
brmk rrwayfrom tfs t d i f i o n a l Image. its parts to explain it more clearIy: Get me a housa, car Break into 6th can be used In
ev+nEpmn+adw v+adv+n
&v+adv breakdownof how the hemoney was swnt.5 [U]the thepassivein t h i s m e a n i n g . + s e e o h ~ ~IN~1n ~

t ' b m a k a w odj [onlyWore n o m j a break- act of dividing a substance into its pasts in a 2 to suddenly begin to do sth such as laugh,
away group, political party or part of amuntry cheer, run, etc:He broke into a run when.he saw
is one that leaves a larger group: a breakaway chemical process
f~ionlmouementImpuhIic b ,broken-'dm udj [usually before noun]1(of the police. o Her faw bruke into a huge smile, o
t 'breakawayn [sing.]an act of separatinghm
a larger grouplstate,etc. a vehlcle or a machine) not working: a broken- The audimce bmke inlo appInmEZM

down cur 2 in a poor condition: a broken-down smlletgrin, r u m , song, kughbr 3 (Brmto

,box sb 'into prevent sb from doing what they m ll use a banknote (= a piece of paper money) of

~~want, e s p l a l l y by mating rules or other dim- ",break sth 'down 1to make sth fall down or high value to buy sthcosting Eess: IdMn't mntta
open by hitting it hard: They had doget thepolfce break Into a twentpmund note. 4 to interrupt
cuEties: Tha was unable ta Qct kauiw In breok the &or d o m door IE9 knock sb's thoughts: Her mother's voice broke inlo her

the DernOcn3fs wre Baxing him irk o She LunS though&. E E i though& dlsturb sth 5 to

boxed In by rulesand mgulntions. sth down2todestroy orremovesth,especially a start toget involved in an activ~tythat it ~sdm-
problem or an attitude or opinion that sb has:
Box sbin isoften used in the passive. Our arm LS to b m k down barriers tRnl exisl cult to become involved ~nand to be successful at

Q v +nlpmn+adv between teuchers and mrenls. E E bawlera 3 it: Thewmpony ishnuingdzpcuI@ bteaklnEinto

,box sbtsth 'In to p m n t a p m n or a vehicle (Into sth) to separate sth into smaller parts in new mrkets. o She ts iryinl: lo break inlo jour-

from moving by surrounding themlit with other order to analyse it or deal with it more easily: miism !EP markel 6 to open and use sth that

people or vehicles: You can't park kre-you're I've broken damnihe costs by country.o Thew m - you have k e n savingfor an emergency or a spp

boxing tho! mr m! o He muIdn't o m the mny u m bmken down Intosmaller units. o Tlne ci&l rxxas~onI. had to h k Into my sauings to
queslfonmn be broken &wn hfot m p r s s . 4 s a
M e r k a u s e he wus in by the other run- *payfor the rrtp.
also BREAK DOWN 5 4 (Into sth) to make a sub- v*vrev
Mrs. stanw m t e into its parts or change in a ,break 'off;,break 8th 'off r (&a ,break rth

-Box BW& luisoflenused in the passive.

+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n chemical pmcess: Enzymes in the mouth and 'off sth) to separate sth from sth else, using

,box s t h 'up to put sth in a box or boxes: She stomach h k thefawl down 4 See also BREAK force; to become separated from sth in this way:
boxed up adE the OMd b y c b # kio send & her
nOWN 6 The kg of the Dbk just bmke o go A m m r of
nm.
@v+nlpron+adw + v+adv+n
@v+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n

A w ~ t h W b m k m o f l o H e ~ o f f o p i s E B o fan imporlrrnl breakthroughIn the negotiol~o rbMh up (Into nth)2 If a group o f m l e meet- ,breathe8th 'Intosthtofillsthwith life,energy
chmlrrre Imdgaue it me.2 to stop speaking or Jo was only 19 when he gof his breakthrou,qhas ing break up, or sb breaks them up,they go or enthusiasm:She has h t h e d J % s h SWe into

stop doing sth suddenly before you have An- am away in differentdirections:The mtiw broke ititmovie industry.
ished:He broke off abruptly m the rnfddle of a
, b m k 'thmugh; ,break 'thmugh sth 1 to up aper two hours. o Police broke up the ldenwn- mHfe.
sentence.o We had lo b m k fl our hol~dayand make a way through a barrier using force: He
m n towards the barrier in an attempt lo b m k stmtion. o I don't mito b m k up theparty (=I Q v+nlpmn +p p
relllrn home W i n t e l p o They broke ofl their through. o Demonstmlorsh-id 0break through
don't want to make everyone else leave), but I ,breathe 'out to send air out of your lungs
+ +mnversation asI approached. the pol& cordon. DS3 bawler 2 (of the sun or havelogo. through your nose or mouth:Emthe out slowly
v+adu v+adv+n+ v+ntprosl+adu r moon) toappearfrombehind sth:Thesunfinully
v +nlpron+ prep bmke through in the aftermoon. o It stopped rain- +v+adv a v+pm+adv+ v+n+adv(Iess throughyour mouthasyoustand up
2 v+adw + v+adv+n+ v+pron+adv +
v+n*adv(mre) ingandthesun brokefhrou~thheclo&. fwusn0 IS@ exhale (morefonnul) EB9 b d h e in
b 'break-up nIC1 WIthedivisionsf a cornpan' a 6 v+adv
country, an organization or a gmup o f people
,break sth 'oftfo end sth such as a relat1onshIp: seea also^^^^^ THROUGH STH - into smaller parts: the brmk-wof the Chmmon- ,breathe sth 'out to send air, smoke. etc. out
They've broken afl their engagement. o Britain +r+adv + v+prep throughyour nose w mouth: -he the OlroUt
#hrwten@dto break fl dipbmatic re[ntions,o m b t h ofamily brmk-up
,break Through sth 1 to becomegmaterin size slowly and sLeadiI3
aThey wereAouingan @air but she broke it or quantity than a particular lwek Urnploy- +S& a h BREAK-UP at BREAK UP (WITH SB), E E i alr, wmoke EEi exhale sth(morefirma0
m t f i g u m s hove broken through the three mil-
E E dlplomatlc mlatlonk engagement, talM lion barner 2 to sucoeed in dealing with a BREAK SB UP ,opn breathe sth In
problem such as an att~tudethat sb has and the
negotiations BE) terrnlnMe sth (formal) ,break 'up(lntosth),,breaksth 'up(1ntosth)if +v+adv+n + v+nipron+adv
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(mr@) sth breaks u p , or sWsth breaks It up, it

becomesseparatd into smaller pieces: Theship

,break 'out 1 i f sth unpleasant such as a fire, a difficulties that it makes: I tried hard to bred bmke up on the he&.o Break the W l a t e up ,bream 'In; ,breeze 'Into 8th ( i r t f m 0 to
war, etc breaks out, it starts suddenly: Thty through his silent m u d . o Womenare starling to rnto m l l p-. o Smtenm m n be broken up arrive somewhere or enter a plaw ln a casual,
w u k l haw got married in 1939 tf mar had not break through the berries that keep them out intoc hrrser. cheerful and confident way: She brwed in at
btvken out. o Afire bmkaoul on aferryy&erdnp of lop m n u ~E3. overcome sth (more eleuen and greeled ewryone with a s m i k o He
&v+edv v+nlp-m+adv + v+adv+n
+lausrl m r , flm, Rghtlmg, row vklence 2 ( a b f o m n breazcd into t h e o m andannoumd he w a s h w
,break'outof sth)to escapefrom a place or from S W a h BREAK THROUGH,BREAK THROUGH STH ,break gfh 'upto make 8th that is rather W i g , ins.
such as a period o f time ora pattern,more inter-
a situation: Two terrorists have broken out of e v + p r s p estingby addingsthdifferenttoit:Ibreakupmy +v*adu r v+prep
Blockwall Prison,o She longed lo break out of doy by goingforo tvnk in the o f i r m n . a Draw
the daily routine. 3 if sth breaks out on your ,break 'up 1(mpxially BrE)if a school or the ings were used lo break up thepage. ,breeze Yhrough 8th (imformor)to succeed in
chlldren in it break up, school closes for the EEi day, monotony doing sth very easily: She b m z d through the
skin,your skin becomes covered insth: I firssexam.
holidaysat theend of a priedof the schoolyear +v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(Iess O~+P~P
k e e ~brenkini:out (= T keep getting lotso f spots). (a term): We b m k upfir Christmas?mwi mk. o
Haw the schooLF b r o h up yet? 2 (of a relation- J?wueno
o S m t brokeout aEIover h i s b d p ship,a band,etc) to come to an end;to stopwork-

v+adv2also v+ adv +pmp ing together:Their marriuge broke up aler ten 'break wlth sbisth(Tormanto end your connec- brewW I
years. o There are mmurs that the band are tion or relationship with sbMh bemuse you no
'hkout n an escapefrom prison
breaking up.@iEnawlage 3 [usunil~ly in
t 'adbreak n the start of sth or the sudden longer agree with them: N k k broke with hb ,brew 'up;,brew 5th 'up(&X, Wonnu?)to pre-
thepmgmsiw f e w s ) if the connection between
appeamnce of 5th unpleasant or violent: the out- father tuset up h~sownfirm pare a hot drink o f tea or coffee: Come hto the
two telephones,or two radios that are used for
break of mr oan outbrwk o f ~ p o i s o n i n g o +v+pre~ kitchen whileIbrew up. oI'll bww up afreshpot

ouibmksof min 'break with I h (farno to rej& sth such as a of len when theyarrive.

, m a k d h 'nutto get sPh ready tobe used,eaten, sending and rweivlng messages, is breaking tradition or the past and deEide to do sth differ- IEJtea
u news! LIet's h k u p , the people speaking can no longer hear each ent Theprince broke with W i t i o n by gohg io +v+adv + v+adv+n v+pmn+adv L v+n+adv
drunk, etc: That's ~ other clearly:T h e s k ~wlas breaking up. o I'm study a b d o The new directors am eager lo Imj
out thechumpgne! t 'b-p n (BrE,irui?mk)an act of making a

EEl champagne sorry -what did you my?You'rebreaking up. breQk with thepasl. drink of tea;the drink that you make
ev+adv
e v + a d v * n + v+pmn+adv+ v + n + a d v ( m ) @9tradltlon,the past

,break 'out inAnte sth to suadenly become ,break'up(w3th8b), ,breaksb 'uptoendarela- &v+prep
covered in sth such as sweat:He broke oul in a tionship with sbRob and T bmkeup last week.o
cold sweat a! the thorrgnl of the trial, o M y skin She'sjust broken up with her Wprend4rmn't breathelbri:bl ,brick sth 'IW'up to AU in or block an opening
has broken out in an,itchyrash. klieue my bestfrknd is m l i y trying to b m k M
up! ,breathe 'In to take air into yuur lungs through w ~ t hbricks: Thefii-eph? hnd heen bricked in
m sweat,rwh your nose or mouth: B M h e in through your someyeassWore. o SomeMy had bricked up all
6 v+ adv* pmp ESl splIl up (withlfmmah), lplk sb up nose as you stretch up. p.o He b~tlnerdin deeply the doors and windows.

,break 'through (mmInlIy AmE) to achieve 6 v+adv + v+nlpmn+adva v+adv+n and thenspoke. E lwlndow,fireplace,d m
your first ~mportantsuccess In sth; to make an Inhale (moreformf)EZ!3 b r e a t h out =Brick sth Inlup is often used in the
lrnportant or new discovery: G h n CIose broke 'bmakupn IC1nSIthe ending of a marriageor
throughma star with 'hi%tAttmcf&n',o Scien- a relationship:He moueriamy aper the bi-mk-up Q v+adv passive.

of hrsmtsrriage. o orricrge break-up F,breatheath 11nto take air,smoke,a smell,etc,in @v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv

tats belelraw they h u e broken through in thew + S W a h B R E A K - U P a t BREAK UP,BRBAK SBhTH through your nose or mouth: We walked ahng brightenP b r W
the beach. brsathmgintheseaail:
f ~ h t a ~ t l l s t t hde W , UP

=The phrase to make a breaMhmugh is ,break 'up;,break s h t h ' u p I (ltosth) if a IEG!air,smoke EE) Inhale a t h ( m m f Q m ~ ,brighten 'up 1 if the weather brightens up,It
uspd more often than to break through: ScIt.n- gmup of people or a family breaks up, or sb
trsls have mu& a major brwkthrough in their bre& it up,the members separate and donot breathe nth out becomes clearer and brighter:Afler a dullsmn,
it shouw brghten up [n&rEE9 clear up 2 if a
~ghtagamslAID$. shy together: The m n f e m broke up into dis- +v+adv+n +v+dpmn+adv
cussion groups. o She had never intended m
@v+adv break up hk.fami[jto The SLlviet Unionkgan lo
b 'breakthmughR an important disoovery or
development;sb's firstimportant success in 5th: b m k up in 1W1.I B spllt up (Into nth),spllt

1........................................ *............................................b...r..l..n...g....a....n

person brightens u p , theybecome happier and ,bring sb 'back (tosth)1to returnsbto a place: d mto the gmund (land): Thepilotbrought the EEI experts,police+boopr2Ifthepolicebring
sb in they take them to a police station toques-
more cheerful:He brighlened up when t h q mid to take sb home:I'II bring you k k again after phne down Wet3 @ E lplane BE)land sth

tiecouldgowith t k m . EH) cheer up the par& o She t M to bring him back (= to @r+n!pmn+a& + v+adv+n tlon them or arrest them: 7luo men have been

*v+adv make him return) lo the m t t w in hand. o f i t - M n g ttm 'hmused m to makean audience brought infor questioning.ESZI suspect
laugh or clap in an enthusiastic way: Herper- Q v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,brightenslt~'upto make sih more interesting, t ~ ~ t h e d r l v wtohefmar inprison m n ' t bring my
excitlng or atkactiw: I've brought someJloroers sister h c k (= returnher to lifeaftershe has been formam browht the howdown. ,bring sblsth 'In 1 to take sWsth into a room, a
IQhrkhlen theplace rtp a bit. o Brighten upyour killed). 2 to put sb back in their old job or pas-
b w l m m ~uitha f e w p m , ,bringsth ' d monlupon sb(fom0 tomake h o w , an ofIloe, etc:&uldyou bring in another
Ition: UnlW hnw brought back their old man-
mplece.mommcheMrthup ager sth unpleasant happen to sb as a result of your chuir?o Bring him in! In informal lan-

v+nlpmn+adv + v+adu*n @v*nlpmn+adv v+adv+n actions: He had brought nothrng brat trouble guage bring:sb in sth rtnrl, less often,bring sb

down on thefami& sth in are also u d : Could you bring me in

brimm m )jmm-( ,bring sth 'back 4 (tosth)to return sth to the Qvtrdpmntadvtprepr v+adv+n+prep another chair? o Could you bring us some t w in?
place it came from: thedmdoesn'tflt,brhgit
bring d m the 'eumln m sth;brlng the 2 to attract sblsth to a place or a business: The

,brim 'mrw(wlm sh)(uuallyused jn t h e p r o m $ack to the shop and m'I1c h a w itfir you. 2 to 'curtain a m on 8th to finish orma* the end of utsftorcentrersbringing in moreandmorepeopk
siue &ai)f a cup or a cantainerlwhm over
with a liquid, It is so full that the liquid flows make youremembersth or thinkabut it again: 5th Her decrsion to retrre bmught down the cur- Ei3 bUsheS8, c u s t o ~ r st,ourlam
over the edge: He film my RWso full it was
brimming our! o Her eym were brimming owr Talking a b u t his dwth brought it all back m iatnon agiirtering 3@ymrcaree,: -B t ohBRING SBISINTTO SITIH
wrth team
me. o Thephotos brought L m k hnppy memories, ,bring sb 'forth (okfifashionerSnersformmaw[,) to +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
+ ovemor*(wlthrth)~nson~K)
v+adv rnemorfss3tomakesththat existed orwas glvebirth to sb: She bmughtforfhaasoa ,bring sth 'In1toinhpduceanew1aw:AnauIow
chlld
,brim 'overwith mth (nol&ininIhemmfw done before be used or done again: Am you m was brough#intoimpmwrwdsaf@. o N e w m -
t a m )if sbbrimsoverwltbsth,they show a lot
of a particular quality:She's brimmingowr with fauour of bringing bnck the death penal@?= +v*adv+n r v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(less trob were brought m to limit spend& and bor-
mnyi&mond enthusiasm. reawe stk; relntrduw sth ( h f hmoreformat)
J?@quent) mwfng. Ieglslatlon,F a w m Introducesth
WnRbsnce, exelternmt 4 (for sb)to return with 5th for sb: What shall I
@ v+ adv + prep ,bring sth 'forth 1to produce sth;to (moreformal) W Briog sth In is oftenu& in
bring back for the chrldrenpom Puri.? In make sth happen: Her m r k s brought forth a the passive in this meaning. 2 (law)to give a

informal language bring sb back sth and. less harsh response.2 (oldfmhrondl to take sth out decision ma court of law:T kjury brought m a

often,bring sb sth back are also u A in this of a container verdict of guil&. i3El only verdict, declslon 3 to
ev+adv+n + v+pn+adv v+n+adv(k mention or include sth:She brotdght In other evi-
meaning:I brotghl the kidr h c k some books.o

Canyou brrngmesomerhmngback muent) dence tosupport her argumnl.

@ v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv ,bring sth 'fornard 1to mwe sth to an earlier Qv+adu+n r v+nlpmn+adv
date or time: We'll have ta brlng the dale of the
bringh l (WM. bmum ~ b m ~ ) 'brlngsbisth before sWsth(k~w)hpresentsb ,bring sbEsth 'Into sth 1 to take sWsth into a

forjudgment; topresent sthtosblsthfor discus Jinalgameforward. meetlng,date EE@ put place: Briw that c h ~inrlo thedining room. 2 to
sion or a decision. Children should not he 8th forward El9 put 8th back 2 to sug~esat mdude or mention sblsth in a discussion, con-
brought t&re a court. o The n w ~ v a sbrought versation, etc: Why doyou alwajs have to brlng
kfom thejudge. subject,an idea,etc. for discuss~onS:he brought Pete into it (= mention Pete when we are discuss-
E 9 I ~ e r e B h a u l . bb f o m sbhth,hautIb fnnunrdproposals for a new school buiidmg.
up befom sblsth (iMornm0 ing sth)?o Iknewgou'd manage do bringf w t h l l
propowl BETI put ath forward 3 Ifinonce) to into theconwrsation!J to attractskdsthto aplace
Rring sblsthbefore s&th k usuallyused move a total from the lmttom o f one page or r ~ l .
ln the pasive umn of numbers to the top of the next p a g e m or business: The advertising cammign should
Bring bring morepeopleinlo the bookshops.
v + nlpron +prep balance SE3 carry ath fornard
6th forward is often used in the passibo in this +seeakoa~!wcSBISTH I N
,bring sb ' d m (r-0 to depress sb; to meanmg. 4 (technuxrl)to put a document in a file Q v+ nlpmn+prep

make sb unhappy: Spending New Yeor abne until the particular date when you need to deal ,bringsth 'off(In@rmat)to manage to do sth dif-

brought me rightdown. awith it:a hringforwadfile (= one that contains ficult suocessfully:Engw werechi? to V ~ O r q t

pel sb down;dep- .b(moreformal') documentsfor a particular date) o Wirhthissofl- but t k y muldn'tquite brSng it o Thompsm,

,bring rth a'bouttomakesth happen: Whathas Q v+ nlpmn+a& ware,thesystem will remindyou when the bring tiwnew gwfkeeper;brought ofla sup~bsrave.
broughtabout this d r a w 7 0 His nerwusbmzk-
dorunwas brought &ut b y s h m . ,bring sblsth ' d m 1 to take sblsth from a forward date arrives. Bring sth forward pull sth of(

changa,tttu d c o l l a p m of rth higher to a lower level: They brought all the i s only used in an office context with this mean- Q v+pmn+adv v+sdv+n. v+n+adv

m cause ath boxes downfromtheotlk 1tomake sbEsthfall to ing,and isusually used infron t of a noun, as rf it ,bring sb 'an (BrEI ( A M ,Mng str a7long) to
is an adjective. help sb to d m l o p or improve when they are
@ v+adv*n r u+nlpmn+adv the ground: He was brought down in t h e m a t # Qv+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n Iearningto do sth: Wenaad lo bring on theyoung
a m . o Theirplane WQS bmught down by a uip
, M n g sb a ' h g m=BRING SB OM ,bring 'In sth;,brlng sb 'In8th tomakeor earn pbyem quick1p o There's no time lo bring
knt storm. o WhensheBl1,shabroughthimdown

wrthher o He brought down thebird wrth asin& money for sb:How much isshe bringing in evety emp- afonggmdually.

,Mng s h t h a'longto bringsb/sth somewhere shor. 3 to make a government,a leader, etc. lose nwnth?o Has job only brought him in a small +v+adv+n + v+n/pron*adv
with you:Cnnlbringmysisleralongm6he~? power or be defeated:The mAdnl brought the
gouernmenfdowm IEEJgovernment inmme. ,bring sth 'on to make sth unpleasant happen:
o Shebmughtsome CDsalong. The hw?Tattad was brought on by sbress. o It's
+v+a&+n + v+nlpron+adu*n
@v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+actv+n
Qv+ntpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n ,bring sb 'In 1(on ath)to get sb involved in sth, not likeyou togetsomt.What'sbruught lhfson

,bringsb a'round(Am=BRING SB ROUND iw-,bring9th 'down1tomake sthsmallerinsizeor especiallytoadvise or help,etc: Crrn wedeall with (= has made you so upset)?
,bring9bl~tha'round(wmlbrhm) = 0RrNG amount: We are determined O h n g down
this wrrhout bringing thepolice in?ord like Fo EEi hmrt Mack, d e p d o n W calwn stk
SRIBTH ROUND tron. o 5% price war rs bringing the m t oJ
bring I n s m r Lacey in on this invstigotion. o (momformno
,bring sth a'rounrl to 8th ( e l &A m = flights down. EQi lntlatlon, prloea Ts?*) M r
ath (nwreformal) 2 to make an amraft come Fxperls werebrought in mndulsethegovernnmt. Qv*nlpron+adrr + v+adv+n

RAINC STH ROUND TO STH

3............... ~ brushpast

'brfnssth on sbryourseW(ah brlrrgstit upon ,bdwsb 'b=BRING S 0 ROUND 1 ,bring sb/sth 'up to 9thto help sWsth to reach etc. because you do not want to think about It or
an amptable level or standard: They have now you think it is not important: She qukkly
sblpursfl morr form0 to be responsible for , b r i g A and B to'gether 1to help two people brought Ihefbothld ground up lo t h required brwhed the Ideaotuo)t rsmr)dlmlss sth
sth unpTeasant that happens to ~Wyourself: or groups toend a quarre1:to mite two p p l e o r Qv+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
You've bmught sham on the whok fmily!o +safety slandards.
groups: The crisis brought the family closer r +nlpron+ adv +prep ,brush 'by ~b/Sth= BRUSH AGAINSThYIPAST
Don't Mame ma! You've brought this onyourself
together 2 to introduce two people who have ,bring sth u'pon sb&oumatf = BRING STH ON SB/STH
l!Eishame, dlsgracm
never met; to help two p e ~ p l ecome together SBlYOURSELP ,brush sb&Ou*seR 'down (especinIfVBrE) to
@ v+ dpmn + prep clean sblyoumlf by brushing theirlyaur clothes
socdly: I t was me who brought them logethez bristlel'bp~gi~ with your hand, especially after theylyou have
fallen: Sheslood up and hrushd herseIf dotun.
,bringsb 'outto helpsbtobe more confidentand getAandBtagether 'bristle wlth sth to be covered in 5th: to haveor
less shy: H e ! r g w d a I b r @ q i n g w l m u s inm- +v+n/pmn+adv * v+adv+n contain a large number or amount of sth:a mf 3 S W U ~ S OBRUSH GdYOURSLLF OFF
bristling wrth TVaerials o Thest@ brisrb with
urewees. o A year at mltege h m m l l y brought ,bring sb/sth to'gether to collect a group of emficpncv. ev+nlpmn+adv
IreroatQf~If W Bristlewith sth is mainly used in writing.
pcople or objects together in one place: This ,brushsth ' d m ( ~ I a l 1 y B r E ) t o d e a n s t h b y
Qv+adv+n + v+nlprcn+& @v+pmp brushing it thoroughly: B m hyour cwt down to
erhihition brrngs logether manyarlisls'rw*. getthemudoflo Thechildmnrueretaughthowto
broadenIIXCXW brushdown theirponies.
,bring stb 'out 1t u b ,king ath 'out d ath) to +vtnlpmn+&dvr v+adv+n BE3 mat. aklrt,etc.
,broaden 'out if a river, a road, etc. broadens
take 8th wt of sth; to remove 8th fmtm sth: He ,bring sb 'up1tocareforachidunfflheor sheis out, i t becomeswider -B . S E i ? ~ k 0BHllSH STH OFF 1
bmught amrdoutcf his wllal andgawil t u b Bmaden is also m?dwith the same mean-
grown up: She luas brought up by har aunt. o I Ing, but less often. ev+dpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
mtakesthaut,takerthdofsth2topm
was bmughfup(= Igrewup)ona~3rmE. 33 chll- +v+adv ,brush 'off; ,brush sth 'off if mud, dust etc.
duce or publlsh sth: They're bringing out a new brushes off,or you brush it OR,it is remowd
sportscar thisyeuc o How many a l b u m hawthe dren,famlly, daughter, E B mlsenb(Am@ ,broaden "wt; ,broaden rth 'out ( e s m l l y by brushing: B n ' t worry about the mud - it'll
band brought out?^ Thepublishers are bringkg RrKj if sth broadens out, or you broaden it brush off easily when it's dry. o We were abk to
out a new edition4f Ihedicliona~ynexl spring. 3 IEiHBringupachilddoesnot mean thesameas out, it becomes more general or includes a brush thedirt off guile w i l y
to make a particular quality easier t o w , taste, larger number of pwple or thine: L?63 bn-
or notice: Tfmtdressbrrrylsoutbhemlourof your lonk after a child. 2 to teach your child a par- out Ihe dlscussIon to mlk about Bdmtmron as a Qv+adv v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
t~cularway to behave. etc: They bmught Ihelr whole.
ey~s.EZi colwr, ~~r E B emphaslm 5th chrldren up very strictly. o We were brought up to M e n is used more frequently with the ,brush sb 'off (1mrrrm0F to refuse to listen to
( m o r e f o m4~to make sth appear that is usu- bP p01rte und do who# m wete told. o a well same meaning. sb: to ignore sb in a rude or unkind way: He tlrIed
brought up chlIdEEi children, hmlly, daugh-
ally hidden: She always brings out t h worst In ter, son DTB raise ssb (Am@ 3(law) tomake sb *Qv+adv r v+adv+n v+rdpmn+adu lo mphm lo but she W h e d him ofl hpa-
appearfor trial in a coutt of law
me'o The situatfbn bmtrphl out the viciousness browseI ~ W Z ! liently. EED rebuff sb (fotmat)+sm a h BRUSH
Bring sb up is often used in thepassive.
in h i m the best7the -t ,browse'thmgh sth tolookulmughahk, a SBISASITDEH2 2 tO get rid of sb: She mukln'l
+v+rilpmn+adv * v+a&+n magazine, etc. In a casual way, without reading brush Rogeroff mar thern
Qv+rdpmn+adv + v+adv+n everything: She bruused through The newspaper @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
1also v +nlpmn+adv + prep t 'upbrlnglngn [sing.] nTj the way in whfch a whileshe waited. b 'brush+W n (ivormal)rude or unkind behav-
child is cared for and taught, especially by par- iour that showsyou do not wantto be friendly: to
book,newspaw giuesb the bmh-off
,bring sb 'out in 5th (BrE) to lnakesb's skinbe ents, whilc he or she is growingup
ev+ prep ,brush sb!yourself 'offto clean sWyoumelf by
mered in sth such as sweat or spots: T b m a W ,bring sb/sth 'up (to sth) to mwe sblsth to a brushing theirlyour clothes quickly with your
bring meout m a m h . higher place, especially up the stairs: &w&5.sl ,brush a1pinW'byrpaststusth to touch sbl hand
mas bmught up to our room o Callurn is down- sth lightly when you movedoseto themlit: A cat
+v+nlpmn+adu+prep brushed agarnst hffileg, o He bmhed @/past me +~ t e a BhRUSH SB/YOURSELF DOWN
stnirs. ShulI I bring him up? o She bmught her
,bring sbMh 'owrto take o r bring stdsth to a h o d tap aorrdloppd him, o Ibmughr the cup up and run out. (gv+nlpmn+& v*a&+n
particular place. especially sb's home: Whmr iomy l~p.eondmkas&ofm m . (gv + prep
your skter gefs bnckfmm Nau Yo* bring her ,brush sblsth aV4ldd 9 to push sbEsth to one ,brush8th 'Off 1to clean sthquicklyby brushing
it.Hepacked uphis hot o n d b m h e d i l oflqukkly-
ouertuseew. o Bringyourdmtroueraradsitwith +v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n side: Shebrusheda strandof ttairaride.2 to ref-
use to listen to sWsth or lreal themlit as unprt- + see o h BRUSH STH DOWN 2 to refuse to listen
lrsl ,brfr~gsth 'up 1 to move 8th h m a lower to a
h ~ ~ hpeosrition: Shebrought ~lpherhnd sopro- ant: He brushed my proiwts wide cmd paid the to, discussorampt sth:Rokrtshwh@dcgT alle-
e~+dpron+v+&adv+n bill. o Every time I by to explain,you b m h me
iect herfare. 2 2 mention a subject and start to mi& lE@ wavosth arkIdaway; dlsmlss a M t h gutions of corruption. o She brushed ofl ofem of
,bringsb 'round(Brm ( A M ,Mngsb aWnrl) help from herfriends. 4 see also BRUSH s a l s ~ ~
1( a h ,Mngnb 'to)to make sb conscious again: talkabout it: h w y t i m Ibrlng themalter up, he 4 S?t?afseBRUSH SB OFF 1; BRUSH STH OFF 2
Shegentlyslapped hisfmlo brrng him mund.2 changes the subjecl. subject, matter E B +v+nlpmn+adw + v+adu+n ASIDE 2
(to sth)to persuade sb to agreewith you, or to do Qv+nlpmn+adv + u+a&+n
what you want. lbmught him sound mmy way of ralse sth (mo!vforml) 3 (to 9th) to lncrease a ,brushsth a'wrty (fmm sth)l toremovesthhm
a surface with a brush, your hand. etc: She ,brush d h 'ovt 1to brush sth, especiallyhair,
+thinkingin I h e d . FS3 wln ab mer(tosthth) total, a price, a number, etc. to a higher level or brushed a stray hair awuy frwn her fm. thoroughly to remove knots or to make it
v + nlpmn + adv amount This donntim brings the total up to tears, IMIr, dust 2 to ignore an idea, a thought, straiphter:§he brushed out her h i <w h e d her
fare a d go#in@ W .EKQ hair 2 ( a h,brush sth
,bringsbtsth ' m d(esprIn1lyBr.Q W m u - S 0 W . o O m got another gorrl, bringing the 'outof sth) to remove knots, etc. from your hair
ally ,Mng sW8th a'lpund) to bring sWsth to sb's by brushing:It l m k haha(fan hour lo b& outall
home: I'll brzw the pnpem round to your hoaw score up to M.ESltotal raise ath (more th6anglesin hishuil: tangles, knots
Qv+adv+n + v+dpmn+adv
+thiseueniw. forman 4 ta bring f d from the stomach back 2 also v +nlpmn+ adv + prep
v+nlpmn*adv a v+adv+n out though the mouth. The botry'sjust brought
,brush 'past ~b/Sth= BRUSH AGAINST/%Y~PAST
,bring 5th 'roundtm d h (Brh')( a h,Mngath up her h A $ a s t . t h w nth up (rmfomb),
a'round to sth A d , BE)to direct a canversa- SBlSTH
trun, a dlscusslon, etc. so that you are talking vomjt sth(moreformull 5 l omake sth appear on
about the subject you want to talk about: He
a computer screen:Cenyou bring that.file up on
always brings thewnvermtion roundlofoofbalL
EFl wnversmtion,dlseusslon xreen?

*@ v nlpmn+a& +prep +v*dpmn+adv + v+adv*n

,bring sb'upagalnl irthtomakesbWIzesth
orfacesthanddealwith !t: Thbwsebrhgsclsup

against !heproblemof punishment inschools.

v + rdpmn+adv4 prep

....b...r.u...s..h....u..p......... ...,...-... .........."......................3..0.................................... ...... .............................................................. ...............................3.1............................................................................ * bulldup
..........................11........1.1.--.....1I.....-

,brush 8th 'up;.brush 'up on 5th (esmiazlv buckle.IWI . ,bugger 'oPf(BrE, A, shm)to go away:B-r ,build'upto become greatet strongeror larger in
on and h u e me alone. o Clive's buggered off ID number: Queues of tmm are building up qfrm
BrE) to study orpractise sth in order to &t back ,buckle 'down (torth) (Irllbrmnf)to start work- the acctdent. o I mlrtdfed the angw butlding up
the skill or knowledge that you had in the past ing or dolngsth in a serious or determined way: Ihepub with Julie.
but have not used for sometune: I& to brush He trwdto buckiebwn tosome wrklstudy. .insideme.
up my computerski2.k. o Youshould brush up on Clear offis a more polIte informal way to EE) accumulateImorefimb
your French Woreyou go toh m . knuckledown (to nth)
t3Ei skllls, FrenchEngllsh,e k ETQ poIfsh 8th say this, &v+adv an increase in the
Q v+adv Q v+adv 'bul~dupn [sing.]

up;raviawsth(eswciallvA~.revlmsUr(Br~,buckle 'up ( a m [ @A m 0 to fasten the belt ,buggersth 'upW E ,A,slang)to spoilsth:todo amount, strengthor n m k o P sth:a buikd-upof
=Rrush 8th up cannot be used In the that you wear in a car, etc to keep you in your sth badly: Ih rwtgolng to lei her bugger things
seat if there is an accident la seat beIt): Buckle upfor nae. ctsrbon dlaxide in theatmsphere
W Mess sth up is a morepolite informalway
passive +seeuIsoBuILD.wPat nurm up (TO sm1,BurLD
tosay this.
Ov+adv+n v+pmn+adr v+n+adv(& urn kids. YOURSELF U P (TO STH); BUILD-UP at BUILD SBISTH
E B belt up
f ~ ~ m+tv +)adv +prep Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n UP
Q v+adv
,butld'up(aosth),,bulldyournelf 'up(wah)to
bubblerbnbll bufld/bdd/(buItt, builtfifltl)
buddytbndi! (huddles, Duddylng,buddled, gradually pmpm yourself for sth such asa race
,bubble 'over(wlth ath) ta be full of excitement,
buddled) ,build ath a'mund 5th (mEalso ,build sth or competition: Start gently and build up to the
enthusiasm, ideas,etc: m y ~uewbubbling over 'mundsth)tocreatesth.basingitonaparticular mrestrenuow exercises. o Build up slowly until
with excitemmt ,buddy 'upt w l t h sbtsth betget ,buddied th~ng,personi,dea, etc: Thestory isbuilt around youmn jogfor3Uminules. o Ruiklyourseif uglo
Q v+adv 'up totwith sbtsth (AmE,in$urmal) tobecome the adventurn of IZknigh&. theday of thepe@ormnce.
friendly w~thsb or work closely with another Build 5th nroundlromd sthisi s e n used
,bubble 'under; ,bubble 'under sth if sth is person:She buddied up to Loura. hoprng lo get to Qv+adv r v+pron+adv
kmiv herbrothe~o l a s k d loget buddied u p with 111 the passive.
bubbling under, ~tis already fairly sucmsful an e x p r i e d d i u ~ F 'bulld-up (to sth) n [C, usually sing.]the time
but i s not yet as sumssful asother things of the Qv+n/prwr+m before an important event, when pwple are
+v*adv+pmp belget+v+adv+pp gradually preparing for it: the build-up tu the
same k ~ n da, lthough it IS likely to lx so soon: ,build 8th 'ln;,bulldsth 'intoa h 1tomkeath Olympics
a fixed and permanent part of a system,a plan, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z S O E I UBIULILDD U- PU;ePuraLnt -UPat
-Thisis our k t of tracks bubbling under songs
ihal m y swn k i n the Topa.
budgelbndgl etc: .%f~gmr& againstfraud are buili into the B U I L D SR~STHUP
@v+adv v+prep system.2 to make sth a fiwedand permanent Wrt
of sth larger:Theftash is built mto themmem o ,build sb&oumeH 'upto make sb healthier or
,bubble 'up 1if a liquid babbles up from the ,budge 'up(BrE,ir&rmb to mow up:to make stronger: She gave m Iois of vlhmlnsand min-
ground,etc.it rises up in the formof bubblesor more mom for sb else:Budge up a bit! I'd like to Thrsdlshwasherconk burlt in. eralsto burM me up.
Build sth in and 'build sth into stb are Ruild sb up cannot be usedin thepassive.
making the sound of bubbles: Watm bubbled up Sitdown 100. @ v + nlpmn+ adw
mfrom the pool. o @gumtive) Clam wall bubble oft~nused Inthe passive.
m0Ve:up ,buildsblsth '[email protected]
Qv+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+prep enthusiasm,oftenpraising them more thanthey
up (= start to form) lu&r this aftarmn. 2 if +v+adv d e s e r v ~He has been built up So be theanswer So
r ,bulk-'inE a b Jrr'butkt lesPJ%qmt) ed.[only the nafron'spmbIems.
laughter or memotion bubbles up, ft becomes before noun] forming a fixed part of a larger
structure: a hilt-incuphard o Thecumma has ma~ u l l dsbtsth up is often used In the p a s
strongerand starts to be heard or seen:I mutd budgetrb~dgrtl abuilt-mmh.

I& the anger bubbllng up inside me. o Laughter 'budget for 8th to plan to save or provide an P 'Inbullt adj [only before noun1 existing as an
amount of money for aparticularpurpoae: Don't
came bubbling up.

+v+adv f o W to budgetfir the cast@ lexthbooks.

buckmnkj Budget for ath can be used in the passive: +essential part of sWsb: the inbuilt suruiml S1VC.
Tlreseextra coslshawnot been Budgefedfor
instznctof animnls Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n
,buck 'up (okffushwned, BrE, informnoused to 0 v+vrep P 'buildup n [C,usually sing.] a very enthusi-
'build on sth (ah'h14ldwpon sth nwr@fonnnO
tell sb to hurry up:Buck up!We'll h €me. to developf u r t h e r h m sththat youhave h d y astlc description, m i a l l y of a performance.
ach~eved:We need to build on last year's surress. that is Intended to make p o p l e exciteda b u t it
ZEE) hum up o Thlsoourse builds on n i s t ~ n gskills and want to see it: Thereuiewrsgave the phy a
EE success, skllfa+strengths, achlarsmmb
@v+adv ,bug 'OutWmE, i~&mcrl) to leave in a huny: I Build &upon s t h can be used in the pas- big bu~ld-wp
SIVF Thtssuccessshouirl be builton, not &nored.
,buck 'up; ,buck sb 'up(OM-&him&, BrE- pr~*kedup mymy andthen buggedout. 4 seealso RUILV-UP at D U ~ L DU P ;sul~n-UPat
v + prep
znformal) to become, or to make sb, more chm- Qv+adv BUILD U P (TO STH),BUILtl YOURSELF U P (TO STHI
,build sth 'on:,build sth 'onto sth to add sth
ful: Buck up! Them's no school tomorraw! o He ,bultrl 8th 'up 1to collect or create sth,often
such as an &a room to an existing building: graduallyovera period of time: She has built rrp
buckad up when I said he muld go, o A day out They h a d built ona largeextensionat the back of an unpressiue calL?ctmn of pinlzngs. E3Ti cOl-
$heh u e .
will buck you up. ,bugger a'boutra'round (wlth dh) W E ,A, leetlon, llbrary 2 to develop 9th: The m o w e r
@extenwfoIn had built up a god relationship with hb st@ o
IE!O c h ~urp,elmar sb&oundfup slang) to waste time doing stupid or unimport- My father built the business upfrom scratch. O
Q vfadv v+nlpmn+adv ant thfngs; to behavein asilly way: Step bugger- v + adv + n + v+ nlpmn +adv v + rtlpron+prep
irtg aboutand M'sgei on with it. Hurrrel has built up quite a repi&tionfur hemw
DJbuck your f'deas up I&rE,iqforml)to start as a reporter o We are gmduaily bu ftdlrrg up a
Mess around or,in British English, me$
behaving in a more acceptable wa~s:o that work
about is a more polite informalway to say this.
gets done better, etc

bucket/%MI +v+adv 'bulld s2h on sth (also'bulW 8th upon aM mmp picture of what happened.W bualness, repu-
JormaO to base sth on sth; to use sth a9 the basis tation, picture 3 to increase sth or make sth
'bucketdown( B E ,irlformol)to rain hemfly:rt ,bugger ab a'boutra'round( B E ,A,sbng) to or foundation for 9th: Our cumpang has built its stronger: mer on mident, most driven need to
bucketed downall &yY treat sb badlyor in a way thatwastes their time: reputation on thequality of i t s p r o d W
I'm sickof hing bugger& ubout by my h. build up Iheircvn@aplceagarn. wnfldenca,
+v*adv -Mess sb around or, in British EnglFsh, Q v + dpmn +prep
, h l l d sth 'roundsth(BTG) =BUILD STH AROUND .trust, strength4 to rover sth so that it 1sh~gher
mess sb about is a more polite informal way to
$TI1 or stronger than before
+say this.
Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
v+ nlpron* adv

bulld up ,.....................................................3.2" ................................................. - S burnout

up udj [ u s u a ~ ~beyfore n m ]1owered bump,%.unp/ bundlet'bnnat Buoy sblstbup isoftenused in thepassive,
with manyh o w s orbuildings: Thespeedlimit is Buoy sblstb can also be used:Buoyed by their
l o w In built-up areas, 2 built-up shoes, b t s , ,bump ,Intosb (imrmatonmeet sbbychance: ,bundle sb 'OW(to sth...) to send sb somewhem recent V I C ~ Wr h t e a m l r m c o n v i ~theymn win
or heels haveextrahe~ghatdded In a hurry or when they do not want to go:She thefinal.
bumped an oldfrw in lawn bundIed herson off SoschmE.
,buildYOursleW 'UP 1=WILDYP(TO m),BUILD Qv+n/pron+adv * v*adv+n
YOURSRLP IIP (TO STH) 3 = BUILD SB/YOURSELF -)6YHJ id0 S b packsboff (to...)
,buoysth '~p@nance)tomakeorIteepprlcsata
UP & +, . Qv+n/pron+adv + v+&+n high or satisfactory Iwel: Share p r h roere
buoyedupbytthenews, o lo buoy uplheecommy
'build upon sth =BUILD ON STH ,bump sb ,off(iMmD to murder skHeh i t - ,bundle 'up;,bundle nb 'up(In ath) to dress in
warm clothes;to put warm clothesonsb:Bundle E E l prfoea
led bumpihg 0 f f S a l e s . up!It 'sfmzingoursi$e! oI bundled up in a
blanketand madehero cup of tm. EUW Buoy sth up ls d e n used ln the passive.
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n wrap up (In nth),wrep sb up(In 5th). wrap Buoy sth isalsoused with thismeaning.
@ u+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
'buildsth u p o n ath =BUILD ~ T BOH STH ,bumpsb'&y,bumpsb'oPfsthl tonotallow y o u m K up (in sth)

bulkpd~ sb ta have the seat on a plane that they hw
booked. b u s e seats h v e lmn sold to more

,bulk 'outfup; ,bulk sbMh 'OWU{Pe s ~ t l y people than the plane will carry: Wlh more Bundle sb up is offenused in the passive. burn/ b n ; A r n E b ~ n n(fburnt,bumtpxnt;
AmE) to increase In size or weight; to make .@ v +adv v + nlpron+adv
sbtsth increase In size or weight: Griswald had peopleflyingthess days, themis a g m # chance drnEbamt[ or burned. burnedb m d ; A m E
bulked upfor this maah and won easily. o Laul of ~ e t t i n gBumped off your flight. o bum& ,bundle 8th 'upno'getherto put or tie thinw
busrnessesareheiping lo bulk upschoolcornpuler ofl t r c r u e i k m ~Bump sb can also be used b3:rndl)
labs (= provide more computers). with this meaning: We were Iote a r r i v i w at the together 1nto a bundle: She bundled up her
airport a d the atdine burn@ w. 2 (espxially ,buma'way; ,burnsth a W y to disappearas a
Qv+adv .r v+adv+n a v+pron+adv* AmE, computing) to break the connection clotl~esand pmM them into a cupbwrd o ThB result of burning; to make sth do this: Half the
candla had burnt away. o The fire had bur&
v+n +adv(mre) bet- sb's computer and thelnternet, so that papers uwre ail bundled 6-t d y io be o w a y p r t of the mf
they can no lower use the Internet: Some WTS
fhmwnaLuD# Q v + & r v+adv+n v+pmn+adv r v+n+adv
wu[dn't login,orherskepl~tt~gbum@oflo ~v+nlpmn+adv v+sdv*n

,bullysb 'into sth ,bullysb 'lnto dolng 8th to be bum& off the Xnterwt @Ethle Intarntlt, bung (hfwmt)
to force sb to do sth by frightening them or server, webslte E.9 klck sb uff, kick sb OW
threatening them: Youcan'tbulb m rntosaying ,bung sth ' u p (wmh ath) (BrE, Immimi)to stop ,bum d m if a fire bums down, it b e w w
s t h dlleonnect sb (from Mi)(moreformal) sth from moving or flowing through sth by put- less shong and burns with smallerflames:They
mylhiw! W These phrasal verbs are usually used mthe ting sth in or across it: She's bunged the sink up sat by thefim, wuWlingit sbwly bum down.
w ~ t lhea Ieaves.
*Q v+nlpmn prep passive: I was worried about bang bumped off block ath up moref for ma^ m burnup
theflight. +v+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
b ,bunged 'up d j blocked, not clear:My nme is Q v+adv
bumfinmi I-mm.) Q v + nipmn+adv + v+dpron+pmp all bunged up thlsmorning.
,burn ' d m ;,bum sth ' d m if a buildhg
,bump sb 'up(to(to) ( O f o m l )to m w e sb to a burns down. or sb burns it down, it is des-
troyed hy fire: Thepalme burnt dourn in tfzeIRh
,bum a'round( B r E a h,burn 'mund) (irlfbrmal) more expensive seat in a plane without charging
century. o Shethrmlened#aburn t h e l r o ~ d o w n .
to travel around or to spend your time doing them extra, because there are not enough seats

nothing in part~cular at the price they have pa~dJ: got b u m up lo bunkp ~ k { IEEWBnrn sth down is often u& in the

Q v+adv busirrpss clnss. pasfive.
,bunk' c l o w n ( ~ l l y A n ~ & t o U e d o w n t o s l e e p Qv+adu + v+nlpmn+& + r*adv+n
,bum a'roundt'round sth (iMormal,especially EEl3Bump sb up isoften used in thepassw. somewhere, especially somewhere unmmfort-
BrE) to travel somewhere with no particular able or far only one night We bunkeddown in an ,burn sth 'dlto remove 5th by bur- Burn
*Q v + nlpmn a& old Barnfur thenight. tl~aoldpainolff Wrempainting ihadoor 2 ( a h
E Z l dmsdown (BrE,informal) ,burnsth 'up)touse energyby exercising: Walk-
plans: qfter I lep schtwl, I bum& around the ,bumpsth 'up(irrformar)toinmaseorraisepth:
@ v+adv ing bruklymnbwnoff alotofmlortes.E E tal-
~uoridfornyear: Thewnlpnny bump& their p r i m up by 10%.
orles, fat
IEEthe world, Eumpe.6tc. prlces

Q v + prep Q v+n/pron+advr v*adv+n ,bunkboff:,hnk'OH$th(BrE,fnfwmel)tosiay &v+actv+n r v+n/pmn+&$v

+,bum sb 'out(ArmE, informal)to annoy sb:I wm bunch/bmtI/ away from school or work when you ought to be ,bum'out:,bumsth 'outif amachtneorpartof
r d l y bumme$oul t h t there wereM tiCke& there; to leave school or work earl^: especially
v * nlpmn+adv ,bunch 'up; ,bunch sth 'up if material without permission: k t ' s bunk OR#hk &r- a mach~neburns out or sbkth burns it out, it
noon and go shopping.
,bum'round(Brm=BUM AROUND bunches up, or you bunch it up, it forms tight stops working bemuseithas been u&tw much
ESKi schoof, WOrk IBEl s k b On, s k b OW SUI or has got too hot: The club91hns burnt out. o I
,bum'round~ f (GhSP2ChlbBfE) =BUM AROUND/ folds Thesheessbutl~hudpunder him every tima burnt out themlorin theflrstcar Ihad.
he moved oShe bunched her skirt up and (BrE)
RliUND STH +v+adv*r+prep &v+adw hr. v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
jumped.

+ Bunch sth up Poften used in thepassive. ,bum 'out ,bum S t s e M 'out to stop burning
v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
,bumble a'round:,bumble a'roundsth (BrE becauw there is no more fuel: Blow out the mn-
,bunch ' u p h ' g e t h e r ; ,bunch s M h 'up!
also ,bumble a'kut, ,bumble a'bout sth) to to'gether to move closer together to make a ,buoy n h t h 'up 4 to make or keep sb cheerful dles Worethey burn out. o By the timethefire b r t
tight group:to make sWsth do this: Thechikfren gudearrived thefireh d burnt (iiseIr)out.
more around in an awkward and noisy way: I bunched fogether in littk groups in the p W and confident: Winnhg the mmncth buoyed the
could hmr myfather bumbllngahui downsrairs. ground. oA11 the rwmm were bunch& up -B SECohBURP4 STH OUT
o a film of two sisters bumbling nround theiv &hind the i&r team UP.o T?Mparty did dittle to buoy up her
home, makingtea Bunch sblsth npltogetheris oftenusedin sprrits. oShe was buoyed up by her father's @ v + & 4 v*pron+adv
[email protected] 2 keep ssblth floating; to stop sblsth
9v+adv + v+prep from sinking: I wlard, krmg the salt water ,burn'out;,bumyourself *outto become very
tired or sick and unable to oontinue your work
the passive. buoymeup. by working too hard over a p e r i d of time:It's o
high pressurn job and manypeople burn outat a!
@v+adv v*nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
young nge. o 4 k carries on wnking so hard*

he'II burn h i m I f out.

.b. u...m.....o....u. l.................................r....................... ~..........................3..6 i bu---y-....o.-u----t-

+ = O h BURN I3 OUT, BURN SB OUT O F ITH 'burst Into sth to start praducing or doing sth bust /Inst/ (bust,busto r bustd, bunaed) button~ ' b ~ m t

(bv+adv * v+pmn+abr suddenly and withgreat force:Theoimrqf?burst ,'bust 'wt;,bud 'out of sth: ,bust sb 'out: , b u t t o n 'up; ,buttond h 'uptobe fastenedwith
b 'burnoutn [CIIJlIthe state of k i n g very t i e d f n t o j l a m s (=suddenly staned to b u r n ) . o lwas ,buM sb 'wtof sth (Informnl)t o e s c a p e h m buttons: to fasten sth with buttons:He b u f l o d
so relrevedlbamt b t o laars(= suddenlystarted
or sick because you have d e d too hmk to cry). o Thecab'sew'mburst into IUe (= sud- somewhere,usually prison; to help sb to do this: up hismal.
denEy started to work). o As the curtainfell, the
Burnout iscommonamong Zeachen. audmce b m t intoapphllse (= suddenly started IIls Iasl mouw lu~sabout a guy Gusting out of IEGI c o a t , j a c k & , a E . ~&up,dosthup

t ,buWout (esmbl[y BrE) (AmE wually to clap). Alcatruz. o Hbfriend$ b u s M him out of jail. E!3 unbutton,unbutton &I

,burned-'0ut)vei-y tired or sick k c a w e you have EEJ tears. flames, laughter,life breek out,break out of alh(mowfnrma0 Button and button ath an?also used with

+worked toohard:burnr-out rock singers @v+adv + r*achr+prep * v+nlpmn+adv r this meanlng.

S e e a h BURNT-OUTat BURN STH OUT v +rdpmn* adv +prep ~v*nlpron+adv+v+sdv+n

,bumsb 'out ,burn s b 'out of 8 t h t o f o m sb +$WQl%9RURST IN (ON SBISTH), BURST INTO STH ,bust h p ((wth sb) (BrE. Informal) if a couple or t .hthned-'up 1[usually before noun] not
two & l e n d s bust up,they havea quarreland sep
toleaveabuildingbysettingfire to 1t:Agnnghns QV+PWJ arate: T h q bust up rlffmfiuepurs togethet: o I showing or expressing your feelings openly; not
very fr~endlyh:is buttoned-upwlmw~2 ( A m 0
+tried to burn a woman out of her home. 'burst o n t o n t o 5th {also%urnupon sth mom bllsl up with Tim a whileago. very formal in appearance; traditional rather
EZ)break up (wRh sb):aplR up (wltWhum sb) thannew orexcit~ng
s e e a h BURN OUT,BURN YOWASELFOUT formal) to appear s a m e w h e s~uddenly ina dra-
matic or unusual way: A &or new lalent Ras
Qv+rdpmn+adv * v+adv+n +

v+nlpmn+adv+pr%p burst ontontothe lennwscme. Q v+adv

,burn sth 'out to destroysth completely by Rre, mscene bwmb ' k t - u p n (BrE, inform0 1 (with m)an argu-
so that only the outside or the frame is left: Two Q V+FP
mentora quarrel: Wehadahugebust-upandww
we'renot talking.2 the end d a relationship

,bust sth ' u p (iqformaoq to end sth such as a

-meeting or a relatlonshlp bydisturb~ngor win-
mm wereburnt out in the m h . ,burst 'out to say 8th puddeo, loudly and with buy/bar/( b w g ~ , Pa*/)

W Burn 8th out is usually used in the pas- strongfeeling: ?hateyou!'she bwstout , b u y sth 'backif somelm3y buyssthhnck,they

51VP BE) exclalm( l b r m l ) buy again sth that they have sold earlier to sb
-f S e t a h BURST OUT DOING STH else: The bank will supply and buy backfo-
+S'ee~kOBURN OUT, BURN ITSELF OUT @ v+adv*spe& currency o Hesold themr in 19Wfort400. buy

+v+rdpron+&d * v+adv+n ing it: The police busted up the mwting, it h c k laslywr costW f m .

b 'bumt-oul (especially BrEj EAmE mually b '&urn n a sudden strong expression of azl break 8th up (moreformal)2 ( A m 0 to llrfzlre, +v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adu

'burned-out) adf [only before noun]completely emotion;'a sudden increasein an attitude or an damage or b e a k sth:He busted up his knee in the b 'buy-back n 'Ithe action oF buying again sth

destroyed or badly damaged by fire: burnt-out activity: an outburst of angerllaughter o smr- mident. 3(Am@ to break a company o r a larger that you have soldearher: a bwRlequipr~lenbt uy-

buses o bured-out h o w d i c outbursts of violem o She upodogized for organization Into smaller parts EO company beck (= when a shap/store or company buys back

+see also BURNT-OUT at BURN OUT,BURN YOUR- her outburst. b w k sth up(moreJiormal) sth you have finished using) 2 (businas) a form

SELF OUT ,burst'out; ,burst'out of sthto leavea room,a v+adv+n4 v+nlpmn*adv of lmrrowmg money in which a company seUs

, b u r n 'up1tobedestmyedbyheat: T k s m budding, etc. suddenly and noisily: The door bustlerbnsrl its shares with an agreement that it will buy

b u r d u p as rEenhred Iheearth'sabn~spM2~ opened suddenly ond a m n burst out of the them aga~nat a later date: a share blry-bnck0 a

(usuallyIbS@d in theprogressive l e ~to)h a w a h o w . ,bustle a'butta'mund: ,bustle a'boutr share buy-backpro~mmm
fever ora high temperaturn:*is burningup- Qv+sdv + v*adr+prep a'round s t h (e~ppciallyBsE) to move about
somewhere i n a busy o r h u r r ~ dway: She was ,buy sth 'in(BrB tobuy sth or a large amountof
she&adocm~3Lfafirebw~up,itgets ,burst 'OMdoing sth to begin doing sth sud- sth for a special occasion or in order to have a
denly: We looked at one another and burst out already bustling about,gettmgdinnerreudy
stronger and has larger flames EEB burn down supplyforthefuture: I'IlhawlobuyinentmJii
hughitlg g v + a d v r v+prep they'remrningtosiuyJiorawhile.
ev+adu
E 5 Iaughlng,aylng buttmnt~ mfood n * v+nlpmn+adv
, b u m sb ' u p IAmE, itlformul)to make sb very
angry.The way he rarrsma really bwm m up +see also BURSTOUT; OPITBURSTa t BURSTom Qv+adv+
Q v +ntpron +adv
@ v+adv+-lng ,butt 'In (informal)1(on sWah) to rudely inter- ,buy 'Into sth 1to buy sharesin a cornpan%for

,burn sth 'up 1 to get rid of sth completely by , b u r s t 'through: , b u r s t 'throughsth t o m m rupt sb when they are speaking:He apobgked example to gainwntml over it: They are lookkg
burning. I'm going m burn up aI1 the rub suddenly through a door, a barrier, etc. with for butting m on our mnversation o 'His nume's
bishllmsh 2 =BURN STH OFF 2 great force: Thecurdrovefust up to the& block T e r n anually.' she budled in. Interrupt to buy Inlo another insunrnce m m n D~Gl
&v+a&+n * v+nlpron+a& am3 burst throryph. o She burst throughthe door (sMsth) (moreformar) 2 to interfere in a s i t u -
pursued by Sun men. o Thesun burst dhmugh the ation that does not concern you: Stop butting i n company, buslnesa 2 (ir&maD to accept sth
burrowI % ~ ; A'b~arnEu1 clouds. It's nothing lo do with you. Intodore (with
@v+adv + v+prep that Inany other peoplebelieve: Wedwr'l buy inso
'burrow In sth to s m h for 8th among things in +sth) (moref o r m 0
a container: Sheburrowed inh e r m k e t o n d e w - 'bum Upon ~ t =hBuRST ONlONTO STH v+adv1alsov+adv+speech the myth t h t money u Iheanssrarfomryfhing.
tuuliyfound nferu m h .
,butt'out(s&en. I&mal,especiaIlyAmE) used QV + P ~ P
to tell sb rudely not to interfern in sth Qr to go
away: Butfout!ltS mwofyour h i n e s p . ,buly sb 'off topay sbto stopthem actingagalnst
Qv+adv
you, causingtrouble for you,etc: Thgrhadto buy

Brennan off toslop himJmm talking.

+v+prep ~~(3v*n/pmn+adv + v+abr+n 'out

,buy sbryou*seM 'odl,kry
'bury you~ietfIn 8th 1to go to o r b Ina place of sth (Bmto pay money MI that sblyou can
b u r ~/tbxs~~~l~barst/(kbrurnrtt), where you will not meet many people: He buried
leave a n orgmlzation, espe~iallythe armed

,burst 'In(ontblsth)+ ,brat 'into sthto enter a h ~ m wIn the muntrjr to write a book. 2 to forces. beforethe time agreed:A&r fourymrs in
m m ,abuilding, etc. suddenly and n o i a i intm involve yourself in 5th completely; to spend all
rupting the people who are in it: He apologized your time thinkingaboutor doingsthand ignore the M t r y I bough1mysey out.
,buttersb 'up(irbfonnnlt)o say nicethings about Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+nlpmn+&+prep
fir bursting in on our meetfng,o Thedow sud- everythingelse:She buried herself in her work in sb because you want them to do sth for you or
an attempt toforget. EEl work, book give you sth: We'd bet& butierhim lrpa bit W&re ,buy s h t h ' o u t to buy part d a m p a n y , bus5
dmlyflewo~nandMiabummo. Shemndown
thestairsandburst inlothekilchera. Q v +pron +prep wmkfor hishelp. ness,et~.fromshe19e$othatyoumalloiftand
D soften sb up control it: I tuam lo buy her out and have the

+maISD RURST INTOSTH +v+nlpron+adv 4 r+&*n

+v+adv + v+prep

h o w %i mysew o The mmmny w m Luasught our call ~ k ~ i l ,call 'by( i ~ u m els,pechlly Brm to visit a place
by tw Cmmanb w i w s m e n . or a person for a short time, usually when you

E J partner,wrnpany - amund are go~ngsomewhere else: Could you call hy on
+v+nlpron+adv*v*adv+n yowway home?o Janmlledbybyo brmgyour$lP.
t 'buyout n. (?inama)situation when sb buys -away
enough s h a m in a rwmmnyto gain mntrol of it m dropby
--back
,buy 8th 'upto buy quickly all of sth or as much bv @ v+adv
as you can: Thy'vebught u~naltlheland in the -down
arm. ,call~b' d mto shouttosb t0 a& them tomme
-for down f h m a place which is higherthan you: I've
E@l company,Imnd,pmperty -forth mlled himdown (=to comedownstairs) loh k -
fast al m d y .
@ v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu+ v+n+*(mw) -in @ v +nlpron +adv

,bun a'round;,hakmnd 6th ( a h,kLa 38 -off

a'bautrmuntl, ,kma'lmtrtl'mundsthespminlly W To call is the most common way to say 90 ,call sth 'down(onlupon sb) (litemry) to pray
BrE) to move around quickly and busily: She telephone' in Amerlmn English. It is alsoused that sth unpleasant will happen to sb because of
buzz& round (the kzlchen).o The photographer
butzed aroud, cMfw the Eight. o Questhns in British English,but to phone and ta ringare sth bad they have done to you: to make sth bad
more common.
+buzzed roundinsidemy had. happen to sb: Hecatleddown curseson them
v+adv* v + p p
,bun ' o f f(faformel) used to tell sb, not very ,call a'round;,call a'round s b t h (Amto IBXi curses,wrath
telephone a number of dflerent pwpTe, usually @ v + a d v + n 4 v+ntprm*adv
politely,to go away:Buzzoff I'Ipn hying lo work!0
I wishhe'd GuzzM! to try to get information: He's k n calling 'call for sb(BrEjto go to eb's home,for example,
D clear off:go away (murefirm0 amwtdsrying logettk hetpriceona cornpulero and take themor go with themsomewhere: Shall
Qv+adv ImIled around #hanerghbourhd lo get support Icallforyou at e i ~ h t ?
,buzz'round;,bu+r 'rpundsth(esmiablyBrE3
for my wnrpntm. Q V+P~*P
= HUZZ AROUND,BUZZ AROUND STH 'call for sth if a situation a s for a particular
Qvtadv 4 v+prep
action or quali& it needs or requires It: This
,call s'b a'way to ask sb to stopdoing what they calk for a cekbration!~Whut she's doing mils
are doingand go somewhereelseto deal with sth: forgrmt skilland mu-.
He was calledauhw to t?wph~mo.She wa.scuiM EEU Call for sth can be used in the passive:
awqyfrom the meeting io deal with an emergency. 'IbugheraetionBy tht?gouemmni kmlkdf01:
Call sb away IS almost always used in the
passive. Qv+prep

Q v + nlpmn +adv b un'calld for [of m a r k s or behaviour)

,call 'back WE)to visit sb again: I'll m l l hcA not fair or necessary In the circumstances: I
shrill tgnore that u n m l l e d f i r m r k
later whenyour wlfe'sat home.

evtactv 'call for sth; 'call for nbMh to do 8th to
demand publicly that sth should be done: The
,call%sick;,callsb 'back to telephonesbagain group lnas c a l ~ J o ar boyma of the elections.o

or to telephone hsobuwr h-ohteel'ellpbheohneemd you earlier: Theotherdimtors hawmlM for him to reS&n.
Call badr In an then o Kub
Call for sth mn be u s 4 In the passive:k
phoned. Cunyou wIl herhck70 IYlcallyou back
total bnn on nuclear~ nhas basen miledfor
wrth thedetails Inter:
Q v +prep + v + prep+nlpmn+minf
@v+adv v+ntpron+adv

b 'callbackn 1a device ina telephone that auto- ,call sth 'forth( f m 0 to mduce a particular
matically calls agaln a number that was busy reaction: Her remarks have called forb h r s h
when you first called it: a nrllhck faeilie 2 a
telephonecall that you make to sb whohas called crrtkism in Ihemedin.

you earlier @ v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(mm)

,callsb 'back4 toshout tosb totumaroundmd ,call 'In f [+ adulprep] ( m ~ i u l lByrFI to visit a
come back to a pkce they hnvejust I&: I ran ofl place or a person for a short time, usually when
you aregoing somewhere else:Hecalled in at the
but hecalled me back.o Westarted to wulkofl but
ofice W o r ehe kftforLondom o Sheoften m Ils m
were m16d buck by the police oficer 2 to ask sb
who is applying for a job, etc. to return so that for u chat. Ei9 drop In (on sbtat...)(~rfarmcrb2)
you can talk to them again: T h m pwpk wem
culled buckfor a saw& inderuieuc to telephone the place where you work: She
@v + nlpron+adr called in sicklhts morning (= telephoned to say
that she was llllsick and would not be coming to
work). 3 to make a telephone dto a radio or

television programme: Many listeners caILad in

to r o m p b i n .

ev+adv

_ _ _c....a.l.l..fn......-........1.1. ..-...............XI............ ......1.1 ...............-....I3I.8..............-...III_.................................................... .......,,....._......... I..................... * carry..a..r..o,,.u..n...d.,,...

'~alUnn (AmE) a television or radio show in ing. o He m k e in ihe night,wllingout b mm. ,call ath 'upI (mmpuling)to obtain information cannon /'ka3nanl
which people can phone to talk to people on the o 7'7rey mIled out the n m b m of the winning
that isstoredon a computer She mlled upall ,cannon 'Into sbMh (of a moving person,
show, ask questions, give thew opinions, etc: a tickets. files he kd wrked on. E@i Rln, InformaUmn2 to vehicle, etc) to hit sbfsth by accident and with
mil-inshow EZi name s h w t out (to ab), shout ath amt bringsth b c k to yourmind:to make you remem- great force: She smpped su&enly and I aIrnost
ber and think about sth: The sound of their mnnoned inioher
,Callab 'intoask sbto wme and help, give a d v i e (to sb) laughter calW up memories of his own ch~ld-
repalr sth, etc: He's threatened to cull in the m w ~ a lslth mn be used with a s i m h r M .KJmemoryBEj meail ath (formno 3 to Q V+VP
use a quality that you have: He c a I M up all his
police. o ~ o u ' l I h a v e m m l i a p l u m ~ i n f t l ~m~e~anting, but call o u W I sth out suggestssth ,cannon 'off sblsth if sth mwing cannons off
rtserws of mumge. Emrnaerv%s sbisth, it hits theml~bty accidentand with great
thrs. o Bombdisposalexpmtsuweml[edinwget IQllderQrmoreurgent. e v + a d v + n + v+n/pmn+adu force and then goes off in a diffemnt direction:
r d o f thedevice. Thebrrlllxlnnoned off his Zeg into thegoal.
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv * v+adu+n *

EEl pollee,exwrtBEE3 send for sb v+adv+speech

e v + a d u + n v+nlpmn+adw ,call~b 'but1to ask sbtocome to help you,when 'call upen nth =CALL O N ~ P S~TNH ev prep

,callsth Vn(BBtoorderor requestthe return of there isan emergency: Pve mum had tomil he "all wpon sb b d o sth =CALL O N ~ P O NSB TO
sth, especially a product that has a fault: ~h dwtorous at night hfir~o.We'ehado callout an
t n a n u f m t m ~h u e cnlW in thefaulty goods.0 ekricinn. 0 Troops were Called our to deal with DO STH

The h n k haw m l W in the Iwn(= asked for the the riot. doctor, flm brigade, electrfelan 2 calm/kmm/ 'capitalize on s t h ( a h ' c a p b I l w uponsthless
frequent, momformal)to use sth to gain further
money to be paid back) imm&&ly. to order or ask workers to stop work asa protest: ,calm 'down;,calm sblyoumW 'down if sb advantagefor yourself:They caprtalzzedon thew

E B recall nth(morelbrmn Miners weremlledoutonstrrkeby union Iwden. calmsdown,oryoucalm them down,they stop success bymrsingprices. o Theopposrtrontriedto
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu &v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
being angry. or excited and become calm: Calm cap;talizeonpopuhrdMn&ntover fhenewlaw.
sb/sm 'offto order soldiersd,ogs, etE. to t ' C ~ I I Q Mn W E ) -ion when YOU ask sb
stop attacking sb, semhlng for sblsth, etc: down!l'oesaldf'msorfy o Themuxrsnothingm success, apportunlty, potentla1 take
youinanemergency:ambum
Pleas cullyour dog& nrU.oufs 0 How much is the plumber's mllout +cvulddolocalmhdown o He wenlforuwalklo advantag* of sth
calm h z m r down. o Jack lu~sso s h W that
Wdog charge? v+ prep
hehud to becalmeddownbyhislaifeandson.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n The noun caUis also used. +v*adv + v+nlpron+sdv + v+adv+n

,call dh 'o~tfo cancel or abandon sth that has ,call 'out for sth IAmE) to telephone a shop, ,calm 'down; ,calm sth 'down to become 'camfor abto likeor lovesb:Icare&eplyforyou.
been planlunaesdmorIltehdat40h:as alriheaedylQFr minu&T,h calmer; to make a situation calmer: The whole Care for sb can lx used in the passive: I
store,restaurant, etc. to ask them to deliver fmd fim will haue calmed down by Iomorrow o I've
t o w a t homeoratwark:M'smlloutforpizzn. just want io be lo& and nrredJor bymmeMy.
spoken6nthemtotrytacalmthingsdowna bit
They'vewIicdoff Ihelrengugement(= they have 'end Out *h QY+P~~P
v+*+pmp =Calm sth down cannot be used in the
decided not to get married).o Polke miled off passrve. *carefor sblsth 1to take careof and be m n -
, a l l sb '~rtocallsbtocomeovertowherepu Qv+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+a&+n siblefor sb who is very young,old or sick,etc. or
thesmrchfor the climbersat dwk. Tor skh that is indanger or wuld bedzmagd: 5%
6 3 3 matchlgame, e n g a g e m e ~ d i n g&, I, are, becauseY W want to speak to them, give or

search, strike show themsth,etc: Call the waiter over
Qv+dpmn+athr * v+abv+n(mre)
6 v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv nurses give advice Eo the patients and those who

'callon sbi(@spciullyBrE)b vlsitsbforashort ,call 'round(Brm to sb at their home for a wreforthem. o Shemmforsevenzl childwn wlth

tlme: On our way boak, we r n l m on gmndma. short time:Ijwl mlledroundlomyhello. ,camp ' a t(hformcrt)to sleepoutside,usually in s m ' aI needs. o Thewmpany Iscummitrd tocar-

...ET)drop In (on swat ) 2 0toask sb in a dmPmnd a tent: to sleep on thefloorsomewherefora short ingJor tke envfronment.EE ehtldren, the sick,
tlmc: f l there is nowhem tn stax w'II h u e to the eldmrly W In thismeaning care for sWsth
class,etc. tomsweraquestionorglvetheiropm- 9v+&
camp out, o Pwpk mmped out in the schaol hall can k used In the passive' The chrIdmn mre all
ion: math &her alwuyscallron the boys ,call 'up; ,call sbisth *up(mpeciu& AmE) to clean and well camtifor + see a h LOOK AFTKR
to erwpetheflood mteK
(3v*prep make a phone call to a personor a plaox Call up
Qv+adv SR/STHfYOURShLF; W O K AF'lXR STH 2 hid CErO fOl
-'11 OWUpMl d h @ m l ) t o mWShnpth, a n d m a res@ruufionfor8o'clocko. Shmlled
b karnwut n (AmE)a time when pwple sleep sblsth VormaO to not like sWsth very much: I
courage, etc. in order to achim sthor dm]with him WIM~ bus Station o Call up the o m
outsideina tent don't rnrefor o m .
a problem: She had ro wlIon a11 her sr @ ~ ~ ~ k f o rMMorgta:n.
,camp H 'up(BrE,irlTormal)1(of a man)to move ...@mVw+oPul~d~yPou c a ~feor (format)usedto ask sb
muraget o b z the ordml. Call and call sb are also ftequently used
with t h ~ ms eanmg. Call, up and car1 sb up a m or behavedeliberately in a way thatpmple think ~t they would like sth to wt or drink:Wouldyou
E E strength,muram mrefor a cup of twP
is typ~calof a man who is sexually attracted to p u n ' e a d r~ adj not lmked after: neglected:
@ v + prep very common in spokenEnglish. other men (ahomosexual): He enjoysarmpmni?it The children Iwked dirty and urnred Jol: 4
up. 2 to exaggerateyour behaviouroraperform-
'callonluponsb to do sth(formar)l tomakea '+"Ipmn+* ance to make people laugh: I really romped it tip uncared-for#awns
in thefinal scene.
serious or urgent request to sb to do sth: ~ ' m 'UP 1to officlNy ask sb to go to do train-
atmilable in case I'm callad on o help 0 we mi[ in6 in the army,navy or air form or to fight in a
upon all w s 0mpect the r ~ s u ~@t sthe e h . war:
tmn. 2 to formally invlte or request sbto s w , mIl@d the ~7 h g m , he was tm OM lo be +v+it*adv

mSCrlpt fi b-11~ *m,
etc: lnow call upom MKSprtng hgiw thevoteof d"fisb(AmE)2(eswi~IQBrE)toasksb tojoin
cancel/ t e n s l / I-IC, A&-I-)
thanks. sth or take part in sth; to chrmse sb to play in a
team:He's bPen called upjor next week's match. ,cancel 'out;,cancel sth 'out If twoor more ,carry d h a'round ( a h ,carry ah a m
W Call onlupon sb to do rnbe ;used in things cancel out or one cancels out the other, 'mundesmlrlly SrE)(wlth mu)to take sth from
t hc passive:1luascalled on h,m k e a spmh. Call sb up is often used in the mssive. they are equally important, but have an opgoslte
@ v +prep +nlpmn+lo ~ n f one placeta another;totakeslhwerywherewith
' '@ v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n effectonas~tuationsothat thesituation daesnot you. 1don"Eant tomrry shisbrrgabout with m
,call 'out(to ~b),,ealslth 'out(tosb)toshout w 'call-up an order join the armJr change: Thegains and Eosses oreexp~tedlo can- all day o Tha CDphyer is light enough to mrry
Or air force: m z ' ~ u p ~ ~ M(-Pm@~ s cel out. o Our expenditure and profib cancel amund inyourpockel.
say sth loudly In order to get sb's attention or eachotherout. o Xhejob ishtrrdwork butihis is
help:Hemlledoutlo hm ht shemTTa on wIk- C U ~ I Y BrE, an ofiicial invitation to play in er+nlpmn+sdv v+adv+n

a team or in a particular game

cancelfedoutb y t k f ~ t h n t 6 h e ~ p D a r e s o n m .

e v + a d v + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n

,carry sbmth a'longto take or mow swsth for- mM if nothing has h a f r f r e d . go on:con- b 'carry- n 1mnam)a total sum of money ,carvesbMh 'up(Ed,f&rmnb 1to wound sb
ward: His body had been mrrW along by the or an amount that is moved to the next ml- or their face badly with a knife:Hegot c a d np
r i w ~o The crowd unrsso thick that she mmr- tlnw 3 lwlth 6th) to continuespeaking or doing outside thepub &t night. 2 to gd past a moving
um?b'papelyear, etc. 2 something that is kept
ried along with ti. o (figurative) Hls immense 6th after a short pause: 'Well', she corrled on, from one s~tuationor time and used in mother vehicle aheadof you and then suddenly move in
enthwiasmcarried usolIalong. Mntof itinadan~rousway:I~~a~~~~ruedu
'then I realized whem I'd met him twfom!'o Ted ,carry sth 'round(wlth you) (wpeanlly BrE) =
Q v+nlpmn+adv a lunatic in a Pornhe.o We saw the van wrue up
look& up brieflj then mrried on .with w h t he CARRY STH AROUND (WITH YOU) sewmi mrs. w o r n turning lefl. E E person, car
EX9 cut 8Wsth up(BrE)
was doing go on (wlth 8th) 4 to last for a ,carry 'through( o n M h 8th) (Am47 to do and ev+niprontadv * v+adv+n
finish what you have promised, agreed or
,carmy sblsth a'wayroffto support the weight particular time: How l o n ~can this sitlrarwn arranged to do: He wnuInced us that he would , c a m sth 'up to divide a oompam an area of
of s b t h and take themit away: A strong current carry on?= go on; fast 5 (at ~ b(a)bout Bth) wrry through wfthlon hispromist.
Qv+adv land, etc. into parts and share them out: They
carried thedinghy awnV. (iIrforrno0 to argue, quarrel or compla~nnoislly; cnrvedthe helerrilolyup into threeprovim. o T h
,carry sb 'through;,carry sb 'through 4 t h thiews hurriedlycar& up the Zmt.
e v + n / p m * a d v + v+adv+n to make a fuss: Slop corrylnip on about how hard to help sb to deal with a dimcult period: Her @v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
&terminntion mrried her through.o Hrs mur- b 'ca- n [sing.] ( B E . i r & m O the act of
b g e t ,carded a k a y to be so excited and yokr life is. o How longoreIheygolng to k s h o u i - age helped lo carry them through the digrcult dividing sth up into partsand sharingthem out
enthusiastic about 9th that you lose control of
your feelings and may behave in a silly or ingondmrrylngon l r k e t h a t ? ~go em (at sb) times. cashi k ~ /
thoughtIess way:lgot so curriedaway with shop
ping that I compkteIyfo~ofthe lime. oDon't get (about sth) B (wtth sb) (~Id-fagshionedi,rtformof) Qv+ntprcn+adv + v + n l p m n + p ~
mrrfedaway- it'snotthatexciting.
belget+v +adu to have a sexual relationship with sb. She's

,carry sb 'back(tua*) to remind sbof 5ththat carryingon wtih her boss.
happened in the pask The song carried Irer h c k
to her c h i l d h d . +u+arhr
PEj take sb back (to sth)
v+ nlpmn + adv 1alsov+adv+4ng

,carry 5th 'forwad 1 ( a h,-my sth ,over) 3also v+ adv+ speech ,carry sth Yhraughto finish a task,a
Lfm?re) to move a total sum of moneJ: or a total
amount, Em one pageor column tothe next, or b 'amn 7 [usually sing.] W E , irtrormnb plan,etc. ,cash 'En(on*th) (informa0 to gainan advantage
from one week or year to the next: Thefigurn carry
excited or noisy behaviour over sth that i s not suocessfuUy: luas delemi& from a situation in a way that p p l e think 1s
were mrried forward Jrom the preview m e , her pplons, om Hehh~ ss mrlad wrong or dishonest: Maw busiwsses m s h d in
imponant; a ass 2 ( A m a small bag or mse
lE3 brlng sth forward In this meaning mk,she'llcarry it lhmugh lo theend. on the massivegubIic in&& in herdeath. o The
c a r r y sth forward isoften used in the passive. 2 that you carry onto a plane with you: I'm hnvel- new law meansvideopimlesmnm [ongermhin
to belpsth to make progress or s u w e d : She will by selling iflegnlm p h .
carry theprojmfforword afferIleuue. hngl~ht-Ijwthawa cartyon. oDoyouhave IGE plan,pmposal,deelsln, ref-
@v+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n
any mrry-on luggage? & v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,carry sb 'off 1 if a diseasecarries sb off+they
die asa result of it: Sheruascarriedfl by theepi- ,carry a t h 'on 1to continue 5th. especially 6th Qv+adv
demic. 2 to capture sb: The enemy mrried off
myprisonars. that sb else has begun: Our c h i h will curry ,cashsth 'Into exchange8thfor money Cash ln

this tmdifiononqf#rus. + ~ Q ~ ~ O C A R ORNY1 2 ,cart sth a'mund(&a ,cart sth a'boutrmund any remaining Wvellers' c h e g m when you
espacially Brm (wlth you) li&rmaD used to talk return o You will lose m o w ifyou m h your
.carry 'onsth, ,carry WMem brito do the activ- about carryingsth large,awkward or unimport-

ity rnent~oned:We'w 6ry1neto mrry on a very ant from one place to another or everywhere you policy in early
go: I had io a r t q s h o p p n g a r ~ ~ n d ~mielahlI
rmportnof con-lion! o They carried on o mr- dqt o HecartsolImrtsof lrselessst~ahuL aharm, @Icy
t v + a d v + n + vtnlpmn+adv
resmndencefw owfor2y years. o to c a r w on a carry ath around (with you) ( ~ ~ f O

bwiinessltmde EEi wnvsnatkn, cornspond- lug 5th around (wlth yw) r,$ma~osnhe~y'utp,ha(tBhrams ( A d ,EMh 'out)to munt the

ence, busl- ,srH1conduct sth A noun B-v+nlo.mn+adv v+adv+n been taken in a shoplstore, re!+

must always follow on, but a pmnurln comes ,cart sbtsth a'wayl'oWFinforrrm0 to take sblsth taurant, etc. at the end of the day: We msh clp at
away with some difficulty: Two phwA lucre
aktween the verb and on. five o'c[ock.
1v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
2v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv Qv*adv

ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n ,carry sth 'out 1t~ do sth that YOU youid you carted olf to hosp1taI. o The polin? a r r t d and Cast /kast:AmE mt/(east, cast)
would do or that you have Ween asked to do: to c~ned40rwteros x tojail.
,carrys'bisth 'off=CARRY SBESTH AWAYIOFF ,cast a'round (BrE a b ,,cart #bout) (for ath)
IEE)take sblsth awey moref form^ (formal) to l w k around you to try to find sth; to
,carry sth 'OH1to win sth: Shecarriedfl?nust mrry out a plnntuprommI~~on w o He And no try very hard to thinkof sth:He capl aboutfor rm
uf Iheprizes. 2 to succeed in doingsth difficult; intention of canying out his t h w l s . o She hnd Cart sWth away/& Is often used h the ~ m p eroule.oHe was desmnately crssling
passive: He was carred a m y by turopolicemn. aroundforan excuse, o Xhemmpny whaviwi to
to deal with a diftrcult situation successfully: carried out a!! hts insfructionsElZi threat, +v+a&+n v+n/pron+adv
promlsa, order 2 to do and complete a task: to
She'stlreonlypmn Iknow whocan m r a dress carry out a S U ~ U ~ ~ I iMnue~tngufiono tomrryout cast am& fewrishIyfir ways tocut itsCosts.

likethatandcaw f t o r repairslcWtesa o to arty out researrh o of is ,canre sth "out 1/& , a r m ath 'out of 8th) -This phrasal verb is usually used in writ-
ten Cngl~sh.
Q 1v+a&+n v+pron+adv + v + n + a d v ( h nnfyetclear who carrledout theattack. &eahgyl to make a physical feature in the @ v+adv
Iww~)
2v+Wpmn+& + v+adv+n +v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(kssfre

,carry'an 1(with slh)( o b,carry'ondolngsth) quent) earth's surface over a long perid of time ,cast sblsth *'side (@rmo0 to get rid of, or give
l e s w h l l ySrE) to continuedoing sth or moving through the actIon of water, ice, weather, etc: no attention to, sblsth that you no longerwantor
in a particular d i m i o n , without stopplng b %arry.outn ( A d , SmlE)a meal that you buy The wllIry was curved out by gk.clers. In
m k e d from a restaurant and take away to eat need: Shejusl cast him asidewhen shegot borerI.
Canyon workinglmithyo~mr & EuhileJbarway. kr,this meaning carve sth out is often used in the o Sheh a henable f.o caslaside (=stop using)her
somewhere eke:Let'sgeta mrry-out. whwlcharr
oIf she curries on shoplifting, she'll end up m nassive. 2 (for vourself~to build a sucoessful car-
,Carry sth I 1toelay sPh until a later time: a good rephation, etc., often with difficulty dqgtad sW8th
V*adv'n v * n l ~ * a d v
jail. o She ignored me and carried on wrlfing o P X h e p m h a d tabe carried- until Wed-3 or hard work: She carvrd out a unique n~chefor
o You c a m c a w over 4 days' Iwve to m t yeat ,cast sth a'sideV ~ m f1ito throw sth to one
mlledou! tohim, buthcarrlwlontbown therond. pastpone 8th 2 to keep sth fmm one situ- herself in themusic businers.o He's mrvedouta
s m s s f u l career in M e buikding industry. alde:He cast as;& t h e m w w p r impntkntly.2to
90 On, go OH dOlw 8th + See also CARRY atlon and use or deal with it in a new situation:
You shouId mrry ouer what you h r n in schmf career,name,nl&e
STH ON 12 to manage to continue living or work-
ing in your usual way in spite of d r f i d t or 3 =CARRY STH FORWARD 1

+unpleasant circumstances: LVe m w d on as int~yourt&l(f@. e v + a d v + n e v+nlpron+adv get rid of feelings+attitudes, etc. that are Md or
v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+abu
wuaI a&r thefire. o We'reall going to carry on 1alsov +nlpron+adv + prep

.c...a,..s..t..,a..w....a,,y,....,...................... ..*..............................................4..:

negative, or that stop you achieving sth: He& ,-st 'on;,casl sth 'on(inknitting) to makethe situation: The m w o a W w out eww war (= work, sleep 2 to 6nd out about things that have
astdealIhisinhibilwm. o Thespmkmcastmod- Arst row of stitch- on a needle, or add new we are not prepared for it). o Mnny inwslors happened: it was gmi to s@@ Przrsy a d catch up
esly aszdeond mk& a h #their summ,
stitches:W o nandknitlOrows. werp mught out by lhecolbpseof thecompnny. onallthegosip.

EE)threw sth aslde; toss sth all& (lass EFlstltchesEEB c a s t On,c w t sth off BEURCatch s b out is often used in the passive. see 0 . b CATCH U P (WITH STH)

forman @v+adv v+adv+n v+pmn+adv *@ u +Mpmn a& + v +adv +n(Iessfreqwnl) +v+adv+pp
v+ n+acfv(mre)
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv ,catch 'up (wlth sb/sth) ( B E also , d c h sWsth ,catch 'up with sb Iif the police or people in

be ,=st a'way (on ah)to be left samewhere ,cast sbtsth 'out; ,cast sbMh 'outof sth 'up) 1 to reach sWsth ahead of you by going authority catch upwith sb, they Rnally Rnd out
faster than thedit: She was walking sofust Ihad that they havc done sth wrongand punish them:
after your ship has been destroyed at sea: What VormaO to drive sb away; to get rid of sWsth, lo run to mtch up (with her). o T k police car T W were inuolwd in burglaryfor wars Wore
wouM you & if you were cast away on o desert esmially by using force: She ws & out by
island?
swiety. o Heclaimed to beabie tomst ozh$emw. finally caught up with the vanut &junction. 2 to thepolicem&qht up wilh them. 2 (alsocatch up
9be+v+adv
o The vilhgemhmi been castoutof their homes. reach the same level or standard as sblsth else om sb lessfrequeni) if sth you have done or sth
b ' = m y n a person whose ship has been des- that was better or more advanced: We lo that has been happening to youcatches up with
Cast &boutis often used Inthe passive.

troyed and who has managd to swim to an 6 v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv culchup wilh our cump?tilorsin Europe.o You'll you, itstarts tocause you problems that you have
have to wrk hard to mtch up with themt qf the so hr managed to avoid:Hispast wfinally catch-
island, etc. v +nlpmn+ah.+prep ing up wilh hrm. o The lute nighls were begim
cksss. o When I wem back to school Ifound i had nlng to mtch up with h.?~3(irIforma0 to meet sb
,cast 8th 'back (to s W M ) to make yourself b 'outcast n someone who i s rejected and a lot of catchlrlgup to do. you have not seen for a while and hear their
thlnk about a particular time, a situationin the news: Hejust wants lo rest and aatch up with aid
past, etc:I Easi my mind back .to ourfirst m t - ignored by other people and often has to leave +v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv* v+adv+n(ram) friends. o Catchup with you later! o We'uegot a
ing all t h eyean agogo their home and friends: Shefelt like a socihlout- lot of cutching up to do after all lhbr; trme!FEl
cast.oHe was treated l i b a n oulcast by the other ,catch 'up(wRh nth) 1 to spendextra timedoing
EF%ol nfyywr mfnd all the work,tasks,etc.that you shouldhave done friends
chiIdrr~. earlier I m so behind with my *work, It5
Qv+n+adv Qv+adv+pmp
t 'outcad Q@lonly befom nour~i]gnoredm not goingblak@maweektomrchup 2tofindout
,east sth 'down(Iimry)if you ~118Yt O~Veyes aocepted by other people: o m m k r s of about things that have happened. &me and stay
down, you lmk down: She cust fm eyes down
modestly whileJack wus 1QIkingabuther: mielv for ofew days, so that we h u e a c h a m to catch eater / k e ~ r ) /
E lonly e p s ,srH, I m r sth( bformal) up. .olwant to catch up with all your mm. o
,cast sWa)l 'up (on sth) ( l i t e m ) 1if the sea 'caterfor sblsthto pmvide everythingthat sb,a
ev+nlpmn+abv v+adv+n casts sWsth up on the land. it carries therdt in We'uegola lot of catching up to do&ralI this group of people or a situation needs or wants:
b 'downcast (aka ,cast 'down h j b q w n f l a d j
(irteruly)downcast eyes are looking down and leaves themlit there: A whuk bone zuas mst lime. t seealso CATCH UP O N STH
+SeeaIk2 UOWNCAST at BE CAST DOWN
upon the h e h . E% wash up,wash ~ r uhp (less Qv+adv The careers service &rs(or the needs of young
be ,east 'down (by sth) 0to be sad or
f@f-!mO Cast sWsth up is ottenused m the ,catch rb 'up (on sth) [AmEj to tell sb about pmpople ond dulls. o The resort also m m for
unhappyabout sth:HeisnotmiIymstdmn passive in t h ~ms eanmg. 2 if you cast your eyes
up, you look up: Shemsl her- up to the ceilrng things that have happened: You m mlch me up W Intersporbs.
ebe+v+adv andswhed l@3only eyes
on thenew?.hter E E needs, children, Intere8tn
b 'downcast( a h,mat ' d m h j k q l l e n t )M +v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n Q v +nlpron+adv
IEjlCater for sWsth can bused inthepassive:

Ilitemry) sad or unhappy: e downmpr mp-n ,catch a m 'up (BrEj 4 = CATCH UP (WITH All aRegroupsare wellmteredfor
SBISTH1) Yo16 go a M . I'll mtch you u p o She b,v +prep
o H e b m k ~ s l l d o w ~ E I ~ k p i thyimo n 'Catchat MUsbto try to get hold of sth quickly: caught the Imder up and then ouwlmk her 2 = 'eater to s h t h (d&ppming) to provide sth
-iwealso DOWNCAST at CAST $TH DOWN Shefrtedtomichutabmnchbut muldn't m c h .
CATCH UP (WITH SE~STH) 2 Thk MmP(lW dS th# that satnsties what a particular type o l person
,cad 'OW; ,cast sth 'dlto undo the ropesthat E E sb%hmWarm!sleeva BETO d u t c h at sb/sth: mosl likely 60 catch up the m r k m hmk o She's wants: EndfPssmediawwmgeca- w thepub-
are holding a boat m position so that It can start grasp at sWsb
to m w e 2 (in knitting) to remove a row of mininghard locatch her sister up. Itc'sinlesest inthescandal.
0 '+P"P Cater to sblsth can be used inthe passive:
betget,,caught'upIn sth1tobecome involved
s t i t c h e s h m theneedleinawaythatmitlmakea ,catch'on(WrmaP)1(to sth)to understandsth; Tlr~ireuer?ywedwasmtered to.
to realize the truthof s t k H e 3 ~ q u i C k 1 0 m k h in an unpleasant event or situation that you mn-
h i s h e d edge: Whenthe mtf rs ther@ht length, on. o Thesiudenlssoon caught on tathe Idw thnt not escapefrorn: Anumberof tourislsgotmught eV + P ~ P

m t oJTEJstkcher EB caston, cast sth on p h m l verbsom not redly dilfrcull.o Peapleare up in the rIaioiets-. oIcghoit lcdamugchatuugphitnuapi in crfme o caveJ ~ W
(f)v*aW 4 v+actv+n+ v+pmn+adu + mtchingon lo thefcrcl that he's ofmud. EEB cot- Sorry Im rt
!!jam.
Y +n+edv (rare)
rlolence, war, w n h , traffic 2 to tw com- ,cave 'InI(omsb/sth) if aroof. wall,etc, cawsin,
,-t ath 'off(formal) 1to take off a piwe of ton on (toah)2 (wittt sb) to k o m e popurar or
fashionable: li!r a god idea, but it'll never catch pletely absorbed in an activity. your own feel- it fallsdownand inwards: Theroofof the tunnel
clothing and throw it to one side: Thqr cast ofj' on. o Payrng by credit card hns only caught on
m n r l y hum,o 3-DJilms never mught on with a ings, etc: Shegot caught up in the excitementand c a d in on the urorkrrren EEiZi root, wall 2 (to
their clothes andjum@ in thepool. Jackat. d r u m of the auction. o Ididn'l hearyou comein; sth) to finally do what sb wants you to do afIer
shoos, clothes BEE)take stb off (lwsformnl)2 +msaudience. I was so mughf up inthis book+fS3 exclternent, you have resist4 for a long time: The m g e -
v+adv
to get rid of sth bad or sth that you do not likc- book m n t ref& to caw in toihetr demands. o Under
Q belget+v*adv+prep h i s f i r e questtoning she cauerl in and told him
She tried lo cast ofj+her upbrtnging. o It'stime to

costoff those winter bluesand burst intospring! ,catch sb 'out 1to Mck sb into making a mis- F,catch 'up on sb =CATCH UP wmr SB 2 Old age& the truth. EEi demands, pressurn
+r+abv+n v+pmn+adv r v+n+adv(mm)
take or doing sth wrong;to d i i r that sb does catchfngup on me. Qv+adv

t ' c a a t 4(especbllyBrE) (AmE usually 'hand- not know much or is doing 5th wmng: The ikst ,catch'upon sth 9 tospend e m time doing all b ' w d nn 1the fact of a roof+wall,etc. falling
the work, tasks, etc. that you should have done down and inwards:For thepop& fnsldethe tun-
M o w n ) n [usuarly pl.] a piece of clothing that &nutdesigned 0 cukh you out. I t > to see hour earlier: I've got a .bt of work 60 catch up Oh o I
spent rhe weekend mlching up on lost sleep. EZZl nel there luasa serious rtsk o f w i n g or a caw
the orig~nalowner no longer wants to wear muchyou'w learnt,o The interuhwr mqv try to in. 2 an instance of agreeing under pressurnto

Sha'sfd up with wtrrriw herswm'scost-@s. mtch you out with irick questions. o She reacled dosth you donot want todo

'east-off d j [only before noun] that the ori- Ukea chiklcaughtout ina lie. 2 (especinllyBrE) lf

ginalownernolonger wants to wearor use:mst- a situat~onb,ad weather etc. catches sb out, it
off c h t h i ~ o m s t . @ f f p I a s f i c b n @
surprises them and puts them into a dimcult

chanceI ~ ~ PASM; t s r n ~ i b 'ehangearPr n a change from one system or ,chaw SM' d m (AmE,i q f m n to try

'centre around s k t h ;'centresth around 'chanceonlulpon s M h(formcll)tomeet sbor M n g to another Thechangeowr lo the new qs- hard to get sth or find ~ W s t hthat you need or

sblsth IBrEnlso 'mntre mund sblsth, 'centre find sth when you do not expect to: I chwrced on tern wilf take place gmdunlly. o a c h a g e w e r want: I'w been mIn~tochase Sumdown allday!

8th round sblsth)to be, or make sblsth, the most a n old schoolfriend m town. o HeEhnrPcad upon a para B snek s b / M out (moreformafi, track sblnrll

important person or thing around which most uolurneof Japanezmtry in a bookshop. ,change 'avertround (Brm if two m l e down
change .elround, they m w e to where the @v+nlpron+& dv* v*edv+n
actlvity takes plaw: The debate centres around Q v+prep other p m o n wasbefore ordo what the otherper- ,Chase M h 'off = CHASE SB/STH AWAYIOFF!

the guestion of p o w t o The casecentredaround son was dolng: a n you and Phil change round? OllT, ETC.

the muple's adogled children.o Her life m a change/ t ~ e m a / You're m tali lo stand in the front mtu 4 UWn ,chase S- 'out = CHASE SBhTH AWAYIOFPI

cenhd entirely around her family. o The night- ,change sblsth a'mund (mpdally AI@J = youget tiredof d r i u r n g w m n c h n w o w r OUT, ETC.
lfe of the totun LS largely centred wound the
hob?.%. CHANCK SHISTH ROUND 5swap amund/ow#rlmwd(informal,espp ,chase 'round(BE)=CHASE AROUND

C m h sth aroundhnand ~ W 6 t his often ,change 'back 1 (Into sth) to take off your cinlIy BrE) ,chasesblsth 'up(Infbml) 1to contact sband
used in the passive. clothes and put on what you were wearing earl-
i e r I'll lust change brrck inlo my tracksuit. 2 .(3v+adv remind them to do sth they havesaid they would
g v+prep dv* v+nlpmn+prep
(i-o ~Wsth)to return ta an earlier state o r ,change s M h 'rountl (mp~ckllBy r a (AmE do or that they ought to do: I'll Ehnee him and
'centre on 5hth; 'centre sth on sblsth
form: When you double dlc&on SELEC?: the wwlly ,changeSUMa'round)tomove objects, findout whnl 'sgoingon. o It ishisjob to chase up
Ioko 'cenblB upon sWath, 'centre 8th upon screen changesback lo the main design screen. o
Slowly !he angry animal changed back into its such as furniture, or w p l e into different pas- clients with ouistandingdebls. a Cbuldyau chase
nblsthmoreforma0 to give a lot of attention o r normaImlm seg
thought to one particular activitSf,idea or per- &v+adv itions: Who'schunged t h e m o m u n d o You're up those lute replws (= remind people to r e p l y l 2
son, etc: The discussions centred on the Aosmge
tssue oPuMic interest centred largely on rhe ,change sth 'back (Intoh nth) to exchange an always changing ihts r w m round!I=making it to try to find sblsth that you n d ; to try to get
amount of money into the system of money
teurn'sshrs. o Thegmuphasmnlrwl itsatlention (currency)that it was in before: Crrn f chanw look different by moving the furniture, etc.) o more information about sWsth: We'rechasingup
on the need for reform. o His research is centred lhesedolkzrskR:into sterling?
on theefectsof unenrpbyment. The Yankees keep changing theirpInyt'~~r0und. two olherpmpie who weeat Iheprm o I'IIchase
EBEiCentre ath onEuponsW& Isoffenusedin Q v + nlpmn+adv * v+a&+ n (lessfreqwnt)
EBlr w m , furniture swap sbhth amundl u p l p m e s t o thebnttk In th~libmry.
the passive.
overlround( e s ~ i a l lHy rE) &v~+nlpron+adv~ v+adv+nt

g v + dpmn +adv dv* v+am+nI ~ ~

,change 'up( l n W ath)(BrE)to mow the stick chat It$&/ (a-)
that contmls the speed in a vehicle into a pos-
Qv+prep + v+nlpmn+pmp ,change'down 1-( ~ t h () BrFIto move the ition suitable for faster speeds (a higher gem): ,chat sb 'up ( k $ f m f l1 ( B W to hlk in a

stick that controls the speed in a vehicle into a Change up intofourth gear now fr~endlyway to sb because you are SexuaLlY
m i t i o n suitable for slower speeds (a lower
chainItsern/ EE9 change down (Jntohn sth) a t t r a c t d to them: Whu was lhnt girl you were

,chaln sbrsth 'up(to(ta) to fasten sWsth to sth gear): Chrrngedown inm sewnd asyou approach ev+adv chaltrngup last night12 (especiallyAm& to talk
else with chains to stop them escapingor being thecorer to sb in a friendly way because you want them to
IEB chmnge up (Intolto sth)
stolen: I'd churnyour bi& up ((to ihefenoe)just i n chargeI U Q : ~ ~ ; A ~ E U C C ~ ~ S I do sth for you or to give you slh: You'll h u e to
Qv+&
wse. o Theprisoners wexe c h a l n d up in a dark 'charge sb wlth ah;'chargesb wlth dalng chat the boss up Rgoum n t mmednys ofl
cell. ,change 'Into sthto put on difTerent clothes:We @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
sth (formd) to give sb a duty, responsibility or b 'chat-upn ( B E ,ir#ormaO anattemptto talkin
E U U Chain ~blBth~tosth)can&obeusedwith quickly changwl inlo our swinassits. 01 didn't task: A solicilor wmchafged wIfh admlnlstering a fiiendly way to sbyou aresexuallyattractedto:
brrng anything to change Into.
thls meaning. the eslnie. He was tryingsomeold chat-upl i m

Qv+nlpron+adv dv* v+a&+n Ov+prev Th- phrasal verbs are often used in the

chalk1t1a:kl ,change 'Into sth; ,chanw sbmth 'Into sth passlve. cheat /tri*/
to change, or to make sblsthchange, intosthdif-
O~+nlpTOn+prep 'cheatsb of sth ( a h ,&at .b 'out8f sth) to

,chalk 'up 5th; ,chalk IMhem 'up (informal) ferent: T h e m f l e hns chon@ into o hotel,o The charm/tJam;ArnEt$am/ prevent sb Prom having sth, m i a l l y in an
to achieve a success, a victory a score in a game, unfair or dishonest way:He had chwted ed@x-
etc, Theteam hns chalked up itsfif?htoin in a mu + .handsomeprincewaschanged into afmg. ,charm sth ' o d of sb if you charm money or man of f60Wll.o He rwrscheatedautof hisright-
o This w k k Brotherschoiked up ~ W y w r @sf
business in thrs town. IE3turn lnto ath,turn ablsth lnto sth hnformation out of sb, you o b t a ~ nit by using ful mherrlance.
suceers, vlctory,wln v prep v +nlpron +prep your power to pleaseor attract people: Sheman- ~ v + n / p m n + p r erp v+n@mn+adv+pFBp
aged lo chnrm M o u t of him.
A noun must always hUow up, but a pro- ,change'outof sthto take off theclothesyou are 'cheal on sb to be unfaithful to your huband,
noun comes between the verb and up. wearing and put on difTerent ones:1must clrnnge @v+nlprm+adv+pmp wife or partner by secretly having sex with sb
@ v+adv+n r v+pron+adv aul of thew wef clothes b@ore I get a chi![, o She
chn~outqf~rsuitmmnasshe~~l~hom. chase/t~ers/ else: He uros the last io know ihul she had been
@ v + a&+ prep cheatinRon him

,chalksth 'uptosth(i@rnntominkthatsth ,change 'overI(from nth)(to ah)to stop using ,chase a'mundW E a h ,chama ' W m u n d ) W wlC, partner,%tc.
happens as a result of 8th else: We mn chalk our one system or thing and start using another: to be very bus~lrushing from one place to
The magazine changed o m r j h m pink paper SO another: I've been chnsing omund all morning Ov+pmv
w-m n t uicforiesup lo a btof luck. o Whenthegml white zn 1917. o Wp're changing ouer to a new trying rofindagiftfir mysktm
' c h e l on to failto do sthyou haveagreedor
was dlsalbtved they chalkad tf up to a bad mmpulerwstem DZD =witchwer(fmm ath) (to Qv+adv promised to de: The government hovechwted on
lhelr cvmnmitmrmt not io mist laxes.
eree deciswm ,chase sblsth a'wayfoPTroutto f m sb~sthto
~ ~ t t r l b u t e r t h t o S t t i ~ o r m a ~ , p u l s t h sth)Z(to sth)[BrE)tochange fmm watchingone run away by running after them or threatening EE3 agreement,cornmitnmnt
telw~sion channel to watching another I them: He chrrsed the atlackem away by firfW
down ?osth chnrmdow toBRC1 tu~lt~hee~%tbaII. o Canure shots Inlo the ail: e v +prep
chanm owr?,av*, switch over (fmm sth) (to
Q Y + rdpron+adv+ prep 6 v*n/prnn+adv + v*adv+n ,Cheatsb '0dof dl=CHEAT SB OF 6TH
chalk It up to sx'pwlmca (spoken, mp?- sth).turn m r (tosth)
@v+adv
craily AmE) usedto say that you can learn from
sth bad that has happened to you

I.......................................................... .*...... ......&.-.,l,.p......a,..w...,,a,..y....a,,t...

Check on sbhth can be u& in the pas- ,cheek sth 'war ( o h ,check mrwgh 8th) to ,chew sb ' o d(AnaE,W?rmal)to teSlsb angrily

*,Check 'In 1(at sth) to go to an oficial desk at a sive: The children were put to bed and then not examine sthwritten orprinted carefully to make that they have done sth wronc Hegot c ~ o u t
hotel, an airport, etc. and tell sb that you have checked on again. 4 Check sth can also be wxl
arrlved:Afterchecktngin,we went outfora meal. sure that it is correct: I'w got to check c~ my by hi7 teach?for kink' hk.
with thesemeanings.
uxlrkJormlling bforeihandit in. o Youshould tell sb oW (for sthlfor doing sth): mprC

o Y o u m r s s t c M i n a t d e s k 2 5 m l n o w ~ o ~ ~ k e - v + prep getsomeonetochmk thetellerowrfiryou mand sb ( f o r m l )

OR-B SS? U!SOCHECK INTO STH 12 (With ~ b( )~ p e - ,Check ' o d(esmial[yA m if fa&+ etc, check +v+adv+n a v+pmn+& r v+n+adv(hf;e- @v+nlpmn+adv v+arhr*n

c i a l I y A mt~o contact sbto let them know where out, they can be s h m to be corrector true: His g w n t ) v +prep ,chew 8th 'aver(also'ckew on ath) (both i M r -

you are or what you are doing: I h w locheck m s r o r y ~ P c h @ c k o l r rW. El stwy, reference , c h e c k 'throughsth (also,cheek It,them, etc. ma0 to think a b u t or discuss sth carefully and

wish my boss euery three hours. report In d)v+adv 'throughl e s s J m p ~ n t=) CHECK STM OV'R Check in deta~l:He spent the weekend chewing o m the
(toeblsrb)
,check 'out;,check'out d s t h I mnttlfor- ihrough your nomotescar&lIy o Themwere23fih prohlem

Q v*adv maL becomingo.Mfashioned) to leave a place or lo look at, and Trm sfreni hnv his day c h k i n g EEJ pmbkm, Idea

F 'check-Enn l lCTj the act of telllnganofticiatat finish an activity: Theclimb w m tmd m u l t so I t h m q h them ail +v+adv+n + v+nlpron*adv

an alrport that you have arrived,showing them checked out early. o He can'tjust check out an us - A noun must always follow through. A , c h e w sth 'up1to bite sth until it is completely
your ticket, etc: the --in desk 2 [C][U] the hke that! o M's Caeck out of here. 2 to leave a pro~\ouncanrnme between the verb and through soft or destroyed: The baby chew the cookfeup

place at anairport where you go to say you have hotel, a hosp~tale, tc. where you have been stay- +or afterthroagh. and swallowed it. 2 (inflrmal) if a machine
v + prep v * pmn+a d v I k s j k q m 0 chews sthup, it d a m a p or destroysit: 7'hws-
arrived, show your ticket, etc: There were long ing: Shechpckedoul thismorning. o H e k i d e d lo

q m m a t the check-fn. check out of tkhospilal andgo home. W hotel, ,cheek'up(especiallyBr.Ql (on sb)tamakesure setfephyer'schewedthe tapeup agoin.

,check sb 'Into takesb's name when they arrive motel, hospltalEZB chock In;check Into sth that sb is doing what they should be doin& or +v+nlptwr+a#v + v+adv+n

at a hotel or an a m r t , look at their ticket, etc: +w+adv r v+adv+pwp r-Ithat what they have said about themselves is

[uWrite ail the names of the gwsfs in thls Book as b 'checkoutn (Am the act or time of Im- true: They crloays check up on prospective chicken
they are checked in oAll the pzwngem have inga hotelat theend of your stay:Checkout is10 employw, o I won't h u e you checking u p on me
beenc k k d in. a.m. o checkouttrme ,chicken 'out; ,chicken 'out of s t h ;
like that! o l'd better check up to see the Irk3 am ,chicken 'out of doing sth (iqformallto
EE guests,pnsmngen + S B ~ U ~ C H E C K O I ! Tat CHECK OUT,CHECK SB OUT decide not to do 6th becausc you are afraid: B I
OK. 2 (on sth) to find out if sth is true or correct;
&v*nlprnn+adv + v+adv+n , c h e c k 'out: ,check Sb 'out (AmE) if you to And out what is happening: I lhink thebrrrin's dnn'tfghthlm, everyone wrllmy thut I c h k w
attenoVLxk, but I'iighone thestatiun locheck !p. out. o She~hickenedoubofi e l l i h~im the truth.
, c h e c k 8 t h 'in to leave or accepttaw, cases,etc. check out ina shoplstore,orsbche~ksyouout, o I went tothe library tocheck upon afew things. ,sr*, bonk out, -1s out oli sth, bottle out d
to be put on a plane or a train: Whenwearrfuedat you find out haw much you have to pay and give
theairpon vxch-wkdour $ags in strtaighta~vc~l sb the money: You mn ch.?ck out raftcaisk eight. o Check andchecksth cana l m b usedwith doing sth
The girl who checked me out Iwked nF me these meanings.
BE luggage,baga +v+adv v+adv+prep
v+nlpron +adw * v+a&+n
+~ f m n g e l ~ +&?r?trhCHECK ON SBlSTH
,check 'into sth .1to arrive at a hotel, private v+adv r v+nlpron+adu
hospital, etc. to begln your stay there:I arrived @v+& chill/t$rll
in Boslon and &M inta my hotel,oSRa's b 'checkoutn the place where you pay for the b 'cheekupn an examination by your d W r to
checked rnlo a private clinicfor drug rehablIitu- see how healthy you are: 0 gofor a check-upo a ,chill 'out{Informal) to relax completely and not
w d s you are buying in a s u m a r k e t : There
were huge queues at the checkout. o a supermar- routzne chmk-~rp get uwet or excited about anything: Chill UUL!
We'll get # m e on llme! o I spnt most of th@
twn.Eihotel,motel,cllnlc IEW b00kInto8th ket checkout
cheerrtMr);~rnEffrrl weekendck!Ilingoul at myfriend'shouse.
+Check O M Of Bth M ? D hCHECK IN 1 2 to +$& U ~ F COHBCKOUT at CHECK OUT, CHECK OUT
Qv+adv
try tofindoutmorea'boutsthordiwver thetme OF STH ,cheer sb 'on to encourage sb,especiallysb ina
facts about 5th: Thepolice are checking mto the , c h e c k stusth 'outI( ~ l I y A r n E j t o R n d o u t race or wmpetition, by shouting: The mud b n c h a ~ + u t a d[ojnly before noun] that helmyou
if sth is true or correct or if sbis h o n e s t , t n t W , torelaxor makesyoufeel relaxed:chill-autmusic
museof t h e m h . E W look Into sth cheered the m n e n o n . o a chrll-outroom (= a placea t a club, etc. where
you canrelaxwhen you do not want to dance)
ev+prsp reliable, etc' Checkhimout hyiomyougiuehim the +v+ntpmn+adv * v*adv+n

,che&k stn ' o f f 4 to puta mark beside items on a job. o Palm?haue check& out his s l o q o Wewed ,cheer 'up;,cheen*b&ourseW 'upto become,

list to show that they are oorrect,present orhave lo check out whather the comwny b wlinbie.EEi sworto makesblyourself, happierormmcbexful: chime 1 t m 1 1
=tory, clalm, company 2 (tnjurmnl, ~ w l a l l y Saturday. o
been dealt with: I'vecheckd ofl all f h e f u r n i t m A m m to look at sblsthbecausetheylitseem inter- She seem lo haw cheered up ,chime 'in(with 8th) tojoin inaconver-
esting or attractive: Check out our new f w h w n
on the lasf. o He checked everyone5 name ofl as mn&o It's wrth checkingouf that ~ I I mI mur- C h w up! o Nothing muld cheer him up. o She sationsuddenlyor Interrupt sb:Xbmlulely!'shP
ant. o W o u ifhntgorgmusguyowrthre! chrmsd in eagerly o He kept Ehimirng in with his
f h g arrrued tlck atk off 2 (#pecialiy bought somechwlafes to c M hemelf up. own opin,inions.

AmE) to put a mark In a box on a document to BE!) brightenup: llven up. llrsn sWdh up
gtw an answer to a question, choose sblsth,etc: e v + s d u + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
Some uorers wrote in names iwEead of checking @v*adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adu +v+adu + v+adv+speech
,cheersth ' u p to makea room,etcbrighter and
o f f the candidrrtesImW. W Check sth 1s usu- ,check sth ' o d (AmE)to borrow sth such as a more cheerfbl: F l o m a l m y s ~ u aproom. ,chlmrt 'Inwlth stk'chimewlth a t h V o m 0
h k or a video from a library: Icheckedoutt h m to agreewith sth;to be similarto sth: Hispolicies
alIg used with this meaning. booksfromthe library. +EEi r w m IEE) brfghten 8th up; Kvnnsth up
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv chtmdin wlth lhenathnalmoodat fhefime.
rnbook, vlden
"heck on sb/sth 1to makesure that sb is safe, EZ3 Rt In wlth sth
happ~e!tc. or that sth is progressing as it should Qv+n/pmsr+a& v+adv+n
be. I'll jwt check on dinlaar o The doctor visited chewltm~ These phrasal verb are usually used in
every day lochecK on myprogms+EZE p r e p a s , ,check sbMth 'wer to examine a person or an
children, patlent 2 to find out if 5th is G-ue or animal to make sure that they are healthy; to writtenEnglish.
examine a machine, etc. to make sure it is work- 'chew on s t h l (u(aLw'chswatrth)tobitesthmn- +v+a&+prep 4 v+prep
tinuously, especiallybecause you arenervous or

correct, especially sth that sb has said about ing cormtly: Thedocforw u l d like lo c M y o u to test your t&h' He chewed on his h t t o m lip as
themselves: Do you always &k on future over o Igot thecarcheckedowrkjiore thetrip.
e m p w s P o Willyoucheck on his address?+ see ehe wnsidered thequestion. 2 (it(lbrma0 = CHEW ,chip aWay at sth (uwdespecfatly in the p
look sbfsth m r ; ekamine sblrth (more gnssivs lem)to make sthsmaller or weaker by
STH OVER Why don't wedreu on rtfora ruhila?
ako CHECK UP form0
v + prep
+v+ntpron+adv + v+adv+n

Ic--.h..l.p....a...w...a...y........1.h........ .* . 4.9 ,.......,,,~................... ~ dean o d

11.1 ................................111*,.............,............I... "

'Is. Vigumt've) 'Iae gowmw xem . . - - . -.. .* -v r ,chuck sth 'iN'up(&EE injBrmn0 to decide to

chippingawoy a1peo~le8rkhls be 'chop at 8th;,chop a'way at sthtoaim blows stop doingsthsuch as afobor a courseof study: ,clam 'up (on sb) ( i M o r ~ lt)o refuse to speak
at sth with a sharp heavy tml: Thw- cho.n.aed at Whutnudeyou dec& to chuck inyour murse?o I about sth because you areafraid,or want to keep
A v +.a r-t u-+.n*r p-n" feel like chucking it all in ~ n gdoing h c k lo it secret: He always chmup when uw ask o h u t
,c+hthoepunrrdtehrgmvw+tahdwvit+hptrheepir m h e t e s . Afrim
.,chip sth a M ~ r o f f,c;hip d h of^ sth to hisfamily
remove sth by continuously breakingoff small EGljob, CW- E D Jack sfk In ( Mm,k +v+adv
. .v+a&c+n4 v+n/pm+adv v+n/omn+-. to make as a tree
sth In(BrE),glw 8th up
,chip 'in(with sthl(inform01to join in or inter-
rupt a conversation;to add 5th to a conwrsation:
plews:Sheba Rnmrtochipowu~tksEona' down by it at the base with a sharp tool:

o JchipWthe mt offthe hm wzthu kn&. Th"'mchoppiwdown thommof every lmm Chuck sth idup cannot be used in the clamp/kl-pl

ymr: passive ,clamp 'down; ,clamp 'down on sbMh

~~~cutsthdm Q v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv (informal)to become strict about sth inorder to
prevent sth happening, especiallya crime, a p m
Feelfreeto chip in if I'veJowom lomentionnny- +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv ,chuck sb 'out,,chuck sb 'out of s h Iimfor- test, etc: The g o w r m n t Intends lo clamp down
thvrg, o She chipped in with some internzing ma0 to force sb to leave a place, a job, etc: HW
remurk 2 ( a h.ehlp 'Insth)to givesomemoney ,chop8th '&,,chop 9th 'off sthto remove6th on drug smugRIing.
paren&chuckdher our lohenshegotprr!gnQ?It.
so that a group of people can buy sth together: by cutting it with a sharp heavy taok The king thmw sb out,t h m mb out of sth;turn sb EE)crack down, crack down on 8blstf1
Has emyone chippd in for the p m n t o The had his head choppedm o She choppeda bmnch 6 v+adv + v+adv+prep
mmmny har chipped in with a 8PW donution. o out (from sth),hrm sb out of sth
moff the tree. F ' c l a m p d m(on sb1sth)n sudden action that is
cutathoff.eutsththoWsth &v+nfpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n + taken by a government or otherauthorityto stop

club together &v+nlpm+adv + v+adv+n + v+n/pron+prep v+ dpmn +adv* prep

k t ' s all chip fnfive dollars. ,Chop sth 'Upto cut sth into smallpieces with a ,chuck sth 'out (spoken, informal) 1to r e j d a acrlme, apmtest, etc.
plan, a proposal, etc: Thecommitteechucked my
(to do sth) knife or a sharp tool: Shall mchop t h e Iogsup ',clamp 'on sth;,clamp sth 'om &bMh(e
pmpoSUl0~t2 =CHUCK STH AWAY 2
@v+adv2ahv+adv+n forprewwd? o I shall ham to chop her* up crnlfyAmEj to force sb to a w p t sth unpleasant:
w v smallfor hex o Chop up the onion into smil E X ) throw ath out Tl~earmy clumped on a curfew qfter the riots. 0
,chlpSth 'ow,chlp~ t 'hoff8th =CHIP 8TH AWAYI Thearmy clamped a cu~$ewon the m ~ m c a m m
Pieces. Q u+rdpmn+adv + v+adv+n
OFF,CHIP STH OFF STH
mEUtmup ,chucksth 'up( B r m =CHUCK STH INMP ev+aciv+n 4 v+pmn+adv(mre)+
,chip 'OR,chip 'off sth If paint or a surface
+,Wa h HACK STH UP v + dpmn +prep
chips off, it comesoffin small pi-: The var- Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+sdv+n
nish Is ehippimg off o Most of the paint had claw /kla:/
chippedoff thegate. ,chug a'long(inform0 to make steady but slow
progress: 'Hi! How are things?' "Oh,fine. jusl 'clawal s h t h to try tocatch 6Wsthorscratch or
Qv+adv + v+prep cho~/tsa~t chufigimgaiong.' tear sWsth with sharp,curved nails (claws)or
with your fingernails: Themt wrrscIewin~attRa
,Chow'down(en ah)(AmE,in&mal) to eat a lot +v+adv dwr:o She tried lo claw at h i s w .
of fwd: We chocued dourn-on fried chkken and QV+PMP
churn/tJ3m:ArnEtJm/
,chivvy sb a'longW E ,idorma0to trytomake sa Iad. ,claw sth 'back(especInlIyBE)1to work hard
sb move faster or do sth more quickly: T h ,churnnth 'out(l#&rmarl)topmducesthquickly to get sth back that you have lost: T!tey'rehying
&v+a& in large amounts: She c h u m out t m h y m n - lo ciaw back their shnre of the market. 2 il a gov-
tic novels, o Thgr churn out 3 MA7 identitot lay ernment claws back money it has mid to
teacherch~vviesthechiMren ofong. chrrck~t~kl lmim every dw. pwpIe, it gets it back, usually by taxing them:
Thegowrnment arechwing bock age a l l o w n m
)9YH1 hurry sbisth along m C h u c k is an i n f o r d way oP saying Qv+adv+n 4 v+dpmn+adv in tnx.
throw.
@ v+nlpron+adv v+a&+n $hum sb 'up (informal) to make sb feel rery Qv+adu+n 4 v+nlpmn*adv
upset, worried, filghtened or angry: When I
chokeItIauk:~ m ~ t j o u k l ,chuck sth a'way( B ~ Ein, formal) 1to not make droveawayfmm the houwfor the h t tim.I was b 'dawbaek n ( B E , busirtpss) the act of a gow-
churned up inside. ernment getting back In tax the money it has
,choke 9th 'back to try to stop yo-If from good use of sth;to waste sth:She'schdlng all paid to people;the money that i s paid back
showlng a strong emotion, or saying sth that APT I?WWaway on presents f i r him, o It's too ~ v + n l p r o n + a d v+ v+adv+n
m~ghutpset sb:Hechoked hckhis tears. o A p w ,chumsth 'up tomwesth such asmudor water clean/Him/
mt rose toher l r s , but shechoked lt k k good an opporturnity lo chuck away 2 ( a h
around and damageor disturbthe surface:&m ,clean d h 'down(Brmto clean sth thoroughly
@EJteam,sob(@ ,chuck 5th but)to thmw sth away because you and motorbikes had churned up thefield. 4sws
Choke sth back is not used in the passive. churned up by the a r m o @gumilve) His visit by wiping or brushing it: Clwn down all !he
no longer want orneed it: Wechuck&the ool$sofi churned up bitfarmemorib. wolLp W o r e m m i n t i n g them
+ v + a d u + n 4 v+nipron+adv
a m y . o DonY'chuckyesterday 'smwout. I still @GeIarthlgrwnd, mud, water *Q v +adv n + v+nlpron+ adv
,choke 8th 'off1 to p m n t or stop 6th: High @v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
haven'tabw thecrosst~~rd, ,clean sth '&+,clean sth 'off sth to remove
BYE) throw nth away claim~ k l m l
W*nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n sth from the surfaceof sth by brushing, wlphg,
interest mles haw chokd off investmnt. EBl ,=balmsth "ckto a s k k r s t h to be returnedto etc:She muZdn'tlw betherd to clmn her make-up
'chuck it d m -, y o u Chimyour mwaws backfrom thecompnny. oflo Howmn l c h n red wine off the carpet?
demand, inrestrnent2 to atop Or interrupt sth: ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+dpron+prep
H'swrdswere chowofi bythesuddenmms. ,d, #h l e ~ ~ f ~ l r e(BnrEt ), i a f o m b ) to rain E d tax, money
Qv+adw+n 4 v+n/pmn+a& very heavily:It waschucking itdourn outside. @ v+nlpmn+& dv. v*adv+n ,cleana h t h 'od, ,clean sbbth 'out of sth
(rnforman to use up or take all sb's money: to
)gypl pour dorm (BrE) take or buy the whole supply of sth that sb has:
,choke 'up; ,choke sb 'up to become, or to m C h u c k it down and chuck down are Buyhg drrnksfor ewqwne cleaned me out o Ir's
b m a great yeur for s o h . We're completely
make sb, so upset that youlthey are unable to always used withthe subjectit.

6 p e ~ T h a t s o n g ~ f l y c h o k e s m e ~ ~ oOHve* i~t +~a & + v + a d v ~ v + a d v + n

c~oked~~fmt~~~thed 4 v,cshhucek~st-h 'In (BrE, infomid) to include sth
Choke sb UP isusually used in the pass* mtr, with what are selling offeringwith.

w ~ t bhe or get. out xncreasing the price. 4 you buy thefreezer
@v+adv + v+nipmn+adv and thefrr&e we'llchuck in a W e r :

..Ic.... le...a...n...o...u....t...*I.......................A...................-...I.. 50 _......................_.................,,,~ ...5...1.......................................................... ......~........... close olrt

","

clsaned out (= we've soTd all our supply). o Tfte ,clear sb a'way to make sb leave aplace: dfngI k W (cluna,clungW l ) ,close 'down (BrE)if a radio or telwision sta-
tion closes down, it stops braadcasting pro-
smIl w a s c M o u t cf newspapersby 8.#a.m. o Tkpolimclwmdthe demonstmlors a m . 'cllngto sth ,cling 'anto a hto beunwillingto grammes at the end of the day
Burgh3 had c h n e d theplace out (= had stolen @ v+ nlpmn+ adv + v+ adv+ n stop doing, believing o r thinking a b u t sth:l o be +v+adv
unw~llingtoget ridof sth: Istilicling to the ham b 'croae4wmn [sing.]the end of broadcasting
everythhg). ,clear 'off(iMorml,m l l y BrE) to go or r u n that he'saliue. o She'scItnlerngon to thewst. on television and radio until the next day
Qv*nlpmn+adv + v+nlprcn+arhr+prsp FZT pest power,tmdltion -B QhCLOSE-DOWN a t CLOSE DOWN, CLOSE
away: You'w mo right to be here. C h r off!a ~e Q v+prep 4 v + adv +prep
,clean sth 'out to clean the inside of sth thor- STH DOWN
clewed off pr soon as he hwrd the pol& mr o I
oughly Wecleanthe stabIesourewry@
~ v + n l p r o n + a d4vv+adv+n -- -asked ifIwrrId p h y with them, but they t o l d m t o

b 'clean& n IusualIy 8ing.J(especially Bra an rl.w-r.rn-f,f,.h-n.m.m, ,close 'down: ,close sih 'down if a shop,
occasion when you clean a room, house, cup Q v+ adv store,business,etc. claws d m , or sbcloaes It
bard, etc,thoroughly; the activliy of cleaning a cl0ekpTnk:~m~~~k:kl down, it stops operating as a business,usually
room.house, cupboard,etc, thoroughly ,clear 'out; ,clear 'OMof 8th (idorman to
leave a place qulcltfy: Wauld it be k t & rfor you Cf ,clock 'Frv'on:,clocksb 'Inton(Brmw record permanently: Many blrstnmseshaw c M damn
,olegn'up( i n f i r m 0 to be verysuocessful; to win I just cimred out and went back KO London? o 1 becawe of the recession. o The gouernment fm
a lot of money or prizes: The mouie clearned up ~r the time that you arrive at work, especially by
.thhewards cemmny. told him to c h r out of the h o w by Monday. putting a card into a machine: to dothis for sbor closed down most of the mines.o The hospital
ev+adv chwk the t ~ m ethey arrive at work: We arriued
,8Yn, get out, get out ofsth andclockd onfor the nightshlft. closed down Instyear
,clean 'up: ,clean yourself 'upto wash your-
self or make yourself clean: I'II just clean .up @v+adu v+adv+prep punch In,punch sb In(AmE) IE3 shutdown,shut sth down
before dinner:o They ccleaned themIves up and
put on their k t clothes.olt's time yon got ,clear sth 'out to make sth empty and clean by 10PP)clock offloul JDPP)open up,open sth up
ckaned up and readyfor theevening
+v*adv r v+pmn+adu removlng what you do not want: Iclerrmdouf olb Qv+adv 4 v+nlpron+adv Close and close stharealso used with this
thecupbnards,
,clock 'In at rth to Lptst or take a particular m~aningT: heJacIorywasclowcf laslwt:
Z E 3 tidy sth out (BrEj amount of time: to cost a particular amount of
money: Thefmtest runnerc h k e d in at 3 minutes Q v + a d v v+abv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
r 'elear.out n [usually sing.] (i?@rral, e s p 4umnds c 'close-duwn n K l[sing.]the stoppingof work
especially permanently, in an office,factory,etc
cia!& BrE) the act o f throwing away all the +v+adv+prep 3~ e e a k C0LOSE-DOWN at CLOSE DOWN

,clean 'up; ,Clean sth 'upto remove dirt, etc. things you no longer want or n e d or of getting ,clock 'oftfow, 'clock sb 'offhut(Bmto plose 'In1(on sblath)to come nearer to and aur-
record the tlme that p u leave work, especially
from a place and make it clean: J'w got to c h n smrid of people you no longer want: a chr-our of round sWsth in a frrghtening way or in order to
to reducethe wages bi!l onby puttingacard intoamachhe; todothislorsb: attack them: The enemy ES chiw in. o Thefog
up Worn my parents gel home. o Who's going ta
Zhn'IJor~eettocclack whenyou h u e .
clean the place up after you?o HOWoften is the ,clear 'up if the weather cl- up, it b m e s was closing in on us. 2 (psplailyBrE) when the
trash and Uiterclwntd up?
br~ghterand rain, etc. movesaway:Fora week, it ,ar*, punchout, punchsb out ( A m days close in,they gradually become shorter
E E i mess, house,environment )OPP) c l w k lnhn, clock sb lnlon
mrndallday a n d c h m d u p i n theevening. The dnyslnights are closrng in now that
Q v+ adv 4 v+adv+n 4 v +nlpron +adv @v+adv * v+nlpron+adv
brlghten up auturnn!follis hem, o Theevenrngs are In
--b 'elearwpn [usually s b . 1the act of r e m o v i-n" ~ &vbv+nriu
dirt,etc. From aplace toclean it ,clock 'On:,ClOCk sb 'On (BrE) =CLOCK INION, J u t . EE)d m In ( B r B
,clear 'up:,ofmar sth 'up 1to make 8th clean
3 See a138 CLEAN-UP at CLRAN STH UP CLOCK SB INION +v+actw
and neat: I'!I he$ you clwr up. 0 C h r up the
,cleansb 'upto clean sb thoroughly:DadctPoned ,crock 'out;,clOCk S b 'OM( B E ) =CLOCK OFPI ,close sth 'off (to swsth) to put sth across the
me up afterIfell over in the mud. mess m here Worn you go. mess tldy
up, tidy ath up Immialljr BrE) 2 if an illness, OUT, CLOCK SB OPF/OUT entranw to a mad, a room,etc. so that people
cannot ga in: P o l h h u e c M th?arm off lo
~ v + n l p r o n + a d v+ v+adv+n infection, etc. clears up or sth clears it ua. it ,clocksth 'up(iMormal)to wln or achieve a par- t m c . o (l7guratiw) We don't want to c h M

,clean sth up to remove criminals, crime or disappears. The m h cleared up wry pukkiY.o t ~ c u l mnumber or amount: We'veclockd up 5W any options.
@v +dpmn+
lmmoral b e h a v i m from a place or an organiza- The anbibiolhz shuld clear up the rnfection. milts (= we've travelled 500 miles)W p o The a dv * v +a & + n

tion: The mayor isdetermined to c h n up the city rash, Infection company has clocked up m r d e r t s t h i s p r *close on abMth (BE)to make the distance
andnaakeiro WerpIacetoIzw. o Themmp~niys Qv+adv 4 v*nlpmn+abv r v+adv+n between you and sWstheke smaller,for example
mllea.years notchsth up in a race: I m s h w b closing on the runner
& v+adv +n * v+ nlpron + adv (rare)
mlngto cleanu p Its rmage. ,clear 5th 'up to sdve a pmbkm; to h d an
clogMas;ArnElda:gl(qg-1 oflead 0J me.
E B city, Image explanation for sth:to clear w a mystery o tm Q v + prep
,clog 'up (with ath). ,clog sth 'up (wfm sth) to
@ v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv g M we'uechwdthut rnlstmk-standirqg up. become, or to make sth, blockd so that nothing 'close onlover 8th to surround nth, covering it
ESl eonfualon,r n m , problem,mystery can move: Thepipe hardclog& up (withmud).o or holding it tightly: His fingers closed over the
IFJJclean up y w r 'act to stan behavhg In a +v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+adu Theroadswere clogged up wrlb Smm. money.
EEI mads,p l p s ,svP, block up,block sth q
responsible way Clog and clog ath are used with a slmllar ++v+P~P
b 'crsamrpn [usuallysing.]the act of remwlng
crime or immoral behaviour fbm a place or an meaning. ,close 'out 4Am.57 if a shop/store closes out It
&v+adv v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv sells everything very cheaply before it stow
organization ,climb 'down( m r sth)(ilbfoml)to admit that operating as a business:Thestom rs closing oul
-B ~ e e ~CLt EhAN-UPB ~ C L E A NUP,CLEAN STH UP you arewrongor have made a mistake:to change on Monday with discountsof up lo 75%.

clear~ w rA)m;E &I your position in anargument: Thepmidenr was
+for& loclimbdom and issue an apolo~y.
,clearakray;,cleard h a'wey( m l l y ~ r ~ E) D backdown ( v n h m sth);glm In (to N s t h )
to remove things that you have been using and +v+adv Qv+adv

no longer need ln order to leavea clear space: l'bl b 'cllrnbdorm ( o w ah)n an act of admitting ,close a'round shlsth (BrE a h ,,eloae t 'closeout n an occasion when a
helpyou to clear away qf#er ten. o to c h r m y that you are wrong or have lnade a mistake; an a'bouVmund sblsth) to surround sblsth, hold-
shogstore sells all remaining g d s very

the disheso CQn you c h y u u r baoksatuay? act o f changng yourposition in anargument cheaply before it stops operating: a c i o ~ u l s f i l e

+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+n Ing themllt tightly: HisfingemcIosedamunrIher EEEll ln British English,thk iscalleda closinfg-
wrist. o (figurutiue) The darkness of the night down sale.
was c h i w a h o u l hlm

Q V+PW

I.............................................................. ..........c...o..m....e...a...f..t.e...r.........

.close 8th 'out 1to Drewnt lipht, sound. etc. clue MU:/ with whatever time and materials you have -- abwt -57 -into
milable: UFguraliue) Tlae gouernrnenl s~etlosto across Of
from entering a place: eve need a cwtain up there ,Clue sb 'tn{on/aboutsth)(AmE, Injbrml)to give h u e cobbled logetherthest'pmposnls. -- off
sb reliable information about sth: Can you clue - afler on
lo close out the light. EM IIgM, noise FEB akut me in on thefncls of t h e m ? +v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv --M along - onlupon
sblsth out 2 (ArnE, informa0 to bring sth to an @ v+ nlpmn+adu
b ,clued-'In (onlahut sth) mij having a lot of ,cock'up;,cotk 8th 'up(slang,especiutlyBrBrE) aprl --58 on to
end. The late closed out the fhm-day debate. 3 informationabout sth to spoil or ruin sth by doing it badly or by mak- Out. Wt 01
( A m 0 if you close out a bank acwunt, you stop W C l u e d - u p is used in British EnglIsh with ing a mistake: You'vereuilycucked up this tinze. o - around -- wt at
keepingmoney in it: I'd f& to close out my mu- this meanlng. The trawl agency curnpkkiy m k e d up the - al w t in
ings account. BEl only acwunt mClose sth arrangements.o Trust hrm to m k things up - away - w t wnh
is alsoused with this meaning. agoin! -- away from -- over
)SYHI mms UP, msss ah up;bunglea h (&for- over to
Qv+adv*n v+nlpron+adv mu0 away with 58 -past

$1- 'over sth =CLOSE ONIOVER STH C ~ U I'Sklns~~r)l +v+adv + v+dpmn+& -- back - round
t ' e o e k ~ pn (slang,esperiully BrE) a mistake backto - lhmdgh
,close 'round sbMh (3r.E)= CWSE AROUND ,cluster a'round abMth (BrE a b ,GI- - lo
that spoils or ruins plans or arrangements; 9th - belore - logethar
snlsm a'bwtrmund sW8th) to form a m u p around that has been spollt because it has been badly - hem - under
sb/sth~~pDcItssleradam.untdhemarkel stalls. done: She's made a compkk cock-up of the
,close'up1to clrwemmpletely: Hiseyehudsw6 arrrurgensenls. 55 - b y 60 - u p
& v + prep
ien and c b c d up. o The cut look a long time io ,cluster t o w h e r to come together In a small ,coil 'up; ,coil sth 'up to wind into a series of -- dorm - upagalnst
clrdes; to make sth do this: Themake coiM up down on -- upfor
close up (= ta heal).DEB Open up2 to hide your group: Thechitdwnclutited t o g e l k in a m r w in t hsunrhine. o Hewlled therow up neatly.
of theroom - dorm to upon
thoughts and feelings:She closed up whenImen- Egi rope, strlng -- downwith
Qv+adv -- uplo
tioned her father apen up 3 if people or @ v+adv * v+nlpmn+sdv 4 v+adv+n for up wilh
'clutchat sthkb to try to get hdd of sWsth sud-
vebfcles close up, they mow nearer to each denly:She clutched a#her stomach, obvtouslyin ,-lour sth 'Into AU a shape, an area, etc with -58 forth - upon
colour, using pencils or pens: Why don'tyou wl- - forward
other: m c wesheavyandmrswreclosingup pain. our thepicturn in? - from 61 -wih
E 9 wtch atrtMb:grnlp at sth -- in
+behindeachother Qu+m rnpicture, drawlrig
v+adv OZIelwtchat'strawa t o t r y e v e r y m i b l e wayto &v*nlpron+adv * v+adv+n In@
escape h m a dficult situation even though
,close 'up: ,cfose sth ,up to shut and lock a theremms to belittle hopeof doing so comb/ k m ;A n a E k m / - rn wlth

bullding completelyfor a perladof time: Yougo ,comb sth 'out1touse a comb toremoveknots across clearIy7o These themes m m arrossuery
on home, I'IEcloseup (= shut the shop/stare).o He from your hair or to make it neat: My hair's so stronglyin the novel. o I could Zell she x mfrighG
closes she shop up nt 5.30, o T T h a y M the house bng that it takes wages lo wm6 it out. BEi hair end. It mme over in her voice o Thefeling of
upand rentedan amrtmenr in fhecig 2 (also ,tomb slh 'out of sth) to remove dirt, solidarity among thepeople m f l ymme fhrowh.
knots, etc. from hair or fur with a comb: She 2 (ArnEolso,corne'offi~ormal[)+ advlprep] (as
I F 0 open up, open 5th up bmhed herhairandthen cornbedoutthe he?@m. sth) to make a particular impression on people:
Shemmaswoss uwll m interviews 0 At thepress
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n knots,lEangks mnfereixe, he came owras cooland mMdent.
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n2also
clutter/'klnta(r)/ (gv+adv
v+ dpmn +adv+ prep
,cloud 'ovw1if the sky or the weather clouds ,comea'cross(wlth sth)(imrrnal)toprovideor
wer, clouds wver the sky and the sun disap ,clutter sth 'up(* eth)to fillor c w e r sthwith comem/(cams /kerm/wms) supply sth that sb asks for, especially money:
pears: I t ' s s t u s l i n g l o c Z d o IjZEllt,the sky 2 lotsof things50thatitlooksveryuntidy: IMsikk TTzeyevenfuni~my macrosswith rmmther$Z5UWD.
if your face expression, etc. clouds over, you of ail these booksclutterhg up myo m . ,tome a'boutto happen: It's hard W tutdemtmd
Clutter 6th is u S B ~with a similar mean- how the midenl cum abut. o a n you tell us +o Westilf hope thecumpunywillmmeacross$or us.
start to look sad, worried or angry: His Jm horn it come a h u t thatyou d e d d to stn'ke? v*adv
cloudadouer when she walked into the rwm. lsvarl ing FEE) happen
Qv+aUv+n v*ntpron+adv ,come a'cross;,come a'cross sth to cross a
face. expreaslon,%yes ev+adu room, a road, a nver, etc. towards the place
where the speaker IS: When you'us &w your
+v+adv ,come a'cross( a h,come'over)1(atso,come homumrk corn ucross to my h o w and we'U lis-
ten to some music. o She waued and mme across
clownl k l a ~ ,coax sb 'Intosth; ,coax sb '/Wdolng sth 'through)[+advlprepI(of anidea,an opinion ora the room to tuik to me.
to persuade sb to do sth by talking to them gen- feelmg) to be expressed clearly and understw &v+adv + vtprep
,clown a'round (BrE also , e l m a'lmut) to e a s ~ l yDo you think the film's m g e w m
behave in a silly way to makeother people Iaugh tly: Can wecwxyou htosingingfirw? ,come a ' c m s sblsth tomeet or find shlsth by
mew around{informan (f)v+ nlpmn+prep chanw, without having planned or thought
about it: He's the most unpIeamnl man I'wewr
6 vtadv ,coax sb 'out of 8th;,coaxsb 'mitof dOlng come acmss. o She m m m s s a pile of OM
phomgmphP whrleshewmchringfheadlic.
,club to'gether (to do ah) if people club sth to prsuade sb not to do sth by talking ta
together, they eachgive an amount of money so them gently: Try to w h i m out of resipnine. encounter sWsth Iformull
that the total can be used for a micular pur- Q v+ nlpmn+adv* prep
pose: T h y clubbed logethmfabuy thear tmcher a @ v +prep
,coax 8th 'out of sb: ,coax 8th 'from sb to
present. persuadesb todosthortogive you&hWtalking ,come 'after sblsth to chaseor follow a person
)SYH) cNp In (wtlthah) or an animal t o m to catch them: Theformer
+v+adv +gently ShecoLwedasmilefmmthe hb. cameMer them, thmtming lo call thepoIice.
Q v+prep
v +nlpron+adv +prep * v +nlpron+prep

cobblej ' k u b l ; ~ m ~ ' k m b l /

,cobble sth to'gether (inform0 to put sth
toaether or to make sth quickly or carelessl~

.e....a....m....e....a...l..o...n....g................................................................................5..4................................................................................................ " .5..5.........................................................................................c...o...me for

,come d o n g I to arriveor a m somewhere; ,come 'back 4 to return to the place where the enjoying or having 9th: Nobody wSl m r mme 1 4 (from a h ) (BrE,@rmnl)to leavea university

to s M to exlst, happen or beavailable:It's lucky speaker is: Come back hem at o m !o DEd shehesay k t w e n them o Idon't want to cum &ween her (especiallyOxford or Cambridge)af?erfinishing

you came a b w when you did or I'd have been whenshe wascominghck?o Whydon'tyoumme and her mrk. your studies: When did you w m down yi.om

smnded at the bus smpfir an how!o Whenthe backto m y p ~ f h r o nr ?ee?oT ~ I Qmme back *v+m %ford)? FEl come up (to

right oppwtuni?~c o r n along, k ' l l take if. o fmm the friprelaxed and happy9o She w n t into ,COme 'by;,come 'by d h 1to passsbkthwith- ~ v + a d v l O a l s o v + a d v + n
Wrn the kitchen ond cam back with two glmw of
There are new desims corning nhw out stopping:Somekids on bikescam &,butthey m w m e (back) down to 'earth (wfM a
up3to go somewherewithsb: We'regormtothe milk o We'll c o r n back for the car Eomorrow. o
dadn't n o t h me.2 ( e s p ~ i a lAl ~m 0 to wme to 'bangl'bump)to return to thereality of weryday
p u b Do you want to come aZongPo You'd htter figurntive) L ~ u e mclame back from b e i n $ Z - B vrsit sb for a short time In a msual or informal lire after a period of great excitement or a time

mmealongwithmlothep0Iurestation 3 =COME down lomm thegame.EEO return(moreformal) way: Thanksfor comrq b y j w t e r d a ~o Come ty when you have been living in a way that is not

ON 4 4 come along! (especiallyBrm =coMe ON 1 2 to begin to exist or happen agaln:My -he onyourway homejsom work. o Ifyournme &the very practical:Hemme(back)downtoearth with

(bv+adv h a s come h c k again. o Herconfidenixis st or fin^ oflce tomori-uw, 1'12 haw it twdy for you. EE) a bang when he discDvered that all ~ L mSoney hod

,come dong;,come a'long sth to mow for- lo come back slowly. ESl return E B gm m y Ump by;atop by, stop by sth run out
3to return to school or work after a b m k . Do
ward or fromoneendof sthto the other,towards you know when Bill a coming buck to work?4 to Qv+adv +v+prep r 'komedownn [usually sing.] ( i @ r m O a situ-
the speaker:Iwailedforagesfor e bus, then three kame popular, successful or fashionable
cam along logether! o The lorry luas cumin# again: Punk hairs&les are coming h c k inlo '-me by byth to manage to get sth;to receive 8th ation which is not asgwd, important or interest-
alongthe rwrlolgreutspcd. by chance:Jobs are hard to corn by these days. o ing as one you have experiencedpreviously:It's
E a road fashion. o Punk hairstyh are coming back in.
o Doyou lhrnk tramsmill nmmback75(of a me% Inf5rmtion a h u t Ihe commny was not eusy io a bit ola armdown after herpmiolrs job.
Qv+adv + v+pmp sage or a reply) to bz given in answer to a m e s
sap, letter, etc. that you have sent or a question corn by. o How dfdyoucome by that cut on your ,come 'down:,come "down 8thto move h m
,comea'partto breakorfall intopieces: T h e w - that you have asked: I sent her an e m i f and a a hlgher place or positionto a lower one,or from
got just cum apart in m3 hands.o ~ u m t i v e ) message mme bock thatshe was away. 6(fo sb)to hand?
After thefirst act, the play begins to corn apart return to your memom often suddenly: 11:~aN a d~stanpt lace towards the speaker: Camedown
a t f l u seam(=have a lot of problems). mming boclr to me nom 7 (at sb) (wlth nth) to get sth; obtalnath ( m f o r m i )
E9fall apart Come by sthcanbeusedinthepassive,but fmm that bree!o The car u r ~ scominjg down !he
reply to sbquickly,strongly or angrily. Shecam this is not common:OldpustmrdsarefairIy eas- road lowords ~lso.Jack: wmedown thestaim tua
@v+adv at a t~m.
h k at the spaker with some quesfiona o He 1fymmehy
,come a'round(es@allyAmEj =COMB ROUND E Bcome up,come up sth
+V+P~P
@ v+adv + v+prep
,come 'down1 (from...)(to... )totravelhmone
place to another, especially from the north of a ,come 'downon sb (informal) to punish sb or
country to the south,Whenamyougoingtamme cr1tid7~ssbeverely: Themurtsaremmingdorun
,come a'round ,come a'round sth (espe came bock simighmway, telling me what he down and see us? 2 d a price, a level or an laaavily on drug dealers. o h n ' t w m down too

cialIyAmt3 =COME ROUND, COME ROUND STH thought of me.
+,-me a'round 5th (BrEaIso ,come 'round ~ t h ) v+a& amount comes d m , it becomes lower or less hard on him -he'sgoung.
Come down on sb is always used with an
to move or travel around a corner: The bus m m b 'mmebsek n 1 [wually sing.] if a person than before: Oiliscomingdown inprice. oI W -
roundthe bend Iwfasf. twn hari come down twice in the h l month. W adverbsuchas hardandlor a phrase with a simi-
makes a wmeback they return to performing go up lar meaning: If it happens again, we?[ cvme
EFi only comer, bend or to publiclife afler a longtime, or they b m e decrease (moreformal), drop; fall
-You can also use come back up with the down on youm hardthotyou'flwishyou'dneuer
++V*P~? popular amin: The bnnd's trying to mkeI.Fiage a opposlte meaning if a prlce, etc. is increasing k n born. o He m m down om me like a Zon of

'wme at sb to m m towards sb as if you are comeback.2 if something makes a comeback it tosards what it had been before: 011p r m are brrcks.
gorngtoatlackthem:Shmmeatmewitha knife. coming back Up (= they have been high In the Qv+adv+pmp
o yigurafiue) The questhm cram at ms sofast becomespopular or fashionableagain: Cnrboom
that Ididn'l have time to thinkabut them seem lo bemakingummeback. 3awayof getting past, then they feu, but now they are rising ,come 'downto sb(from s m h )tobemssedto

QV+P~P paymentor a rewardfor sth unfair or wrung that again). 3to break and fall to the ground:Part of sb from sbwho I h d in the past: Xf~esfniemm
the ceilinghodcomedown. rmR)cdlapse 4 (of a downto herfrom her grnn#dM
has been done to you: Will I haw no comeback tf

the aontracifalls thmugh?4 a quick reply that is
'come at 8th to approach, think a b u t or try to often anerv. insulting. clever or humorous: For
dcal with a quest~onp,roblem, etc. in a particu- ,in hiri:I*rhee , no shrgmmbnck. plane, etc.) to fall from the sky; to be brought n_suarlatory,name,tradltlon

lar way: We'm down to the ground. Thepilot ~ v afsorced tocome &v+adv+prep

nowhere. Ut'stry wrning ,come ,back to sthto return to a down in afild. 5(of rain,snow,etc.) to fall: The ,come 'downto sthto beable tm beexplalned as
at theproblemfrom a duerent angle, min roar wmingdown hnrdernow.Lausllonlythe one simple, Important question or point: It ell
subject,an ~ d e ae,tc. andstart to talkabout it or raln, the *now EFO fall 8 (+advlprepl to decrde
Ellproblem think about it: J'I1 wme Lack lo that mint in a that yousupportor oppose sblsthand say sopub- comes down to a matterof p r i o d h i n themit.o
Whenit mmes doton to 11(= themost important
9 v+PreP moment. o It always seem to come k k to the Ilcly:I kmw mvmmnls wouMcomedownon my fact IS), we can't U o r d lo go a W h 1 it corns
sister's side. o The cammrtteecam downngainst down b is a choiwbetwen mow orhappiness.
,come a'way; ,-me a ' w a ~from s* 1to &,of money. <b v+adv +prep
leave a place or a person: Come QwaH now. the proposaL o Voters came down firmly in
,-&,,rn to (mmformcrl) fawur of reform. 7 when the curtain in a theatre ,came 'down wlth sth to get an iuness, often
There'smthinglosee. o Jammmeaumyfmmthe #, u.+a-&-+. -o - not a very serlous one. I mme dam with a h d
+nauhrasnvadet+tleelsadttiaottrfwtcrefood+emmeSvel+oslaatcwUhwo:avamnH+ygpaeirrmnpeypuay~lnflerLdod~hSmpaas!ntehdt1esh..weo2adllTtlwh.oerbpehchaontmdeelresep,cjptcouhormdauogtrepetthm~Wneseeysnfrolcttorawamanbndkoisuis.xsthouuietstT:)shhtToie~thbobererilcpmlmamamwOkmnec(eotameubaddmefelfteciog&risesafiWloopcrn@asatsdohetirhsa,aaoe- wmes down, it is the end of the performance: cold.oIthinkI'm mrningdown with something,
,come a'way wlth sth to leave a place with a men! Iosl month. E lflu, a cold rsPa,go rlwm wRh sM catch
particular feeling, L m m d o n or result: She m the cowr?(s), c o m m m , Judge, parllb When rhecurlain camedown, wallwhebfirr the
mme away from the championship with ihm rnent extrs. EE9 go up B [+advlpmp] to reach down to sth,getsth
medals. o Weurmeamywfihtheimpmum that &, v+ pw a particular pine My mother's hair comesdourn Q v+ adv + prep
~ l m e l h i n wg as wrong. to her LunrsZ. 9 (lnfirmal) to stop havlng the
Qv+adv+prep ,comebe'twaen sband sb: ,comebe'tween %om@for s M h 3 to #me to sb'shome, or to
sb and sth to h a m or disturb a relat~onship pleasant feelingsandexcitement that sth suchas the place where sblsth is inorder to takethewit
somewhew: Thepdice mmfbr him this morn-
between two pwple; to prevent sb &om dolng, an enjoyable exwrlence or a drug produces:?Re ing. o Have you c u m f i r the parcel! 2 to attack
mrty was sogood Jhaven't redly come downyet. sblsth: Sam mmnr me wrthhiFp&
10Ifmm sth) (to Mh) (of aperson selling sth) to Q v + prep

8llggeSt or agree to a lower price: I wasn't pre-

p o d topay.EISW,butYhwmnfual!ycamedown
?o 11350.o Can you cum down aiwiher $309

,came Ywth {litemw)t o appear o r be p r o d u d +#heb0& M?a h COMB IN, COMB IN STH, COMB ,come 'Into sth T tobegin to exist, h a m , etc: amount of money mmes otT a price, the price
He struck lhe rock and mlermmforth becomes lower by that amount: Timpsma UKW
INTO STH; COME IN,COME INTO STH; COMB INTO STH Tht cherry dreesarecomfngh l o bIossom.o The i s coming ofl theprice of pelrollgasoline.
band only cam Info being in 1995. o When do
+v+adv Qv+adu
+v+a& v+prep
b ,Wh'comlng W1 [only before noun] about m,conmIn 'handyPudut to be us&& T h she ?ww regulations come inlo f o W & x t ? o

to happen or appear very smn: Who i sin h x e s will come in handy whenuwmove house. When did the Labourparty aom rnto ofiw?od ,came 'off8th T to stop using sth;to stop taking

of promoring the band's forthmming album? 2 b 'Incomen money that YOU receive reguhlx variety offactors mme into play when chming a drug, medicme, alcohol, etc: It's time she W i d
a n employee. 2 to receive a large sum of money to mme flsleepingpi1.k 2 (of heat, a smell,the
[notbefore nounl ready or made avallablewhen espcc~allyas w e n t for work when sb dies: S h rampwUdIy mme inta a for-
you need rt: UrIfortunateIy moneyfir the p r o j ~ t F 'Fnwmlngdj[only W o r e noun] 1travelling wind, etc.) to start from a prtlcular place or
h a s not ken u m y forthmm~w. 3 [not before towards a place and arriving there: incoming tune when hercousin d&. E J a fortune. money
3tobe important inaparticular situation: Igol thing. Therewas a mist cumingoffthe M.
noun] (of a person) ready to give Inf~rmation Jlighrsl-ngers 2 (of the sea) mmbngtowarrls the job because I WQS the hest. My looks didn't
e v + prep
when they are asked:He:?not veryforrREoming the land 3 (of a phone call, letter or message) .come 'otrItl usedto tell sb that youthink or
cam into It, o He sook the job bemuse he liked know that what they have said is untrue or that
about hb hue life. that has k n sent to youor received by you: Thts

,come Tornard (wWh sth)to offer to give help, phone only takes i m t n g c a l k 4 recently the work. M o w didn't come into the equalion. you disagree with it: Come on if! EngInnd wit2
inrormatlon, etc: Police have asked wttnesses to appointed or elected: tha incom~ngSacklist gov-
mmeforwurrb.o We're hoping lhata q w m r will ernment it,the cquatlon never wm!

come forward wilh the emm m o w . o No one ,came 'in;,come I n 8th: ,come 'Into nth to +S@@ak0CQME1N;COMEIN,COME IN STH,COME ,came 'on 1(also ,come a'long e s ~ l l ByrE,
cameforward loclaimthe reward. kssfkquent) used to encourage sb to do sth,for
enter a room or a building; to pass through 5th INTO STH: COME IN,COME lNTO STH example, to hurry: Comeon, uw'll Be late. o Corn
on, thrngs mn't LM that Bad! 2 used to showthat
+v+adv suchasa ho1e.a window, etc: Iknockedandheard ~'v+P*P you do not believe what sb has said or that you
m c o m e Into 'Ilne(wkh *blsth)tobehaveinthe disagree with them: Come on! You dm't m l l y
'comefrom ... <notlrsedfnt h e p ~ I u e i ' e ~ ) her say '&me in: o Therainkconzing in through s a y other people behave, or in the way you m t me o klieua that doyouP3 (of a light,the
to be born i n or live in a pwticulasplace: Where that hole. o 1'12ask him lo mll you ass w n as he shouId behave eome Into ywrnts 'ownto have
comes in (= arrives home or a t work). o The sun the opportunity to show yourltts qualities or electriciw, etc.) to begin working; t~ be switched
doyou mmefhrn?S~h e r a m f r o m London. abilities: After two m t h e r m r games,hejimlly on: Does the heating come on automattmlly?~
was corning in at rhe windows. o When you mme w m into his own in the game against Germany. flue set the heow to tom on at pue.E E lights
ev+prep in the d m ;you'llfind Reception on your left. o o This bike mtZy comes into its own on rough
Shemme into the m m crying. #round. go of1 4 ( a h , m e a'long) to make
'come from sth to start in a particular place or
be made from a particular thing: Most of Iha 3F&'CSkoCOMEIN: COME IN. COMB INTO STH: '-me of slh:'come of dolng sth(ah'coms progress: to improve or develop in the way that
wines that rue sell wmfrom France.o&I your
COME INTO STH
information come &m n rebiabl~?m u m ? o l ' m from sth, 'comefrom mlng sth) to happen as a you want: Your Renth Is really coming on+o
IawP That's rich. mrniwfmm you! (= you are +v*adv r v+prep Tim's w m o n well with theguirac o How's din-
result o l 5th: He p m m W to helm but I h n ' t
lazy too) o He comes from a wenlthy family. o ,come 'in:,come'intosth 9 to go to anofficeor m r coming along? 5(of a n actor or a performer)
W s that terriblenoise mmingfromPo 93%of the place where you work,in order to do some think anything WIII mrne of it. o That's What
work: Am you mming into the offroe kvnorroru? comes of not Ilsiening to my aduice! o I had the to walkonto the stage and start toperform: When
our energycomsfmmfosstS fuek
@L the office+work 2 to have a part to play in feelmngof scstqfactiun thnimmespvmdoingadif- am Westlirecoming on? 6 (m sport) (of a player)
Q v prep
EElw h e w sb Is 'mlghorn (spoken,iqfor- sth; to play a useful role:Ilike theplan, but whee ficuitjob mil. tojoin a team mstead of another player during a
W Come of sth i s often used with a negative: game: Robson c u m o n in plumof Wilkins.7 (of a
ma0 a person's situat~on,attitude, ideas, etc. do I mme in (= what is my mle)7 3 to became I ~ l hcdm nogwd wuldcome of it.
that makethem say what they have said: Iknow fashionable; to start to be worn or used: When telwlsion programme, etc.) to start to be shown:

m l y whereyou'mcomingfmrn. dzd platrorm h i s ccuns in? o Trolleybumfirst 0 V+PEP What time does the n e w m m on? 8 (pspeclaIly

'come from sth: 'come from dolng 8th = mme in m 1923.o Punkcbthesmto tw earning ,come 'off1to be able to be removed:Does thrp Brm (of a season. a period of time, an illness,
inlofashion again. lE9 go out 4 to go toa hos-
COME OF STH,COME O F DOING STH knob come oflT (inJorma0 to take place; to hap etc.) to begin:Pt'sgmfng c o k Winter's wming
pital to receive treatment, tests, etc. t 3 n you pen: Did your Pip lo New York ever come OF3 on, oI think I've gor a mid corning on. oJt came
,come 'in when the sea comes in i t moves (informl) if a plan, etc. mmes oT,it i s success- on lo win. W In this meaning,come an isusu-
towards the land: The trde ump w m h g ngnfast. mme infor rheX-myson Friday? alIy used in t h p~mgresslvetenses 9[+adv] to go
E E 3 go out 2 to finish a race in a particular pos- ful or it has the result that you intend: Her
+ se@alsoCOME IN;cohrE IN, COME IN sTH, come attempt to b m k thetvorld m r d nearly came o n to aplace: Cumeon m and makeyourself at home.
4 [+ adv] (inform0 if somebdly comesoffwell o My wifekmmingon hter
INTO STH;COMEINTO STH
Ition: WIaichhorsem m infirst?3 to arrive; to be Qv+adv * v+prep
received: N e m is coming in of o tmh crash in or badly in a fight, a contest, etc, they finish the +v+adv
Scotland. o We've got more w r k mming In than ,Come 'In for sth to receive sth, especially sth
fight in a god or a bad condition: He always ,=me on 'shong to speak or behave in a
lw can handle. 0 I mm all the heins that m m in unpleasant: The government hns come in for comes off w m t infights. 5 WmE, idorma0 = very forceful way,especially in a way that shows

from London o We've gat j u t enough money severe crrticism from all o The company COME ACROSS 2 sb you want to have a sexual relationship with
coming in& month &pay the bills.4to become
available: English stmwhemies uslurlly cum in mme infor a htqf stkk (=a lot of crit~cismw) ith +v+adv them
inJune. [email protected]
their odwrtismgcamprrign. ,come "off; ,come 'off sth 1 to become k 'ancomlnl dj [only M o r e noun] advancing
a law or a rule comes in, it is introduoed and
E L (severe) crirlclnm detachedor separatedhmsth: nLehandleCUm towards you.approaching you

6 v +adv +prep off m my h a d . o A button hns comeoff w cocrt. ,come 'on; ,come 'onsth to bedn speaking to
2 to fall from 5th: My glasses came off when I sb on the telephone: I had a long lalk WW my
begrns to take effect: New legislation coming m ,come Vn wRh sb(m sth),,come 'In(msb) tripped. o She bmked shnrply and mme off her mthLlt: then my dad mme on. o Sue come on the
m t month will tackk lowpnp 8 to take part in a on sth if somebdy comes in wlth you, they bike blcyele, horse 3 to mow away fmm linefor a chat.
discuss~on,sometimes by interrupting sb: I'd join you In a particular project, activity, bus]- sth largeor importantand go ina differentdime Q v + & * v+prep
like to come in here. o 1 wish he woutdn'l k&p ness, etc: Dowu wont tammein withmaonJoe's
coming in wilh his stupid sugges2w~s7. to come presentlo My brother h o d Im u I d comein with
to yourhome, mce,etc. inorderto repairsth, or him when he started his own busin=. o myou tion: A mmw rwd comes flon the kft. 4 to 'comeonnrpon sblsth &mit)o meet or find
leave the stage, the sportsfield,etc, during a play sblsth by chance: I m m upon thism u t i f u l uape
do some work: A plumber's cornink in faIwk at want lo mme in on the dm[? or a game: Twoplayers c a m ofljust before half
time. 5 to leave 5th such as a vehicle or a road: in theattic.
@v+adv+mp
s~ehked~~&asshwmoflIhepiane.o mme Q v +prep

off (the motorway) at jwMIon five. 6 if m

... . .. ..c....o,,,,m....e.,..o...n..,.t,..o........ .......,.......*.....*,....*,... ,,,..-, ,,. -,,,.. 5..B.... ....-..... ............. .......................... ..................................- I,.......,,......,,,h~,...,,,,...~,,....~..,.,...................~ -me under

,come 'on to sb (ir&m@ to behave in a way 4 [+advlpmp(adJ] to finish sth in a particular ,come 'past: ,come 'past sbEsth to pass in m t him 10 #me Ihmugh r ?o~pmtton. 3 to
that clearlyshowssb that you want to haveasex- state;to havea particularresult: Shemmewton
lop in the ewms. oHis reputnliorn m m out Front of the speaker or the place where the start to appear &om under or behind sth: The

ual relationshipwith them undnmoged. o T h e f m ~ ldyrdn't come out of the speaker is: As I walked down the mad, Charlie hby's front M h were corning through. o The
affairuerywlL In this meaning, w m e out
&v+adv+prep mrnepapl on his bike. o ol?I bring the b w k round sun's m i n g through the clouds at lasL=
and cmneout of stharealwaysusedeither with -this eveningon my w a y 60night st&!
b-' n [usuallys~.(lInJbmaO a remark an adverb, an adjective or a phrase begmnlng I'wgol emerge(moreforman4to pass h m o n e stage of
or an actionthat is intended to atkact sb
withaprepasition. Eo compasty~whouse. a competition to the next; to be suocessful In a
Qv+adv * v+prep
,come 'on to sth to start talking about or dis- test or an exam: Chris did well 60 wme through

cussing a topic: I'll mine on lo the sub]eEf of e v + a d v v+sdv+pmp ,-me 'round (BrE)( a h , m e a'mund A d , #he gml@tng rounds of the tourmrnent (= for
example in tennis).o Most of the students cam
-.muminn minm. ,-me 'ant of pllrwnto relax and become BrEj 1 (ta sth) to visit sb or a place; to come to through (them m ) withflying coburs (= were
EEl question, subJaEt sb's home to see them Tor a short time: &me
mure corddent and friendlywith other people round a n d see us sometinee. o Do you wunt to very successful).
@ v+adv*prep Qv+adv + v+pmp+pron
come roundfor111mh7+ see a h C O M E OVER 2 2
,come'out1when the sun,moonor starswme ,come 'oul at 9thto add up to a m i c u l a r cost
or sum: The lola! bill m m out at over u thou- (of a regular went) to arrive; to happen at the ,come 'to =COME ROUND
out, Uleyappear in the sky: The sun m m but in
sundpoundP. usual time: I con2 believe Chrlsrma~has mme 'come to sb 1if an idea cmnes to you.it sud-
the q f i e r o n . BY3 -r 2 when flowers
+v+acb+pmp mund again! 3to mow amonga groupof people denly enters your mind: The rdeo come to me in
come out,they open: Thednm1sl mme out In# inorder togivethemsth: Themitersmmround the m u l e of the night. o It suddenly m m taher

thisyear: 9to be published or produced:Her new ,come 'out In sth if a person comes oat insth roilh drznk, 4 (tosth) (i?!fotmal)to agrae to sth that she had been wrong. 2 (esw'ally BrE) (of

noveI's~us#t me out. o When do theplram resuits such as spots, their skin betomes m r e d In that you were against before; to change your money.property,etc.) to pass to sb else when sb
them: T&mmmadeherf~emmewtinamsh.
mme out? appear 4 (of news, the truth, W spots, rash. lumpsBY3 b w k out In sth opinion about sth:She'll never cumround toour *dies:All my money 1~~~1conretowyhoeunI d &
w y of I h i n k i ~o. Don't push him; he'll cum v + prep
etc.) to bewme known after a tlme when It has round in trme.
,come to youfself (oIdfashwned) to return to
been secrct: Thetrurhfiraallye~laolrbo. Itnrme &v+adu+prep +v+adv your normal state: It tmk her a wkib lo w m W

out that she'd ma& the whole thing up.5 to be ,come 'out of sth 1to return to normal after a

shown clearly:Hts armgotue mmes out in ewry d f i c u l t tune:Themunby isslowly w i n g out @
recession. 2 toresult ordevelopfromapmcessor
spemh he mh.6 (wtth sb) to go somewhere an event:At k t somegood mme out of all our ,coma 'round (BriT)(ArnE,=mea'twnd) (a& hersdf again.
with sb for a social went: Will you come w t lo hard work. o Thebook mme out of her hnuels in ,=me 'toBrE,AmE) to -me mnscious again a$~ v +prep+ pmn
dinnerwith me @night77 if a photograph comes When she came round, her sister was sitling
Jamn. 3 to be taken away Rnm a total amount: 'cometosthItoadd up to sth;to beequal to 8th:
oat, the picture can be seen clearly: My photos The money will haua locome out of your wages. h s ~ heer bed. oHe h m ' t yet m m round rIffer Tht bill cum60 $50.2 to reach a particular state
the enaesihetic. or condition;to arriveat 6th:We h t h m m to the
didn't mme out wv 11x11 WQWthere mm't
+v+adv+prep ++ S W Q ~ P A S S OUT sameconcIusion.o Idon't know what the ulorld's
enough light. 8 when words Emne w t they are v+adv mming lo (= I think things are getting very bad
,-me 'outwith sth (i@rman to say sth,espe
spoken:I o m my mouth 10 amlogire, bud the ,come 'round: ,come 'round 8th (Bra ( a h and unpleasant), o All her dmms hnoI come lo
ciallysth surpr~singor not polite: ImnZ laflew ,comea'round,,come a'mund sthAmE, BrO 1
words uxlukin't mme out. o He trred lo pay hero the things he comesout with!o When I uskd her (of a letter or a document)to be passed from one nothing. this, that, mthlng -In this
compliment but it m m out all wmw. 9 I* prep1 why she WQS shejclu mmeo~lwt ith a h d of
to state publ~clpthat you do or do not support person to another. The card mrne round for meaning come to ilth is often used u lth this or
eveqone to sign.2 to travel to wherethe speaker
sth: Members of the commit#?e have come out in MnS?W. is by a longer route than usual, especially that The doctors wzlI opemte @ Isecessaq but it
opposition #othepmpxnl. 10come. out and do
5thto be bmve enough to say or do sth that other ev+adv+pmp m u n d the outsideor 5th: Them d roas bsacked may noswme to that.
people might Bnd it hard to say or do: H a s she
,come' W r l (to-)to moveacmssamm,a QY + P ~ ~ P
when Itcornea to sthlto dolngnthwhen it is
m i w l l y comeout and udmit&d ilyet?oOnly om road, an ocean,etc. towards where the speaker so we had to comeround by thefreIdsIds
membmof sing mme out and mioI1Ant thework- @v+adv + v+prep a case, matter or question of sthlof doing sth:
ing wnditwns loere unwrtisfactoty 11 (BrE) to IS:Cnmouer and meet my hmhnd. o When are m n if comes tamkmng, h hmuch berter thanI

stop work and go on strike: The miners h u e you coming ouer to Ewland amh?olots $I $oms 'roundsth ( B r a =COME AROUND STH am?
corns our on strike.I 2 to say openly that you
peoplean? mingoverfrom Amariafor the &-

ding,2(tosth)tovisitsbforashort time,usually ,come 'thmugh1(to sth) ( W o r m 0 uwd espe- ,comeb'gdherif twommmpeDple or things
ciaIly to ask sb 'loenter a room or a building, or come together, thgr form one group or one
are a homosexual (= a pemn who is sexually at their home: Her son only wmes ouer tu see her move from one room toanother: Combhmughto plece: Several Ioml groups mme together b a h t
my o m . 0 MI: Dole mn see you nour Will you the proposed housing dewlopmi. o During the
attracted to people of the samesex) 13when a m i o n a l Q o Ollr n m neighhum camouer O mme throragh? 2 (of news, a message, a docu- h t t h e days of rehearsals, eveqthing am
young girl came ont in the past, she was form- ment,etc.)tobe receivedbytelephone,radio,etc.
our how dasl nrghl.3 [+ ad]] (RrE,informal)to or Inan &cia1 way:f'vegobm internationalmll togmet
cuming throughJor you. o We're going to buy a
.ally inlmduoedmtas~~iety suddenly stan feeling sth. to come owr new nu when tfm i n s u m m mow c o r n +v+adv
through. o He's still aw flingfor hrs dimm to
A"+"&. fmny/drzqr,Iaint o lmmeover allshy whenewrI mme through. 3 (with sth) to provide or do sth ,come 'under sth 4 be included within a par-
that pwple expect or that you have gromiwl: t~culagrroup or collection of things: Severaldlf
,come 'od,,so- tout of sth 1 to leaw a m h e ~ =4COME ACROSS 15 =COME ACROSS^ @rent types of schoolscumunder the W i n g of
Theinsurancew m p n y has fin all^m m through privcrte schaok'. E L I hsadlng, banner, cat-
place or a- from inside a place: C b m &!I ev+* egory 2 to bemanaged, controlledorownedby a
with the mow3 4 =COME ACROSS 1 particuar group or organization: The prisons
knowyou'reinthere!~I?Ispmktoherassoonas ,-me 'M sbEsth (of a feelin&a mod, etc.) to now come under rnntrnlgovernmnt cunlrol. E E l
v+adv wntml, authority, wlng 3 if you come under
s h e m m e s o u t o f t k ~ ' n g . 2 i af nobjectmmes afFeEtsblsth:l'msony-Idon'tknow whatcum attack, criticism, etc. sb attacks criticizes, etc.
out of sth,it is removed from the place where it ,come"through; ,come 'through 5th Ito you. Thegouernmnt has come under attack ouer
ouer ma(= I don't know what made me behave in enter and cross amom,anareaof l a n d a town,a the new brll. o She's mme under interm pressure
is fixed orbcomes separated Prom 8th:Her tooth to cchange lam m z d . lB3 sttack, pressure, flre,
that way), o A m r k n b b chnwe has #me over country,etc.; to pass through sth: o Put slh o w
mme out when she bit intu the apple. o ,411 the the h i e W stcp the min coming through.2 to get scrutiny, critlclsm
pages have mme out of this book o This m w thegroup~he~ b t t e r afker a serlws illness: to avoid serious
won't come out of the wall. 3 if a mark or dirt G v+prev
Q V+PW injury or damage: He's very I12 but his doctors

,corn "aver ~bEsthto leave one group of

comes out,it isremoved from sth by washing or people in order to jom a c o m ~ i n group; to
cleaning: The bhdstuirn mn't m m out of
my s h i n 0 St m a very e x w i v e s k i r t , but mas# change from one opinion to another: %me of

#heirmbershawmmeomrP ours&.

the w h u r mme out Lohen I ulashed it. +v+adv+prep

BO ~....-. *,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...l*.l.....,,,...<'<*.............................................8..1......................~............................-...................c....O,,...~...,M,....C.U,,,p,~...,.

,,"

,come 'up4 (to ...) (fmm ...)to travel !hm one makeasituation verysucmduk !!Re&mn'snem 'wmewlth sth tobe included with or aspart of be COrI'finedto sth 1if apersonor an animal
isconfinedtna place, theyarekept in a smallor
place to anothec usually h r n a smallerplace to ph+wmmeuptmmpsandmmdthreegwLF.o sth:A new c a r c o r nwith thejoh c l o d space and not allowed to go out: Thechil-
a largerone,or fromthe southof a country to the Thai wm a MMUmSl r You've m m up
eV+ PBP dren mre confined to their momfar the emiw.
north: They'uemmupFomTk& o We thought trumpsogain.
commune/ka'Wwn;RirPIE~ r m - I o The soldiers w n c e r n d were con##!& lo bur-
~WgoupuprOLondon~ora~kendinihebigaty.t .upand!comlngadf lonly before noun1(iw-
racks(= had to stay in the bamcks, as a punish-
2 (to sblsth) to ga towards a person in order to mall maklng g m l progress and likely to besuo oorn'mune wlth sth(formnf) if yon commune ment),2 ~faperson 1sconfinedt o bed, etc.,they
tdktothemhokiguymmeuplommthe cessful in the future: an u p n d a m i n g n g y w n g with sth such as nature, you spend time think- have to stay in bed,etc.because they m illlsick
actor ing deeply about it andsofeel c l m to it
s t m a n d a ~ ~ m f o r m n e qo:Thegmuphder t 'upeomlmgadj [only before nounl (espaially or mnjured:She wasconJTned l o bed with theflu.
mme up to the m p t i o n desR l o o k ~ wnnsiow. 3 AmD about to happen soon: the hemming EEl nature o He lvas#@Red to u w?zeeIchoirafter the Mr
(of plants) to appear above the ground: T h e p s t
snowdrops are just mming up. IEB appear 4 psdentral ektlon Q V+PP mcuiens.

when the sun or m w n comes up, ~trises in the ,emme 'up;, m e 'upsth to mow froma lower complain/kamplem{ +be+v+prep
sky. We saf and watched the s m mming up place or position to a Mgher one, or upstah in a
behind the h i i k IEEionly the sun, the m m n building, especially with the speaker or towards complain of 8th to say that you feel ill or are confrontpacan8~.mtl

E53 rise EB9 go dom 5 to rise to the surface the place where the speaker Is: Who wants 0 suffer~ngfrom a pin: Sevmt childmn mm- con'front sb wlth 5th to make sb face or deal
of water or another Irquld:lmme upgaspingfor plainedof sew- s2omachpainx
air: o R u b b h were mmrng up to thesllr/ace.6 to comeup toihe top of the hill with me?o My upan- with an unpleasant or difficult person or situ-
menl is on the fhirdjloor:Are you cumin^: upPo I E l paln,headache,symptoms
happen, espxially when you do not expect it: mn hwrsomeWy wming w the staim ation:Hewflontedherwzthochorcektmher
Sowhlnz: urgent has mine ug;I h u e to ga o ev +prep careeror their reloli0ndtip

Opportunrtta like this dun't come LIPevery dcUl EEi d . s t e l m E 9 come down,commdarm ilh condemn/kann~emj +v+nlpn+prep
Q v+ adv 4 v+prep
,sr*, cmp up 7 (always wed m tfwprngrastw be con'fmntedwlth sthmhavesth in front of
lerrses) (of an event or a time)tobe going to hap- ,come 'up againsl sbtsth if you m e up
pen very swn: Our mmsare coming up mn. o against sWsth. you have to face sblsth dimcult: con'damn sb b sth Itosay what sb's punish- you that you have to deal with or react to: Most
Coming up nm rs the news. 8 to be talked about We- to mme u p a g ~ i w tlaot of oppositionto
or d~scussed:Thesubject didn't mme up in wn- t h s c h w . o You'll come up uguinstthe migncng ment will be: to be m&tlPd lo dmihlhalrf people when confronW wwtth a horsewflllpai i f .

m t i o n Inrrnight. o Moty ' s n a m e h p swmiw chnmpion in the heround, Indour 2 to farce sb to accept a difRcult or @tw+v+prep

up name, q w t i o n , subjecl9 to b dealt Qv+adv+prep unvleasant situation: They were cundemmd 0a ~0flJufpeknnd3alr)l

lifeof hardship. BEQ sb (tosthl

with by a court of law. H e r cose comes up nexi ,come 'upfor sth 1tommetothetimewhensth Condemn sb to sth is nsually used in the ,conjure sWMh 'upto make sWsth appear aud-
month. 10 if your name, number or ticket must bedone:Hekwmhgupforretimmntmn. passive. denly or unexpectedly#as if by magic: She cun-
&v+nlpmn+pmp jured uua ahree-cvursemealin half an hour!

comesup m a betting game, it ISchosenand you o She mmes up for reelection wet yeal: o W ? m Conefiaun;AmE kwnl v + a & + n + v+pron+adv r v+n+advlless
are one of the winners: Mjr numbers m m u p and d m your wndract m m up for r w u i ? m
I won a million pounds? 11 (spoken, informi) renewer 2 to become available for a particular fmueno
,cone 5th 'offto close a r m d or part of a m a d
(usualIy wed in the progressiw t e r n s ) to b purpose: Thathousepu Iike hasmmeupfor saie. with specid mloured plastic objects that have a ,conJuresth 'up1tomakea picture, amemom
m d y soon; to be coming swn: X cup of lea ESTi sale, awtlon erc.appear in your mknd: word 'bltrhday'm-
p k . ' ' h m i n g up!' 12 (of ~nformation)to Qv+adv*prep round base and a point at the top (trafflccones): jures up images of p m h and parties. o The
Paslof the r o d wusmned ofl whilerepnirs song conjuredupmemorits of rwrmsummmewn-
appear on a computer screen or a board, for ,come 'up on sth (A- to be h o s t a particu- done. ings. ESTi Image, pleture, dskns, rnemorler
lav.,evoke sth( m r e f o r m a2~to ask aspir~otf a
example in anairport:Herflight hnsjWmmew lar timeor age: It's comtnguponyour Wtime. Cone8thofYisusually used in the passive. dead person to appear,by using amagicceremony
e v + a # v + n v+ntprm+adv
an the atrim&board 13I+adJladvJ( B r a(of a n Qv+adv+prep

object or a substance) to appear in a particular ,come 'up to sth I to appmach a particular @v+adv+n + v+prcln+adv* v+n+adv(less
way at the end of a period of tune or when 6th place. an age or a period of the: Yw'm coming
has beendone to it: When the luooi is m ~ h e di.t -up&aburivtwdnora ~ I l ' s f u F t m m i n g u p t o h ~ fwuen0
con'flde In sb to tell sb a secret or a piece of
wmes up h u t V u f ysofl andfluffjr o I'uegruen it pus # w e b . 2 to reach an amptable level or information that you wouldn't tell other people: conkh ~ k~ ;m ~ k a akkaa,kl
standard: Thepmformamx didn't come up lo our Can I c o n w in you? o Doyou haus nfriend that
a go& clwn and if'scome up like new. 14(of you canconfidein? ,conk 'out(ii@rmal or humorous)1if a vehicle
mpxiatlons,o You may b y o u r j o b r f you don't or a machine mlrsmt,it stops working: Our
lights m a cinema, a theatre, ctc.) to become come up to swatch. standad, expect- +@gmdmr,trlend cur mnked oui 5 m~le~Jsohmome. 2 ~f a wrson
atlom In this meanhng come up to sth is v +prep conks out, theyfall asleepbecausethey arevery
brighter alter the Almhnovie,plm etc. has fin- t.ire-d: S- he was so trmd she camehome and conked
usualiy used in the negative. aut at eight a'cIock.3 (aid-fashioned, 5 r E ) (of a
ished:TIPelightsmme up to lormlapplause.15(to person) to collapse or become unconscious 4
8th) (BrE,form0 to befin your studies at auni- (Amm to die: The okfguy l o o h as if he'sgoing to
mnkoutnny minute.
+versity (especially Oxford or Cambridge): She Q v+adv+prep confine / k a n ~ a m / @v+&
up (to Oxford) in 1m.IEE3 ccome down
,come 'up wbh Sth 1 to think uf an Idea, an eon'flnesbmth to sth; con?ltwyoumlf to connect/kahekt/
( h m nth) 1&{tasth)toreachas farasa particu- sth to keep sblsthlyourself inside the Iimjtsof a
answer to a question or a solution to a problem: particular activ~tJsIubjed, area, etc: T h w r k con,ned ath "up(@ a:con,nen3'up(to rth)
lar point or level: Thelaatercameuplo my chin. o will not be confined to rhe G h g o w a m . o I will
My sister hardly c o r n up to my s h o u h t o Hirl Shamme up with ogreatideaforinmmingmIes. co@m mysewto h k i w at the penbdfmm 19IW tojoln slh to a supply of electricitx gas, water,
etc. or to another p~eceof equipment; to be
scnW cameupover hiseyes. D much sth Mea,a-I. suggostlon,explanatlm2 to
@v+&
find or producc sth that sb needs: If you want m
be coming up 'mam (h@rmaIE (of a situ-
at~on)to be developing in a sucomful way: buy my mc you must come up with the monej o lo 1916
Everything's corning up roses!rxwne 'up In tha
He always comes up w i t h the goods (= does llmltsthto Ibllth,nMFt uWfithlywr-
world to bearme more important m society or
more sucwssful inyourcareer:Sk's m f l y me what heis- todo)onthednq: self (to sth)

v +adv +prep Confine ~Wsthlyoumelfto 8th is oflen
used m t h e passive.
'comeupon sblsth =COME ONICIPONGBISISTH

up in iherwrldsinceshe b school.come upEturn Q v + nlpmn+prep

up 'trumpsto domorethan peopleexpect and so



.I........................................~..,........... ~ crank up

COSY (AmEcory)I'kauei;dmE'komil ,count 'down (tosth), ,count sth 'downto be ,count s b t h 'upto add together the number of crackm k {

(cosies,eosylng,c m i d , wsled) waiting for an important or exciting day#event, t h l n o~r p o p e in a gmup: Count up #henumber ,crack' d m : ,crack'dawn an sbtsth t o m
of timyora'w been abroad. harder to prevent people breaking a rule, using
, m y 'up to sb (tnforml, e q m h l l y A m to try etc. and be comtmg the number of days, min-
to become friendlywith sb,especially in order to E E l number sth harmful, committing a crime, etc. and deal
galn an advantage for yourseK She's only utes,etc. therearebeforeit: The who&world was
cowing up lo him bemusesheneedr hishdp, W Count sblsth is wed with the same mean- severely with t h w who do: Police am cwcklng
EZ3 evdtik up to sb{BrE,l f sfrwwnt) counting &wn to the m w millennium. o I'm down hard on d r u d~wIm.o Thgouexnment is
counting down thedays untilmy trip. ing.
Qv+adv+pmp +v+abv v+adv+n * v+nlpron+adv(mre) cracking down on misleadingfood labelling.
b 'cwnMorm (to ath) n 1the act of counting 6v+abr+n v+dpmn+adv
backwards to zero, for example before a space-
'countuponsbtsth:'eountupon dolng 8th; Bclamp down,clarnp down on sblrth
'count on sbisth doing sth = COUNT ON @v+adv v+adv+prep
cotton /btn;AmE'kam/ craft is sent into space 2 the period immed~ately S B ~ S T HC, OUNT ON DOING STH, COUNT ON S ~ S T H b 'cmckdown(on sWsth) n w e r e action that is
beforesth important happens
,cotton 'on (to sth) (Informl) to come to under- ,Count sb 'Into include sb ln a group or a n activ- DOING STH taken to prevent m p l e m r n i t t i n g a crime,

stand or realize sth without being told directly: ity if you're going to Iha theatm?you can count couple pknpil opposingthe government,etc: apoIicecmckdown
She mlfons on quickly.o It t w k him a whik me in. on m r c r i m

lo cotton on to what Iwastrying to say. deal sb In( h f l r r r m R raPP, wunt sb aut 'couple sbMh wlth shusth to link one pwson, ,crack'on(wffh sth)( B E ,inj%rmal)towork hard.

ZEW catch on (to 8th) Q v+nlprm+ adv thing or s~tuationwith another: TheInrgenum- and do sth quickly: W'd better crack on with the

+v+adv ,oounl 'off (Amif people count off,they say ber of new graduates, coupled with high painting Wore it getsdork.

'cotton to sbtsth (OM-fashioned, AmE, w o r - loudly in order the numbers they have been m e m p l o y m t , meansthat there isfirce competi- Bget on (with Blh)

man to begin to like or approve of sblsth: IdiXn-i glven: He mndeewryonemwal tionforjobs. (g v+adv

+much miton to the idmalfirst. v+adv Cauple sblsth arlthsbhth isusuallywed $rack 'up (informal) to bearme physically or
+in the passlve.
Cotton to sb 1soflen wed in negative sen- 'count on s h t h ; 'count on dolng sth; v +nlpron +prep mentally ill bemuse you are under pressure:
'count on sbisth dolng sth (also 'eount She'scmEkingupunderthestmin.
tences.
upon rblsth, 'count upon dolng ath, 'count +v+adv
0V + P ~
t 'erackup n (informal, e s p d d f v A m a
uponsblsth doingsth moreformal) to rely on sb
,Corersth 'wet Iwlth Ith) to c w e r sth com- period of mental illnesscausedby pre88ure
todosth; toexpect sthtohappenandmakeplans
,cough "ppcough sth 'up(irbfom0l(mw- in an appropriate way: You can munf on me! o pletely, especially to hide or protect it: Put the ,crack 'up; ,creek sb 'up (infoml) to start

ciaIly RrO to pay for sth or give sb money unwill- ?'m sure he'll heb us. ' 'Won't counl on 1s. ' oShe bulbs In a bowl and w w r them over with mil. o laughing a lot; to make sb laugh a lot: - M y

Ingly: You o m me f20. Cvm on, wugh up!o M n ' t counled on going swimming when she The shopping m l l is covered over with an m r - crocked up when hefefl ouer o She's sofwrny -

Don't rough up the money mtlf thejub'sfinIsheoI. packed. o J'm counting on your support, o I'm mousglms rmj! she cracks??upI!,?

IEE) pay up2(BrE)toadmitsthorgivesbinfor- coun!lngonyou tosupport me. Cover 6th (with sth) is used more often )av*) crease up,c- sb up(BrE)
Crack sb up is not used in the passive.
mationunwillingly: Comeon, coughup:where've BE3 bank on sblsth, bnnkon dolng sth, bank with thismeaning.

you been? own up(to sthnodolng8th);wn- an sWsth ddng sth; reckon on sblsth, reekon +v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n .Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv

fess (to sthlto doing slh) (tnoreformd) on dolng sth,reckon on sblsM dolng ath ,cover 'up;,cover pummtf 'up (with sth)to be ,cracked'upto krth (infwmnl)to be as
put on more clothes: Make sure you m w r up
@ v+adv 4 v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv UEjBThese phrasal verbs can be used In the pas- before going out m the sun. o Cover yourself up good, clwet exciting, etc. as people think o r say

,cough sth 'up to Toroe sth out of the throat or S ~ V YS ~cPan w! counted upon to conrribulegood It'smkl, sbtsth is:Stardom is notoll rt'scraclred up lok,o
lungs by coughing: He's been coughingup b M .
EE blood id~as. She'snotasgmdasshe's#up tobe.
Q v +prep v +prep+nlpron4to inf
@v+adv. v+pmn+adv cram/ b m / ~-mm-)
6 v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv ,counl sb 'out: ,count sb 'out d sth (@for-
wet 'up (for sb/sth), , o w s r 8th 'up to try

rttu0 to not inctude sb In a group or an abivlty: hardto stoppeople finding oulabouta mistake,a ,cram 'Into 8th: ,cram s h t h 'In; ,oram

You m y enjoy those gmws, bratyou can munf me crime, etc.; to hide the truth about sth: He's s b l s t h 'Intlnto sth to go into a placeor space

,count a'gainst sb to be a disadvantage to sb: out. aIwop c o w i n g up for he^ o The government's that 1 s ts~mall foreveryoneleverything: topush
E B deal sb out,deal sb out of sth
I'm sure that being latefor the interview munted )OPP) wunf ab In attempts t o w w r up thesim&I failedled or force sblsth Into a place or space that is too
ugrsinst me.
)8YN) wlgh eplnst sb (fb-rrmO 6 v+ nlpron+adv * v +nlpron+adv+ pmp @ E lscandal, rnlatake, truth FEE) conceal *HI small: Six of us cram& inlo Rob's Mini, o l

Av v. +nFr-rmF .Count sth 'out to count coins, etc. one by one (rnomJormC),hMs sth only hadthreedaysin New Yo&, butlcmmmed in
and put them somewhere: He munted out the
,count a'mong sbMh: ,count stusth exact m o m (on ttwmunm). Q v + a d v v+adv+n 4 v+prorn+adv r v*n+adv asmuch s i g h w i n g asIcould o He m m m d all
EZEl money,change, notedcolns
a'mong sth to be conside&, or to consider +v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv (lessfwwnt) the sweets into his mouth. o You wn'l crom eight
sblsth, to be part of the group mentioned: She b 'corer-up n [usually sing.] an act of hiding a
muntsumong thelop ten marathon runnersin the ,count toWards sth ( a h ,wunl to'werd 8th mistake, a crime, etc: Theoppositionaauwd the *children in& thecur!
country. o The h n d count John Lennon among e s m i n l l y Anal3 to be includedas part of sth you
thew illflllems..0 1 no W e r munfed myself hope to obtain or ach~eve:MarksJrom thIs lest e v + p r e p * v+nlpmn+sdv e v+adv+n
amow hisfria&
mnoutncol luonwt trodwsayrodumrfeientianlggmthdeeh.etaomTh.esesales will governmentof a muer-up v* nlpmn+pt6-p
Count g ~ s * among s ~ s t his morp fm
quent than count among &b/$th:~ g y p t,um EEiQ Count t o w d s l k o w a r d s t h canbe used ,cover sblsth 'upto put sth aver sbMh in order ,crank s t h ' o u t ~ l n f o m l , e s p ~ c i n ~ A r n C ) t o p m
counted among the most mwerf~w~ulnvrps In the the passive: These payments may be counted to hide or protect themlit: You mn cover up ugly duw sthquickly and in largeamounts: Theghnt
t o w i d syourpension. mncmnkoul about 63rrarsanhour
world. g r w wlth mcdmboxes. o There was something
(~v+P~P chum sth out; turn 8th out
Q v +prep * v + nlpmn +prep on the table cowredup wilh a cbih.
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv &v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv

,crank sth 'up(informno T to make a machine
start working orwork M e r l l ' s t i m B m k up

theaircooditioni~.2 to make music,etc. louder:

.c...r..a..,s,,h.."....-...~.......~......~..m............-.... 66 -.....~.................... ...~........r...~~.....~........m....................~..-

TiW mnked the music up when the plrty themlit or theylit are no longer involved: Ows ,crowd 'In (on ab) if high b u U d ~ m. ountains,

* rnFa3 muse, rnlumo turn Ith up ' c r e d l t A with 8;'credit B to A 1to believe flany items m'w already got, o Jane w n 2 & etc. m d in,they seem to surround you and

(morelbrmal) that sWsthis responsiblefor sth or for doingsth, coming,so~wnaar;sherofthelist. threaten you or have a strong erect on you: The
+v+nlpmn+sdv 4 r+adv+n
espec~allysth good: Bath is credited wrth per- daW rth (moreformal) high l u a l C F d lo muroI in (on her).o @urn-

forming thefirstsolo on a p h o S h e d i t s her ev+nlpmn+adu v+adv+n v + n l p m n * m tiw)He tried lo restst thefmm that werewowding
gmd looks and InieIIigem lo herfutk'sside of
crash1-1 ,cross sth 'outfthmgh to remm wordsfrom in on him
a text hy d r a w ~ n$~line Ull?~~tgYhlem, usually +v+abu+prsp
,crash a'round(also ,emah a ' M m u n d mpe. thefamily. 2 2 consider thatsblsthhasaparticu-
becaugc they are wrong:I cmwd his name out ,Crowd 3- 'OM0Sth = CROWD S B IN, ~
crnlly B r a (iqformal)to move around makin$:a lar g o d quality or characteristic:I had c d l f e d
lot of noise: I hmrd her mashing about in the him with more m.o Numemus haollh W t s and wmle mine r~1~6ea4d.You've spell it wrong CROWD SBlSTIl INTO/ONTO STH

bathmm are credit& lo thisnatuwloli. Crossit out ondm WUZR ,crowd sblsth 'out; ,crowd sbrsth Tout d

(bv+adu Credit A with B is often used in the pa^+ EEl word, name lE9 &I& 8th( m o m ~ m a l ) sth if a number of people or thinp cmwd out
@v+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n
,crash 'dormto fall with a wry loud nabPa?i- sive. 4 You canalsouse the pattern creditsbisth other people or things,they are presentin such
sewem hud a lucky esmpe whm a huge t m as sth, especially in the passive: Thecheetd is
generally credit4 as the world 'sf~shtanimal. ,cross 'wer 1 ( a h,- 'overrth) (@@dally largenumbers that there is no momfor anyone
crushsd down om%a bus. o John3 h o d cam @ v+dpmn + prep
BrE) to go h m one side of sth,for example a or anything else: Touristsm mudingthe regu-
m h f n gd m n on the hble (= he hit the table
roadlstreet,a room, etc. to the theotherLet's rross lar customers out of the bok oVigumttw)Small

hard with his hand). o @gumtiw) All my over lothe otherside.o Sheoossadouer themad. shops are mrreosingly k i n g mwded out by the

d m m s cum ElPshing down around m8 (= I roed,brldgm2 ( I Weth)to m m h m o n e big supmmarkets.

complebelyfailed in what I wanted to do). ,creep 'in;,creep 'into 8th to start happening style or type of music,cultwe, politim, etc. to EE@ squ- sb/m out,sq-s sblsth out

=Crash down is usually followed by a or effecting sblsth gradually: I thought I'd another; to wmb~neparts of different styles or ofsth
phrase beglrmrng with a prepition. H d ,but then doubts slarterl io cteep in, o A types: They're e blues h n d who hnue smmz&d
hint qf samzsm mpt mio hls v o h . o Mare and +v+nlpmn+arhr v+adv+n *
&v+adv more @reign wards are creeping inlo the h- e lin c m I n g ouer io.Klzz.
v+a& hr* v+prep *v + Npmn adv+prep
,crash 'out( i m m l , BrE) to go to
2v+adv ,crowd 'round:, e m 'round abmth (EW

sleep because you arevery tired: I uxrs so ti& I gmge. ' e m - n a mmmfulmmbinatlon of dif- ctnlIy BrE)(AmBusually, c da'mund,,WOW
crushed out tnon mmchail: a'mund ablsth) to gather in large numbers
Qv+adv+v*prep ferent stylesor typesof music or cul- a suo around sblsth h p k lwre #loding omund .ta
m s l l changeb m onestyle ortypeto another:
IBB Rakewl (BrE) ,creep ~ r s b M h i f a f a e l h g c r e e p s o v e r y o u , a fresh and lexciting m k & e e c m r oa see w h t mas g o i w on. o Faw crou&d round
or an expression creeps over your face, it grad-
6 v+adv m w r artist him lo &for hisuulograph.

,Crash 'adof 8th(hsport)to l m a gamevesy ually affectsyou: Afeeling of tiredness h a a n to & v + a d u + v+prep

badly and sonot be able to continue to take part creepoverher o Asly smfkcrepr over her lip, , o m s sth 'through=mossSTHOUT~~HROUGH

in a competition. Englnnd crashed out of the B?3steal oversblsth crouchm ~ t crumple~IWAWW

WorldCup Q v+prev ,crumplesth 'upto crushsth.espedally a piece
W T h i s phrasal verb Is used espedally in
newspapers. ,creep'upl if a price, anamountptc.-ps up, 'emueh over sbMthto bend aver sWsth so grm of paper, into a ball: She munpM his W r up
~trisesvery mdually HouseprLm are smrrtng
@v+edv+prep are near therru'lt: She crmch&dover the injaved lullhoutewn lookingat ft.
to c m p up.2 (on sb) to mow nearer to sWsth +mmpsr
m ,checkin$ his ~uounds. v+nlpron+adr 4 v+adv+n
,Crash 'round(-2yBrE) =CRASH A R O U ~ slowly and quietly wrthoul being seen or heard:
'e V + P ~ P
Wn'f m p up on me like thni!o JacR crept up
crawl ~rs.11
behindme. ,sr*, -1 up (on sb)

'crawl wfth sbl& (usually t&d in t h e p r o g ? ~ +v+adv ,crowd a'round; , e d a'mund sb,sth 'cryfor sth to ask for or d m d5th Inafo-
srw tenses) to be full of moving people,animals, ,Creepk ~ p 8b 1if anevent,adate,etc ci-eepa ( e ~ m b l f y A m F=)CROWD ROUND,CROWU ROUND or urgent way:Thefmliesof the vuictimsumrry-
Insects, etc. in an unpleasant way:The plum Is up on you, it arrivesbefore you are really ready
for it: Theexamsjwtseemd io creep up on me. 2 SB/STH i n g f i r justim o Lirrlen! That sounds Iik# m m
cmwlmg with mpsl
m poll-, irn& if a feeIin& etc. cmps up on you, it starts to ,crowd 'In;,cmwd 'Into8th to move In large aodV v i n g != d i n g M o r help
numbers into a small place: As s w n as hdoors k3G help, mercy
@v+we~ affect you More you realize it: Anomio mn
OpeneoI people h g a n .to crowd in 0 we all e v + prep
creepup onyounggirls when they h s t p It.~ ~ cmwdad into the I#. o @guratiue)Memories she
would mlher f o m mme mdhg In o @g- ,cry 'off;,cry 'off sth: ,cry 'off ddw sth
+v+adv+pmp nmtiue)Dottbtscroded indomy mind. (BE)to dwide not to do 8th gnu have promised
E B plle in, plle Into sM or agreed to do: We'damnged Dgo together but
, c r e a m s W h 'offto take away the best people ,crop 'up( W o r m d l to appe91,happen,etc. when Luis craw at the last moment.o W b didyou
or thingsin a group or anamount of money,usu- it is not e m e d :Imn'l make it tonight -some &v+adv + v+prep
allyfor your own advantage: The bestpupiils are thing's #p& up.o Her rrcune keeps cropping cty ORfrair~mhg t nighi?
creamed of into special classes.o Themmpany's up everywhere. ,crowd s m h 'In;,crowd rbmth 'intofonto
8th to put a large number of people or things EYB pull cut,pull out of ath,pulloul d dolng
direnorsareverrrnrng of fhepro$rs. + corns UP into a small space:I doubt iS we can mud any
v+adv marepeople in -lheploce i s p c k t d a l m z d j t o We ath
Q)v+a&+n + v+nlpmn+adv wem ell crowded inio a smfl a m behrnd the
+ s e @ n I s oO~FF~,~BEG OFF STH,BEG OFF WIND
,crease 'up;,ereamsb 'up( B E ,tqformak)to Cross/ h m ; A m E h x / goal
STH
start laughing;to make sbstart laughtng:We&I1 'm,cross M h ,cross s h t h 'off nthto EZE)crmmWath In, cmnrbhth IMnksth:
removesb's name oran item from a list by draw- Qv+aduav+pmp
m a d up whm we m w her hrri!oHkprc- ing a linethroughktbecause you have dealt with pack lbhth In, p c k sWsth into sth
gmmm olways cremesme up. ,cry 'out to make a Iwd sound without words
BE)crack up,cmk sb up Qv+nlpron+a& v+adu+n + v + n l p m n + m becauseyou are hurt,afhid, surprised, etc:She
Q v+adv * v+rdpmn+adv
criedout irtlwithpaim

+v+am

,cry "out sth to shout 5th loudly: Re s u d d d y CUT* M:s; AmEkxm1 ,cut 'down(on MI)1 to reduce the amount or ,cut sb 'in (on am) (tr&md)to includesb in a
mled out. 'Stopat om!' o She wuki hear a yoice quantity of sth: R&lng c u b dOwn on wie.o dealand give thema share of the proAts: Doyou
cryingo uher name. be 'cursedwith sth to have or suEer Bnm5th think w a ncart Harris fnon thedwl?
a)v+adv+speech + v+edv+n bad: He was c u r d with pmr heulthfrom, chiW f 'uespentEwmucha l d y thismonth -I'lthave
lo cut down r! bit C= spend less money). 2 to mn- v +nlpmn+adv
for ,clyTngout 'loud!Is&en, ir$ormaBused +hoad or ' u e a l w s been cursed withbad luck. sume, use or buy less of 5th: TAe doclor's told me
to show that you msurprised or angry about be+v+pmp ,cut 'Into sth 1tomakearnark,an opening m a
sth: For ayrngouf Iolrd! Whntdtdyou do thatfor? to cut down on fatty foods. o I h u m ? sloppad
smoking,buiI'wcutdown lofiveadas: wound m sthwithakniie or&sharpobject:Make
.?ompm'l guidelines Mrn you cut inlo the
,cry'OMagalnsl sth to protest strongly about + S e e ~ l k d C U TSTH DOWN 1; CUT BACK W.o The mp?was cutting fnto her wrists (=
sth: m p l e haue been crying out agoinsi this ,curteln ath off (fmm 8th)to ~epmakpart of a ev+adv
becauseit was very tight). EZi cake,mmat,e t ~
ahlrseforyaars. room with a curtain or curtains:A comer of the ,cutsb 'down@mi,&A') teU sb:He wasm 2 to interrupt9th: His itsin?cut into her thoughis.
E!El thoughts3to begin to use part or too much
& v +adv+prep rwmrwscurloinadofl down bypnewmnloatan early age. of sb's time, 9th that belongs to sb else, etc: My
b 'adcry (againsWaUmr sth)ra [C] a public
@v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n Cut sb down isoften used in thepassive In mrh-3 cuamng inlo myfree I m at Ik mml.o
The rndependent stations are cutting inta our
reaction of strong protest against sth: There fs this meaning.
Qv+dpmn+adv v+&*n audience.E E tlnm mcmach M u p n sth
sure toh an m s i v e o u m y a g a l n s C t h e p r o ~ l s . cUf~kntl(cutt~ncgu, t,cut)
(moreformcrD
,cry 'out tor sth (usuallyused in thepmgmsiw ,Cut sblsth 'down(AmE, & f i i l ) to make sb
tenses) to clearly need sth very quickly: The ev+vrep
m u p ~cryingoutfornewmembao. Thewhole fwl or look stupid, especially in h t of other
people: He always cuLs her d o m in fmnd of his ,cut sb 'off 1to rekw to let sb haweany of your
+sy$tmwascrying~u&@rme dimlmu~w. friendsh o She'saiwa~vscuttingdownmy li&&k. money or property afteryoudie: Hecut hlssonm
v +a&+ prep without aperwx EIJ Mn, daughterEE)dlaln-
put ab down
cuddle -- hedl s b ( m r e f o r m a ~ + s e e s s h c uSR~OUT, CUT
+v+nlpron+adv b v+adv+n ss OUT OF STH 2 to end a relationship with sb
,cuddle 'up (tdagurna mb), ,,cuddle 'up ,cuta'cross8th I (ah,cutmmugham)totake
together If children,pets, etc. cuddle up, they cut sb dOIYnte 'aimtoshowsbthat they are because you do not want to see or talk to them
sit or lie close to each other or sb else, because a short route (a short cut)across a place instead not as important a s they think theyare any more: Hlsfnmily h u e cut him ofl since he
they need warmth or comfort,or want to show of going around it: W'lbgelthem quicker If we b 'culdownIAmQ (BrE'put4own) n (in@rnwO &Id them what he'd done. 3 to interrupt a tele-
afFection: Jack cuddkil up 50 his mothel:o The cut m s s #he@&. 2 to affect or be true for a remark orcrltictsm that is intendedtomakesb
p p l e in different groups that usually remain feelor look stupid phone conversationby bmklng the connection:
cubscuddk up togetherfor wurrmth. separate: Opposition lo the proposal cuts m s s
I E 9 anugglnup (totagalnst sblath) w r t y b o r n r i p s . @boundar!y,!dlvIlslen 3 to put sih 'down 1toreducethe amountor gum- Opemtoc I'wjust been cut fl Cut sb off is
interrupt and stop sth: The sound of the fire tity of 9th: M w s m wen fntrd&ta cW down
@ vtadv * v+adv+adv akarm cutacross h ~ ~ a t t e mlopei *phin. the numbw of road&n#s inwlulng children. usually used in the passive In this meaning.
o Themiicy a i m at cutlfng down exhulrst emis-
,cuddk 'up ta s k t h IBrE, fr&md,mre) to +V+P~P 4 l,lv+ntpron+a* v+adv+n(lessfmquent)
try to be friendly to sb in order to gain an advan- sions. number, wsw, amount BYK) redwe
tage lor yourself: Just bf&r@ the eMIon thay ,cut sth a'way ( h m sth)to remove 5th by cut- sth (moref o r m 0 W Cut sth can also be used 3v+nlpmn+adv
starredcuddling up to thrgouemment. tlng with a knkn or a sharp tool: W a m y my w ~ t hthls meaning.Cut sth,not cut 13thdown is
dead branches. be CUI off In y w r 'prlme to dle s u d W
FB33cosy up to sb usel for lPduc~ngthe cost or the prlce of sth:Pet- when ynu arestillyoung,strong and ~uc~essflll
Q v + a d v + n r v+n!pmn+edu m0gasprrceshnve beencuE.-tseeabcuT DOWN;
&v+adv+prsp ,cut sbrsth 'off 1 (also,cut Fu-W 'off) (fmm
,cut 'back (on sth) 1to reduce 8th such as the CUT STH BACK 12to makea tree, etc.fdl down by sbtsth) to separatesWsthlyourself physically or
cutting it at the base: Eumy time we cut a tree
amount sb spends or produces: The rslaesslon soclaUyfrom otherpeople orthing?.:Hisd&aess
down, ure p h t o new one.BEl heeIE9chop cut him Mfmm hisfamily andfriends.o She rut
'eulmlnateIn sth (aIsul'culmlnatmwHh ath b means that everyome Is cutting hck o We'vehad sth d m : fell s t t ~((morefurma0 3to redurn the herself oflfmm music ofzerhermurriuge. o Why
to cut back on stuff tasaw mnqr 2 (especially length of sth. P k c u t y o w a r t l c l e down lo 1DW hm he C&f off all contact wlEh h rf~amily? o The
frequent)(formal)to end with a particular result words, shorten sth(moref o m n W Cut
or conclusion,or at a particular point: Thenew dmE) to eat, dr~nkor use less of a particular farm gels mmpletely cut ofl in the wlntez o Vig-
thing, usually for your health: Ismoke too much. sthcan also be used with t h ~ms eanlng.
umtlw)Politicmm are cut flj?um the reality of
Qv+adv+n * v+nipron+adv
powrly. lsolate sb/sthlywmetl (fmm

t u r t i o m c u k m i ~ t & h c a n ~ ~ g m n t ~ p t a b C &Imusbcut back.o Thedoclor'slold melocut back sblsth) bEmCut ~Wsthlyourself off is often
aI1sides.
on red w t . ,cut 'Ind (on sblsthF to interrupt sblsth: 'Listento used in the passive in this meaning: 1heEhfIdwn

@V+P~P 4 S&?akOCUT STH BACK 1;CUT DOWN me!' s f u cut In impatknt$ Interrupt were cut off 8 the tide. 2 to interrupt sb when

curllk3-1;AmEkxrll Qv+adv ( s b l l t h ) + w a h ~ uIN~TOSTH 22(on sWsth)(of they are speaking: He cut me o r m mtd-senlence.

r 'cutback(lam)n[usually p1.Ja reduction in a vehicleor a driver) to move suddenly in front of o My expbnntion luas abruptly cut f l 3 to stop

,curl 'up;be ,curled 'up 1to lie down or sit sth: cutbacksinpubIkspe~ing anotherwhfcle in admgerousway, leaving little the supply of gas, water or electricity to sb"s

down with yourback curvedand your loleaand ,cut sth 'back1to reduce stha lot, especiallyto $paw betweenthe two vehicles: The lorry cur in home:T h e w cvmpuny ihrenlened tocut themofl
arms close to your body: I hue curling up in an save money or improve the envimnment or your U they dkfn'lpqv the bill. o Thelutriersupply Rad
Ion me)sradde* andlhad m bmkesRarpIy.3(of
been cutofld ( A m 0 =CUT sslsm UP A sporls cor
nrmchair with a gOOd h k . o Thecut was c& health*Governmentfunding Isk i n g back. o an engine, a motor or a piece of equipment) to
cut m ofl as I turned inlo t h h~ e5 to prevent
up asleep under the bush.2 if the edgesof pages, Wehaue agreed lo cut back CFC e m ~ l o l lbsy the start working automaticalb especially after
another sourceof powerhas failed:f l r h p o w f f sb &om reaching or leaving a place; to stop sb:
leaves, etc. curi up they bend towards the mid- end of the centup?EkCi pmductlon, spending,
fails, Ihe genemtor will cut in. EE)kick in 4 T?ytocut him ofl at thetrqfEc lighis.
dle:T h e m e s hadal[carled up at fhemrws. pllutlonIG9 pare sth down (to sth), pnmsth
( A M ,irlfbrmab to push in front of people who ~v+nlpmn+adv*v+adv+n
Qv+adv b e + v + m back (to8th) Cut sth back is offen used m
have been waiting In a line: Someone trred 6ocut b 'cut& n an act of stopping sth
,curl sth 'up:,curl yourself +upto h d the passive in t h ~ms eaning. 2 to reduce the size 4 see also CUT-OFFa t c u ~STH OW; CUT-OW at
sthlpurself intoa tightcurvedshape: ShecuM of a plant, a bush, etc by cutting parts off:That in in front of us. o She saw somefriends in l h
b~rleguspunderher on Iheso/a. o Henvledhim- rose bushneedscutting back a Iot.EB3 bush,tree CUT STH OFF, CUT STH OFF STH
SPYup undPr lhemver~and went tosleep FEE) prune nth andcutin with them. push In(BrEl
9 v + nlpron + adv
e v + a d v + n4 v+pron+adv v+n+adv(less ~v+advlalsov+adv+qeech

fwwnt)

,cul sth 'off :toblock or get h the way of sth,etc: dmk, *w*str 3 (flyornmf) to block Ught or ernof3omUy upset:She's still very cut up abut
The polioe cut off all their amp?mules o The sound: That tm infront of the window cuts out thedivom. Cut sbup isusuallyuwd in the
new hotel cuts off o w ulew of t h e m m i v e in this meaning.
the lighl. llgM nolsermFO block ah wt 4
4 I v+nlpmn+adv + v+edv+n
EZil rwta,aid, wpplbs (imrman used to tell sb to stop doingor Baying
2 v+ nlpron+ adv
v+&dv+n + v+nlpmn+adr sth that is annoying you: Im sick of you t w
,cut sb!nth 'up(Brm@mF,wf .blah 'off)(of a
b '~~4nagointorallmitwhenywstopsth:a orguur~-jlrsl cut it w t !o Nowmtouttkjokts vehicle or a driver) to suddenly drive in ftont of
c u t ~ fmf oid o Whot Is them t f l datefor mgb andpay ablention!FEi It, (hat 5 to make sth by another vehicle in a dangerous way: Did you see
how hecutme up?
tratwn? cutting:T h g mnnn~edtacut out a m t h through PZEj -we sblsth up0
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
-tseeaLFo CUT-OFF at CUT SBISTH OFF:CUT-OPFat thejungle.
,cut sth 'upto divide sth into mallpieceswith a
CUT STH OFF,CUT STH OFF 8TH &v+n/prm+adv + v+&+n knife or a sharp tool: Who'sgoing to cut up the

,cut sth '&, ,cut sth 'off8th to removesthby ,cut sth 'od,,outsth 'out d 8thIta remwe vegelabks?

cuttingitwith a knifeora sharptool:Xeculofla sth you want h m sth larger by cuttIng to cut BE)chop sth up
metre of clothfrwn the roll. o Mint9 you olon'fcut the shapeof s t h h m a piece of fabric,paper,etc:
yourfingem off!o She's had ail her hair cut 08 Simply cut oul and return the @upon. o She cut Qv+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n
o~lhephloislooh~forfhef~m,cutabiroflthe article out of the n e w w m o 5% children

theitp. 0 ~~fyrumtiue)Fiws~condshasbeenofcfut enjoy cutting shrrpes out of mlourerb paper EZ34

the w r l d m r d . artlcle, plctwm2to remove sth bad from sth by

chopsthetf,chopsUloWsth cutting I cut out the bad parts of the apple. 3
( i n f i r m i )to leave sth out of a piece of writmg,
ev+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n + v + r d p n ~ + w p etc: Youcancutout the unimportnnt W i h .IE3

t 'cut& n [pl.]tmuse&pmts that have been

madeshorterby cuttingoff part of the l e p omk 5th

t 'cvl-df udj [only before noun] cut-off lmu- +v+nlpmn+edv v+adv+n

$ergpantshave been madeshorterby cuttingOR v+nlprm+adv+prep

part of the legs EPdh a mywr Wwk cut out ( l b r y w ~ ~ I ) t o
+see also CUT-OFFat CUT S B ~ T HOFF: CUT-OFF at facea difficult task or situation:You'llhawyour

CUT STH OFF work cut out lo baat him.
b 'cuboutn a shapecut out of pper, wood,etc:rr
b 'offevl n (es~iallyBrE) a piece of wood,

pawr, etc. that remains after the maw piece haa mrdhardcutouf
+SW~!SOCUT-OUT~~OCWW
beenc u t

,Cut pumetf ' d ( f r a nsb/ah) =CUT SB OFF 1 be ,cut 'out for sth; be ,ed 'out to dohe
d h (imrmanto hawthequalities andabilfties
,cut 'outif an endneora motorcub mat, it sud-
denly stopsworking:Oneof rhenlmqWsersgines needed ror 5th: Idon't think I'mcut outfor mun-
Irylfe. o He'slwlcutorrtt6 hapolitician.
cut our. fEXil This phrasal verb is usually used in negn-
tiv? Pentences.
Qv+adv
6 be+v+adv+prep + be+v+adu+tolnf
t 'cut-outn(qwddbBEj a safety device that
stops an el-ic current from flowing thmugh ,out 'through sth 1 =CUT ACROSS S T H T~hepath
cuts through ihe urwd o It should be q u W if
8th: A m t ~ u t s l o ptshe h e l e b i l i n g d r ~
-,see a h CUT-OUTat CUT STH OUT,CUT STBOUT wcuathmqh town.x topassthroughsthbycut-

OF STH ting: iW!I thrs saw cut through metalfo Ifigum-
tive) The sharp wind cut through his shirt o
,cut 'out;,cut 'out of sth (A@ 'I(ofa vehicle ~ r r r n t i wT)hepaIncut throughhim Iikea knire.
or a driver)to move suddenly sideway8out of a 3 to overcomea difficultythat is preventing you
line of irafiic: DHyousee theway the car infsont from making progress: Onceyou cut through the
cut out? 2 (oldfmhioned,slang)to leave:lh cut- technics[ language the r e ~ rits msy to under-
tingout(of here).Seeyou kter ssond. o The yacht cut smoothly through t k
+v+adu + v+adv+prep waves 4 to interrupt sth:His voice cur thmygh
her thoughts.
,cutsb 'ow,put sb 'out of sthto not allow sb
3 See QhCUT STH THROUGH STH
to be involved In sth:U w de[iwr She- our.
@V*PP
selws, we mn cut out themiddlemn. o Dan't cut
yourprpnis out of your limfo Shecutme out of ,cut sth Thmughsthtemakeapathorwsage
her wiii (= refused to let me have any of her thmugh sth by cutting They hod to ltse their
money or property aftershe died). knives to cuta m l h through th8 vdergmwU1.

+seeatsocu~sa0~~1 m Path

e v * a d v + n v+nEpron+&* 3SW 0 h C U T THROUQWSTH

r+nlpmn+adv+prep +v+nlpm+prep

,cut sth 'out 1to make sthmmmwry: Cutout ,cut sb 'up (ln@rmal)1to injure sb by cutting
them with a knife, a piece of @as.etc: He was
some of the &inntrailon by cvrnpuiarriing very bndly cut up in thjEght. 2 to rnake sb very
your mu&. o Thenewfost tmin miceculsout
the & for a long bus jwmey. EJ! need 2
(&r&~rmotlo) stopdoing, using or eating sth:I've

cut out SWWU10 hy 10 IOSe wight. EZEi smoking,

dawnI ~ W c ~ ? We hoaw lo deal with s t w h t s and

dab ~dreb(i-bb-) dmnw l~owna=tivi*rin the hous~tmt~wket. 4 ' d m on sb(also'dwmupan rb morejarml)if handle a load of p a p e r d as well. 4 MQSl
an idea, the truth or a fact dawns on you. you patienls am dealt with within fur w&s. 3 to
%alb at a t Wth sth)totouchsth,especially your .(mit)o makea surfaceslightly wet by S P ~ ~ Y L W
realizeIt for the first time:ItsuuXenIy d a w d o n take appropriate action to punish sb who has
face,severaltimes, quickly andlighw She- a small amountof watetover it us tho!m were lost. o T h e a ~ w r p n u l l&y wrrPd done sth wrong: Your@tRer will deal with you
c r v h and dobbitrpat her eves with a hndker. +@&+ +won+ + w+ "+a& (-1 whenhegetshome.o AthIeDesfound gull@of tak-
on me. ing drugs were sw$tIy dealt with. IF) sMt sb
Bstrlkesb
ovt
e v +Prep
@'+prep
ch&f% ~t-gent~ydabbedothIswc~i tsh a p i m 4 f
'deal with 1 lo do business regularly
coL?onml.
with a person,an organIzaUon, a government,
mmwr,-m ,dangle&I k'fone rblsth to &r 5b5thvery 'deal In sth 1to dobusin-: to makemonw by etc: We p @ r to &at only with wpulrrble mm-
Dab 9th mnbe wed wIth the m e m a - attractive to try to persuade them to do nth: It's
buying and selling a particular product or kind panlps, 4 It is bpss to dm2 d i m l y with f m l g n
lnr: Shedubbed her- with & handkernhid the b ~ e ~ t f i ~ R CiIIiCa€'t[IttLMtthW&?tg[sd hf01p of goads: He made a fortune &ling In s10CKs suppIkrs. @GIbusiness, cwnpny 2 to talk to

QV+P~P BrirrshfmtbaIlers. and sham. o Thqr rdenl pxclrrsrw!y in Chinese sb. an organization, a government, etc. in order

,dab sth 'ottto removesth such as a stain, sth In kont ofcanbeusedInsteadof before. art, 4 The mmpany dm[s in mmputer mflmre. to reachan agreement or settle a dispute: Iprefm

cornyan have spilled on pth, etc. wlth quick, Ught b)v +nlprm+prep shams, art 2 to make money by buying and # dml with somebody in authority. o It wouid

movements: Dab t h off mith yow hand- dashICIFSSI selling goods illegally, especially drugs: Thqr're help if Iknew exactly who I'm dwhng wiik
kerchlex rumured to be beling In stolen goods.E!Ei
drugs, arms 9 to be concernedwith or involved ev+prep
ev+nlprwr+wh+ v+adv+n ,dash e'bout(eqmfuuyBrE) =DASH AROUND
in sth: This newspoperdwsn'thl t n m i p ,only 'deal wlrh ath 1to solve a problem, carryout a
, d a b ~ t h'on(wnlrrth)toputsthonamdth ,dasha'galnst ath (of rain,waves, the sea,etc) infacts, o She'snot the typetodeal in rumom. task,etc: Co deal withe n q u t r W I s s u e s l w h h ~
quick, light movemen&: h b h p n i n l on with a to beat violently againsta surface o The police dwli with the incident wry &?-
sponge. o Shedabbedon a littleperfurn. QV+P~P
Q V+PWP cienth. o Them's a m urgmt c o r r n n d s m
Qv+rdpmn+adv. v+edu+n ,deal sb 'in(ilaformal.espcially A m to Include here that hasn't h e n deau with. EZEJ pmblerns,
dash a'round i n h .&sh a'bwtrmund em-
sb in an activity: I# soundPllke agrmip[an!DBal matter, ~Ruatlonc,dsIn2 (of a bmk. poem, art-
dabble~ d c e b l / ' crally BrO to move very quickly RPm plakto
place, being very buay:I'M hdnshing around me in! icle, etc.) to be about sth. The next programma
'dabble In sh to take pwt In an activity or a ail dayfoAtthescemof i h a m i d e n t , ~ f l ~ m dmls with the S U ~ J ~ofC d~i w m . subject,
rneountsbln

sport, but not very seriously: She s w i m t w h a dashing ahut all m m theplace. lE3 dsal ah wt,desl r b out of sth question, Issue IEX)Epver 5th S li yo11 deal

eweekand hrss hen dabbling in wekht iminiw. EEO rusharound @ Y +nlpmn+ a h with an emotion such as anger or sadness,you
V*P~P v+adr
,dealsb 'out:,dealsb 'outof 9th@idW%ar-, learn to control it or become less affected by it:
,dash a ' w a y r d to go awag fmm a place In a tnai)to not include sbinmactiv~tyY:oucandm1 He is beginning to den1 with his anger In a con-
me out of thh. I don't want lo get involved in a n p strucdim wax o 'You'vegot b try nndfoqet hm
hurry:H e d a s h a p o f l e ~ d a y a t 4 o ' c ~ L and get on withyour lve''I'm deoling with it!' o
IhlngflkgUl. She'sgoodot deaUng withprmwm.
%laallywith sthhb(oklfimhlorwd)to thinkabout +v+adv count sb out,ewnt .bout of .th
sth, do sthor treatsb in away that is not serious E B an(lar,grlef, losOs!f!E cope (w(th ath)
enough: They'ue k n dullying loith the ideafor ,dash sth aWay If you &mh team away. you F p 3 deal sb in
remove them quickly fium your face:He dashed
rn a m y the lrrvs welling up In hk eye$ witfa an g v+n/pron+adv + v+nlpmn*adv+pmp Deal with sth can beused in the passive.
imwtient hand
mI~,thOught~tqoysth &v*ntp~on+adv + v+Bdv+n ,deal9th 'out(tosb)l tosharesthamonganum- 0 v +Prep

e v *prep ,dash 'off =DASHAWAY~OPF berof people, groupsof people ororganizations: debar l w h < r ) l {-n-)
We'1I deal out the proceeds to semE churrties.o

The p m t s were dealt out among the i n ~ l o m . de'bar sb from sth de'trar nb from doing
EEB d l s t r l h e ath(moreforrn2)2 (ina gameof 9th VormaOto p m n t sb from doing sth, loin-
,dash8th 'offtowrite ordraw sthveryquickly:I cards)to give caruls to each player. She &lt out Ing an organhtion, going somewhere, etc: Stu-
sewnmnls lo eachpluyer W Deal sthcanalso denrs who hnvenotgaid their- will bedehrrad
,damsth 'upto stop the water flowing ina river dashed offa qurCR ktmbmy brother be used with th~ms eaning 3to give sba particu- fmm taking mmnatinns. o H e was dehrred
by buildingsth acrossit (adam):Thestmum a w EE) scrlbble 8th lar punishment; to say what punishment sb from holdrngpublicofice.
dammed up loform ornamentul lakes.o @gum- +v+adv+n * v + p + a d u b v+n*adu(mm)

tiue) Ttrradtodamupmytears. ,darrh 'round( e s m l l yBrE) =DASH AROUND should have: She deaM out ilre soma p u n l s h m l Q v+ nlpmn+prep

&v+adv+n + v+n/arcm+adv loall thechildrrn. o Severepenaltles are dealt out

damp /damp/ (ahdampn YdmtwnI) date/deal lo persfslena affmdm. punishment

,date 'back ... (also,dab 'back to rth)to have +rdmlnlster stk VormclO de'clde on sbBth ( a h M c l d a upon sMsth
,damp sth 'down Ito make a fIre burn more existed since a particular time In the past or for 1,2v+adv+n + v+nlprm+adv
slowly or stop burning:FiMghum were damp the length of time mentioned: A'sa lmdftionthat Bv+adv+n + v+pron+adv more f i r m 0 to choose sWsth &er careful

ing doLonthe embms hoursluter c Heput sandon dates back at k t o tfwu~andyears. o Her pro& 'deal with sb 1 to Iwk afler, talk to or w n m l thought: Wehawn'ldecWon a ahtefor the d-
thefire loOy torodrw rtdatO% o Thefirehadhen Zemdnle back to herchild-. o Thea w n dales people in an appropriate way, especidy as part ding yet. M a v e you decided an whether to take
of your job: Her job tnuolvps deuiing with young
damped down but not e x l i w i s h e d . FBIiRre 2 if -h-m-k- I-f-l Rom-nn.t. i--m oflendem. o They're uery dmcult p o p k to dm1 shejobormt?

s o m e m y or something damps down an em* +, +a& +adv +prep with. EB)handk sb 2 to take appropriate ,arH, settle onlupon rlh canbe usedInthe

tlon or a feeling, I t becomesless strong:She lrted Idate from harreexlsted action in a particular situation or accordw to Em3lDecide onlnprm
whoyouaretalkmgto,etc:Canyoudealwiththis
tu damp down herf~eeUn,pof despair E E l smo- time in the past: It i s 0 bauiWl varcedatinghn passive:Nothing hnsp?lh ? n d@d@don.

if somebody or damps down o h u t 1715, o Thestrikewcrsth?kaInlestIilagei n a +v+P~P

a situation or an activity, it bxornes slower or
weaker: The lalea incrwse In interest ratas has dispukwhkhhC8dhm lgW'
QV+P~P

. ..rl.s...c...k......-...... .....-......-......-~.... . 74.............. ..... ........................... ............................ .*................-

deck{dekl deliver/dflnrdr)/ & m w m rohomn h w m r m a ) towards sb/sth as If you are going to attack
~ w notnluponWrth:rely onlupon sblsth themlft: Themosquiloes&a?Won rrs as swn
,deck sb 'out;,deck yourself 'outIlnladl1ke d e ' l h r on sth if you deliver on a promise, a In this meaning depend outupon sblsth can be as night feU. o (humomus)A larlge womnn in a
used in the passive.4 (notElseoI m thepmgmive had u ~ s&s amding on them.
9th)toput onintemtingandcolourfuldothesor threat m an agreement you do what you have tenses)to be sure that sth wffl happm You can
depend on my skter to smil things (= she always @V*PW
fewellem, usually for a specla1 occasion: He said you would do, or what you are expected to d m ) . I E 9 c w n t onEuwn sblsth; rely onlupon
sblstk In this meanlng depend onlupon dss1eendta sth to do or say 8th that makes
deck& himself oat In his best suit o A lot of sup do: Qln hebe trustedi%deliver on hisprornims?~ people lose their resped fm you: fl you insult
m e n weredeckedour.hfhe tmrn'smlours. sblsth canbe used in the passive. Arm back,ymdtwnd tohIshveL
T Wfailed lodehwron#heagreement
+v+prep+v+pp+nlpr~n+to~nf IEQ s t w p to rth,stoopto dolw rth
IET)drew up (as ath),dress s'blywnelf up eE E pmmlse,ngresnrant Q v+prep
V+P~P
(as sblath)

Deck ab oat is W ~ usesdYminitshealpsaossu*s-ed deJiver sbfsth 'mrtup (to .b): de,llver
yourself 'oversup {to sb) &rml)to give
neck s w - l f I-th sblsth/yoWf to sb in authoritJ: offen because
you have been ordered to do so: The &fendant
wlth thismeaning. despalr/dr'spee(r):ArnEd~'-/
has been ordered io deliusr up the WPo S.he
+v+adv+n + r+ntpon*adu de'spalr of sWsth; de'spalr d dolng 8th

,deck sth 'Out (wftMnnlb sth) to decorate eth, de'prfve sWhiyourseH of sth to prevent (~ormnioRr umrow)to fwl thattherei sn o h o p
sb!sth from having 8th important; to take sth that sblsth will improve, get bete etc. or that
especially a mom or a buildmg, for a special daliveverwllhe bnby owr to the core of her skier o away from sb: I n prison they w m rnrved and
depriued of sleep o The bnby's bmin had sth will happen:I da~pntor f you, Ian -Qcfyoltr
occasion: Th@ m n t m wm d& out with Hedelivered himself upW#h@rru#mrities. d e p n d o f o ~ g e n d u r t n gthebirth o Thereisno
age! o l'd begun to desmir of ever swing him
Christmas Gkvmlioru.o The m was &kpd hand sblsth over (to sb), hand yoursett d ro deprive yoursel of f d on this diet.4 a~ain

outlo h k likethe insid?@ a s p x h i p owr (to sb)(&ssformaf) (humorow)Imuldn'tdapriw~ou(~=ftake away ey+PfBP

Ei2l mom @ v+aUv+n vtnlpran+adu fromyou)your I n s t p w p m .
Q v + dpron +prep
Eli33 Dwk 8thout isusuallyused in the p$ssfve.

+ Deck 8thmn wbeused wlth thismeaning. delveldelvj

Qw+adv+n v+nlpmn+a& ,delve'Intosthto W M t o R n doatmoreinfor-

dedicaterdetxlkeal mationabout sth: Weshu.!d nor delw toodeeply derive~armi de'trad from stkt (not usually us& In WpW
'dedicate sth tosb tosayat the beginningof a rnfot h i s m i n f u [ m a t m gmlveienses) tomake 5thseem less goodthanit
de'rlve from sth to come or develop &om sth: really is: These ?-euelotiomshould not detmd
EEi sub~ect.-masonms i9 pmh(rMnnta sth)
book, a pieced music oraperformance that you @ v + prep The word his$op d m i v ~ j h mthe Latin word from hi. achievements. oHer tattered clothes in

aredoingit forsh,as a way of thanking them or 'htslorh ' meaning story. 0 TThe ctt#&.iSmderftw no way detractedfrom her kuuty

showing respect: This baok Is d&icui& m my demrttrl~'pal;mam.-tti from a misundentanding of ouraims. EB@ dlmlnlahath

parenis de'part frwn sth tobehave in a way that is dif- ev+p-ep ev +prep
ferenth m what is usual or expected: Thekwh-
rn b p O k , w O r k , ~ d e ' msth hwnsth I (formal)toget or obtain devolvej d r ' v o l v ; m - v d v /
ers are not ermulylgd lo deplrl j h o m the sth h m sEh: She d e r i w a gmtdeal of s a m
Q v + dpmn 4prep sstlabus. o Theyhpurtcdj?om hnditbnondgot
married ina Rorel. tionfmm IhbacRuuemnl. E?plmaure, de'wlveonltolupon W h Worm0(of work,
'dedicate youmelf~stlt~o sth,ddekate EBX primlplw.r u h ,trndflh, rkelslon fadlon, Infwmation, bsnents 2 to obtain a duties, pmer or responsibility) to b?given tQ
yourselfhth to doing sth to give a lot of
your time and effort to a particular activity or Depart from sth can be used in the pas. substance from sth: These remsdle~are person or an organimtion by sbat a higher Ievel
sive: T h s ruk should only be detmrredfronm in mainly f i m the natural world 3 to wme or of authority:All the respmslbility has dewlwd
purpose because you think it is important: She exeeptioml c r m u m t a m ,
dedicates h e m y to her m*. o He dedimled his Qv + v ~ p develop from sth: The Rubik nrk &rim its uponhim. o A d d l t i o n a I ~ w rws i1ldewlwPthe
life to helping thepoor namefrom i t s inwnlor o The m of the mwni rzgionalgovernmnls.
tarn appwn: to h?d d v e d fmm an old Norse
v+ Wpmn +prep - - -Av+area
word. Elin a w , w o d
defer/d~%xr)/ (n-) depend tarpendf l5llInmeaning 2 and 3, dwive 8th- gth is dev'm.folvseth =Whto dw mrk. dun'=%
frequently used m the passive.
tte'e'fer to sMth (raaherj%rml)to accept sb's de'pencl on s h t h ( a b d#pmnd upon rblsth power orresponsibility to sbwith less authority
opinion or do what they suggeat h u s e you mrefirmot) 1 (for sth) (not wwfly used in the Q v + dpron +prep than you: More porn me gmduoI[jr being
respect them:I M w tayour judgmwm in them p m m s s i w tenses)to need help or support h r n dewlwd lbthe regrons.
mariers. o We are h p p y to clefer to the mrnmif- sWsth in order to live or tomanage in a particu-
lar situation: The orgunkation depended hmuily who Iived a1ongtmeago:HecIaimedhe~des- da'votesth to s b M ;dewbe nth to dolng
tee's lo&. on voluntary help o She came to depend on her cendedfromShe Vikings. sth to bve an amount of t h e , energy or atten-
E E ancestors+Hne,f a m b tion to sblsth:He devoipul hisljSe6othestmgglefir
mljudgpmwlt, W l h daughler for suppnrt. o He depends on medica-
tion to stay ague. ISD b l y onlupon sbhth (fw Qbe+v+prep justice. 0 Shegaw up wrktodewtemtelime to
Defer to sblsth canbe wed in the passive: stht 2 (not uFed in the progressive lenses) to be her children.o T k m a u r n Is hostiw un exhib
T l r q wereWerrPd lojwt h u e they mncen des'cend into sth to get Intoa very bad oondi- itron h t e d ta her mark. oSeveml c o u m c4re
tion or state: The sitlmtioion has deswntM inW
'e V + P ~ ~ P

delightj d ~ l a r t l atrwted by or decided by sblsth, I don't know if
I'll come ornot.It all dependson how tM Ifed
lola2 chaos. o There loete@arsthat the munhy devoted to iimprouingcWmermm.
delight in sth: delllgMIn dolng &togeta this evening. o T h r ~m a y be n w e b m a changeor was&scendIng into turmoi[ormncivil w m
lot uf pleasure ftom sth or h m dolng sth,e s p not, depend* on your point of view. In Ig~+preP +EE tlme, attenblon,mlrergy, Ilfe, c h w
c~aIlysth that annoys orupsetsother people:She v +nlpmn+prep
swmed todelelSgh5 in making her parents angry.4 informal English it IS quite common to say des'oend on s M h ( a h der'cond upon
(rulher(ormaL)F m m chiidhood she dellghfd in d e ' w t e yourself to s m de'voh your-
rndtn# depend rather than depend on before words swsth moi-eJomi) 1 tomvesomwrhere.espe-
like what,how,or whether: It de-7 how tired I self to doing sthto spenda largepartof your
Q)v+P~P clally suddenly and une-edly and in larm
feel. o A all depends what hapms 3 to rely on Xlme,energy and attention ana particularactiv-
numbers: Dozens of police descended on the ity, especially stb @?Mider:her marrrage, she
-sblsth; to be abIe to trust sb:I h o pyou'll be able
building. o{humomus)My slster and herfamily
tocome I hi dependingonyou lo help me.o We

are de.~cendin$on m this wwkmd. 2 to go

mldnl dewbe hemew t#tuIly to her musk o ,ale 'down l(of a swnn or flames)to ~ M Y ,dlg pumM 'in;bedug Into rnakea WepIace ,dlne'out(j%mOtohavedinneraway b y o u r
They had&wiWLkmsehent*p[y lo building become less loud or strong:He witeoIfor the for yourself in the ground and prepare for the home,for example at a restaurant or in sbelse's
w t h i r business. enemy to attack: They a d d o shorrdis6anm home: Wedinedoulecmynight when wsWdin
applauwtodiedown. o TheJSmhnddieddownby

+'v+pmn+prep #hemorning.2 (of wind, rain or a storm) to gmd- anddugthemselws in. Paris.

ually become less strong or violent: As zt got -Dig yourself In ia used espeddy In the EC9 ml o u t ( h f 0 ~ l )

cfurk, the wmd dl& down. EX9 subhdo 3 if passive.Themarinas -dug inon t h e j h n t k . +v+edv

,dial 'In:,dial 'Into sth (aka,dhl 'upak)(cum- something such as excitement or canfusion dies +v+pmn*adv+ be+v+adv ,dlne 'out on nth (BrE,hummus)to tell people
puHng1 to make a connectton between one com- down,it gradually bewmes less: When all the
fuss had died down, he just quIefly ~umh c k ,dlg 'Into sth 1. ( i @ m O to begin to eat in an of somethingthat has happened to you in order
puter and another using a telephone line: I d h l home. FDB subside4 = ole MCK to impress them: She only actually said one sen-
enthusiastic way: They dug into W p[ua Am- 6encetoBmdPinbutshedinedoutonitfor~rs.
infmrn my PCathomeloget ShepLeslf . o Qv+m grily. tuck Inlo 8th ( e s w l l y BrE) 2 to
Ewry t i m l f r y J% dial into the lnternetlcan't get
examine sth carefully tofmd out information: It @v+adv+prep

a mnnwtton. ,die 'offif a group of peogle or animals die ofP, isn't a gwd idea lo dig too deep into h i .pnst. 3

i@v+adv*v+pQ they dle one by one over a short perlcd OF time ( A d , i n f o r m 0 = DIG IN, DIG INTOSTH

,dyiaoul 'aOrleditno:mYoaukemanc'tadllitoolsobuotfurtosmideIIthmel-pbhone- until: there arenone left: Thesuruiuom am dylng eCJV+PWP ,dipsth 'lnrinto sth:,dlp8th 'Intoputsthvery
quickly into a liquid and take it out agata: She
il hfor i n ~ 1 m i Losnljr ordoily U3Xi.dlg ( d m ) Into your 'poekNsh 'saving% dip@ her toes m u t i o w y into the sea. o She mk
+v+adv ofl h e r s h m s u n d c o u t i o ~ ~ b d 1&p ~ina. o The
etG to spend some of the money mu have or fruit had k e n dipped in chawlate.
Qv+& ,die 'out 1if a famm race or amiesdies out, Qv+dpmn+pmp * v+nlpmn+adv 8 v+a&+n
have been saving:I'll haus W dig f n h my savings
,dFal 'up sth, ,dial MRam 'up 1 tocall thereanno longeranymembersleftalive: T h ,dlp 'Intoath 1to read or watch only smallrmts
to buy u new a r c 'dlg y w r 'hands Into your of a boak,magazine, programme, etc: I'w only
shlsth on the telephone. WouM you dial up the are seumrrl #hmiesh u t why d z m u n diedoul 'pocketa to put your hands deep inside your had lime ta dip intu the report. o The mtinuous
news services am inlendedfor people m dip Inlo:
doclor's ofim for me7 -It sb(* up; call so sudden& o Maw plmrs and anftnuk are In pockets EEi book, .repwt 2 to put your hand into a can-
tamer to take sth out of it: She dip@ inlo hm
ablsth MmE)2 = DIAL INTO STH CUS!OTtWFT CQn d-r of dying out b o r n e atlnct 2 (of ,dlg sb~sthbout;,dIgsbtsth 'out d 8th to get
sblsth out of a place by digging the ground purse andlookouta min.
mmdral up the oentml wmpuiW home and a custom, tradition or skill) to no longer be used around themlit:It look lhem t h m h u t s dig
him out of the rubble, 4 The uv buried in v + prep
0ccessihadntn~ ar practised:Many Ntw Yenr and May Doy cere snow andhad to be dug out.
Qv+n/pmn+slhr + v+adv+n
A noun must always follow up, but a p m monies have vrrtually died out now.3 =nrE AWAY r +rdpron+adv+ prep

noun m e sbetmeenthe verb and up. 2 The outbreaks of rain wrli die out later in the

Qv+adv+n + v+pron+adv dsx

+v+adv

dictate/ d ~ k ' t e ~ ~ r n ~ ' d r k t e d / ,digsth 'out1(ir@rmaI)to find8ththat haa been mdip ywr 'pocket, * s a v i ~ ret,a. to iake
hidden or not usedfor a long time: Hed~rgou#t he an amount from money that you have been keep-
dlc'tateto sb to dveordersto sb,mpeciallyina shoe7 he'd bughl2Oyears Wore. unearth ingor saving:They hawdip@ intotheirscrvings
rude or a g v i v e way: You can't diclate to ,dig 'in1(irtfomr)tobe~toeat:DLg*rIdrIIeit's 5th (mor~forma2n ( ~ o r r r mtno And out factsor lopayfor theshares.
peopk how they should limn4 IJm not going lo ba hot!oAs m n as themarrtved he dug in him information by searchingor aslringquestions: I
drcrnted toby my I! ttL? brotIper.' ~riljr tuck In (eswially BYE) M g in
Dictate to sb can be used in the passive. is used especialIy to tell sb to start eatlng. 2 if dugoutsom frUemlmgf a c L s a r a d ~ u ~ ~ ~ atbheo a t
mldkrs dig in,they make a Mfe place in the
e v +prep plum. EjE)hunts M downlout;mot sblsth oul dlm'gree wHh sb (not & In theppngressIve
groundandprepare for theenemy to attack: The tenses)d something such as fwd or the weather
diddle/'mi W p s dug in and organized their & f e r n . 3 to (gv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv disagrees with you, it has a bad e f k t on you or
wait for or deal with a difficult situation with makes you feel 111:I f e l m i & - s o h @ I @
Piddle a'round( A d , Informnl) to spend your great pahence:Hospital luorkersdugin,p m p d ,dlg sth ' M rto prepre the grwnd th-ghly
for plants by digging the mil: ThelTom be& m u ! havedisagmd withm.
time doing things that are not important: SEop for a long battle with managemant o w r pqv should be dug over in thespring.
diddltngamundonddosome &! E B grwnd, garcTen E3upset sb
incream =Not agree wlth sb is used more &en:
Qv+n/pmn+advtv+adv+n

)SIH) fiddle abouVamund( E d ) ,m e u m n d ev+adv ,dig 8th 'up 1 to break the gmund Into small Mushroomsdon't agreewithme.

6 v+adv ,dig 'In;,dig 'into sth y l d , infimmfi to bgln pieces, especially before building sth,taking8th 4 SW(I/SO AGREE WITH SB

dielw (ar*.,wng. dkd,a) to do sth in a way that showsthat you are deter- from underneath it, etc: Some Romnn -ins QV+P~P
mined to wntinue or finish it, even if it is diffi- werefound undera mrpark which was kingdug dlsa'gree wfth sth: dlsa'gme with dolng
up !@dill ,garden 2 to remove sth Earn the
,dle a'nray 1(ofa sound) to become so faint or cult: He looked at the stack of mrk a& dug ra ground by digging Arrhaenh~islshaw dug up sth to disapprwe of sth and think it is bad or
stmight away. o She dug Into the r e ~ r tasndfin- some human remnlns. EZi weeds, mots wrong: We tutaIly d i w g m with the hm o n f i x
weak that y o u a nolonger hear it: Thesoundof ished them Wi-eIhem&ing unearth sth (mawforman 3 ( 1 n f m 0to dis- hunting. o She dhgrees with k p i n g animuls
+v*adv + v + p p locked up in cages.
the w r e@m dial u w y .o Her Iaughtw died cover information about sWsth by searchingor
awayrahenshesawhomangryhe~(E~Q~. M e asking questions: See wholyou mn dig up on this tZEi decFslon, statem.nt, pdnelpla a-
mcan'spt. unearthsth (mornforman
away2 ( a h,die'out){of rain, wind or a storm) ,dlg 5th 'in;,dlg sth 'into 5th 1topush 8thinto e '+wlth sM,agree wRh dolngsth
+v+nlpron+adv + r+adv+n P"P
to gradually become weaker and stop: The ruin sth: The bird dug its claws in and held onto its
wili lnrjply die o w q omnight. 3(of a feelmg or d'SiOsUa-I rsoclate / , d r s a ' g a ~ f l e r t , - ~ m ; ~ m ~
an emotion) to gradually become weaker and prey. o She dug her mils into my o m . P to mix a
substance into soil by digging: I've dug the
disappear: The excitement over their flair soon
fertilizer into thesoil.

died a w a j fada away @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+n(pmn+prep
+v+adv dlg rwr 'heel-
Into refuse to dosth or 'dlne on ath to eat a particulartype d fwd: We ,dlsas'roclate ~marrsdf from s h t h Ww-
,dl9 'back( o h,dP.'m)If a plant dies back. d i d o n m m h t f i h in a m U n g mtaur-
it* I P A V P ~ die, although the roots are still alive: to change your ideas or plans: Hedug his heels In ant. o Theydinedon a dietof mupond bread IMI) =DISSOCIATE YOURSELF FROM SRISTH
The Imu@#diehckin urfntex
and ins~sfedshwe ent with him Qv+vrep

QV+A~V

dispose~ d r % ~ . - + m ~ d r ~ /

dlsbe'lleve In ablsthto not Mevethatsblsth dl'rpose of sb to defeat or km sb: The lerrgw dl'ved nb&ouraekf ot sth (lbrmnrj m take dl- s m t h from 8th to separate a m n ,
an id- a subject, etc. fmm 8th; 10 keep two
exists:lo disbelieve in GooVdwils e'champromquicklyd i s W of the opposibiom clothes off sblyoup8eIf:He swiftlydivested hrm things separate,They b e l i e d thutort should h
Fot believe in sWsth isusedmorefrequently V+P~~P sev of hisclothes. diuorcedfmpolitics. o When he was dep-,
+v+nlpmn+prep hefelt u#er[ydivorced@m reall&
+ Ses?U!SO HELIEVE IN SBlSTH dl'apose of 8bMh (&mas) to get ridof sbth
dl'wsl sblsth of ath(formal)toCake8th away +EB sepamta sb/sth (fmmlandsthE
e' V + P ~ ~ P that you do not want: She fried 60 disposeof the Mrn sbtsth: Themurl order divasts the m m p y v +nlpron + prep
of all i b s w t s .
euidence. o They decided lo dispose of much of strlp sbtrth of rth (IpssfomI) ,divvy sth 'up(ir@mml,especiatly .4mE) to div-
Q v+ dpmn+prep ide or share sth,especially monw betareen a
the~rpropeq! number of people: Theydiuuiedup She bzll.
dl'& yourself of nth @maul) to get d d of B3 money EE)share sth out ( a r n o ~ h w w n
dis'mrse ( d h sb) on sth (fwmrjto talk W waste, proparty,m r s e b sb) ( m r e f o m n l )
for a Long time on a subject;to make a long Disme of sWsth mni~used in the pas- sth you no longer want or that is no longer use- +v+adv+n + v+prwr+adu v+n+&(mre)
ful: She manag& h, divest hmwlf of the
speech about sth:He w w ubIe ko discoum ar sive: Emrare that all the uwte is properly and unwnnledproperty

g m t length on thepro6lemsof educulion. safdy dasmspdox seealso DIVEST SBP~OURSILOFF STH

+V+PP ~V+P*P @v+pmn+prep

dish/&.rI dl'spoae of sth Vormcrl)to suy- dd

with or finish wlth a problem, etc: Themjust

,dish 8th 'odIbo ab)1(I@rmal') to give 5th out remains ihe miter of funding D d i s m o f dl'vlde by sth if a number divides by another doIdu;strongform dm/(dwm /dnzIdld/&dl
to large numbers of w p l e or in largeamounts: E3E pmbfsm,W ,argumentEfB deal wlth n u m b ,the second number 1s contained in the
He's always dishing out d u k e to peopk BBO sth (lessformal) dono /&I)
hand sth aut (to sb) (moreformaT) In infor-
mal s p k e n language diah ab out sth is also Dispose of stbcanbe used inthe m i v e .

QV*VWP

used: He dishd me out afew u h i n pills. 2 to dissociate /wsaiert,- ~ s e u s - ; m - ~ ~ 6rst an exact number of times:Dws 6l.Zdivideby ,do away with sbyoumelf ( W r m a O to kill
serve food to sb by putting it On plates:He's bllsy sbtyvurself:She Pledlodo away with hemv
dishing out the dintiex E B s e m ath {to sb) (also dlsasswlate /,dEsa'sauJiert-,'-;A&- 13' o 148doesn't divide by 12.

(moreformal) 'sou-/) @V + P ~ ~ P &bv+adv*pmp

@v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+abv(mre) dls'soeiatayourself from e h t h 0to dl'vlde d h by 8th if you did& a n m k by ,do akaywlth &(#?@ml)TtogetridoCsth;
myordosth toshow that youhavenoconnectlon
,dish R 'oul(disuppmuing) to criticize sb or with sblsth and do not support or agree with another number, you find out how many times to stop doing or having sth: They'vedone ruwy
attack them: He wasgood at dishing itout.It rvas thernlit. The Pmidmt dksodnted himseEffrom
time he Iearnedwhat itfelt like. the second number Is contained in the first: with the uniformat our schooI. IBB almllst~sth
(mowJ~rmo2l)to make sth no longern m s a r y :
Whnt'sddlvidedbyFo48-3=1&

EYhEe!9re~por~t. ~pu-tf Q v +nlpron+ prep Computers have done away with a iol of the

,dish 'up:,dish $th 'up(ErE,ir&malj to serve Qv+pmn+prep wfth rW#tb dl'vlde Into sth fl a number W d e s lnto mp?titiue w r k . EE)mllmlnatm ah: end sth
food by putting it on plates: Youpour the w i m ( h l hmomfirmafl
another number, it is contained in the m d EmDo away wIth sth canbe used in the pas-
while I dish up. o Comeand washyour hands - number a particular number of times: DoRs 3aF
s i v p A lo$of the -TWO* muld m i l y be done
I'm jwtgoing lodish up Ihedhnet dissolve/ a r ~ ~ i v ; r n - ~ & ~ / divide inlo 1270?
away with.
EI9 serve sth out;s m , sewn sth (mom &V+WBD

format) dls"olve Into sth 1to suddenly startto laugh dl'vlde 9th Into sth if you W t F e a number Qv+adv+prep
@v+adv v+adv+n+ v + m + a d v + v+n+adu or cry: TheydissoIwdinboPLsof Inwhter o Idis- into another number,yw Rnd out how many ,do sb ' d m ;,do y ~ u ~'dol rtm(BEb*-
solved tntogigsles. o m n Inmentionedhk m, times the first number is contained in the sec- mu0 to criticke sb or yourself in a way that
~Iessfrpgmt) makes thern/youappear more stupid or lessable
, d l h 'up 8th; ,dish lMhem 'up(infmmi) to she dissolved into team. laughter, glggles, ond+Onnyou div8e 31M inlo 12707
team2 to changegradually intoavery bad state: than theylyoureally are:Don't do himobmn, he's
present or offer 5th to sb, usually sth not very Qv+n/prwr*prep
god: She keeps on dishlngup the sameoldjokes +Htssurprke slowly dissolved irrtoJury a good wtlre6oShe's always doing hemu
tn hershows. v +prep dl,vldesthlsb 'ofF(frwmsthhb)towparate two &wn.

)BYH)~ryedlUp thingsor two people withabmiersuchasawd EBputsbdmwn.putywddavn(more
orfence; to form a barrier betweentwothingsor
A noun must always follow up, but a p m fQorvm+ad0pmn+edv* v+ady+n(lesF~uent)
people:Afence dzvided O Ione s a o f thegnrden.
noun comes between the verb andup. o T-gul upa barrier lo diu& t h women'ssw

v+adv+n+ v+pmn+adv Plve 'In; ,dlw 'Into sth 1(IMrmat)to start tion oflfmrn the men's. 'do tor nbtsth(BYE,Worman to damageor des-

dispense~arspensl dolng sthwith enthusiasm and without stopping +v+adu+n + v+nlpron+adv troy sth:toinjureorkillsb:toputsblsthhasitu-
to think: Shedived in with a queslionW m I h a d
di'spensewlth sb/& (JornuzOtogetridof sth; finrshed s p e a k i ~o. They hod dived inlo the new dl,vIde'up;dl,vldeabEsth 'up(Into rth)to separ- ation so bad that theylit have no chance of
to stopusing sblsthbecausetheyfit areno longer a t e , o r t o m a h s b l s t h s e ~ a t ei,n t o g m u p a o r p r k :
necessary: The progmmme dispmsed with its business without thinking St through. 2 (iqfor- D!via!eup into two faam o They d i v W the chil- returning to normal: The k t bout @pneumonia
most mpuhr presenbm: o Thespread of PCs Ras dren up rnlogroups,o DiuMe up your tmso that
mu0 to start eatlngwithenthusiasm:Asmn as m d ydidfork
+yoar~n'ispendmofongonanyofIheq&ns.
t h e f d wus served, s k diued i n EEi food, dln- v+a& + v+nlpmn+adv eV + P ~

d i s p e d with tlteneedfirbpba ner dig In;dig Inta sth F 'done for udj (i?&ml)in serious bwub1e or

EJ services,need,requirement ev+adv + v+prep dl,vlde sth 'up (amon- danger;havingnochance of succeedingat 8th:B
anyone recognizes us, we're donefor? (= we will
mb) to separate not be able to escaw and will be in trouble) o
Dispense with sblsth can be wed in the "dive into s t h t o m o v e ~ u r h a n d q u t c ~ i n t o ~ ~~sth into P- andgiw one part tomchof a num- m e r three days h a p p i in the cave they rho&ht
passrve:Hisserulcesmn now be d b p n w d with.
such as a pocket or bag to try to h d sth: She ber of p p l e : We diuided the work ug for (= they thought they would

+V+P~P dtvedinioherhandhgfofthekqs, us.0 The money was diuiderd up nmongall three die)+

mbag, WkOt winners. ,do sb 'in (in$mmI) 1 if 8th does you in. it
makes you feel extremely tired: That's dome me
QV+P~P rnwork, v ,Irn
in, Iifafngall t h boxes.2 ( a h,40y o u w t l 'In)
+v+nlprm+achr v+adv+n

(Irlfarmtrl, e s ~ h l f yBrm to kill sblyourself: etc. to make it look better and more m d m : yourself 'up(In sth) (iruimnao to make be 'Mwlth 8th if an area is dotted with
things or people, they are spread mound In sev-
When ure splrl up Ifilt like doing mysew in. o They're lookingfor an old h o w so that tmm yourself look attractive by putting on fashion- em1plaws: ThehiiLs* wasdothi with h o w .
WPskgetlbone in at theend of theJilm? able clothes, doing your hair,etc: fikery F r W
do it up. o We'wharing the kitchendonsup. Q~ ~ + v + P P

+v+nlpmn+sdv v + a d v + n ( m ) house Rn sth up (esp&ally Am&, decor-

2alsov+pmnta& ate s t h re-te 5th she dolls hersew up a n d m out Zoa nightclub.

b done 'InW (Wormnl)very tire& I&& a& @v+Wpron+adv + v+adv+n +v+pron+adv

lulely &re tn bytheendofthe&y!o Oomeond ,do yourself 'up (informah to make yourself bergst ,dolled 'up (ln ;rth) llrbfo-0 to Wget 'dote on sb (also u r n mb more^^ to
sitdown -you laok dome in.
more amactive by putting on make-up, attract- ready for a special omaslon by putting on fash- feel or show very great love for sb and ignore
,dolsth 'In(BrE,idormnbtoinlmapartdyour ive clothes, etc: Shespent hoursdoing km!f up ionable clothes, doing your hair. etc: She wm all
thelrdfaauugltMs:wT/hcehyllddolmteootnhthe.ri.redtac&. gh&r:
m y : Hedidhisback ingIqyingtennis+ for theirfirsla!ute.
dolled up in a black dress and par.%.01 got
Q v + dpmn +adv + v +a& +n (lessfreque?at) Q v+pron+achr dolledupfor tkahepnrty Dote odupon ab can be used in the pas
srve:He ruasdofedon[hy hissk&n).
EEldo sbb ' h d In (BrE,Wormal)tomake you 'do with rblsth betget+ v +a&
feel confused, upset andlor annoyed: Shut up! eV + P ~ P e v + prep
You'rvdoing my IaPad in.
IIBdbemaw ' d m wHh H to h l s h dealing with dopa/ d m ~rnEdoup/
,do yourself 'In=no SB IU 2 double r a n b y
sth unpleasant, especiallyas quickly aspossible:

,do sth 'out(BrE, irsf~fmattja deanor paint and Just m r up the m m t and be done with it. I, betget ,dopd 'up (irv3nnal.apacinlfy8m.Q to 'double as sth: ,double 'up as sth to have a
decorate a mom, a house, etc: He3 donethe whole you, etc. eanWcowldnY be 'dohg wlth sblath be in a state where you cannot think dearly or secondfunction in addition to the m a ~ nuse: The
hollse out in yeilows and g-. o They ?mdthe (nrE, informat)used to say that you do not like act normaUy because ynu are under the influ-
ence of drugs: Some of the p a t h & were kept garagedoubk?sashis worRshop o Theschaol set-
halIdoneoluinstriparbwllpapep: sWsth and find themfit very annoying: f can't be retary doubled u p as the nurse.

&v+nlpmn+adv v+&+n doing w i t h m p l e like fhal. Q HecouldnY bedoing doped up most qf the time.
<a be/p3t*v+sdu * v + p p 4 v*adv+prep
,do sb 'out of sth (ir&rrmmO to prevent 8bfmm with heher untidiness I, you. ate. could 'do wlth
getting or keep~ngsth they ought to have, in an sthlsb vsed to sny that you need or would llke dose/ a ~ sA;d d o u s / ,double 'back (on youwlf, &.) to turn
sthlsb:Imuld do with a drink!
unfair or d~shoneswt ay: She tried todo meoutof around and go back in the direction p u have
'do sth with ah used with negatives and in
my snlnerilance. o Theresi$entsof thehome haw ,doses-mmff 'up(wfth ah)togiveswyOw- corneftom: Themadaheadwasflood@d~~lwhad
questions to talk about where sb has put 9th: to double h c k lopnd another wuy around"o The
been domout of a lot of money. Whal haue you &ne wi#hmy shoas? o I hven't self a large amountof a mediche: S h e d a d him lrneof tmdoubles backon &elfato bendtnihe
&v + Wpron +a& + prep doneanything wrthyour Ws(=I haven't moved river
them). up withaspirin and sent himlo bed Qv+*
,do sb 'wer(BrE,irbformnnto attack sband beat
them severely: They threutened m do her owr if Qv+P~~+wP Dose sblyourself is used more often with ,double 'cwef,,doubfs sb 'over = wnme
'do sth with yourselfused in questions to tdk UPIOVER,DOUBLE SBUPIOVCR (INIWITH STH)
shedldn'tpay, the same meaning.
@v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
Q v + nlpron +adv

,do sth 'overIW E ,WrmO to entera house, abouthow sb spendstheir time: Slradmm't know ,double8th 'wer to bend or fold sth in the mid-
what lo do with herseIf while Ihey'reatschool.
flauapanment etc. by force and steal things +v+pmn+pmp+pmn ,do88 alboWa'round(EWE,irlformal)to spend dle+UsemA4sh&doub[edover
from ~ tI:got back &findthe house had And done your time doing nothing or vwy HiWe: Ewryone @v+dpmn+adv*v+adv+n
,do with'out; ,do wlth'out sb/sth to manage do- ohut in geo~mphyclmws oHe jwt
over: =In this meaning do sth over Is Pe- do&amundfbraywr Wornhegot ah4 ,double 'up 1(with sblon rth) to form pairs in
quently used in the passive. 2 (A&') to do 8th without sblsth. 4 you mn't Mord a mr;you'll order to share sth: We'ue only got one nwm&I
just have to do wltiwur o I could do wiilhout (= I +v+adv you'll h u e to double up with f W a o There were
again: Your hndwrlttng tsm nressy-you'd&- enough guihris65 to double up on pnrls (= two
#r ah dotouer (= write it out again). 0 I'm glad the wish I didn't have)ail this hassle. , d m 'down(BrE,Irbformal)to sleeponthe noor played each part). 2 (on sth) (mm)to do sth in
go wlthout,go wlthout sth or somewhm unarmfortable because you have addltlon toyour main role'T h e ~ a m l w k l n g
campaign toassucces$ub but I wouldn't want to for a singer who con &ub& up on guitar (= who
do rt over l:do sth apln; redo nth{morefor- G v + a d v hr. v+prep nowhere else to sleep: Wedossed down on Thy's can also play the guitar).
@or aler thepar& +v+adv
mn0 3 (Amm to clean or paint and decorate a
m bed &wn @rE, m 0 ~ f 0 r m ,douMe 'Up aS sth =DOUBLE AS 9TH, DOUBLE UP
room, house, etc They'w done ouer the whole D w s is sometimes used with the same
meanlng. AS STH
store. ,deb sb 'In (to sbl orm ma^ to tell sb about sth @v+adv
bad that mother person has done: Kay m ' t ,double 'upFowr (Inhwlth 8thR ,dwMsb 'up,
Q1,Sv+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n 'over(irtrwffh ah)to bend your body suddenly or
surewho had dobhd her in a,t h teachem,
2 v +ntpron+a&

,do 'up; ,do ath 'up ( m I y BrE) to be I% Q v+ nlpmn +adv
tened with buttons, skaps, etc.; to fastenor close
sth in this way: Thisskirt UD at the h c k o dole.ldwl:.A ~ dEw l l
be ,dmd anbouve,mund; ,d- qulck?Y M u s e you are in pain, for example: to

Cou~dyotrdo up my dress?o ican'tdo thezipup ,dole sth 'out (to sb) (Inform0to give moner, a,bo und sth (elu Brm if things make sb k n d theirbody in Ulls way:HedouW up
BEl jacket, butbns, zip IEFJ haten up,fasten fm0, etc, to a gmupof people: She pui* dokd
sth up(BrE):fasten,failten ath out t h e w . o The money was doled out to them Or mp'e are dotted abOntlamund'thgr are sn Wwithpnin. o Shedoubkd up with Irrughte~o The
lE3 undo,undo 8th on a weekly basis. several different placesoveranarea:AIewIarm
punch hit him in ihestomach,doublinghim o m
&v+adv + v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv
weredorredabout in the vallw. ri + "+ Npmn + am + "+ adv + (mtej

,do sth 'up~(lnsth)tomakesthIntoagarcelor money,bread,e t e ++be+v*adv be+v+prep doze/ d a w A m E d m /
package: Shewas cwrying sonubooksduneup in Qv+adw+n v+pmn+adv 4 v + n + a d v ( h
'dotA onlover B;'dotB with A to spread vwy ;dm'Off tog o t e s h h e a ~ i a l l y d m f i e
brown pnper wrap sth up (In sth) 2 ( e s p fwu@no small amounts of sth ~ndwerentplaceaona sur- ~~ ~~0 JItdMmkn"ftheiar
face:W t the sunaeam on yourface in tiny quan- H e ~~ fld ~ ~
cially BrE) to repair or dworate a m m ,a house, t i t m and rub rt m W ~ Lh t the iop of t h & ~ l a~f erw minutes
with smollsmeLs. f f

4v +n l p m + prep minein.

,+)arrr) ndoW(kdwma0
v+adv

,drag sth 'up to mention in a c o n m i i o n an a m h t o l n g l n W nwu o Euening uxrs ahw& ,dmw 'out,,draw'out of ath( ~ l lif y
unpleasant fact &om the past that sb would pre- dmwingin. o Itwustheartdaf Septembmand the a train draws out or draws out ofa statlon, It
begins to move and slowly leaves the station: I
,dr* sb 'In; ,dm sb 'Into sth to ch- fer to forget:It alihap&ymn-ago. T W sm days had begun sodmw in.
people and send them somewhere for or -special arrluedinrime lose thermlndmwIngOUI. 4The
task: Extra police are being d m M in to m m l point dmggfngztw mu o S h ' S d r a ~ ~uepdthat D clomaln E D d w e u t ( % r O
the cmLOdS.o Wlli(WlfSwas CdraJfedlnro the tmm train drewslourlyoutof thestatton
storyj~lsl?o emburrasme. Qv+adv
toplay Fmnw. EE9 klng nth up BE)pullout, purlout of sth
&v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n ,draw 'in;,draw 'Into 8th (@speciallyBrE) if a EE9 draw In,draw lnto ath
@v*arhr+n v+pmn+adv * u+n+adv(kssj-k- train drawsin,ordramIntoa station,itslowly
enters a station and stops at the platform: The e v + a d v + v+a&v+prep
q w n f )+ v+rllpmn +prep
dragoon~ d r a ' ~ - / London Smin d m in late. o Igot to theheplaVorm ,draw sb 'out.to encourage sbwho Ls shy tatalk
freely:I W t o d m w hrrnouton thesubjecld his
dra'goon sb Into dra'gmn sb lnto jtdstns themin m d m w i n g Intothestntion.
dolng 9th (winenor h u m u s )to force sb to +llfi in4prlm.
pull In, pull lnto sth v +nlpmn +adv
,dw sbrsth(yourself do sththat they do not want todo: Wewere drag-
p2B draw out,draw out d 8th

rWahj to oond into thefootball team. &v+actv + vtprep ,draw sth 'outto make sthsuchan a meetingor

make sb or yourself stop doing 8th when sb hta dh ,draw sb 'In; ,draw sb 'Into nth: ,draw sb an event last longer than usual or longerthan it

theylyou do not really want to:She wasenjoylng used inthe passive. 'Into dolng sth tomakesb becomehvolvedor should: They drew the i m W wr la over on
hersev at the mrh.so much. I couldn'td m her
take part in sth, although they do not want to:I houl:o Thepnm?m is likely lo be dmwn out over
didn't like the hi;Whrm I stnri%d it, but the sewmi months.
stmnge story soon drew me in. o l Mupe lo bt Qv+nlpmn+adv + v*B&+n
b dramb'out (also ,Fomg4nwn-'out, 1oonB.
rn -h a r sb/sWyoumlf away (fromsbbth) d m w n intu this argunment
,drain a'way(of feelings orc01oum)to dleappw rltu- drawn Zessfwgwzl)djlasting longerthan you
6 v + rdpmn adv gradudy:hshelqy In themumbafhalllheten- ~omrersetlond,lscusmlm, mg- expector toolong. Thenegotintionslumadigiculf

,drags m h 'down1(tosth) tobrhgsbdownto sron d m i d awuy. o The wlour hnd drained alaon Involveab (In 6th)
a lower standard o f behavlour, or a lower social -This phrasal verb is often used in the and dmwnaut. o It was another long-dmlun-ouI
or economic level:Ihl worried theother chiMrm awayfrom kface.
anger E W fad. passlve. mtmg.

will be dmmd down to his level (= bemuse his +v+adv *@ v + d p m + a d v v+adrr+n r v+nlprwl*p-ep ,draw sth 'out;draw sth 'out of sth totake

behaviouris sobad). 2 to make sb depressed ,drain a ' w a y f d ;,dmltt sth a'wayILoW(m ,drawsth 'Inif youdraw inabreath,youbreathe money out of a bank account: How mwh mow
deeply or quick& Shedrew inadeep breathnt the drd you draw out?o Seveml thousand p o d
or weak:HerparenrP'conslantci+licm b e ~ a nlo nth) if a I~quiddrains awayloff,or sb drains it magimi sight of the city belorn o He drew in hS hnd been dmwnoui@ theacmunl.
drag herdown.
awaylofF,it flowsaway:Xhe woLmdminedaruay breath sharply. taka rth out, bke .ffiout ol rth;wfth-

Qv+nlpmn+adv r v * a & + n ( l e s s ~ ~ ) down the pluglaole. o f drained the h e r away E#3only dyour, m k benth draw sth {from sth) (!?I~ref~rmUt]

,drag sblsth 'in:,drag aWMh 'Into Ith .1to and hung up the bbwe 0dry. o figurative)Pay- +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu @v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
make sb or sth become involvedin a dimcult or Ing far ptiuaie education for the children was
unpleasant situation when they do not want to dminingawuy their resourn, ,draw sth M to tom some liquid from a v + nlpmn+&+ prep
lx involved: When uwkm hr&m out m the
@v+adv + v*adv+n r v+nlpran+adv larger amount:Hedmwofluglassof L ~ R ,draw 'up;,draw sthrrs-tself 'upto come
&v+nlpmn+abr v+adv+n to a stop: to make sthEsb/yourself stop: A tmi
simls, i n m n t people om always dmgged In. o drew up outside o He drew the car up at t h m t
,draw'on(of a time ora seasan)toslowiym:As thx o He was walklng loluards the door when a
Don't drug me infoyour argument! l n w h ,draw 'back 1to move away from stdsth, e m nrghldrew on, it b . a n m c h r heuxlsn'bwm*rg.
sb (In sth)(more/ormr)2 tostart talking about cially sblsth that makes you feel M a t e n d : She loudkmckdmw him up sharply.
a person or a subjeclt that has nothing tn do with dmw k k f i m the windour in case anyone sow +v+adv
what is being talked about:Do you have lo dmg hez 2 (horn sthhom doing&)to decide notto do pull up;pull sb up;pull youladl up
'draw on ah I(also 'draw upmt .th for-
+polilks intoewrymnversatton? sth, because you are afraid o f what might hap- mantouse sth that youhave or that is available -# S W ~ S ODRAW YOURSELF UP
v+nlpron+&v v+adu+n 4 v+n@m+pmp pen: Thegovernmant hd m w n W k f r o mm k - to help you do 8th. The arrslgntnent asked us lo
inga commitmentloreformthe votingsystem. draw on our m p r k m while rue m in Eng- @ v+ adv + v +nlpmn+ adw
,drag $6 'off00 sth!... ) to take sb somewhereby Zund, o I'll have todraw onnpv savingslo myfor
force: I ~ ~dml@&s off or to Iha kuchms the mr EEi axperlanee, work, resources, sav- ,draw sth 'up 1 to make or write sth that needs
l n p , tradltbn IZEWDraw o m p n sth Fan be
om. Qv+adv careful planntng: My solkhr fs dmwirqg.Up the
Q v+nlpmn+adv used in the p~lssivein this meanmg:Seclionsof
,draw 5th 'down(AmE, b u s h )to reduce the thc bookshould be d m w n an asrequirprl.2if you contrucl. o Clmrguideiim ned ib be drawn un
draw on a cigarette or a pipe, etc. you breathe o We'wdmwnupuplanof action. FSl contrack
,drag 'on (dWprouirng>ta proems v w sloww amount of sth,especially mong: b y using It md
and take tooI o w Thedrry drug& on I?ztemin- spend~ngit: Higher groductkn & wilI dmw smoke into your mouth kom it:He drew on his wnwment, plan ZE) fonrmlat. sth (morefor-
mu0 2 to brimg sth nearer to sblsth' Shedrew up
oblxoNeg01iations bet- the two sides down cashgtziwfrom risingIarmprh. another chair and sat wzEh them o He drew his

mhmda h m up t~ hrs chest. EEJ chair, knees EBl pull

dmgged on through the summer +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+a& crgal:E@iclgar,cigarette, plpe ath up

Isuarlmonths,time, meetlng, dons @ v + prep 6v+adv*n 4 v+dpmn+adv

&v+adv 'draw sth from sth t~ get 9th from a particular ,draw 'outW E )(wwlly trPed in 1Aeprogrt?~sfve ,draw ywmeH "up togtand up very straightso
that you areas tall aspossible: She drew hemelf
,drag 5th 'out to make sth last longer than it source.Mamy aarltsis mdmk haw dmmn their *ass) when evenings or nights are drawkg
shouId.Shedmgg& thenwtingmtforas longas Inspfmtioion~mthe landmpe o At timesof crl- out, It IS gradually becoming lighter for longer up fo herfuIE height, handsonhips, a d g h d
in the wening because sprurg coming:
possible. ~LSs, , d m strengfhfrom wchother at m.
March theevenings starled drawingout.
r"pmlong.th(morefomn EEI lnsplratlon,comfort,support )gl.) pllpuhwtf UP
W draw In (Brm
v+nlpron+adu *v+adv+n (bv + ntpmn+prep +X ~ ~ D R A UWP , DRAW SB~T-OURSBLF UP

,drag sth 'out of sb to make sb giw you inFor- ,draw 'In (BrB (&b uwd In thepro@ve +v+adv @v+pmn+adr

matlon they do notwant to giweyw: 3hqreuenm- zenseg) when evenings or nightsaredrawingin, 'draw upcn stb =DRAW ON SPH 1

a l b d w & a mr&wion out of k it is gradually becoming darlter earlier in the

confession, hvth evening because wlnter is coming: The nights

@ v+n/pron+adu+prep

dream/drirn/ (dreamt,dmamt /dremt/or ,dress 'up(w Wsth),,drass sblyourseff 'up W A noun must always Eollw in,but a p m , d hllblsth 'out;, d MsbMh ' o d of 8thto
noun wmes between the verb and in. + Drlnk make sblsth leave or disappear: They'rehop*
dreamed,dreamed) (as ~ W s t h )to put on w i a l clothes in order to Insthcannoth used in the pawive.

,dream sth a'wayto spend time in a lazy way pretend to be sb else: The kids low drrssfng up. o lhat their mnpetitiw p r h will driw out the
thinking about t h w you would like to do but
not achmlly doing anything: She d m her life ThqvdmssedIhernselw up asmrboncham*ers. +"*a&+" v+prun+adv rivalcompany. o Theytried lodriveherout of the
awan nevermllyachimmgunythi~. o IBrE) dressing-up clothes o (AmE) d m w q
clothes 'drinktosbmthtowLhsWsthgoodluck,success +u r i w .
EmI b or happiness, 'by raising your glass and then v+nlpmn+adv + v+&+n +
&v+adu v+nlpmn+edv + v+8du+n(lsss drinking: They alldrank lo the wlrpk'sheulth. o v+n/pm+adv+p-ep
ev+nlpmn+a& v+adv+n
P@Qwnr) 'Thmn,qsmn anlyget &&I:'l'lldn'nk to that!'
'dreamof sth
,dress'up(msth). ,dm= yeursetf 'up(mrth) DEE) toast sbisth
@'+prep
to wear s- or more formal clothes than you Q v + prep ,drone 'on(about s+h)totalkabout 8thfor a long
EQwwldnr 'dream ef *ttdof dolngah used to usually do w than those usually worn in a par.
einphaslze theract that you would not even think tlcularsituation: h n ' i bother todressup-mm ,drink 'up:,drinkMI'uptofinishall of a drWr: time in a baringway:I&yfell ashp whtk he
about dolngsth 'IhnYgo withoulme,willyou?'? asyou are. o Shedrewedhenelf up in agmysuit
wouldn'ldream of it!' for hwurf appearam. Drink up If'stime togo. o Drink your mflkup- luasdroning on! o She droned onfor brm a h u t
b un'dreamedofadj muchmom or muchbetter Bd m d m (In &I)
than you thought was possible: udraamed-of PEm Do not confhse this phragal verb wlth get it 'sgoodJoryolr. the m 0 . f i h e p m t ? ~ .
dressed or dress,dress s b l y m e l f , whichjust Drink sth upisnotused Inthe passive. (B v+adv
hGvlptf=- mean 'toput on clothes':Ijumpedout of bedand
got d&quickIy. Q v+adv + v+n/pmn+adv 4 r+adv+n drool~druw
,dream 'on( w hir,gbmbused to tell sbthat
Q v + & 4 v+pmn+adu drive/draw/ ( d m /drew;AmEdm/, 'drool aver 8 M hto look at sblsth in a way that
you arecertainthat whattheyhaveJusta d wiU showsyoumeandadmireorwantthemlit, offen
not happen:Youm i apay r&?Dream on! , d m8th 'up(as sth)tomake sthseemdifkent drlven/'dmm/) in a silly orexaggerated w a r He m d m l i n g all
or better than it rally is by the way that you overyou ait h e m ! o The boys drooled over the
+v+adv 'drive at #thto .tryto e~prescror say sth:ha not
present it: You'resacktngm. W n ' t a y W d s s i t sure I understand what you'm drlvfng ar o
,dream sth 'up (Mrmal)to have an idea or upcbs a career moue.
think of a plan, espxidy one that is not very What's hedriuingat? smrlsmrs in the showrwm
practiml: The scheme luas dr;eramerbup by a kml +v+nlpron+adv + v+adu+n
busimstnun. o Trust you to drenm up a crmy gPt at sth Or+prap

EESElDrive at sth is only wedin the p m f v e

tenses and in dim3 or indirect questions with

'whai.

Sdw like this! Ov+m ,dropsth a'round =mop STH ROUND
,drivea'waytoff;,drive sbmth a'wayrotfcof
EEi Idea,scheme ,drift a'partto kmme lessclose or legs B.ien$ly a car or a driver) to go away in a veXicle;to take ,drop a'way (amiall~SyBrlF) I ff the ground
@v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+s& r+n+adu(mm) with sb: O w #heyearswejwtdrtfkiamrt. sb away in a vehicle: Thecabdrow shwly a m drops away, it slopm down steeply away from

dredgeIW! Q v+adv Q There's m m n e to drive your car away und where you are: The seabed suddenly drop@

,dredgesth 'up(usuaUydhppivuing)1to men- ,drift 'off to PalI adeep: She soon d m ORo 1 prkit. o T h e y ~ d r r w n a w y i n a p o l i m w v a n . away and I was w i s t deep in the wa#er:2 to
tron sth that sb has forgotten or wants to forget become less sWng or disappear. HefiIt his dark
driftedofl m s h p o n ihewJa wh&Iwm watch- + v + a d r v+nlpmn+adv
because ~t Is unpleasant or embarrassing: She mood dropping away.
z gthefootball. ,drive sblsth a'way (from tth)to make sb not
always dredgm up that embnrrnssing story. B T i E 9 daQaoW want to go to a particular place or be with a Qv+adw

the past2 toremembersthor to do sth with dif- Q v t a d v ticular persrm:to make sWsth leave a place: Rls- ,drop 'backif a m n in a group dmpa back,
ingprices are driving our cwtomm a m y . o Hts they move to a p i t i o n further back behind
ficulty. She was dredging up the little she knew drill/dnl/ temper and his uiuknt bzhaviour have driuen all other people, &n because they are not able to
about bnbres.o H e m a w e d to drerdgeup asmile. stay at the front: The original Ieader in the mce
hisfamily m a y
& v + a d v + n 4 v+pron+adv v+n*adv(Cess ,drill 8th ' # d oSb to rnakesblearnorunderstand has now drvppcd h c k ia t h i r d p h
+E23 business, cua+omam EXl fall back
fwwnn sth byrepeatingitftequently:Wehadmultdplim- v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,drive 'off(ingoW to hit the ball tobepina game 6v+adv
dressI ~ S I lion fables drilled intu us or rxhool.a There'sno ,drop be'hind; Prop bs'hlnd shth if sb
Q v+adv
wed lo dn'll thrngs into them - thqr'll h r n as

,dress 'dmnn(mslh)to wear clothesthat areless theygo abns ,drive'off;, d r hsbtsth 'off=DRIVE AWAY~FT, drops behind or drops h h i a d sb/sth, they
EED drum 9th Into sb DRIVE SRISTH AWAY~OFFThe w ~ dn m flat high move to a position behind other people: I;ls
formalthan those you usually wearorthose that speed. o Themr mdrivenoff ats& o Then d m p M behind lo w l k with Sam. o We mnnot
are usually worn in a particular situation: He -Drill 8th into sb is often used in the oflord to drop MMourconapei~tors.
passive. h e d m h e r f l lotheairmm
delihmrdy dressed down for the prim. o More fall behlntl,fall behlndsbtsth
and MOW people are d r m h g down for #heolfiae @ v + nlpmn+pmp ,drive sksth '&, ,drive sbtsth 'off sth to Q v + a d v + v+prep
force sbfsth to mwe away h m a particular
thesedays. drink{8ttgk/ (drank /draq~k/d, runk Idrmkfl place: The army wus driwn ufl by the fww ,drop 'by ( a h ,drop 'mund B E , ,dmp a'rwnd
,drink Bth "own to drink all of sth quickly:He atlacks of the hek.o We were drlven ofl the AmEI (informal)to lxy a short, informalvisit to
E9 d r e u up (In hiand by the heo w m sb, often without arranging this in advance: I
justdropped byfocheckyouloereOK.o I'mdrop
6 v+adv ~ v + n t p r o n + a d v+ v+adv+n r v*nlpron*pmp
pm$raund loKate's hm
,dress sb 'down to critiche sb angrily for sth fif7Iledn crrp with #Id water and dm& it down in ,drlva'antocontinue&drivingeitherwithoutstop
wrong that they have done:Them-gmtdressed ping or after stoppingfor a shorttime: Wedrove ,9*",call by ( p s ~ l a i lByrE), stop by
down the new recruits. omgulp.
on n?UiIwmnme to an open wuarefulIof mres. Q S P ~ U ~ SDOROP IN (ON SBIAT...), DROP INM ITH;
Qv+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv Qv+nlprm+adv v+adv+n Pauh slop& to let PhiIM out of the car W o r e
drzving on. DROP OVER
,drink 'in sth ,drink iVnrem 'Into lwk at,Hs-
Qv+adv Qv+adv
F , d m s s l q - ' d m n [sing.](oM-+whind, Iqk- hento or experience sth with great pleasure and.
ma0 an ocmskon when sb speaks angrily to a interest: Shewandered thestreels,drinking in the PrOp ~ t 'hby (.he) = DROF STH IN (TO SB/SPt),

person because they havedone sthwrong atmosphere.o Wesatgaringatthe viaw,drinkcng

11 all In.

E E l slgM, dw,am-, bwty DROP STH INTO STH

........................ ~..................................................d...u...m.....p....o...n..

,drop'In(on&at...), ,dmp 'Into sth (WmO w * p u l l w t d . t h : ~ r m ( I m m r t h ) ( m o m aecause they have done 9th wmng: He uxrs duek/ank,
drummedwfqf theclub.
to paya short, Informalvisit to sb,often without formal) Zto 1- schml,college, unfvemi& etc, ,duck 'od,,duck 'out of sth; ,duck 'out of
+~ t h m w s b o u t , t h r m v s b o l r t o l s t h doing sth (informal) to avoid a responsibility
arranging this in advance: Drop In m y time without finishing your stud~esS:he droppedout v +nlpmn+adv + v + nlpmn+a$v +prep
or duty, especiallyan unpleasant one:Sheducked
you 'repassing, o She drops in on her garents at of collegeafteronlynfew weeks. o Muny students ,drum sth 'up to work hard to get sth: W're out of uislting him in hospital. o You have to go.
M once a tuwk, o Idmpped ftrdo the wflmshop drop out or fail h u s e they're MI en~oyingthe fauwhlngacampaign todrwn morebusiness sodon't t?yducktngout.
o We couldn't drum up enough c m h to keep the
foraqurckdrlnkonmy m y home. mum.3toreject the accept4 ideas, morals and Duck can be used wlth an OWwlth the
clubpmg.
IEW call In values of society: Them's a dunger lhat when samemeaning: &n't try toduck the issue.
+EEl buslnws, ruppwt,customn
+!&?@Oh DROP BY people lose therr jobs they drop out (of sockfy) v+adv+n + v+pmn+& + v+n+adv(mrP) Q v t a d v * v+adv+prep

+v+adv v+prep oltoge#M dudel d ~ d l

b 'dropinw[onlyMom noun]u d t o describe @ v + & * v + a & + p - p

a place where you can go without making an b 'dm- n 1a person who leaves schwl. ml-

appointment:n draptnc e n M s u ~ I c 1 i n r c lege oruniversity before they havefinished their

,dropsbryoulaelf 'in RIBrE, informunto putsb studies: He might k be amElege dropout but he's ,dry 'off:,drym h'off;,dryyourself 'off to ,dude yourself 'up ( A d ,slang) to make ywr-
in a dimcult or embarrassing situation: SAegor made a fortune in business. o There S a high self more attractive and lry to impress people by
herself aut of m u b l e by dmppinglaura init. dropout mle from some wllege m u m . 2 become dry; to make sblsthlyoumIf dry: We luy wearing expensive or special clothes: He seal&
(rrsunlly d b p p t w i n g , esp~&l!y RrE)a person b e s i d e d e ~ I t o d r y o fifn thesun. o Youwnuse dudedhlmself upfw t h e p a m
@v+nlprnn+prep+rt who rejects the accepted ideas, morak and val- this iolwl 50 dryyourseIf ORo I dried the caroff
ues of society: Many of the town's d m m a hang wrthasqflc[olh. +v+pron+adv
,drop 5th 'In (to ~wsth),.drop sth 'Into ath +v+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
mund tlnesqmm duff lanft
(esperrnlly BrE) (AmE usually ,drop sth 'by) ,dry'out;,dry8b 'out(in$~mtonreceivehat-
(mn&rmnOtoddiversth, espec~allywhen you are ,dmp 'orer(es&dlyAmEj to vislt sbfwa short ,duff sh 'up WE.Wormnk) to hit or kick @b
on the way to somewhere else: She dropped the time at their home, without m & g a time in ment to help you stop drinkingalcoholor taking
report in on her m y out.o TII drop cr note in lo advance: I think I'lljust drop over lo Jim's for a drugs; tocuresb of drinking too much alcoholor severe1y:Amupleqfguysd&hirnup
you when I RMW the armngements. o Could you of taking drugs: She went Intoaclink todry out. ,sra, beatsb up
drop my mt Into the c k m r ' s on your way 50 while. o Whydon'tyoudropover ihis evening Q v+ nfpmn+adv
work7 o 1?1dmp the b r a c ~ u mby htm pop orerfmund Qv+adv v+nlpmn+a&

ev+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+prap + s w a h s o n ~ oB~Y ,dry 'out: ,dry sth 'out to become wry or too dukeldjwk;~m~du:k/

,dropV n t u Sth =DROPIN(ON S ~ X .T..).DROP INTO +v+am =DROP BY dm to make 8th become vety or too dry: WrrZer ,dukeIt 'out (wHh sb) (AMslnng)to &ht with
rheplnnt mgularlynnd don't Ied the soil dry out, o sbusing your hands tightly closed: You can't set-
(&mSTH ,drop'round Themmdand ihes~~nhaddriedoutmslyrh
tkewryargumenlbydukingit out. 4 (figutotlue)
,drop 8th 'ht0sffi =DROP STH IN (M SBkTH), ,drop sth 'round(BE)IArrpE,dmprth a'rwntl) +v+adv v+nrpmn+adv r v+sdv+ n You'IlhawlodukeiIoutowrthe2astmok.k
(inJorma0 to deliver sth to sb's home, etc: I'll
DROP STH INTO =H ,dry 'up 1 if a supply of sth dries up, it ts no +v+n+adv
dropthosepapprsround late^ longer available:Thephn .masahm&nerd w k n
,drop'off T (ir#orma&espertuilyBrmtof d intoa the money dried up. .lsuarl Investment, suppty.
light sleep: He's a l w ~ ydsropping off infrwrl fl +s e e a h m o p STH IN (TO S B ~ T H ) D, ROP ~ T H funds ran)run out 2 (1nformn0to stop talking

t h e T T E B doze mnod off{i@oml)21Ta INTO STH dumb ldnml
number, an amount or a quality drops off, it
&v +Wpmn* adv suddenly because youmnnot remember what to ,dumb 'down; ,dumb sth 'clown ( d f s a p p m

decreases: The numhm applying for member- say next or arevery nervous: Shedried upduring trig) to make 5th too simple and therefore less

ship have& 0 s faIf off the secondact. o I just d r i d up kulfway through accurate andof poorer quali&,by bytryifigtomake

+v+adv ,drown sbtsth 'out if a gwnd dmmm mt the interview. 3(ir&ormnO used to tell sb rudely it easier Tor people to understand: The p w

t ' d m w (h8th) n a decrease:Mamqrm we sbisth, It is so loud that theylit cannot be heard: lo bequiet or stop talking g m m producers claimed they had to dumb

mncerned by a m n tdropof ln snles The mwic wasplaying adfull wlume, drowning @ v+adv down. o Thenewproducer has d y dumbed the

seealso DROP-OFFa t DROP SB~STHOFF out mnversatwn. o Her rep& urndrownadout by ,dry 'up;,dry sth "up1if a river or a lake, etc. show down.
dries up, or sth dries it up, it becomes m m -
,dropsblsth 'o9ftostopandletsbgetoutofacar, apasszng motorbike. pletely dry: The well dried upfor thefirsttimein a Q v + & + v+nlpm+adv v+adv+n
etc.; to deliver sth taa place, ofIen when you are lK!BJ nolss,sound,ruar, rnurlc century. o The sun drierd up all #hepuddles. 2 ,dumbing ' U a mn IUjthe act orpolicy of mak-
on the way to somewhereel= Ou[dyoudrop m
Drown sbfsth can also be used with the (BrE, ir&md) to d r y dishes after they have ing sth trm simple and therefore leaa accurate
4tJattheslaiion?oI'mgoingpsl J u n k h o w - same meaning: Her voim was drowned by the
I could dmp the cukeon: o She dropped offsome r r a ~ h i n gw w s . and of poorerquality
cbthesal thedry-chner9.
Qv+adv+n t v+pmn+adu c v + n + a d v ( h beenwashed:I'lldiyup V w u w h t h e d i s k o dummyr h i / (dummlom,aumm)rlng,
@v+nlpmn+adv v+a#v+n He dried a11 the dkhes up and put them away
fww8 Dry and dry sth are also used wlth this dummled,dummled)

b 'dropoff n a place where vehicles canstop for drum~ M UI-) I meaning. ,dummy u p p 0 t o s a y n o t h i n g : ~ h d u m ~
people to get out, or where sth can be leff, the up, j u t try a Iittlepemziasion.
6 v+adv 4 v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv E9 clam ttp
actionof doingthis: It ismskrtogelataxicrrpap- ,drum sth 'into sbto makesb remembersthby
senger drop-off points thun at fight arrival repeating it often: He dnunnapd rmdsafe& into (mm Qv+adv
+Sfand% b ,dlled 'upadj 1mmpletely dry: mmped
Wt U ~ D R O P - O FaFt DROP OFF them Wore lPliing them out on their bkycle$. o in a dried-uprlverberi. 2 [only before noun] Idis- dump I ~ P I
Tmdit~]mualItles m m drummed inb himfrom approv~ng()of a person) old, with many folds
and lines on theskin, small,andmuallybitter or 'dump on sib (shag) 1to m t sb ImFairh espe
,drop 'out;,drop 'out d sth 1to stop taking an early age. o t had it drummed into me t h l I bad-tempere4: The lfbrarbawas a dried-up,bit- cially by giving them too muchto do or unpleas-
ant tasks: ThebossdutnpsonJawandshedumps
wrt In an activi& being a member of a group, shorsldrs'l talk tostmngen. teroIdmDn on the junior ss48: 2 (Am.@ to criticize sb and
etc: Smml membersof the learn had todropout
drillsth I- sb b ,drying 'upn IU( B E ,ir@ormaL)theact of dry-
+at the h i minute. o She had lo drop out of the vt nfpron+prep ing dishes after Pheyhave been washmi to do the

mce hav w y through.o The wmpany had lo ,drumab 'out;,drumsb 'wtof stht o f o m s b dryiwUP
to leave a group or an organimtion, usually
dmp out of the deal due to rising costs. BE0 pull