Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for Learners of English

%me people are born to study, others just think ~ t ka bore. Here's a quiz for you to try 7 Which of these methods is the best if you want to spmk

to flnd which category you are in. First you'll need to complete the questions by good English?

choosing a verb from the box on the left to make a phrasalverb (you may need to A -up for evening classes? -

change the form of the verb). The first one has been done for you. Then try the quiz, B -awoy your books and find someone to talk with

For each q u d i o n tick the Fetter that best applies to you. The questions are written to in English? -

someone who has finished school, so d you are still at school you wilt need to imagine C -up on vocabulary every night? -

the questions are in the present tense. You can check the completed questions on page - 8 When you had to stay off school h e n you were younger,

372 beforeyou start the quiz A did you study while you were sick in order not to -

, , , 1 At school write behind? --

pick A did teachers always X on you and you off B were you just happy h have o u t of lessons? -

keep for no reason? - -C did you b o w a friend's notes and them up?

tell B did kids who -around in class annoy you? - 9 When you had homework did you

C did you wer get -k c k for extra study? - A do ir as well os you could? -

2 When you are given an essay to do, do you -- R -it down as quickly as pssible? -

,,it -get A on with it straight away and finish if early? C -a friend into letting you copy theirs st he last minuk? -
-put B off starting if until the last possible moment?
C do some work on it immediately then i t aside - 10 When you had a week of exams coming up did you

for a while? - A o u t a revision timetable in plenty of time? -

3 How do you go about writing the essay? 130 you work -8 -up the subiect the night before each exam? -
A -down some notes hen write ir and -it in? -
C just take it w s y and hope easy questions up?

jl B do it in rough first, and then i t out neatly or - --- 11 I~there'saquizonlVdoyou -
L - A wer to something more interesling? -
t' -it up? -
C -it out corefully then w r i t and edit it? come -B -out an answer quickly, even if you're not sure? ,
write
C get annoyed if the answer doesn't to you quickly? -
-. -
Do P u - w ~ '...- 12 What do you like to do on a long train iorrrney? -
beaver -- -A -out and gaze out of the window?
gPt A work steadily and t h r o u g h your exams? chill B buy a paper and up on the news?
B -fhrwgh your w m s despite- all yeor?
5 C justdoenough t o b y ? catch C -down with a good bmk?

51

rattle 5 Wen you do an exam, do you

go A t h r o u g h it and -it in wrly? - ROWcheck your score on page 372.
check -
hand B o v e r each question curefully before -on to - 20-24 pints: You were b m to study. Yw ore the 3.pe of sludent leachen love.
move
-he next one? through your 14-19 pim Remember to relax sometimes!
.- '
C answer all the ques~ionshen +I3 poinh: Ycu don't m i d studying ond yw aren't frighmendof exams, bvt sometimer
come 0-8 pinh:
look answers? you need u little push in the. right direction.

6 If you're reading o newspaper article in English, do you You con fore yourself to study if you absolule17 hwe b, but thwe ore

-reach kr your English dictionary w!other things hot you'd much ruther be doing.
&dying is as ndumt byou as breuthing air is k a fish!

A as soon as you across a word you don" know? - If you are working in class, dixuss your answersto the quiz with other students and
give each other advice about how to improve your study methods. For example:
B only to -up a wwd whose meaningyw can't guess? - 'You shouldlook up words you don't know in the dictionwry.' 'You shouldn't have
C only a h r you've -through the orticla once w i h messed around in class'.

o dictionary? - Q Oxford UniversityPress

@ Oxford UniversityPress

-m - Now cover the left-hand page and match the definitions on the left with the phrasal
D P r b . from the mracts on the right. One has been done for you as an example.

Ifyou enjoy sport, you will meet many of the phrasal verbs that are used ta describe

different sports.

Here are three extracts from a sports bulletin. Complete the extram with phrasal
verbs, using either a verb from the box on the left or a particle from the box on the
right in each gap. You will need to change the form of the verb in some cases. Use
your dictionary to help you if you need Po. The first one has been done for you.

bring centre forward. As the Spanish players appealed away
end back
for
play off
rule
send UP

a penalty, the Italians

was then to score. The Spanish captain Martin

-for arguing with the referee.

up fortunate winners, but their

goalkeeper picked a hand injury and has

catch he Tokyo marathon bas been won by Takeshi - --
drop ahead
hold Saito of Japan. on by the home crowd, back
urge off
Saltoforged after just 5 kilometres and
.. UP
built up a 2-minute lead. The chasing runners did not
go "-
g i v e , and gradually reduced the lead. The hot
hold against
kr weather and the fast pace caused several leading through
pi
athletes to out. Saito's recent training in UP
se
tanr the Sahara desert paid -as he aflthe
come
strong challenge of the Kenyan Daniel Nyanga, who

up with 5 kilometres to go, then fen

-in the final kilometre.
-,

has beaten Russia" Irena Markova in three sets to

--to the final of the French Open. Adamou

aid afterwards, "I've never up such a

-)ugh opponent. Before I came here I thought I'd get
out in the first round, but new I've got a

-chance of winning." Adamou, who only up a
the sport four years ago, will

cheque for $100,000. The loser will have to

far just $50,000 !

63 Word University Press , .. Q 0lrlord universitypress . ..

Have you noticed how many phrasal verbs are used in computing? Try this crossword Phrasal verbs are not necessar~ly~nturrnat.The ones on this page, for example, could
to see how many you know. Use the dia~onaryto help you if you need to. appear in a text book or a rnagazlneart~cleon the environment.
Use your environmental knowledge and your phrasal verb dictionary to help you
L3w a verb from the top box and a particle from the lower box to complete each
complete this exercise. Match the heads and tails of the sentences, then write the
sentence. The missingword(s) can be a verb, an adjective or a noun. The solid lines
in the crossword show the divisions between words. comp!eted sentences in a logical order under the appropriate heading. The first one
has been done for you.
switch hack type back scan -boo? shut
Flrint pull POP go log scroll add click The algae uses -.

- .- .-down. o.ut on the sail o rd end up in I
,-ugae rem
U p Ill 11" down wnI en rrtrrs-1i1l r6uel1s nra 1.
on down on Into
up down up in 01

-3 nnd other ~naehouse he oxyger1 in the wuter, and tlsh die.
gases ore given
- heat !hat s r into space.
'es from fltrti~lizers soak

Greenhouse gases soak Lfhe nitrates and multiplier uncontrollably.

the Gmmhouse Wed

, h r b o n d i ~ x i d cand other grcenhws VS r l r ~given whcn fossil fuels dre bumd.

Dorm Across

1 he link blow to visit 5 You can downlaad various
s hat allow your
wr website.
existing software fo do w e n more
2 Select 'options' from the
dings.
menu.
8 A feenager managed to
3 The printer didn't work &use I'd he txlnk's main

forgotten to it -!

4 l stuck a ofh database. . ,, . + . .-? , - . - <). ..I

ernail on the wall. 7-- -7

12 I hope the oompukr doesn't Soma rpetia of onimak and plants 10s-

6 Close all prosrams kfme you aguin or I'll their h

your computer. never finish this work. s carbon dip: L desert.

7 You con your photos 13 the page until you So -bv trees.

and ernail them to friends. find he iim you want.

9 vital documents on 14 your password and Many frees or

floppy disk to avoid losing h e m i f press 'entet.

your system crashes. 15 If you click on the right mouse

FO The computer sometimes takes ages button a menu will

to when I lurn it on. appeat

11 You'll need a password to -

The language used to talk about computers is often quite informal. Look out If you are studying for an exam and the environment is a topic you need to know, you
for phrasal verbs used in a figurative or creative way, such as 'cmnk up a search may find it useful to record these phrasal verbs together in your vocabulary notebook.
engine' (=start it working) or 'wander aroundthe web'; and keep an eye out Add a definition and an example. Use the dictionary to help you record some
for invented combinations, such as 'browsingoff (=starting to browse). information about the grammar af the verbs.

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Some p h r a ~vlerbs are used more commonly in newspapers, etc. than in other The story of a company

kinds of wntlng. Look at these headlines and make sure that you understand the
- -whrasal verbs ln them. llrre is the outl~neh~storyof Hall Motors. Fill in the missing parliclesand follow the
Il rrw and fall of this (flctional))company. Use the phrasal verbs dictionary to help you.
shps u 6Manager dow

after cup disaster
UNIONS TAKEQN ~iden't,i, 1

MAGEME!NTOVER 2 buck voters 1888 Frank Hall desig7~s and build!; the 'Hall sofety cycle' tt his bock yosd. Tha desi!an
NEW S kHFTS -- .-
tea11y mkhes --nnd floll soon has to hke- -five wclrkers to hell3 him

1 p-.-rAuuuce biwtles.

PRESIDE ~D,M,C,*TS ,A, : 1902 Holl,, who now has o Hrorkto.lce of 50, teoms wlm nls co motor
FOR TOUGHfR
-IN--F-OEi SENTEH(IHG mechanic, and t!ley build themri first cor. They set 'Hull Mc I//

- .-- .-+-. -the- h-ic-rtc.,le. .si.de o.f t ~L. ~ euL.u.-sl r-r-lmA- s.
! 1906 Hall Motors is the country's !;econd biggest cor rnand'octurer, !urn
ROBBMS B O W S ' O ~ GOVERNMEWr CLIMBS
20 tors a week.
AFrER TO YEARS DOWN OVER NEW ROAD
: 1945 Fronk Hall dies GIU 111, NIILlill tokes -t h e COIrnpany.
El -

,isrnhisked awuy 3 1954 The company seles a morket feor a ,llg.n,r. . , rn o1r.lve vehicle, and tomes --
4-wneer
--to hhoidneeaywmaoyo_n__,
d Romp Ah --the earemely successful Trail Ranger'. ..
3 .-..1963 Soles toke
+-. Hall ,rlvlwl, r#I. ,.,aL +,,,h,a =T,wnnie'.

TII~ w,,,p
desi~noflt-vvnlIu..ll6vnlllnL:r+;~n the small cur
- -19 1ecord profi~s

Try to guess what the stories might be about. If you are working in class. discuss : 15)69 The its moin rivalIs, Waloce C'onand Rydr
your ideas with a partner. Then answer the questions below to match the headlines ..
with the subject of the article that they go with. : 1974 Woo' rn.l> UI ltlc ~ c = u >IIUUIIU r .Zrnl n, vmt,lG.r,+, dn t the latest pay otter, sparking

1 Which headline goes with an article about somebody travelling to an important --several years of managementurlion unrest.
meeting?
#87 The cornpony ju! rr ovoid being swu//owedb v American M,otors,
2 Which reports that somebody was taken to a secret destination? and announces t .sfor the first time in many years. Thing seem to hove
3 Which two headlinestalk about somebody resigning?
4 Which headline refea to repom about the start of fighting? turn
5 Which article is about somebody trying to win an election?
6 Which is a report on risingprices? )92 Hull Motors' mol' ~ esrnare nr15been gmdually worn by cheaper foreign
7 Which comes from a sports report about a team winning a game easily?
8 Which headline is about people wanting new punishments? -. . --im-p-1"-3-m.- Wit-h-so- les
9 Which article reports that somebody has changed their mind about something? faIIing f_fs r,.l~l icklyas deb% m o u n t , the cornpony
70 Which report is about events that are happening in a tense situation?
'-.~its boiled - by a lost-minuteaovernment loon.

#99 Assoles continu1:to decline, Europe Motc)rs hkes --the compony, onnttuncing

.tFhuarrt:~itpsemmo. imoroirsst1.o5I; break even within two le11~A. fter investing heo~vilyin new Inodels,
.rou-nh_t , f_fs t.he. cousins
value of the ,u-ou- rlAu k. L a -

JJIUUI

3m to plunge. The decision is token 1b wind --Holl Motors.

Further practice 10workers ure loid - st remaining Hotl Motors plant closes

On your own -.
When you see English newspapers, look for phra-F verbs in the headlines. In your
vocabulary notebook, keep a record of any you find. Further practice

Class activity 1 Sort the phrasal verbs above into three groups accordingto whether you feel
Look through some English newspapers and find headlines containing phraul wrk.
Cut out the headlineswith the art~clesI.n groups, cut the headlinesfrom your their meaning is positive, negative or neutral. +I -

articlesand mix them all up. Put the headlinesand the articles in an envelope. Pass 4- -

your envelope to another group. Their task is to try to match the headfineswith the mtch on close down team up

- .+--~marticles. Do the same for the headlines and articles in the envelope you receive. 2 Research and write 10 important dates in the history of a famous real company,
usingthese and/or other phrasal verbs.
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Q 01lbrdUnivcaity Press

Usingthis Dictionary Funny - I'm sure last tlme I spoke to him he was going to jack it all tn and
see the world! My Nick's doing pretty wel[ too - he's swanning around
Phrasal verbs are especially common in informal language, but it is important to
know whether a phrasal verb is informal or not to help you use it more appropriately. having busrness lunches wery other day while I'm stuck here. It's not fair!
Sthl I suppose 11'smy own fault for mucking around last year when I should
Look at the dictionary entry below and notice how information on the formality
of the phrasal verb is given: have been studying.
Are you wming to Brightonm n ? Don't forget to look me up if you are.

You m l d come and stay for a w p l e of days after my exam.R will be good to
up with you after so long.What do you think? Phone or email me, OK?

Helen xx

away because you . 1 Now wr~teone of the phrasal verbs from the ernail next to the definitions below
hucked the oIds4fa / according to its meaning. One has been done for you.

's puper out. I still

w Look up the following phrasal verbs in your dictionary and complete the table la work very hard (atsth)
on the right. b study very hard, especially when you are preparingfor an exam
E go from one place to another feeling pleased with yourself
a bootsb out f put sbdown d speak or talk quickly in an excited way
Ib provide for 5th e visit or contact sb when you are in the place where they live
E turn up g tune out f f ~ n dout about things that have happeened to somebody
d barge into sb h attend to sbl g stop doingsth, especially your job
e throw sth aside hi succeed in sth very easily
5th i relax in a lazy way and do very little
j do sthvery badly
k behave in a silly way, especially when you should be working or

doing 5th else

Practice Replace all the information (in italics) with one phrasal verb from the

w Read the following email from Helento her friend Katy. underline all the phrasal box, remembering to change the verb into the correct form. The first one has
verbs that you can find. One has been done for you, there are 10 others:
been done for you.

level with you

a O K , I'm afraid we're not a~ble to accept

your proposalsat this time.

b Greg was all ready to do the bungeejump, but at the last moment he decided not

to do it bemuse he was ofraid.

c We're goingto visit the new bar in town to Hif it'sanygod Would you like to come?

't heard from you for a while so 1 thought I'd take a break from d Dinner?I haven't had time to go the shops, but I guess I'll be able to provide
orh and write. I'm desperatelytrying to swot up for my exams at the
something quickly and without planning.
oment - you know I had to retake them, after messing up so badly in
e Our classwas really behind the others, so we did the last three ~ h a p t wet~y quickly.
une. So I spend my days beaveringaway at my desk, and my evenings
egging out in front of the television. Very unhealthy and vw bonng! f I don't like watching horror movies- they moke mefwlreally shockedand scared.
Anyway, how are you? How is the course golng? Are they makingyou
g He's usually pretty quick, but it took him ages to understandwhat I meant
rk hard? I'm sure you'll b m through it!
without being told directly.
@Oxford UnIwrsiQ Press
h As soon as I asked her about her family, she just refused to spmk because she

didn't want lo talk about it.
" - , . -. -.- ^ - _ ." - .a-
I . . -*r-ll* * +.

freak out cotton on l o u t -lw check out rustle up

w h ~ pthrough clam

0Oxford University Press .,

The following verbs are often used in essays and reports and are slightly more below is a short list of what you may have liked and another list of some problems.
'formal' than the majority of phrasal verbs. The verbs are listed belowtogether with
the context in which they typically appear in a piece of writing. Remember to explain in the introductionwhat your report is about and to finish with

-your suggestions. There is a sample answer in the key (at the back of the dictionary).
- -> - 7 -.

1 refer to ~rticulasrul write dovvn the i 1 G W p~oints ~roblems
person or
2 report bat .t fire away the r w enjoyed le m expenrive ca
~rnitteeabc-.
3 enforge ul ething . go throyr,h. ,,,,,3 l i e + "1 pro,, a helpful tei m not enough boo~sIn llarary
4 putforward ablem w meeting other students
asuggestion 12 set out , m boring trips and visits
5 draw U D or-p1 .w.n. . pr-o-pc
6 consist bj several section!> er.l.~.tout the r,easons whl7 Exercise 3
7 point out an important piece Somr:thing shoiild Sn the sentences below, choose the best verb to fill the gap.
of information 14 be dlone
8 ~urrru p the Inain point 15 occountfor any unnecessary
disc1~ssed
information

a topic or idea 1 This document the brochuresyou were sent eadier this week.

why sorneth~na a consists of b refers to c accountsfor

hap^ Z It is important to that our prices have been reduced.

a set out b sum up c point out

3 The director would like you to the list carefully and check the figures.

Read the following extract from a report and replacethe underlined words with the a go through b draw up c deal with
phrasal verbs listed below.
4 The secretary reported that the papers had been in the wrong order.

a filed away b accounted for c put forward

5 It is useful to all the important points in a presentation.

a draw up b write down c edit out

6 It is essential to the main poinb discussed in your report.

a put forward b file away c sum up

7 This afternoon the M D will on our success in the new markets.

a sum up b write down c report back

8 The presentationwill the issue of customer complaints.

a deal with b account for c point out

inflation. ........... .......... Formalverbs

con gone through sunlmed up deals with You will find many other verbs marked formal in this dictionary. Many of them have
dmrwn up refers to sets 01ut
Put accclunts for the patternv + n/pron -F prep and are often used in the paaive. To a h b e sth to
enf,arges upon rep(wed back
sb, to preface sth by/with sth, to refer sb/sth to sb/sth are examples of these.
Now write your own report using as many of the phrasal verbs above as possible.
Imagineyou have been studying English at a college in Britain and the Principal has Other formal verbs are reflexive and have the patternv + pron + prep. Examples
asked you to write a short report explainingwhat you enjoyed about the course,
discussingany problems you had and suggestingsome improvementsfor next year. are to addressyoum/f to sth, to avail youm,f of sth and to dissociateyourself
from 5th.
@ Oxlord University Press
You may not always recognizethem as 'phrasal verbs', but they murt always be used
in these patterns. They are often used in business or in spoken or written news
reports. If you are studying at urtiversiw or college, you may meet them in academic
textbook or journals. Ifyou meel verbs like this, keep a note of them, with their
patterns and an example, in your vocabulary book.

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Forming the passive *E ~ m r r -

Notice the word order of the lpassive phrasal verbs: The following sentences contain the same verbs, this time in the passive. Look at the
table and then answer the question below.

Active You'll need to write down the dei Verb + parficlc + 0bj& J Passive possible f Fassiw not possible
Jobshaveto be looked for very carefully.
or Did you write the details down? : Verb + Ot title L

Vera p rsyr.vre-orbnr.'t.cotpkIe]'+ The television must be turned off
Passiw The details will need to be writterI down. after use.

. +The details weren't written down r-urA _ r_c_ c-oI v. = My application'sbeen turned down.

Have they been written down? Particlt

Transitive and intransitive verbs Which type of verbs can generalry be used in the passive?
Completethis general 'rule' usingthe words 'scperoble'or 'in~parabK:
Verbs can be used either without an object, (intransitive),for example sleep:
Islept &#@$. I slept for 8 hours. phrasal vel+bscan gen sed in the I
or with an object, (transitive), for example m d in the sentence: phrasal verbs cannot.
She's reading the newspaper.
Howe.ve.r., .rI.nc.re are many exceptions!
Combinationsof verbs and particlescan be used in the same way: The verbs in the following sentences are all separable.
sit down (intransitive): Isat down.
J Passive possible I 1I( Passive not possible
put sth on (transitive): Iput on my coat I put my a t on.
rely on sb/sth (transitive): You con refyon me. ~' Can the whole chapter be lefl out? My meaningjust can't be got across no
matter how I try.
Exercise 1 The top floor is beingmade into a We were sat down by the manager
I separate flat. in his office.
Which of the following verbs + particles haw an object and which do not?

1 He likes to stand out in the crowd. last minute. Notesin the dictionaty tell you when you cannot use the passive with this type of verb.
2 I'm rookingfor a new job. The following sentenm all contain inseparableverbs.
3 Turn off the TV if you don't want to 5 1 didn't get the job - they turned
J Passive possible C Passiw not possible
watch it. down my application.
4 Our holiday plans fell through a t the That remark wasn't called for! The noiw will just have to be put up
6 Do you think the sun will come out He hates being fussed owr. with, I'm afraid.
this afternoon? Can this section be improved on?

We can divide the transitiveverbs + particles into two further groups:

those where the verb can be separated from its particle (separable)
rn those where the verb and particle must occur next to each other (inseparable)

In this dictionaw, this informationis shown in the grammar patternsfollowingthe verbs. Notes in the dictionary tell you when you can use a passivewith verbs of this type,

Self sth out is .separable: - -- --. .-.r- ,- Lxelicse 4 ;kargeib sd(ear of
p--T
J i '&~rt ou tihe accommodation. J 1.i sort thh accommodation out: Some phrasalverbs are often u d in the passive. ripsboff mixsbup
(Agaln, notes in the didonary give you this kick sb out burn sth down
v+adv+n v+n/pron+adv information.)Choose one verb fmm the box and put
it Into the correct form to complete each sentence:
Butjump at str __"-..,able: . _. . - .*. ?-.-,
to stud; ai:broad.
7-

Ir I'd jump the chance at to study 1 She's been shoplifting.

abroad. 2 If you carry on like this you'll be of college.

3 The building was in the riuts.

4 No one knows where Jerry is. He hasn't been since the summer.
.
Now divlde the verbs that haveobj- in 5 The twins look so alike that they are often
the sentencesabwe accordingto their grammar.
Refer to the dictionary entries if you need help 6 510 for this?You've been .I

8Oxford UnivemivPress When you Imk up a verb in the dictionaty, look to see if there is a note about the passive.

Q Odord UnlwslQ Press

Where do new phrasal verbs come from? In addition to forming new verbs in the ways we have looked at, it is also possibleto
lorm many other combinations of verbs and particles. Think, for example, of all the
New phrasal verbs turn up In the language all the time, but where do they come ways that movement can be described. Almost any verb of motion can team up with
from?One answer is of course that new inventions and activities appear and new almost any particle. Becausewe can go back or come back, we can abo hurry back,
names and verbs are invented to describe them. But in fad, they are not usually amble back or tear back. We can say 'I walked around the town', so it's alw
completely new verbs, but either new combinations of existingverbs and particles, possibleto 'I sauntered around", or wandered around, or strolled around. If
or old phraseswhich have found new uses. you are havinga lazy day, perhaps you sit around at home. You might also lie
around or lounge around. If we want to describe how somebody came in, dtd they
T From literal meclning to figurative meaning. sneak in, burst in, creep in or storm in?You can see how usingcornbinationsof
Plough back originally meant to return a crop that you have grown to the soil. This verbs and particles in this way can make your speech and writing more interesting.
was done to produce more. It is easy to see how this can change to being used
about reinvestingprofits in a business. Sometimes the connection is less obvious. An ask B

American student may brow off his or her classes (that is, not go to them) - perhaps combine a verb from the box on the left with a particle from a box on the right and
make a verb that might describe one of these things that you might see when you
because they seem as unimportant as a fty that you would blow off your face. are out. If you are working in class, see if your partner can guess which person or
thing your verb is describing. Then write a sentence for each one.
2 New opposites.
a sports car o butterfly
In the past we tended to dress up more for formal occarions, putting on special a boy with his leg in plaster o bee
clothes and perhapsjewellery. Today, modern companies often try to foster a more o train tourists visiting a palace
creative and relaxed atmosphere by allowing staff to dress down once a week, that a smalf child in o park a group of boys going to ~ h o o l
is, to wear more casual clothes. a teacher going home ot the end
riaround
dm.3 Msw verbs frwn nouns or of a Iong day 0%

There are enormous possibilitiesfor creating phrasal verbs because they don't have flutter
to be made from existingverbs. Nouns, too, can turn into verbs and be used with steam
particlesto make new phrasal verbs. These often come into the languagefirst
through American English where there seems to be more freedom for wods to hobble
change grammaticalclass, or through informal spoken language. 50 from the noun
luck, instead of 'getting lucky', we can luck out and cowards ('wimps', people who flash
have no courage or 'bottle') might wimp out or bttFe out.
hurry
4 Adding perticlw fw emphasis. wander

Somet~mesa simple verb can turn into a phraat verb without any real change of
meaning. We now often hear something like 'ProfmarJones will head up an
internat/onal team.' where before we would have said that he will head the team,
and it is dlfflcult to see any reason for this change, except that the paflicle 'up'
seems to strengthen the meaningof the verb.

Task A
Find phrasal verbs with free, hype, tense, tmt and drown that are similar to this.

New phrasal verbs in modern life.

Business and communication Personal life Conclusion

fax out a document work out in the gym veg out with a pizza We live in a fast-changingworld and new expressionsto describe it can be coined
fire off an email chill out and watch TV and a video faster even than dictionaries can record them! However, we don't need to freak out
bump sb of! the Internet lighten up when we meet a new phrasal verb, because we are usually already familiar with one
-pig out on junk fad or both of the partswhen we hear a new add~tionto English. (The Guide to the
Partides at the back of the dictionary will give you more information on the way
You will find other new verbs on other study pages.
particlesare used.) No need, then, to panic -just lighten up and chill out!
QOxford Uniwrsity Press
B Oxford University Press

Cornbinatrons of verbs and particlesare extremely common In English, especFally in FMatch thBe I.tem on the left with the item on the right.
the spoken language. Many of these verbs appear to have a single-word equivalent
(a synonym). However,often the single-word equivalent is not used in the =me On
context or has a slightly different meaning. For example, it is often said that find out
means the =me as discover, but in fadfind out is generally used for facts and Continuing:
information, whereas d i m r can be used for something you are the first penon to
learn about, such as a place or scientific technique. It is therefore essential to learn 1 The professor a went on for months until we resolved it.
the most frequently used phrasal verbs if you want to understand and speak English
2 The customer b keeps on talking to me and interrupting my work.
well. Here are some exercises to help you understand and learn the most common.
3 My boss c carried on talking even though the seminar had finished.
Particles
4 The problem d held on for several minutes then put the phone down.
The following verbs are organized by their particle. You will find more about the
rneanlngs of the particles in the Guide to the Particles at the back of the dictionary. aft a early so you miss the traffic on the motorway.
b the bus at the next stop if you want the city centre.
Deporting:
1 Get off c on holiday by yourself if you really want to relax.
2 Go off d and play in the garden -you need some fresh air.
3 Run off
4 Set off

UP Proup c
Match the item on the left with the item on the right.
Put the correct verb into.t.he- gaps below.
In . 4"-
(i) increasing or irnpru~ing: let in

Many people grow up so fast and soon leave home. Entering or arriving: break in check in come in
Students bring up their children to be well-mannered.
Peter, cheer up when their university exams are over 1 in When you somewhereyou enter a place, often
Children hurry up or we will miss the train.
r in somewhere familiar such as your home or when a friend

3 invites you to their house.
somebody in
cornpEding orfinishing: When you ,you register at a hotel or an airport d e k
4 in
Add up the phone-you've been talking for ages. When you you open the door and allow them
Hang up but
Give up early if you want to get to work on time. Leaving: to come in.
Wake up your expenses and give them to my secretaw.
If someone ,they enter a building illegally.
chocolate if you want to get fit.
NB Brtlak into 8nd check into mean thz same m b& In and
check in but they must tsefollowed by an object.
Down
-.- - -. . . ., , , -& ? - -
Put the correct..ver.b into the gaps below.
tun - -.. let break come fall get
(1 f
break

1 Some medical treatments can makeyour hair out.

1 down When your car ,it no longer w o k . 2 As l was out of the car, I fell wer.
2 somebody Ifsomebody
.they don't do something 3 4everal prisoners have out of jail.
down
that you were relying on them to do and you may 4 Aswe out of the hotel we saw the beach right in front of us.
3
feel disappointed. Gmup D -&with an adverb and a pmposirion
(ii)
down If you an invitation, yau don't accept it. Uw the verbs to fill the gaps in the sentences below. ---

?.- . . . , - , -I . - -.- -..... * .-" .-.-- -..,,..* - r , , - + -,-w-7--.-,-

: bend keep lie put sit idok forward to get on with hangon to run out of put up with

1 Every day, at 8pm, we all down to have dinner together. 1 You shou!d your baggageat the airport in case it gets stolen.

2 Ifyou don't want him to see you, you'd better your head down. 2 I've been really meetlngyour family.

3 That bag looks heavy! You can it down over there. 3 Oh no, we've milk again - will you go to the shop and get some?

4 The coach made us down and touch our toes. It was quite difficult. 4 1 don't know how you his temper - you must be wry patient.
down on the bed. Wake me up if I fall asleep.
5 I'm so tired - I'm goingto 5 1 my father very well - we always have a 'laugh together.

$3Oxford Unlverslty Press

Meaning Croups Dpposites

The following verbs are organized into meaninggroups because certain verbs are The following verbs are organized into pairswith their opposites. Match the phrase
typically used in particular situations. on the right with the phrase on the left.

Grwp 1 1 If we set off early a and put a T-shirt on.
2 You must stand up when the b -get up and do something.
Daily Routine c we'll get back before dark.
Put the following phrasal verbs in the gaps in the text below. Remember to use the teacher arrives d -I'll get urrneone to pick it up and move
right tense. 3 Put the box down in the corner
4 You've been lying down all day it later.
wake up get off look after phone up set 0 e sth on 5 1 decided to carry on with tennis e -you can sit down when she has said hello.
catch up get to come from meet up get b 6 If you're too hot, take your f and give up volleyball. It was too much to

jumper off do both.

at about 7a.m.,showered and had breakfast. Then, when Multi-MeaningVerbs

the bus and I wodd e at the stop just before the school. I usually The following verbs have more than one meaning. Complete the pairs of sentences
with one of the verbs listed below.
with my friends but often I was late SO I would have to run to
-- .
with them. We school before 9a.m.After a long catch ua give up meet up pick up take off come out fall o h

day in school I wed to home at about 4, and if my mother was at

my little sistsr. Most evenings I would k I If youwant to you will have to run.
You will tlave to work hard to with the other students.
best fiend and we would chat for ages. I was very happy then.

kp2 2 That shampoo made my hair in handfuls.
I hateto havearguments and with my friends.

Business 3 My little daughter always her clothes by herself.
When the plane we will beable to we the fields
The following is a speech by a Marketing Director to some managers. below.

Put the sentences from the speech into the CorreEt order.
. . . ..
-- . , - " , . - . -, --

Good morning. I'm going to smokingin the New Year.
1 don't think the rebelswill their fight easily.
a Then, when our k~nancearector ala tne agures, ne aeclaea rnrn n aaoeo up

to too great an investment fas us at this stage, 5 Ifshe waits by the station, I'll (her) in my car.
The a t was x, light , I could (it) with one hand.
b We were hoping that our me1eting wouldI lead to a p so that we 1:oo

had access to these markets 6 The mark on my skirt wouldn't even when I washed it.
We know that the stars at night but we can't always see
c First od all, I'm scrrry this memeting had to be put off until today but I was away them.

in Germany last vveek.

d l began my visit cliscussingthis and dealing with the negotiationsfor a

possrhle contract. bd 7 Do you want to for dinner after work?

e However, my visit was not a success - 1 importsn t meeting: I'm so surprisd to with you here- I haven't seen

off so I had no opportunity to speak to the Chief Elrecutive. you for ages.

.f I also gave out some leaflets to- serilur -.ma.r-r-a- --u--erra-. .w.rAl:l:c-rLl uA-t-.-s-EtLir- ~urmuur uruu~~cts. R i i iprpKtice

g I would, however, like to poirlt out to yo1u all that w? will be d siting other You will find more meaninggroups on the Are you a Natural Born Student, Sport,
Computers, Environmental Problems, Phrasal Verbs in Newspapers, and Phrasal
wmp:mies in Europe next YE!ar and hope this will ble more suecessful. Verbs in Business study mges.

h Now, :3s you knotv, the c o w)any I visited deals in s:tationerys!~pp'liesand

I sells their products all over Europe.
Thank

Q Oxlord University Press

-_ 1*11........ I83 ....... ...*m..........t..~.....l....t....h

Exercise 1 'marvel at sth to be very surprkdor impressed 'measure sksth&ourselfagainst sbsth to
by sblsth:E u q m n e nurmlled at his caumge. o compare ~Wsthlyoulself with somebdy or
These are all verbs that you have studied in the last four pages. Choose the best
phrasal verb to fill the gaps in the sentences below. Masslmo marvelhi at how quickly he had got something else:ThequaIi@of the water is mas-

us& to life in Britain. nrerlagainril EWsfandards.o Wahaw nothing@.

r I would love to lx able to F33 wonder at sth measure our p?$ormance agninst. o She always

my children in the country. QV + P ~ ~ P mws~tredhemIf against h?s~isters. o 1hnrl no
one to m u r e m y s e i f against.
a grow up b bring up c get up d wake up masqueradeI,m=ka're~d:B r E a h
Q v+ dpmn +prep

2 I warned them to ,othemise they would hit their heads. .mn:sk-l ,measure 5th 'off to mark out a partlcuhr

a put down b let down c bend down d lie down masqum'mde as b t h to pretend to be sth length on sth such as a piece of cloth:She maas
umd o r tw mtresof cloth
3 The two boys to the building easily h o u s e there w a s no that you are not: mmmercial aduerfisrm mas- Q v+adv*n r v+pmn+adv v+n+adv{kss
querading as privale mdiuirlmlso The h l
Jwmt)
security. epaper isfull of gossrp~ u e m d i n g arasew
,measure sth "t to measure the quantity of
a came in b broke in c put in d checked in *v prep sth that you need ftom a largeramount:H e w -

-of the porty it was x, hot in there. ured out the &rentsfor thecake.

4 She was relieved to 'match shrsth agalnstlwlth sb/sthto make (gv*adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+sdv(lesP
mwnQ
a run out b coma out c get out 6 breok out sWsth wmpete with anothcr person or thing:
Jobson will b e m t c h d agarnslnfarmore ~ w i ,-measure 'up (to sblsth) (Worn0 to be of a
5 He will leaving the door open - it drives me mad! enced pbpr o Match your skill against rhe good enough standard:7% new assistant dtdnY
measure up (= he was not good enough to do the
a hold on b go on c keep on d carry on experfsin our weeklyquiz.
W match sblsth against sWsth is often used job), so we had lo rep& him o The p&um
don't m u r e up to todny'ssmndards.
6 We were so lute, the $one nearly without us! in the passive.
EE)match up (tesblsth)
a went off b set off c took off d got off +v+nfpron+m
DVlMeasure up is often used In negative wn-
7 He her difficult behmiour wen lhough it made him angry. match nth agalnst sth to mmpare sth to sth tences and questions.
else te see how the two things am s~milaror dif-
a got on with b put up with c Imkd forward to d hung an to A .v T,e-UAv.
fcrent: We areable lo mulch the &toils hegaue rrs
against the iqformatianheldon thecomputer ,measurn 'up(Wr mth)o,measu7e sbldh 'up

8 I h going to ask you to the because you know the 6 v+ nlpron+prep (for 8th) (especiallyBrEJ to find the exact she o€
5th or ofsththat YOU need blr measuring:W e M
,,,Mcb .(wm to be the sameor similar:
to measure up and deride uherethefirnitm mn
backaround to it. Do their nnm match up with any in our dua-
'-? The two s2amb up w. -urn UP Ithe rwm)lbr
a deal with b point out c deal in d lead to go. 0 They've

tall" IwRh sth)2Ito s b ( s t h ) I a ~ i a l ~ v S r E ) ~ u s ~!?k.wWmwt' He Lvrss beiwmeasuradupfor a

9 Give me your blouse and I'll see if the stain will all;& in negutiueseniemjto be g a d asor
a full out b come out c get out d go out equal to sblst?~Tha mure didn't m t c h up to my

e x m a t i o n s . o Ha knows what he mi3 and I

just don'tmlch up BE9 measursup (toublsth) ,meet 'up.f (with ab)to meet abby arrangement:

Which meaning? @v+adv

Exerrise 2 p a t c h sb/sth 'up(wlth swsth)to finddim or We're meeting up with Gwy uftm work, if you
want i%com~e, o Whereshall w meet up? 2 (with
List the following verbs under the meaningof their particle. people that are suitablefor eachotheror fit well sb).to meet sb by c h m :I! was Z&y we mel up
witheach 0 t h T~heogencymtchedm wp with
(i)growup add up hang up bring up giveup cheer up shut up o suitablejoh o They were unablelomatch up his with them. 0 1 eqm3 we'll meet up uguln some
tima. 3 (wlth ah)(of two or more roads,rivers,
wake up hurry up tissue iype with any of thepossibledonors. etc.)to join up: The twogrrths meel upjustkhw
Match sWsth (with sblsth) can be USA
rhemmmlt. o ThismadeueniuaI!ymtsup with
with the same meaning.
the.440 E E l Jolnup
increasing or impraving mpleh'ng ar finishing ++v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
r *adv
etch sbtsth wtth sblsth = MATCH SB~STH 'rneel wlth sb to hme a meeting with sb: The

Prime MzniHer met with other European kmkrs

(ii)sit dwm l e d~own lFe down put dom turn down keep down ,max 'out , m a 8th 'outW ,slang)to reach . ,.',Ihrsmornmg. ,to -rience sth
break down bend down ilie limit at which noth~ngmorek.possible: The
AV l, r' n r a n

Atb rth-0
unpleasant: The EAwwims
mr maxedwt at rmmph' 'IJMm M e d o r r rdwent wiSh an
credit card. save
'foiling movement +v+adv r v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv 2 to on his way fo the mutt o Our oMempls lo
her met wrFhfuilm.EZEI
be received or treated by an accldmt,

sb in a particular

...................................... ......................................

0 Oxlord UniwrsltyPress .

meet wlth 1€

way: The gmpmI met with ronsiderrrble opms- +M2 ~lhBLEND IN;BL5ND INTO STH 'up;,messsth 'up(iqf0rmnf)tospoilsth:
ition.4My explamlion mal with a blank stare.
4 v+adv + v+prep rn -to do sth wry badly: I was so nervow I totally ,mill a'round;,mill a'round $Nth1BrEal.w
opplUon, appmval,hoatlllty,reslstence m e w Inemtha 'baekgmund10f a person)to messed up at the rnlerui@uro She messe$ up 011 .mffl a'bout. ,mill e'boul sblsth) rf a largegroup
of people mill around,or mill amund a place,
E53ll Meet with sth ~srnalnly used In written bchave quietly when you are with a group of our a r m m n t s Ly arriving In&, 4 You've
they move around without golng anywhere in
English. people so that they do not notice you raally m m d t h i w s upfor me.
particular,.oftenwhile waitingfor sth to h a m :
0 V+PWP mess/mes/ fwl up,foul sth up;lcm up, sill Photographers mrlled around outside the hotel.
'meet8th with 8thtm react to 9thin a particular mittrigfor the prince lo appear o h p l e m i r d
UP about the m m , shuking handsand chattmg.
way, especially a bad or negative way: Thepm ,me- a'bout(BrE) =MESS AROUND
posal was met with angerand ddismqv. ,mess a'boul wlth sb a r m = MESS AROUND Q v + & + v+adv+n + u+nlpron+adv &v+achr + v+prep

Meet 6th 4 t h sth is usually used in the WITH SB pess sb 'up (imfomr) I to spoil sb's Ire; to
make sb suffer emotlonally or mentally: Hispar-
+passive ,mess a'bod wlth nth (BrEj = MESS AROUND
v + nlpmn+prep enis m l l y messed him wp o He came h c k into
WlTH STH
her !re and mswdher up again. 2 (AmE,spoken) mindfmamd/
tophysicauy hurtsb, especially by hittingthem
,mesa sb a'boutla'mund(BrE, i n f i m f ) to ,mind 'out(Bra1used to warn sbto be wefuk
SEW sb up
,mellow 'out(iwtmal,espeFiollyAmE3to relax treat sb badly, making them waste time, chan- @v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n Mrnd out? You rtmrly M k e d me off my bike! o
ging your mind a lot, etc: Theym m d us ui-ound
and do very little: Wecwld~usspu5onsommusfc b ,messed 'up ad. ( l n f o m l ) c o n f u d and I'uegotyoufih ondchips.Mindolrlforthe bones!
and mellow out. so much, I wrote to complain, oJdon"tlike being upwt,especially becauseof sth bad thathashap lE9 wakh WI 2 ( i f l o m l ) used to tell sb to
pened to you in the past: He's jlLsd SI messed-up move sothat youor sbelse canpass:MindoutJae
E9chlll out messed about. kid. -you're an theway!
p e s s sth 'up to make 6th untidy or dirty: She @ v + &
6 v+adv )81.) muck sb abwuamund(Brh')

,mellow sb 'out (inramat,e s p ~ ~ i n lAl ymEj to Q v+ nlpron+adv
make sb more relaxed: A w e k on t h h a h
should m l h w himout. ,me- a'mund (BrE a h ,- a'bout) (Irpfor- w m in, msm the p h up and then goes out

+v+n/pron+adv. v+adv+n man I (withsblsth)to spendtime and enjoyyour- again. o T kwrnd bgoing lo mess my hair
self doing 9th withnopartitxdarpurpwe: Wejust
messed around at horneulEdoy o Children love lo SEK) muck sth up( i n f o r m l ) 'minister to lblsth .(oId;Fashlo?xdf,o r m 0 to
care for sb;to make sure that sWsth has every-
@ v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
messabout in uroier 2 (wM sblrth) to behave m a thing newssary: Shefelt it was her m i o n 60
melt /melt/ s d y way,especially when you should beworking Jlhess whh sb (injarmal)(usuully u d in nsga- minister lo the sick. o Servants mintstered lo his
l i v e s e n ? ~ mI )to door say sththatmightannoy needs.
,met4 a'way; ,meM sth a'way to disappear or doing sth eIse: He got told ofl for mi* a particular p e m n , as they may react in a viw
lent or dangerous way: I mukln't mess with BZl n o d s ,the skk
gradually; to make sth disappear gradually: His around in clnss. o She messed a b u t all yenr and FrankifIwereyou.2 to haveor try tohaveasex- Minister to sWsth canbe usedinthepas-
onger mlted away o The croud drspersedrsmedIC- fail& her mm o Siop messing around with Jo uslrelationship withsb
SWP H e w ~ M m t b e m i n i S l e m d t o b y s t r a ~ .
ing away into the sin%stmeis.o His srniie melted and get on wish the work. o 'They frred that - * S ~ ~ U ~ M E ASRSOUND WlTH SB
Q u*vrev
awayall thetension. guickly!' 'Ymh, they don't maround. ' (= they ev +prep
do thingsquickly) 3 to joke, to say silly things:
+v+adv v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu llhess d h 8th (iMormal,esperiallyA@ 1 to
J'm mi w i n g abOu1, it's t m ! EE)kM around
,meR sth 'downto heat 5thuntil it is in a liquid use or treat sth carelessly causing damage: 'mlnor In sth (AmEj to study anothersubject as
state, usually sothat it canbe made into sthelse: IfnformaO
AIuminIum cans mn be melted down and muck abouUamund(BrE) Who's been w i n gwith theonswrmg machine? well as your main subject at a university or ml-
recycled.
3 S W 0 h MESS AROUND WITH STH a Rmdthe l o b e l m ~ u l l&y foreyou slartmessing lege: He minored in A n Histor~r
geld,a h r ,o k +v+adv
tuith dangerous products. 2 to get involved with Q V+VP
&v+nlpmn+adu r v+adv+n ,mess sb a'rwmd (Brm = MESS SB sth dangerous: How bng has he been Rlesslng
miss/mu/
b 'mendown n [C] a serious accident in ABOUT/AROUND with d r u ~ s E? Jdrugs

which the central part of a structure that pro- ,messa'roundwith sb (BfEalSD,- a'bout + s @ @ a l S O ~ eAsRsOUND NTH s r ~ ,miss ' o d(on ath)to lcm an opportunity to bene-
duces nuclear energy melts,causing h d wlth rb) (informal) to have a sexualrelationsh~p
rays to escape:A meltdawn at the m r had withsb 4 v + prep fit Mrn sthor enjoy yourself,by not doing 8th or

onh jusl h e n arrvoidtd. o Mgurative) The mlt- + v + a d v + p p taking part in an activity: I fell I missed out
bearuseI didn't go tocollege.o She mksed out on
down on Wall Street caused chaos in markets ,messa'mundwHh sth(BrEa h ,mesaa'bout
worldwide. \mete sth 'out (to mb) (formal) to give sb a pun- the school Pip,o He just m a out on a gold
wlth sth)(iqfotmaI) Ito keep touching or mov-
'melt Into sth to graduaUy become of sth Ingsthinanannoylng way:Smpmmingaround lahment. etc: Wtmbshould ~t me& out p h p rrredal in tAe last Olympics(= he wasjust beaten).
and d l f f i d t to see: I tried hard lo meit into the with the video!o Don't mess around with your Ira! punhhment to children. o Severe pnaliies o Thereare lotsof thingshappening during Cor-

background. food like thnt ' 2to get involved in sth that you do Itreremeted out lo theoflendem. nivul,soh ' t miss out on thefun!

&v+P~~P not know much about orunderstand: Whoknows R l l punishment, trealment,~ustke @v+adv

merge/ma:&; A m E m 3 ~ 3 ~ what might h a p n if we mess around with Mete 9th oat is usually used in the passive. ,miss sbMh 'out (BrQ to not include sbMh
nature?3 toget involved with sthdangerous:He either deliberately or by accident: HavsImCFsed
,merge'In(wIth sth),,merge'Intosth if some started messinEaround wrth drugs when he was v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+&(mm)
thingmerges in (with sth)ormergesinto sth+it just0 kid.
anybody ouf'JoYou've missed oui ihe most
is so similar to the second thing that you cannot F53 muckaboutlaroundwlth sth (Brm
really see the dwerences bebetween them or where Important piece of infomiion! (= you haven't
one ends and the other begins: The new mllege Mess abouvaround with sth can be used
in the passive m meanlngs 1and 2: Thispackagt ,mllltate a'galnst Stb(S0rmaDtopreventsth:to mentioned it) o Shemissed out afew chaplers in
buildrng does not mwe in wrth the old bulldings has h e n messedaroundwith. IIII~~P~tdifficult for sth to happen: Lackoffunds
themiddle.
around it. o A u t m n Is merging Into winter o + s w c I ~ Q M K S S AROUND rrtrl#mtedagarnst h e s i m m q f thecampaign
Saturday and Sunday seemerl lo merge inlo each Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+srhr+n
Q v+adv+prep
@ v+vrep

other:

- _..............................~ 187 .rnwe ahead d.---.

mist /mrst/ peopleor things: M y bag got mixed up with some. on a Frmch chnrsnuoHe modolM ihe main mOpe/maup:AmEmwp/
,mope a,muml: ,mope
,mh?A 'aver 1 if a s s mists over, it b m m e s bodyeh'sat theairport. oPeople whoare m[ow- cham*eron hisfriend. o He still modek hinwCf sth (BrEnb
covered wlth very small drops of water so that blindusuallygelred rrndgmn m W up o..n. -..*.
you cannot see through it: As m n as I $ & p H mow *'bout,,mopea'bout sth) to walk about a
h i d e , my gy8krssaemistadover2 ifyour eyesmist ,mix ath 'up (wlth 8th) to change the order or r.1Ul.S.
wer,they fill with tears: Hiseyes misted over arrangement of things in a confused or untidy
Mist 18aften used withthese meanings. way: I'd sorM ihosep a w our and now you've Modelswsth olllaPterBWs,, oaen used place in an unhappy way,with no particular pur-
mixed them all up a~rrino M y letters h u e all
Qu+adw been mixed up wishyours. iGnrethekepimteshipT. he ship mnklled a pose: He's h m n p i n g oboutafldajl o Youspend
)91H) muddk 5th up (with ahE(espscialIy3rE) tmmuch tinremoping amund thehouse.
,mist 'up;,mist8th 'upto cwersth suchasglass Mix 6th up ~soften used in the passive +v +nlpron+prep
with be or get: The clean clotResgoi ail mixed up @v+adv + v+prep
w~thsmalldroposf watersothat youcannotsee with the dirly ones.
through it: The rwide of themr tuasbeginning to v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n monkeyr-ku
mist up. o The windows were misted up. b 'mlx-up n a mistake that causes confusion; a
lauH,fog up;ateam up,atearn sth up situation that is M l of ronfusion: There u w a ,monkey a'boutra'mund(with 8th) i m r - ,mount 'UP(to s*) to increasegradually in size
mir-upover the tick& or quantity: The mmmrk soon mounts UP ff
Mist and mist sth are also used with this t ,maned-'upadj untidy; in a state of confusion: to behave in a silly touch change
m~aning. She pmsenled me wilh a mixed-up stuck offilm w udon't deal with it i m d h t e l y . o My debts
andaskdmetoputtheminordm:o~~papers sth in a way: Thgrwere monkeying
Qv+actv v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n wre all mixed-up. hawmount& up up iouera thousand dollars.
aromin class, oHe's monkw about
mistake/m'stelk/Frnllbwk/m'stuk/rnlu +Sl?I?akOMIXED-UP at MlX SB UP,BElGET MIXED Qv+adu
original words of thesong.
taken /m~'ste~km/) UP mouth/ m a z ~ ~ /
mesa around. moss amund 4 t h sth
mi'stake sbMh for s b t h to think wrongly be!get,mlxed'up In sihtobemecomeinvoived
that sWsth is sWsth else: I rnistmk himfor hhis In sthdangerous or illegal: He m u M never h u e d)v+adv
brother o The t w wuld w i l y be mlstukmfor a got m h t d up in anything criminal. o How did
realgun. moochjmuG/ ,mouth 'off (atlabout s b l W ( W o r m 0 (often

@ v * nlpmn+prep ,m-h bouhhround; ,mooch used in i h e p r o g = ~ ~ to give your opin-
ion about sWsthloudly; to complain loudly about
(informal,esmhIbBrE)la spend
time doing nothing in particular: We went into sblstshh: oIumIudEd h wwrohni,m mShoeuwthalnsgmofufdabRoultwhow
town and mooched uboul for a while. o They
spendon b u r mooching around theshops. nllrheotherdriuerso

Qv+adv + u+prep +v+adv

yougetm~dupinailthrs? moon/ m u - I - about

9betget * v +a&+ prep ,mwna l b & a ' r o u n d : ,moona ' b o ~ m u n d -am
5th (BrE,~nformalt)o spend time doing nothing -ahead
,mix sth 'In (wfth sthj, ,mix sth 'into sth to berget ,rnlxed 'up wlth sb to bemecome m particular, often because you are feeling -ahead of 189 -In
combine one substance with others, especially fr~endlywith or involved with sb dangerous or unhappy: He mwned around &streets, hoping lo 185 -along
in cooklng:Mix the eggs in slowly. o M m a little -apart --in m e t
dishonest: I'II never understand houl she got =Anna. -around ~nwith
cream intothesauce. mured up with Phil. o He was mixed up with the +v*adv+v+prep -mto
-aside -off
BE) blend8th In;stlr sth In,dlr sth lntosth svrongcmwdfwa while. 'mmn over sb ( i r l f o r ~ rt)o spend your time
@ belgst+ v+adv +prep dreamily thinking about sb that yau Iove: He -away -on
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+prep spends most of his timemooning overHelen. -awayfrun
-back -out
,mix sh 'up: bWgat ,mixed 'up to make sb 'mix It with sb(BrX,lqrktnal)l to compete with ~V+P~P -0utd
unable to thhk clearly or understand what is sb; to argue or fight with sb: He'll be mmixing it --down
happening: Now you've mixed me up mmpletely! wrth the w0rSd's bestplnym, o Hemn mix it with -mW
-- foward
I'm really mnfuwd. o H e got mked up and the beg of them. 2 to meet and spend time with -190 -past
round
caught the wrong tmfn. people in a friendly way:She hues m ~ frtwwith -towards
I91 -up
lE3 muddlesb up(irforml,mpxirrllyBrE), the rich andfamous.

confuse sb ( m o m J o r m a ~ ev+1t+prep ,mop 'up:,mop sth 'up1to clean up liquid or ,move s'bout; ,move a'bout aih ( e s ~ i a l l y

W Mlx sb up 1s ofIenused in the p a b e with remove liquid Rpm somewhere, using 8th that BrE) =MOVE AROUND,MOVE AROUND STH

be orget I Ihinkyou'regeitingrnixedup. mocklm~kl absorbs it: Iaiwuys hnve fomop up afterhe's had ,move s b ~ t ha ' h t (especiallyBrEj = MOVE
6 v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n lbefget+v+adv ashower:o Canyoumopupshe waieronthebath- SBlSTH AROUND
,mock 8th 'up to produce a copy of sth that k mom flmr?o She mop@ w the saw with a
b ,mhred-'upadj (WormaO wnfused becaw of gain$ to be made, SQ that it a n be tested or ,mow a'cross;,move a'cross 8th t o mow
socialor emotional problems;She'sa vaymiwd- people cansee what it WIUbe like: We mocked up pime of b&. o Mopping-up opemiions haw fromonesideof 9th to the other:Hemowdacross
begun offerthe$hds. 2 to use up all of sth: The rothe window andlmkedout.
up kid. #hefrontpage losee how 11 w u l d l m k .
new ~ ' m u r yshould mop up the pool of swplus EEI mom
+s e e a h MIXED-UP at MIX STH UP (WITH STH) e v + a d v * n r v+dpmn+&
labour 3 to take control of sth: The company @v+adv + v+prep
,mix sbtsth 'up (with sWsth) to think wrongly b 'mock-upn a mpy of sth that ts: produced to
that sWsth is s b t h eEse: to be unable to distin. stnrled mopptng upsmlIerfirm. ,move a'headto advance or develop, often after
guish between two or more people or thlngs: show people what it will be like,or to test it: a v+acfv+n 4 v+pron+adv * v+n+adv there has been a delay: The project i s moving
You'remixing me up with my brother:o Th@hos mock-up of the mf day 'sfrontpage +v+&. aheudugainnom
proceed(moreformtrl)
pita1 was muwd of mixing up the trabh'mm modelp m a d l ; m mmw(-IT-,~E-I.) Ihsfregmt)
+v+adu
tags. ,mop sbtsth ' u p t o getrid of thelast few people
IEE) rnuddlm8bMh up (withaMsth)( e s ~ ~ ~ 5 ~'ml loydel s b m t h ~ u r s a H on s b t h ( a h who continue to opposeyou: to finish tasks that ,move a'head of sbtsth to move faster than
sblsth; to develop morequicWy than sWsth e k
Brm 'model sbEsthlyoumeH upon sWsth mom for- remam: The army mopped up sosome isolakd 'Speed up!' he SUM, mourng ahead of he^ o Our
ma0 (AmEaLw ' m d e l sblath atter sblsth)to foreign wmpetimrsam movingahwd of w.
+v+nlpmn+adw r v+adv+n w k e t s of resisfunce.o Them are afew things to
)SIR) overtakesblsth
~gstAand&rnlxsdup;getAmbmdupwHh makeor createsth that looks or behaves like sth W P UP w r e ga
B to think wronglythat sblsth issblsthelse;to be else; to take sb, esptcially sb you l i i , as an
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v + n + a d v ( h

unable to distinguish between two or more example and copy them: Theh o w m w &elled fres~mt)

,movea'long;,move a'long sthto go forward: place or m i t i o n and put it in mther Move an earlier date or time than was planned My enis were young o The debt.? d m not seem M
o w t i o n has besR moved forward lam w k s . haw m o d on much. o k h i o n s we moving on
Thewnvoy of aars was mourng slowly along the awayJhm the w i d w in m w anyonesewyou. o ail the lime.3(tosth)to start doingor discussing
EE)mow back,
rwd. Cunyou moue thesdssom w a yfrom the &by? sth back
mrod
@\(+a& + v+nlp~on+adv+ v+adv+n @ v+ adv + v +nlpron+ adv sthnew:l ~uanttomwondomynextpoinwt uc o
Qv+adv + v+pmp ,move a'way from sth to stopdoing, following
,move 'In1(on sblsth) ta move towards sblsth, When her mnhncl here runs out in April, T e r n
,move a'longron; ,move sb a'longfon to or b l i w l n g sth: The party seem m ix mrrurng
especiallyin a threatenlngwax orto m a h a d m - wrll move on. o She m o d on to &corn senior
leavea particularplace orgoto a new position; to owayfrum itsoriginn1arms. gerous s~tuatiocnalm:Im o d in c h a n d stuck editorof a magazine. EBD pass on (tosth)

make sbdothis:Mouealongnow. You'reb h k i n g & v + a & + m lhegun in his back. o Thepolice mud in to mn- @v+adv
trol the trod.ISEX)close- in (on sbisth) 2 to ,mwe 'on;,move sb 'on = MOVE AWNGIO
the entrance. o The police nrriued to moue the ,mow 'back: ,mow sm 'back 1to go, or to arrive and begln work,especially when people MOVE 58 ALONGION EVWfiW i h v
demltslralorsaIon~. ihEY
move skh, to a new psrtion at a distance away
+v+adu v+?dpron+adv from the h n t or behiid sblsth: He moved baEk a don't really want you there: The develomrs got mouedon by thepol&?.

,move a'long: ,move sth allow if a project. Jaw a p s . o She moved her chair back Jrom the moved in and built a housing estule in the ,mow 'out, ,mow 'out of s t h to leave your
grouna!softheold house.3(on sth)to begin totry home and go to live somewhere else: The Iwtger
etc. m w e s along,or ifsb mows It dong,it w n - fire, mow fornard,mow Mf o m r d 2 to to have control of or respons~bilityfur a com- moud out yesterday o He wants to mow out of

tinues to make ~ w pdrogress:Cnn you move the ga, or tomove sth,to theplaceorp~srtionit was pany, a project, e t ~ T: h g are moving in on London.o They 'ue m t l y moved out of thecity

sfaryalong a bit laster7 Whnt hnppened in the in before: HB eym moved back to her face. o It anolherdmgs mmplrnjr andgorre lo liue in thecounbry.

end? I w R a long time to moue IheJurnitsre brick q#er ev+adv r n m In,move Into ath

+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv t h e m y BE) return(ath) (to8th) 3if a n went ,move 'In: ,mow 'Fnto sth to go toa new house Qv+adw + v+a&+prep

,mom a'part if two or more things or people mwesback, or sbmoves it back+it takes place and begin to live then?: How soon canyou mow ,mow sb oout,,mwesb ' o u t of sth I tomake
mow apart, they become separated by a d ~ s - at a later date o r time than was first planned: in7 o Whenoreyou moving intoyournewjlnt?
tance: They quickly moved awnwhen 111ked sh leavea place, especiallytheir home: TheIand-
in. o (figuratiw)The tluo sides in the dispute am +They'w m o d bock the dobof the wedding
w i n gfurtherandfui7Rerupnrl. rapp,~ 0 U t , m ~ v e w t a f ~ t h lord is moving the tmnnis out. o The e??zergm
s e e a h PW STH BACK Q v+adv * v+prep servicesumrnovingpmpieout o j theirhomes.2 to
Q v*adv
a)v+adv r v+nlpmn+& + v+adv+n(less ,more 'in togethec,mwre 'In wlth sbtostart remove sb from a place: Many muntriesare m u -
Ilving with sb, especially a partner: Thqr'w Ing their troops out of the a m EE)wlthdraw
mrnt)

,mow a'round; ,mow a ' r o u n d sth { a h ,mom 'down (of a level or an amount) to decided to move in logether sb (from sth)

,move u'bouV'round,,more a ' W l w n d 8th decrease:mi.% move up nnd down amrding lo *v+a&+a& + v+adv+pr%p ~ v + n i p m + a d v+ v + a d v + n ( I e s s ~ E l e n f l +

especiallyBrE) to keep moving from one place lo demand. v+nfpron+adv+prep
ge down EEB mom up , m m'intosth 1=MOVE IN,MOVE IWO STH 2 to
another: Usethenwwetomovearoundthe~n. ,move sth 'od;,move sth 'out of sth to
o I h u e lo moue around a b t with myjob. o She @v+adv start to be involved in a new are^ of activity Or remove sth from a place, especially in order t e
business: The mmpony is hoking lo mow t n h make more space: We'll &lo mow some chrrirs
scsn~asshemv&ah7utIhe~~rn. ,move 'down; ,mow 'down d h I to move new market.. o N r teaching for ten y m he

*v+adv v + p p from a higher p i t i o n to a lower one: iIW6ched moved into publr~hirag.3 to develop or advance out hefore the pnrty to make more room. o When

,move sbMh a'round ( a h ,- wsm her mow nemusly down !he slop. BEi hhl, l a b into a new position, stage, etc: Theproject Isnow can you moue your hlongings out of my amrt-
a'bwtlroudmpwialIy B r m tomove sWsthfrom der lB39 go up, go up sth 2 to move to a new moving into its second y e ~ r0 The m m has ment?o That able will haue lo h mowd out of
posit on to make more space for sbelse: Can you the way.
one place to another: It's notfair to keep moving move down (the bus) sa morep o p & cun get on? moved intofourthpInce afer their uiC0ry
the c h i h n aroundfrom s c h I lo xh1. o The 4 v+ntpmn+a& + v +adv +n(LmJWfmt)
chair is light andeasytomove obwt. +EL59move up,move up atn ev+prep
v+adv r v+prep v + n/pron+adv +prep
Q v + ntpron+ adv ,move sbtsth 'Into sth to take sWsth and put
themlit in a new place: We'venw& the p h n @ ,mow 'out of sth 1 to leave a particular place,
,more a'round sth ( a h,- 'reuwd s t h a p ,move 'down; ,move sb 'down (at school) to
cmlly RrKi to move in a circlearound sth that is move, or to move sb, to a lower class, grade or into the hehall,o The doctors at the hospricrl haw area or situation: We watched t k hefmouing
blocking your path:She moved mundtheiable lo m v t d my father into a m m on hk own. 4r'w out oflhaharboul:o Themun~tyismovlngoutof
open the window. level: Iwas w r r i d t h t rial I f a ~ i dthtesrlwould moved mysavings inla a diffemt h n k account. racession. 2to stopbeing: lnvolwd in a particular
haue lo moue down. o If you don't wrk harder
E 3 go around swath you'll bemoueddown (tothe class below). @ v+ nlpmn+prep activity or area of business: Many pwple have
0 v+ Prep
,moma ' s i d e t o movetoone side,usuallytoallow EEB move up,move nb up ,mow 'off (espxially BrE) (especially of a heenfond mmow out offarming.
Q v+ adv + v+nlpmn+adv vehicle) to start a journey; to begin ta move: Q v + adv +prep
sborsth topass:Imouedns&to~th a r g o p s r
Q v+adv ,mow sbmth 'down:,mow sbmth ' d m Check inyour mirrors b-$oreyou movsofl ,move 'wer I (to sblstA) to go towardssblsth: He
sth to move sblsth from a higher position to a
, m m s W h a'side to put sblsth to one side Iou,er one: Move the box- downfrom the top of Q v+adv m o d over to her 2 (tosth)(especiallyB r a to
away from the centre of a place, usually to make the wardsobe.
roomfor sblsthelse: Wemued the hbles asWe so gv+nlpron+adv * v+nlpmn+pmp ,mwe 'offsth ,moms M h 'offsthtoleave begin to do sth m a different way or with differ-
the place whereJ ~ P Uare; to remove sblsth Worna ent pwple; to change the system you are using
+thnl WemuIddance. ,move Tornard, ,move sth 'folwed1to go, particular place: F a r m are mpldly moviw fl I'm an interpreteK bul I'd like to moue owr lo
v+ nlpmn+adv or to make sth go, to a place or position that Is m mnslaiion work.o We've Just moved over to a
front: ThemrBegnnbomweforwmlsbowCv.EZB! the land. o Can you moue your cur off the wue- new computing system 3 to move to one side,
,move a'wayto leave the place whereyou liveto mow back, move sth back 2 to develop, or to rnentpleaw?
go and live in another place: A11 h e r f r i e d have make sth develop,towards a good result: It's lime usually to make room for sblsth else: I wish she
to moue fhls proj#t forwurd. 3 to move, or to +v+prep * v+nlpmn+ptqi cor infront would move over and Set me overtake.
+mouedowayfrom thearea. makesthmwe,towards thefuture: Thewmpany o Moueowr!lwonltosltdo~~Ml .o (&igurative)
v+adv must keep moving for~uard.o The smv then ,move 'on 1to continue yourjourney after s t o p
mouesformrd lo 1%. 4 if an event moves for-
,move a'way (kom r M ) ,,move sth a'way ward,or sb mows it forward, ~ttakes place at ping for a short while; to leave the place where Older mammshould move owr lo make m m
Jbryoungerp?opk. +see aka MOVE UP2
(from sblsth) to leave the place or pos~tionyou you are and go to a new place: &kafew mln-
are in and go to another: to take sth from one uies, the bus move$ on again. o The w l i m told e)v+adv
them lo moue on and go home! o Wen I looked
,move 'bver8th:,move abMh 'over sth 1to
round,I m l u e d m r y o n e else had movadon. 2 d forward slowly across a surfaw; to make sth
ideas, bel~efs,etc. move on, they change and
develop: Thingshave mowd on a Iol since mypar- do this, The lank adupls to the ground it is mu-



nestIspnesu note/narrt,~m~norrt/

,neff *ofi ( k m t n g O M - f a s h m ,BrE, dung) ,nestle'up(tosWslh)to makeywrself warm and ,note 8th 'down to write sth down so that you
comfortableby mwing closetosb: Jamie MZed will remember it: The c W nolad down ewry
used by somepwple to tell sb ruddy to go away up lo his mother on the mfl. wordshewid.
and stopannoying than: Just fland leave
me alone! +v+adv E53 takesthdm:wdbathddorm

+,sx*, clear oW(wpciallyBrEj nibblelmb11 Qvfadv+n *v+nlpmn*&v
v+adv
number/'n~mba(r)l
nagin=/ (6 'nlbble at sth Ito eat sth by taking very small
bltcs: Themouwnlbb~atf~peanuros.You'us 'number s h t h amongd h ( f o m 0 t o i n c l u d e
sblsth ina particular group'I n u m h r her among
'nagat sb 1to keep complainingtosbabouttheir only nibhled at your I u h . 2 to show a sllght my closest friends, o He is numtlbered among the
mrld'slop experts.
behaviour;to keep asking sb to do sth:He keeps interest in sth:Sewmlmmpanieshawnibbledat
+FEE)count sblsth amongsth
~ g g i n agt me toget more exerck. 2 20 worry or +ouroffer v+ nlpmn+prep
irritate youmntinuously:Thesurrpicwnthut she v+ prep
nuzzlernnzl,
was iyingmntinued so nngai me. ,nibble a'way at sth I e l l y Bra to grad-
,nunla 'up agalnsMo sMth to press your
QY+P~~P ually reduce or use up the total amount of sth: head,face,etc. againstsblsthto showaflmtionor
kcep warm,etc: H erruzzfedup to his mother wlfh
i@ation beganionibbieowoy at ihetrsovfngs. a happy sigh.

Q v+adv+prep Qv+adu+pmp

,nailsb 'down(tosth)tofomsbto state exactly

what they think, what they intend to do,etc: He

says he'll come, but I wn't nuil him down to a ,nipsth 'OPf to removea part of sth by squeezing
it with your Angers,cutting it qulckly with scis-
date.
sors, etc: She nipped off thedead leaves.
F33 ph sb dorm (to sth)
m Ellfsthoff
+v+ru'pmn+adv + v+adv+n
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,nail ath 'down1to fasten 8th down with nails:

Sfteeof him to m i l ~ ~ ~ r ~ d2 t oo o n .

know or understand exactly what sth is: Some- nod/ n ~ d : ~ m E n a(da/d-)

thtngseenrsamngehexe,butlcun'tnail iddown. ,nod 'off (it$ormoO to fd asleep: She mmbM o g
3 to reach an agreement or a decision,usually infront of thelalevision.

after a Iot of discussion: Thy mai-mgd lo nuil +,sr*, doze off (moreformal)
v+adv
down an ugreement with the m a q e m e n t . EZEI

agreemant

@ 1v+nEpmn+adv 2 v+adv+n a v+nlpmn+adv noseI-; AmEnoW
3 v + a d v + n + vf nlpmn+adv
,nail sih 'up1to attach sth to a wall. a post, etc. ,nose a-nd ( B E also ,nose #bout) (for m)
with nails.f nailed upa ~ t i m m y i n g : ~ p o u t I 2 (informal) to go around trying to hnd out sth
to fasten a door,a window,etc. with nails so that about sWsth, particularly when you should not
it cannoteasily be opened:He Miled up the dmr do this:I'm just nosingaboutfur clues.
ev+adv
to keep i n W e m out.

<bv+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv ,nose sb 'outIlrlformnt)to defeat sb by a small

namejneml amount,forexamplein a raceoran election:She
ruas nosed out offirstpbce ty her oki rival.

'name W h 'a&ir sbMh (AmEatso 'MW Qv+nlprm+adv+v+adv+n

sblsth 'for sWsth) to give s b t h the name of ,nosesth 'out(in-I) tod i m some infnr-
mation by searchingfor it: Thatman arn nos a
sbtsthelsethat you likeor admire,for example a news story out Unywkm,
,sv*, mnlff cth out
famlly memhr or a famous person or place: We +v+nlpron*adv v+adv+n
n a m d her dter her grandmother o The Miller
notch/ n D t r : m n a q /
+firewasw m d f i r thewnyon in which it kgan.
v+ nlpmn+prep

narrowI ' W W ; A ~ E - M I ,notch sth 'up (tqforrmt)to achieve a win or a

,narrow sth 'down(to8th)to gradually M u m high mre:He notched up en pints in rhefimt
the n u i n k of possibilities: rue mrrwusd the
five minutesof thegame.
Zkt d mndidnw down m three.
Qv+n/pmn+adv * v*a&+n + vlctory,p t n b E% W k Lth up
v+adv +n + v + nlpron+adv



excuse 2 topermadesbtaaweptsth that haslit-

,page'throughsth(AmE)toturnthepagesof a tle value or is not what they really want: Make
book, a magazine,etc. and look at them without
readfng them in detail: She pagedl through #he sumhedoesn'tpa~myouoflwtihfaulCvgmi9.
w o nhk~ngforkracsme.
,pack s h t h '#Mo = PACK SDhTH IN,PACK FEE) fob sboff (wlth 5th)
eLE@leal Mroughsth @v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
v + Prep
,pace 'out sth:,paceWhem 'out (aleo,pace SBISTH INhHTO STH ,palm ath 'offas sth (i-0 to persuade sb
'off ~ t h,,paceWthern 'off lessfrequent) to meak
ure sth by taking regular steps a c m s it: She ,pack sb 'd(to ...I ( W o m l )to send sb away that sth isbetter than itreally is, or IssthdLfTe~
especially because you do not want them with
paced out fhlengthof the mm. ent,especialIy in order to sell it: She w a t~rying
A noun must always follow out, but a PM you: She m p c k d flto barding school at the
topnlm mplesoff as origimlpaintings.
nokin comes between the verb andout. ogeof eight. o Hepnckedtk childreno r io bed.
Qv*adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv Pack sb offisoften used in the passive. ,paint sth 'out(espciallyBrE) to cover sth,such v + nlpron + adv + prep
as a mark, part of a picture, etc. by puttingpaint
@ v + nlpron + adv + v+a&+ n on top of it so that no one can we it: The murk- ,palmshlsth 'off onionto sb (irbformat)to get
tngson lheplrrnehad been h u r ~ k d lmy intadout. r ~ dof sWsth that you do not want by persuading
,pack sth 'aut(BrE)if a show, a performer. etc. &v+adu+n + v + p m + a b v v+n+adv(mre)
sb else to accept themlit: He h-ied 60 mEm his
packs out a place, they attract large numbers of paint'oversthto cwer sth with alayerof paint:
We'll how to pzint o w the ddirly ma* on the uncle flon mefir t k wholeaftemmn. o Ith~nk
,pack a'wayif 5th p k s away, it can be folded w p l e there to see itlthem: The $andpacks out wall. o I don't like the lucry the p m i l n g has shepalmed on the stolen necklamonsame unsus-
up small when you are no longer using it: The venuesallouer themuntry. o TThemouIehas
pmling old lad*
jmketpacksaurtry m t l y inlo itsawnpxket. packing out cinemasfor iueeks. e v * n l p r m + a & * m v+adv*n+prep

ev+adv +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv t u r d o u t s oF'lljustpaht ouer rt. panIPW (art)

,pack sth a'way 1to put sth into a box,cup- t ,packed 'out mij ( B E ) very fUThe fown Is W Paint aver 9th can be wed in the w~ssive: ,pan ' o d [&l?orrrmt) {of events or a situation) to
board, etc. when you are no longer us% it: We pricked out with tourists in the summetoo develop in a particular way:I don't know why
+T ~naPme Aad beenpainw mewel: rhings~nnedoutlhatmytfqvdido. Howdoyou
m c k d a m a y thepicnicthings adput them in ihe packed-out swim v * prep
car 2 Iinprml) to eat a lot of sth: S ~cQan cer- m y o u r cumrponningo.M?
,pack 'Up (BrE, Wormab if a machine, an [paint sth 'up to pht sth, dmrating it in a
6nnnlypackit a m y ! engme, F ~ Cp. ack9 up, it stops working:My car's bright attractive way: Their house had &en F B turn out
p ~ n t e dup in a w i n g wbum o The bus was
BE) put sth away packed up again. Qv+&
Qv+nlpron+adv 4 v+&+n ,sv* break down;g h out +painled up urrlhadyert~menls,
&u*adv v+n/pron+adv v+adv+n
,packsb 'Intoattractlargenurnbersof pwple to
a show,a play, etc: Theplm is s t i l l m i n g In t k ,peck 'up;,pack sth 'up 1to put your posses- pair/ ~ r ) ; ~ m Y p e r / 'panderto &sth (dhppmvlng)to h-yto please
sions, equipment, etc into bags or boxes befom sb by doing or providing what they want
cmWd7. ,palr 'off;,pair sb 'off(wlth sb) to formapairor
youleaveaplace:M'stimelopkupondgohom pairs, especially in order to have a romantic although you h o w it is probablywrong to do so:
E T i the crowds now o AII our things were packed up m i i i n g lo relationship; to Wing two people together in this He panders 60 her ewg whim. o His$lma wuer
way:By illeendof hmurse,eueryonehndmired pandered topub[kM e .
Pack ab in Isnot usedin the passive. be mwed. FEU things, belongings 3 (BrE, infor- of7 o(especin1Iy BrE) They Pled to pair their
daughter o x with the mighbour's~rm. Pander to sWsth can be used in the pas-
Qv+adv+n 4 v+prm+adu + v+n*adv(m) ma0tostop dorngsth,especially ajob: Hewedto @v+adv + v*nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
SIVY Idon't ihinkchiIdmn shwM beptrrPdered ta
,pack sbfsth 'In;,pack sblsth 'Irv'intosth I smoke but hemeked up Instyaar o You'dfeelkf-
to do a lot of things, see a lot of w p l e , etc. in a ter il you packed up smokm.o When did you 6.v +prep

limited periodof trme: Shemanagedfop~~ka l o t
of srghtseeinginfufhrwduys. o Wepackedina lot

*wrerday a f t e m n . 2 to put a lot of things or

pwple lnto a Ilmited space: Somehow us m n -
p w k w y o u r job at thebookshop?i[ssJIamoklng, p a l 7 'up;,palrsb 'up(wlthsb/uh)toforma~ir panicI ' W ~ I ~(Isk-1
or p a l a (with sblsth) in order to work,play a
aged l n p k everyoneIn. WOW, lob )SYH) glV0 UP S@@ Q!QO PACK STH game,etc.together: to bring two people together 'panlcsb I n b 8th;'panlc sb Into doing slh
,sra,cram sblsth In, cram aWsth InRntosth IN 1
e v + a d v + v+adv+n + v+pron+adv r v+n+a&

Imm) forthispui-pxe: Thejobiso Ioreaskrtfyoumir to make sb do sth too qulckly h a u s e they are

v+nlpron + adv + v+adv + n + v + nlpmn +prep up with someone e h . o Writershave k e n pawed m i d . Wn't letthemprmicyouinlo~decision.

,pack sth 'In (BrE, Infbrmal) Ito give sth up, ,package sth 'up (es&al& ~ m tomm p sth up wi!hartJsrs la writewtklesonpointi~s. =Panic sb into sthlinto doing sth is often
especially a job: She's mcked in her job as a
teacher o Smoking's bad lor you. You ought io and make ~tinto a parcel so that you can send it @v+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n used In the passive: She mf& lo h mnicke$
pack rt in. o I wasso depressed IfiIt l i k e j m c k i w somewhere: She packaged up his books ond
It at2 fn.EB3 job FED chuck sth Iwup [BrQ, into muking mhpmmises.
maikd themlo him.
jack s t l ~In ( B r a , glve sth up +se@olsoIIACK UP, palI@/(-11-) Q v+nlpmn +prep
EZE) parcelith up(BE)
PACK STH UP 2 2 ,pack It 'inused to tell sb to stop +v+a&+n 4 v+nlpmn+adv ,pal a'round(wfth sb) ( A m 9 to become friends ,paper 'over 8th 1to cover 9th such as a wall
with sb and spend time with them: I used toy1
behaving badly or d o ~ n gsth that IS annoylng around with B d . w ~ t thhick paper in order to hide sth:Wepa-
+v+adv ouer thesfairason the MIL 2 to hide sthsuchasa
you: Jwfpackitinw, rllyou? ,padsth 'ovt(w1th sth)l toputsoAmaterial.into
a piece of clothing in order to change ~ tsshape: ;pat 'up(wlthsb) (BE)to be~omefiends withsb: problem,a disagmment etc.,especiallyquickly
Q I v+abv+n + r+n/pron+adv Shepadderdthemlumeout withfmm 2 to make or not very well: Thediuiswns in the party hud
Theypalled up alwllege.
Zv+it+edv sth, such as a h k , an article, a speech, etc., @v+sdv h n p ~ p r moiwrdurhg theelactionmmpni~n.
Paperoversthcan beused m the passive.
,pack 'into 8thif people pack into a place, they longerby addingunnecessary material: Ipudded palm1-1
go there in l a r g e n u m b and filt it completely: Q v+prev
All six of wmcked intot k hermy mr o More than our the arfick with fols of qrrotathions. ,palm sb 'off (with sth) (iqforrrm01to persuade mpappero u w h '-eta (In8th)totryto hide
70 Ow people packed into TmfaIgcw Spuure on Qv+adv+n v+pron+adv+ v+n+adv
New Year'sEve. sb to believe an explanation for sth that is not a problem or fault, especially in a way that is
EfQ cram Inlo sth unlikely tobesucceasful
ontrne, Ln order to stop them asking guestions or
Q v+ prep
complaining: Don't Ieb him palm you with an

parcel 198

so thal it d m not flow through a part that is ,pass 'on 4 (to h)(Brmto begin a new actnrltJt
damagedorblock& the new routethat t h e b l d discussion, etc: Let'spasr on lo the n a i ite??o~n
,parcel sth 'out to divide sth into parts or por- par,tlt$onath 'offto sewate one area, one part the agenda. a If yw mn'l answer one pllestion,
of a room, etc. from another with a wall or takes: a bposs opmtwn
tions: Theypamlled~utthelanidnlomaliplo&.
o The work waspamelled out omong t k screen: The dining area is pnrliiioned off wfih b ,parser-'by n a p r s o n who is waking past p a s s a n l o t h e m r L ~ m m o n ( t o a t h ) 2 =

+v+adv+n + v+pmn*advr v+n+adv(mre) SCmTIS. sblsth, especrally when sthunexpected happens: PASS AWAY 1

,parcelsth'up(BrE)tompsthandmakeithto Far4ltlm sth off is often us& in the pas- Severu[passem-bysIOppd to help. &v+adu
a parcel: ShepnmlIed upthe bwks ready lo send.
,srn, package5th up (@specially Amm, map SIYC. ss sbrsth 'by to h a m without afTectlng ,pass sth 'an(toab) 4 to givesth tosbeke, ewe-
k l s t h : ShrfeeLs that life isp m i n g her by (= that c~allyafler receiving or using it yourseIf: I'll
sth up &v+adv+n e v+ntprm+adv
she is not enjoying the opportunities and pleas- pass thrs b m k on toyou when I'wfinished with it.
Psrcel sth is used less often with the same
rne;rning. ures of 11fe).a The whole businesspassed him by o I?I pass ony o w news to the rest of thefarnity.
IEX) hand 8th on (to sb) 2to give sth that you
+v+adu+n + v+nlpm+sdu (= he was hardly awarethat it was happening).
have, such as a disease, a quality etc, to sb else:
.Qlv +nlprnn+adv
HIVmn b e e onfrompomt 10child o Far-
,pare ath a-hff to remow the thin outer ass sth 'dmwn(tosb) to give sthorteach 8th to entspass thewattitudpson to theirchildrea 5if a
Pyovr children a people who are younger than company,a shoplstore, etc. passes on higher or
layer from sth fn thin skips: Parr o g the rind lower costs to its customers, ~tmakes them pay
you, who will then give or teach it to their chfi- more or less for s t h The sup@rmrkel did not
from the orange using a sharp knlle. o (figurn-
dren, etc: These sloriPs were pwd down fmm pass on ilsprofit tocuslomers by cuttiwprices.
five) Their rrghts had hemwredaway under the one genemtion m the m l . o Some of thefurni-
turehns h e n @down ihrough ihefomiljr ev+nlpron+adw + v+adv+n
EE) hand 8th down (to sb)
lastthree kltlgs. lmilPass s t h down is of?en used in the pawive. ,paas sb 'on b sb to arrangefor sbelse to help

Pare sth can also be u s 4 with this mean- Qv+dpron*adv v+a&+n or deal with a particular person: I'in qfroM I
i n g Paretherind.$iumthek.mons.o t h i n l y m r d

rum

i;4v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
,pass sth a'round; ,pass sth a'mund sth b s s for sth (disappmdng) used to say that can't answeryour guestion, but l'ilposs you on lo
my mlleague.
I B r E a b o . ~ a sasth 'round..oasis sth 'roundsthj although sth i ssaid to be a particular thing, you
to offer sth to each p%mn a proup: Wouldyou do not think it k goodenough to be called that: I ~v+nlpmn*&v+prep
mindpassing the sandwiches mund?o A prnurp
,pare sth 'down ( a h ,pnre sth 'back Impe urlrrpmsed around the c l m . got llSBd to drinking what paffos for tea in that ,pass 'out 1to lose consciousness: He a l w
qumt) (to sth) to gradually reduce sth cmsider- El9 hand sth round, hand 8th amund
part of the world. @out wiihihepaim BfB black uit:falnt -B

ably In she or amount: We8ueparedour expenses @v+rdpron+adv 4 v+adv+n + v+nlprm+prop ev+prep seealso COME ROUND~COMEM 2 ( a h,pa= 'OUt
down lo a m~nimum.
'passas sb b a s s fortes sb to be so much like another per- d 5th) (Brm to leave a military college @er
EL) cutsthbaek;cutsthdwvn(toslh) +seealsoPASS ~oulassa son, or another typeof person, that people could completing a courseof training

Pare sth can also lx u& with this mean- easily think you were that person o r type: He +v+abu2alsov+adv+prep
ing We pared costs by doing mixh of the wrk ,pass a'way 1 ( a h,pes~'on) people say paw
away to avoid saying 'die': She speaks F r e d &I enough to pawfor a h m h p ,pass sth 'out(ta sb) to give somethingto each
ourselves. owqv man. o She'sin herforires but she muld p a ~fsor pemn m a group: The teacherwked wie topaw
pwceful[y in her sleep 2 to disappear: Many of
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adw+n tenyemyavnget: o ~heyaru~dpnsstawsins. thebooks out.
these c u s r o m s h t r w ~ s e d a w n y .
QV + P ~ ~ P E D glvnsthoul;handsthth[tosb)
parlay/ ' p o : l e r d m ~ ' p a ~ k ~ / &v+adv
b s s Into fib tobewrnea part of 5th:ManyJor- Qv+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
,parlay9th 'into sth (AmE,iqformaO touse an ,paw b e ' w e nsbif sth such asa look, a word, ,pass'oversb(brah),,passhlm,*em, stc.
advantage :eat you have, such as money or a etc. passes between two people, they look eign words hnvepmm-I inlo English,
skill, in order to get sth o r make it worth more: e v+ prep 'over(for 8th)t o not cons~desr b for a Wer job,
quickly at each other, speak toeach other, etc: A
Hepurlu- hi. r e ~ a l w ~ hwi pilh his boss into on ,pass 'off(BrE1) [+advlprPpJif an eventpasses espechlly when they deserve it or think they
look of undersfandrngpassed between Ann and off in a particular way, it takesplace and is fin- deserve it: I ~ w r s ~ o u e r f o r p m m o t i aognain.
+immrfonljab. Cnrk. o I never kmw whatplrssed between them
v +nlpron+p p ished in the way mentioned: The e k t o n has o Hewas- o w mfauourof a y o u n g e r m .
(= what they said to each other)on thoi day
fl withuuf incident. o The celebraiions EiilA noun must always rollow over, but a
ev+m passed o g pwc@lljt 2 If pain, the fleets of a pronoun comes hiween the verb and over.

part IW%AMWXW ,pass 'by if time passea by, it goes past: The drug, etc. pasa off, they gradually d~sapappear: This phrasal verb IS oRen usadin the passive.

'part with sth to give sth away that you would weeispassetlby andshedidn'tmll. The sympbmsshouEdpasstIff wilhin 24 hours. "&v+adv+n r v + p n + a d v
prefer to keep~tm m ygrnndmotM9 n w k h
and I?[neverpart wilh it. o (humorous) We won? .a &u+adv ,pass s b t h 1 to move o w the top of
be mrry lo with that old sofa. o He hales
parting with (=spending)his money Fa,; i s u& more Requently with this pass sth 'oftto act a8 If a d i f A d t or awkward sblsth. Theplanespns~dimily ouer the hospilaL
EXl money remark or situation i s less important than you o The eyeof the storm waswssing over us. 2 to
meanina: he f u a e b p e s ~ . really think it IS:He hodl m l l y wset her? but she ignore or avoid sth: They chose to pass ouer her
0V * P ~ ,rn-*. sm6ledand trfed t u p s it oJToHe manugai b0 rude remarks. o Fc~ryears this painting was
+ ,A, pries IhequPslwn fllightly. passed o m by experk.EB Ignore sbblsth
Pass over s h t h can be used in the passive In
' +v*nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
this meaning.
,pass 'by: ,pess 'by sblsth to go past sblsth mass sblsth 'off as sblsth; ,pass yourself
'offas sbtsth topretend that sbor sth issome- @v+prsp
without stopping: He saw t h e p m ' o n pxs 4y. thing that they axe not: She fr&dlopass the pic-
rureoff asanori@mL o Hesucceeded inpassrng b 'overpassn ( e s W 1 y AmEj a bridge tM car-
o The bwtpossed closeby tht-island. himwlf off asa daclor ries one road or railway above another: a bridge
over a road for people who want to cross: fin'#
partakel w ' t e ~ k~; m ~ w r ' t(p- a1rtmk rsr;ii, go by, go by sblsth Q v + nlpron+ adv + prep + v +a&+ n+prep(less
-o-ylo rross the hi~hway llse the owpass.
(-'tuklpartaksn1-'tekanl) Pass and pass sblsth are also used with

pateake of d h (ohifprshioned or humrolls)to +this mean in^: We watchedEheumessianpass.
v + adv r v +prep
eat or drink sth: Would you care 50 partake of b 'Bypassn1aroadthat goesmunda town-etc.

somrefmhmenl? and which is intended to keep W c out of the

6+v+ P ~ P town centre 2 a medical operation on the heart fwuentl
in which blood is directed along a difFerent route

,passsb/sth 'ewtr(to sb) Ito give sthtosb,e s p ,patchsth 'upIto repah sth,especially quickly 8th 'In; .pay sth 'im8thto put money ,pay 'up(irlfbrmoi) to give somebodythe money
c W when they ask for it or you do not want it or temporarily: The car was paIched up and I n t o a ~ a c r n u n t : l h a d l o g o ~ t ~ h n k t o p a ythat you owe them,especially if you do not want
m l d . o We pnlched up the hsk in the rwf and ac!wquein. o H e r r w g e s a t e p i d d i m t i y * I l o k to: In the end we threulened io trike them to murt
any more;to givesb, or the responsibfltty for sb, got it m ~ i thde n m dny. 2 to end a quarrel or and theypaitb u p
munt.
to sb else: Jqj' pllssed the phone over m that I dispute with sb and be friends again: Thgr EEi chaqw, m o n q EE@ dspmstf sth (In 6th) wugh upFesp3ully BrEj
wuld spenk to Glum 0 The doclor passed the potchdup t h e i r d f l m s . o Can'tyou tmhy to
baby over ta the nurse.o Control of the budgets potch FkhIngs u p ? m dtiferences, quarrel, (moreformal) 6 v+adv
has ken pclssacd over 0 individual schmis.,svH,
hand sblsth over (to sb) 2 to let sb listen or thlngss toagreeonsth, especially aRerlongdls- +v+ntpnm+adv + v+adv+n + v + n l p m n + m b 'pald-upudj [onlybefore noun] 1having mid
cusslons and even though the agreement is not all the money necessary to be a member of a club
speak to sb else when you Imve finished talking: completely satisfactory: They mano& to pntch py 'off if sth that involves risk pays off,it is or an organization 2 (iMorrrmD strongly sup-
flthemare no moreqllestions, flipassyou ouer to successfhl and brings the results that you want:
Ted. IEX)hand over to sb, hand sb over to sb up apeUte. Ttwgambieplid oB: o Theif fmrd tlnrrk is W i n - porting8th: afuliypuid-up~tbnllfan
Q Iv+nlpmn+edv a v+adv+n
Qv+nlpmn+adu r v+adv+n ning to pay off oAll the m i n i n g you've been

2,3v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv doing seemslohavepaid o# ha11ds0meIy(=has

,pass sth 'round;,passsth 'roundath [BrE) had very good results). 'peck at sth to eat only very small amounts of

=PASS STH AROUND,PASS STH ABOUND STH Qv+& sth, because you are not hungry: He was so ner-
uoushe o n l y p k d o t his lunch.
,pass 'through ,pass 'through sth to go or "aw at sblsth ( W o r m 0 if an animal paws at b 'pay-fl n (IIIfwnurD a reward or a benefftthat QV + P ~ P
travel through a place, only stopp~ngforashort sblsth, it touches sblsth repeatedly with itsfoot: you receive asa resultof sth youdo: Whlarethe
tune: We'm not staying here,Eue're Jlrst pnssing a h o w pnwing a t the ground o Cfgurntive) One pay.qtrs of workingar home?
through.o We p w d through Pornpeii on our +S ~ ~ Q ! S OPAY-OFF a t PAY SB OFF
wq Lo Naples. of thechildren roasmwingat mysleeve. peelIPW

+v+adv r v+prep eV + P ~ ~ P ay sb 'off1togive sbmoney to persuadethem ,peel alveyrback (fmm sth), ,peel
to do sth or not to Msb about ath illegal or a'wayl'back(from sth) to come off the surface
,pass 'through sth (especially B r m to experi-
dishonest you have done: She ref& to be paid of sth; to removea thln layer from the surface of
ence a particular kind of situation or period of sth: The w a I I m w had siur&d to pwl a w . o
ofi BBO h y sb off 2 to pay sb the money they
time, especially a dfficult or unpleasant one, ,pay sb 'back(for sthffor dolng sth) to punish sb have earned and dismiss them from their job: Themint luarpeeIingowqfirniRa w d . o She
The slore haspaid ofl many of thefull-time SW peekd back t h biunkeLs and jumped inlo bed, o
and develop duringit: 3 h e e t h r o u g h a difi- bemuse they have madeyou or sbelse suffer: 171 andMered them part-time work
Hepeeledaway thepiustic wrappiqz
cult period after her dzwrce.o The induslry is pay him ~ ~ o r g e t t i n g m e i n m t r o u b k ! Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
b 'pay+ff n (irlformal) 1a paymentyou make to +w a h PEEL STH OFF, PEEL STH OFF STH
pawing through nperbiof &we. E3get back at sb (forsthlfcr doing sth) sb to persuade them not to do sth or not to tell sb
Q v +nfpmn + adv e v+ adv +n(Iossfrequent) @v+sdv + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
l3!i3 perlod,stage go through 8th F 'payback n [C] a reward or a punishment
that sbreceives for 5th they have done
e v + prep about sth []legal or dishonest you haw done: ,pel 'off 1to came away h m the surface of s~
+ S ~ ~ U ~ I ' A Y R ~ C K B ~ PSRA BYACK,PAY STH BACK
'pew to sb/Stb to begin to be owned by sb new: Palice have been m u w d of m i v i n g p y a f f s The milprrger was m l i n g @TIEBJ p a w , skln,

When she died, the housepassedm h e r n h from Iocalgangs. 2 a payment made to sbto per- paint2 (of cars,aircraft, etc.) to leavea group and

+v+prev (TOSB) suade them to leave their job: She has reoeiutd a turn to one s~de:T h e p I a t w ~ l e doflone Ly one.
flo m m f i & v+adv
,pass sth 'up (injorrnu~to decide not to take ,pay sb 'back: ,pay sth 'back(to sb) toreturn
advantage of an opportunitX, an offer, etc: She a h PAY-OFaFt PAY OFF ,peel sth 'off1 to m o v e wme or all of your
passed up thecham of a nip lo Rome. o Imagine money that you have borrowed from sb:i'llpay
passing upanfler Sike that! you back w t week. o She3 trying mpny the Imn pay sthnb 'off 1to Anlsh paying money that clothing, especiallysththat fitstightly: Hepeeled
youoweTorsth:f&Ihemo~topoyoffmy o n his wet cbthes. E L clothes, gloves,T-shirt.
opprtunlty, chance+offer back over5years. o He'llneuerhable tomy back overdmfl.o They're still plEylM off their mart- e t ~2. to remove somenotes from a thick p ~ loef
the mom mge.o to pry ofl W i t o r S I D bank manager folded or rolled paper money: He peeled off two
+v+adv+n 4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(less W repay sb(sth),mpay rth Ito sb)(mota mortgego, lmn,debCs IS@ mpay sthrsb (mom hundredrbollnrs and handed them lo her
@ v+adv+n + v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
fwuwi) form0 formal) 2 (espacia[IyRrE) to pay tbe fare for a
In informal languagepay sb back sthand, taxijourney: Shegoid the taxiolJ and walked the ,peel sth 'otf;,peel sth 'off sth to remove a
patchIWUI
less often, pay eb sth back are also used: When st of the may. %!I taxlleab thln Iayer from the surface of something: He
,patchs h t h 'thmugh toconnect telephoneor are you going lo pay me back r h t $100 you o w peefed the $weel wmpmr o she meled at[ the
electronic equipment temporarily: The mdio me? o Cunyou pay me that moneybrrck sam? Q ? v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu* v + n + a d v ( h waIlpperoff the bathrwm ceiling.
w a s p a t c M t h m w h doarmy headguarlers
Q v + nlpron+a& v+n/pmn+& r v+adv+n fwllenfl wellpnper,palnt, wrapper
b 'paybackn [C] nT]I the money that you receive
,patch sth b'gether to arrange sth q u i c m back on money that you have investd: the time Zv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
especially by putting several different parts that it takes to get your money back: I'm miiing b a y 'out:,pay ath 'od(for &) (es-lty BrEJ @v+n/pmn+adv v+adv+n 4 v+ntprw+pmp
together, without taking any a r e over it: An toget the m a x i m u m ~ y h w kon my investment.o
interimgowrnmenl ~ l l a s q u i c k l y ~ t clMogetlrer a tera.+wrmbcack to pay a largeamount forsth: Theinsu-mm-
@v+adv+n + v+nEpmn+adv
+s e e a h PAYBACK at PAY SR RACK (FOR STHlPOR puny refused to pcy out. o Thegovernmentpays
,patch sbMh 'up to give quick or temporary
med~caltreatment to someone who 1s mured DOING STH) out rnilfionsof pounds in h?&ts. o I m ' t word ,pega'way(atsth)(in~5rmal)tcaontinueto work
Theypalched him up and sent him back onto the to pzy outforpriwl freabnent.
JieM (= for example in a game of footbaIl). o The 'pay for 8th to suffer or be punished for sth hard at or try to achieve sth dimcult:He kwps
doctor d ~ dthe besl he coutd to p i t h up lhdr wrong that you have done or said,or Tor sth you + r + a d v + v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv v+n+adv pegfl'ng awayat his novel.
wounds. believe: Someone's ming to pay for this! o T h g (-1
ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n arepaying d ~ r l y f otrheir mislake. r 'payout n a large mount of money that is Q v+adv
EEl unlstake.crlme givent o s b : h p l e l r I f u & i n i h e m h wonrecud
,peg sbtsth 'back (especiallyin sport)to stop
Q PEP payoulsfmmihemtlcompclny.
sblsth from winning or Porn increasing the
p a y sfh 'out(BrE)to release or pass a length or amount by which they are ahead: ItaZy werewin-
ning 2-4but were pe& back 60 a drow by
rope, etc. throughyour hands: He s t u W p n y i n g
out the rope. Spain's lategoal.
Q v + s d v + n + v+pmn+adv v+n+a&(mm) Peg sb/sth black is d e n used in the pas-

sme. * It smrnmon in newspapers.

@ v+n/pron +a& + v +a& +n (Zessjhqwnl)

.peg 'oulEBrE, Wormul)todie:llhou~htshe was LleBDBC1'wwtr)l ' m e t e r.l -a i ~ r ) l ,phona 9th 'In (mwrWly BtE, ta make a tele-
goingt o p g out right infrom of me?
'pepper sbMh wlth sth to hit sWsth with lots phone call to the place where you work in order
+v+adu of small t h i n g such as bullets: Thgr s a M they - .~peter'autQnto*)mdecmseorugraddy
werempwred withshotgunpelletsasthajr walked before coming to an end: The rimd peteredout ~ t, give sb some information: our mmrter
,peg sth 'Out (BrQ to fasten washing to a line in the forest. D VigUmtiue) The inlerviemr pep rnto a d i n track. oBy midday $hersenihushm phndtkheslov lhrs sbMth (ape-
wlth a wooden or plastic device (a peg): He was -her wrlhquestions had pie& oul, o The mn-tion g d w ll
ElElPepper sWsth with s i h is usually used in ring sth
outside,pegging the washingout. the passive. perend out. + ,,,oron + +
E%3 washlng,clothes EZ9 b n g w t h out Q v +nlpmn+prep
& v+adv ,phone 'round;,phone 'round
+v+dpron+adv v+adv+n
cially Brm = PHONE A R O ~ ~ N D ~ O U NPDHO. NE

A R O U N D ~ R O U NSDBISTH

'pelt down (idorman to rain very heavily: It's 'pepper sth with sth to indude a largenumber ,phase sth 'In to intfadu~esth @%duallyor in ,phone sth 'through(espdally BrE) to phone
peithg down (withrain)ou&Me. stages:T h e g o m m e n t willphnse in the new Urr sb with details of or information almut sth:
EEl mur down of ath in sth: She peppen her m w m t i o n with Phoneyourordet throughlo thestom.
lG3 phasa sth out
Qv+adv references m famous pmple. o Her hair is p?p Phase sth in is often used in the passive: e)v+nlpmn+adv a v+a6u+n

pered wifhgrrj, Thescheme wrll bephawd inouer 15yivears. ,phme "up: ,phone sbbth 'up(mpcia1lB~rE)
Pepper 6th wlth sth is usuallya& in the @ vtadv+n + v+n/pron+adv to make a telephone call to sbfsth: I'IIphone up

+passive. phase sth ' o dto stop using sth gradually or in and cancel my appointmant. o Phone Mike up
v + nlprm +prep stapes: Theyug&iophEsseout chemhl weapon.% ancd ark him rf he m n l s lo come. o lphoned up
thehenk thismorning.
,pen &lath 'in;,pen sb,sth 'In sth to shut sWsth perk1~:k:AmEp3:rk/ )I)PP) phase 5th In
in asmall spoewithwalls orfences,etc.aL1m d W Phone and phone sb are also fbquently
Phase sth out is offenused in the pssive:
We penned the s h p tn the yard.0 The froubde- ,perk 'up;,perk ab 'upIinf-0 to become, or The old system is~ l n g g ~ o u t . used with this meaning. Phone up and phone
mkem ume pen& in by the poiim o (fcgumtiw) make sb, more livelyor morecheefi, espec~ally
SAefeItpnnedh living in the hwrt of thecity. sh up are very common in spoken Engl&h.
after they have teen iWsick: You'veperked up e v * a d v + n v+nlpran+adv
=This phrasal verb is often used in the since ihrs morning. o A s h o w worrld m n mrk Q v+adv a v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n

passive. You U P mhone1faun;~rnEfwnl pick~w

, @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+tWpron+prep llvenup,I b sb up I E i W To phone is the most common way to say --a1
'to telephone' in British English. To rlng and to oft
,pensbtsth 'up(a@ciaIiy BrEj to shut sblsth ina Q v + a d v v+nlpron*adv r v+adv+n call are also used. The most common verb in -.-
American English for this is to call. -on
place w ~ t hwaUg fen=, etc. all around,and not ,perk'Up;,pWk ~ t 'Uhplitlformal)to improwor -UP
let them leave.I f ~wlsgmitogoolrLsideaykbetng
increase in value, to make sth increase in value, 205 -upon
penned up in the houseaibday.o They mnned us etc: The weather saems lo be perking up. o The
up in a [ittieroom andmuWn't let anyone h u e . recentdemandfor h o ~ h a s ~ k e dthuepgnnces. lbhone a'mundrround: .ahone a'roundl 2W *Out

=Pen sblsth u p is usually used in the o Hous@gricesa m a m t & toperk up. '' 'round sbMh (wpec~allBy rE) to make phone 'plck at sth 1to eat very small arnounb of fd
cslls to several different people or graces, usu-
passwe. EfK) Improw, Imp- sth because you are not hungry: She picked at her
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n aUy to try to And out some information: I swnl Jdfor a urhiie, then lefi the table. fOPd+
Q v t a d v * v+nlpmn+adw + v+abr+n the morningphoning round hotels,frying toh k

,perk 8th 'up(rnformnto make sth more inter- a mom o He phoned around to leII everyone meal 2 to pull 9th with your fingers several
esting or more attractive: Perk up a &rk kilchen " .about the m m w . tunes: Shepicked n e r u o ~ l ayt her skrr!until she
,pencil abMh *In(for sth) to write down sb's wrlh a m t of pamt. o A vegetable stew can be @V + P ~ P
name for an appointment, or the details or an perked up wfth a dash of chilli sauce.o idemfor v-
arranpement, although you know that this ,plcksbBth 'aff*t o s h m t a m n , a n a n i m a l , a
might have to be changed later: Let'spencil in the perking up blandfood whone 'back: ,phone ab 'back (especially bird,an aircraft, etc. e s ~ i a l l oyne of a group,
third oJ Moyfor the naeeting.
EE)llven ath up RrEj to telephone sb again or to telephone sb after aiming carefully: Orre of our men WUS
ev+nEpron+adv v+adv+n who telephoned you earher: I kjl a mmage but pick& off by a snipe!:2 to choosethe best people
+v+adv+n + v+prm+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
they never phoned back o Tom called whrkyou
frep~Jlt1 mereout. Heasked if youmuIdplronehim h c k . o
The t m w l agent phoned back to confirm yow or things for your own use: The company con-
pensionVpenJn! finwstopickoff the brighlesfy o u n ~ g m d ~ .

,penalonsb 'offtoalloworforce sbtoleavetheir @ v +adv+ n + v * nlpron+a&
job and stop regular workfto retire), especially per'mlt of sth firman to make sth mssible: to 'wh k z n g . o It's engaged- I'll phone h c k inter
because they are old or ill,and pay them a regu- allow 6th to happen: Thesitwtion does nobp r -
lar sum of money (a pension): She wus pen- mit of any d e b Qv+adv + v+nlpmn+adv v + a d v + n ( m )
siollwr off at the age of 56 o guml live) We'w W Permit of 5th is usually u& in negative :phone 'In (epecially BrE) 1 to telephone your ,pick sth ,plck 5th 'oft sth to remove sth
pansionedowold TVoff andbuughfa newom. scntences, and in written English. place of work: I'll phone in lo say 1 won't b in from sth with your fingernails or a tool: She
W k n s i o n sb off Is usually used in the OV+PMP watered t?ieplanrsandpicked offtheohadlwws.
passive. until Junchl~meo. Hephond tn sick (= to sayhe
perfafn/ p a o t e m ; ~ m ~ w t - 1 was Wsickand could not go to work) this morn- @v +nlpron+ adv * v +a&+ n v + nlprm +prep
*Qv+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
per'taln to sth (fwmanto be mnnected with a ing. 2 to phone a telev~sionor radio programme: 'pick on sb 1to !reat sb badly or unfairly, espe-
,pep s b l S t h 'uplinfmmat)to make sbEsthmore cially repeatedly: You'realw~yspickIngonme!o
interesting: to make sb feel more lively or fhll of particular subject, person, event or situation: Hundredsof l~stet~?rsphoniendto complain.
energy: The c o r n y needstopep up its image. Thecommitteelurssreviewingrr[lthe fnwspwoin-
ingloudoptwa &v+adv The mamger wcrs m e d of pttktng on a mem-
Qv+adv+n + v+ntpron+adv . oIt's d m u l l k i
Q v +prep b 'phoneinR (espe~inllBy rE)a radio or TV p m yboeur nofgerthsewdieerp-u r myonut n g the
gramme In which pwple can phone and ask always get pWed on. 2

questions, give their opinions, etc. as the p m (esp?ciulIyBrE)to choose sbfor a task,especially

gramme is being broadcast: He hosts a mdio an u n p l e a ~ notne: TheW e r aiwayspicked on
Tom toannvar lhed@ult puestions.
phone-zn, o aphone-inprogramme
5 7 4 Pick on ~bcan be used in the passive:She

+wflspickedon by theotherchiIdren atschool.
v + prep

_............pkk out

' .''..'''.*lh
.............. ......XI ....................XI.....-.........-..I.I.XIm..................I x.............................................

,pkk sb,#th 'out 1 to choosesb/sthfrom a num- b 'plekup n 1 an improvement: There am no Qrn IQBdetect ath 6 if a machine p i t h 6th pieceI P ~ S I
ber of people or things:He picks outpmpkfmrn signsof opickup in aomumerspnding. 2WmE)
the audknm0come up on stage. o Thebright& the ability of a vehfcleto increase itss p d u p ,it receives a sound,a signal or a picture: Th@ ,piece sth to'gather 1 to discover a stom etc.
s t u d e n t s w m p i c k e d o u t f o r s ~ ~ l ~ i noiHwe. + s e e a h p r c ~ uat~PICKSB UP;P r c K u P a t PICK microphonepicks up euery sound. o Signalsfrom b y putting together separate facts or pieces of
p~ckedout the most expemiw sulr in the shop STH UP the saFelIite are picked up at ground stntions. o evidence: Dewtiurn cue pking lo@& the
select swath (moreforman 2 to rewgnize We roereable lo pick up the BBC WorM Service. 7 ewnls of the last h o r n of hk life. 0 InvesligUtUaBrs
,pick sb 'upt to takehold of and lift 8b:Ialluays to buy sth, espxially cheapbyor b y goodluck:He orenrll trying topiece fogelher theevidencelofind
sbtsth fromamongpwpleor things:Canyoupick prcked up some amazing borgafns 2n the s o h . 0 out what mused She m h .E E evfdenco, story,
me out in thwoldschwlphlo? o Thesuspecrmas pick the h b y up when s k cries. + also PICK
packed out at an identi@porade. 3 to manageto sTH UP 12 to go to sb's home or a place you have Youcanpick up a second-hand brkeforotmr f60. events2 to make sth by putt~nga lot o f separate
see sblsth: We couldjutssrpick out a mr in the dw-
arranged and take them somewhere in your c x ES3 bargaln 8 to win a prize or an award: Thp parts together: Archaeologlsls how worked for
tam.FQmake sblsthout (moreformtrl)4ifa movie prcked up sewral Osmm EL3 gwerd, ymrs topiecefogetherthe huge mosaic.
light, etc. picks sblsth out it shineson sbEsth so IZlpickyou up at sewn o'clock oHepickedup a chequeB to And and follow a mute, etc:R police &v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(Iess
dng ptcked up his scent. o The French police
=that theyllt areeasier tosee:Thecar'sheadlrghts htich-hikero P went to pick her u p M m the air-
mrt. Plck sb u p is used much more often prckd up tk mil and tmoad her lo Llsk. P d
prcKedoutarwdsian. thancollect sb inspoken Endish. 3,plck 'upsb,
e v * a d v + n + v+nlpmn+& ,pfckhim, her, them, stc. 'up i f a bus,etc. picks trail, W n t 10to discuss something hrther;to P%IPgE (a-)
return to a topicor themeand continue it. Can I
u p sb, it stops and allowsthemto get on:Thebus pick up thepo~ntyoummk wrlier?~Wepick the ,pig 'out(em 8th) (i?@mn to eat too much or a
,picksth 'out1todiscoverarrwxlgnizesth after stopped tnplck up somepasse~ers. A noun
careFul study: It was d W u l t 60 pick out the must always follow u p , but a pronoun comes stov up again in London, flue ywrs lateK B lot of f d : Wepigged out at lunchforfour bucks
rmmnanl pointsfrom the mnss of fw.o Ow betweentheverbandup.+seeako~rcu~p54to polnt,story +seealso PICK U P 3 *1 tomanage to each. o It sn'!agoodidearopigoutonsugot:
see or hear sth that is not very clear Ijmtpicked +v+adv
were ask& lo pick out exactly what it was thut rescue sb, for example h m the sea: LLRbwls up the sound af a car in the distance, 12 ( e s p b ' p l g w l n an o w i o n on which you eat too
mnde hls sWe so distinctive. 2if you pick out a
picked u p all thesurvivors, 5 to arrest sb:to take cinlly AmE) to collect thigs that have been much or a lot o f food:Wehad a mlpig-out Insl
tune on a musical instrument, you play a tune sb somewhere in order to question them: She droppedorlefton thegroundandput themaway: night. o npigautparty

that you have heard or made up slowly, note b y m p k k a d u p b y t h e p o l i c e m s h e ~ h v i n g h e r
note, without using written music: E r n i e loas kol@I6. Irrnrmafi to start talking to sb you do WiUyou pick upyour toysnow?+ seealso PICK U P

wring out a slmpk tuneon hisguila~ mel- not know,bemuse you want to haveasexuaI rela- 6 13 (AmE)to tidy a room, etc, and put things
ody, tune 3 usually ba , p k k d 'out (BrE) to tionshipwith them:H e p W h e r u p a t o club. 7
paint, draw or write sth in such a way that it 1s if stb picks you up, it makes you feel better:A away: Pick up your mrn bgfowyou go out. E3J ,pit8 'Intout ,pile 'Intorod of sth to go inor
very easy to see+especially byusing a colour that cup of Im mill m n p i c k w u up room tldy d h up (BtE),tldy sth (BrE)14 out of somewhere without order or cuntrok 5%
is differentfrom the background: The detuils of +seeaLwprc~YOURSELF UP (informanifyou pick up a bill for sth you pay it InxIarrrwd and we olipiled in. o Crowdsof chi[-
for sb else: We emM up picking up the bill. EEZi drenpikd oui of the buiIdirGg.
thejhwers werepickedoui m blueandgold. ~v+dprnn+sdv+v+adv+n blll,tab
cmr, taxl, toom
*Q v + a d v + n v+rdpron+adv Sv+adv+n .r v * p m + a d v Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv~4v+edv+n
Qv+adv + v+prep
,picksth 'mmrt Ialso,plck~hmugha t h h & b 'plckmwp n (informal) something that v+pmn+adv + v*n+adv(mre)
qwnt) to look carefully at a group o f things, makesyou feelbetteror happ~ere,tc:Thecountry ,pile'intosbsth to cmshintosWsth:Shestop@
choosing what you want and rejectingamything nit was fhepetyectpick-me-up pkk up the 'piecesto return, or to help sb d w d in the muldk of the .mwrnent and we d l
you do not want:Hepickmiow theapples,check- b 'plekup n 1an Dccasion when sb gets: in a car, return, to a n o m d situation,PxtiEularly afkr p!Ied into hero As many as 30 mrs and truck3
ingfor badones. o Barguin huntersprckedouera on a bus, etc. to be taken ta another place: The a shockora disaster:He mUedouton hlsfrrmib piled infae m h other in ihefwthismorning
plleof salei l e m 2(especiaI!yBrKj toexamine or cwch driver nande~wmlpickupWs oreheading lmuing his wife to pick up the p i m . plck q
+ S ~ ~ ~ ~ UP PI , PL IELSTEH U P
analwe stb carefully" Wesmt the w i n g p i c k - for the airporl. o a pickup mint 2 (i$ormaf) a 'speedhno'mentumto go faster:The bw picked
s~tuationIn which sb is lrying to start a sexual upspeedasit wentdownthe hill. ev*pm
ingover hstmnth'sm~1ES. b 'pickup I(also 'plclrup truck) a light motor
relationshipwith a person they do not know;the ve..h..lrl.p wi.th low sides and no roof at the back, ,pile 'oni f sb's weight piles on,it Increases mp
v+arhr+n r v+pmn+adv idly: The w n d s have just piM on dm 1got
used for example, by farmers 2 the part of a
,pick'up1to become better;toimprove: Themar- person they are trying tostart a sexual relatfon- +married!
ship with:Nothingevermmeof hispkkups. record player or musical instrument that v+adv
kat always picks up in the spring. o The gam
started u e v sslwly but picked up in tfw second + S ~ ~ ~ I S O P I C K UatPPICK U P , PlCKUPat PICK STH changes electrical signals into sound, or sound ,pile sth 'an 4 to express a &ling in a much

haF o We're wailing until the m t h e r p l c k s up a U P into electrical signals stronger way than is necessary I &it I'm gil-
wing+ m a h ~ l c ~ PuIC~K U~P;Pt ICKUP PICK $8 UP i w on t h e d m a bit, but Ihr
bit. 2 ifthe wind picks up,it starts to blowmom ,pick sth 'up1totakeholdofandIiflsth:I p k W d!. make 0
seriouspoint. 2 to givesb a lot or toomucho f sth:
strongly: The wind seem lo be picking rap. 3 to up your Lmg by mishke. o Pick your cw4 up fl ,pick yourself 'upto get toyour feet,especially
s M again:to mntinue: Thenew serlaspicks up the J l m I oPfck up (= answer the phone) after a Tau: She pickad heffetf up and stumbled Uniled pfled on the pressnw in the second half
on. Q flgumtiw) We haue to pick ourselves up (= of the fmtball game). EEi p . s u m , gul* 3 to
where the old one k ?off +we a h prcK STH U P you're there, Tom! + aIso pacu SB UP 1 2 to a(eryeste&y k defmt and start omin. make sth increase rapidly:As soon rss she stops
10 4 If your speed picks up, you start to go obtainormllect sth:Wtmnpick up the ticketsun dieting she piles on the pounds. o Theteam wr@
faster m e r thefirst mile I= in a race)Isfarfedm hour Worntheshowstarlr.3to learna language, -+seeal.~nPICKSB UP piirngon tRepoinB.DpDununds,rnelgM

feelmngerandmy s p e e d p W u p . + seealso a skill, etc, or to get information,without mak- @v+prm+adv + v + a d v + n + v+nlpron+adv
PICK U P SPEED/MOMENTUM at PICK STH UP 5 if & inganeffort:Shepicksup langwgmreallyeasiix
,pick 'up on sth 1 to notice 8th:Hepkked up on pile. on the 'agonyl'gloom (irlfornnnl,ESP?-
bus, etc. picks u p somewhere,it stops there to ~ I s h o w e d h e r h o w t o u w s h e ~ w c l r e M d s h e her&lmgsof u r n . o Childrens w npick upon crnily BrE) to makc an unpleasant situation
tensions b e t w n their pnrents. 2 to return to a worse
allow passengers to get on: The blrsprcks up out- picked it up quick1y. o l p i c k d up bts of tips on point m order to talk about it in more detail:I'd
likelopick up on Mr Finlay %point. poknt ,pile 'out ,pile' o d of a*
s ~ e t h e P o s t O ~ w + z z e a h S~Br~c~~3 6 ( i l l J b r - home entertainment &m the magmine.o She
nwl,especially AmE) to mllect things that have picked up the -for the novetfroma newssturn +v+adv+prep +SW a h PlLE INIOUT, PILE INWlOUT OF STH

beendropped or lefton the ground and put them languag-, Fmnch, tips,etc. 4 to get or

away: I shouldn't haue topick u p l p r y o u ! + see obhm s t h Hepicked up a virusat sclnooL o The ,pFck sb 'up on 9th(Bratomrrect sth that sb ,pile'up;,pile sth 'up1to forma pile; tornakea
chrldren h u e picked up the loml accent.@
+a h PrCK STH U P 12 cold, haMts 5 to identifyor rawgnb 9th: The has said or done: 4 you make a mistake,he lot of th~ngs~ n t oa pile: Snow was piling up
v+adv against the windows.o They piled the sstnes Up
early sign7 of thed m m not picked up. aiwyspfcltsyouup on it. in a cornerof fheyard.2 to mcrease or to make

Q v t nlpron+adv + prep

..............................~...........................................'.......................2.W,, ........... ........................................................................ .!!.8y.?!

sthin~Inquantityoramount:&bblshwrrs 'plne fa* s h t h to want or miss sWsth very besl minds in ihe country (= to test my intelli- p ! a ~ t e r / . p l a a t a ( r ) ; ~ r n E-1

piling UPin thes#reets.o Thebills roempiling up much:She mnPreallypin*rgfor BmzIfalall.o esgterneoneg)t+h agliakiem the windandNthwe waves. ,plaster 'oversthto coversthsuch asa crackor
v + ntpron +prep
md rue Arrd no money lo my them.o Liverpol a h ~ p t n i ~ fitosmr asler a wall with a substance that is put on wet and
dr~esto form a hard, smwth surface (plaster):
shouId haw mw on tapila up a big smre (= in a &v +prep
gameof fwtball).
Theold brick:had kenphSterwlover
Qv+adv + v+ntpm+abv + v+adv+n P[P~IWP/ pitch/prtJl -Plaster over sth 1s often wed in the
2v+adv + r+adv+n v+pmn+advr
,pipe ' d m (irlfornaat) used to tell sb to be less ,pitch 'In (wltk sWsth) (idormol)to join in will- pascive.
v+n+adv(mm) noisy orto stoptalking:OK.emybodypiiwdown! ingly with sb to help with an activity: We all Q v+prep

b ' p l l w p n a road accident in which several pitched in and m n finished #hejob.o Lots of
pwpk ptlched in with n d v h , o Rufh p i k b in
vehicles crash intoeach other E h n mrs were playlple11
inuolwd in a p i k p on the naotorwcx o ~ h m,P~W'UP (msw) (1MomO to begin to speak:
wilh the adult rvorkers at the hebles kfww she - abwt
m p i e usrekilled in a muItrplepik.up. mbbie suddenlypi@ up with 'I'ue seen tf~kisfilrn
goes off toschwl. - a W t wlth -off
kf0r.e''
4v+adv -a'O"g --oofnf agalnst
pin/pm/(*n-) +v+a& + v+adv+speech -wt
-around wth
#In sb 'down 1 to make sbunable to mWeresw pisglm/ #Itch 'into sb (iqbrma~,opecinl!~B ~ E t)o -at -UP
cially by holding them firmly: Theo h r by hod 208 -back
attack or criticize sb:Theyrmllygifched itit0 ma -down -upb

pinned Jimmy down on t h f h l :o ~ k n b e ~ s ,fJlssa'boutfe'wnd (BrE.A,slang)to act in a when I @& tompemte. --upon
wilh
pinned down (= they muld not move from their silly or unhelpful way and waste time: We &.r v + ~ r e o

7 .

pos~tion)jus#southotfh e k ~ & r 2 ( t a s t h ~ d o l n g h w ~ h 3 o t t i m e t o ~ ~ a b o u t . .pitch 'into 8th( i & m l , espdally BrE)tosM

8th) to make sb say clearly exactly what they are more Polite, h$ormal of saying this doing sth with energy and enthusiasm:1rold ,playa'bovtwm =PLAY AROUND
up myslpeuesandpzith@dinto theclwning oAl1
going to do: You'llfind it d m u l t foprn him down IS mmaround oc in British English, mess ,play a'bout with sth (Brm = PLAY AROUND
to a prm. o Theypinned the buzldersdown lofin- &of th.m aikhed inm thefght.
about. WITH STH
lainch Into sth
ishing by J w . IEB nail sb d m (to 8th) 3 to <4'+adv
Q v + prep ,playa'long(with swsth).to pretendtoagreewith
find sb and make them answer a question or tell ,pis3sb a'boutra'round(BrE,A, shlang)to m t sblsth, to believe sblsth, etc., to gain an advan-

you what you need to know:She tried ta pin him sb in an unhelpful way that wastes their time: taw for yourself, amuse yourseIfIafvoid trouble,

downforoniniemiew but he masalways b u g WnY pisme about,just i211 me thetruth.r e t c He realized they'd mismkw him for the
gardem but decided to play along. o I knew h
+v+nlpron+athr v+adv+n A more polite, informal way of sayingthis ' p h t onwround sth to depend on a oentral luas Zymg, but I decided lo plny along wilh him
point; to d m l o p from a oentral idea or mint: fir a while.
,pin fib 'dorm to kflentify or undatand sth 1s mess sb around,or, in British EngIish, mess The success of the pm$& giuots on inwshnenl ev+adv
fmm abroad. o TRe novel piwis around a long
exactly: There'smmihittq mngwith thlspho6p about. mnwrxrtwn M w n tw charattern ,play a'round (BrE also ,play a'kout) I (with
sblsth) to behave in a careless way, without
gmph bufIm'tquitepin it down, oDocronhoue @ v + * ~ m n + a hlngeon sth thinking a b u t the mults: Slop pbyirng a b u t

k e n unablempln down Ihemwof her symptoms 'piss down: 'pIm It d m (BrE, A,s-1 ta Q V+PP

@v+dpmn+adv 4 v+adv*n ram very heavily: It's slillpissiw (it) &wn out

'pin sth on sb to make sb seem responsible or there.
take the blame for sth they have not done: They
tried topin the blameonme! =only Pwr~(fiE,~~fo~O planI P ~(-Im) and get on with your m r k ! o h n ' i play around
with mlcRes!BYQ mess amund ( ~ 4 t hsWsth);
blame lDlilPi98{it)down 1salwaysused with the sub- ,plan a'head(fw sth)to make arrangements in
advance: It's impossible to plan aheas when mess around with sth (RrE) t see uLW PLAY
-Q v+ nlpmn+prep ject it. A more polite, lnformal way of saying things keep drongmg! o We & to plan ahead
AROUND WITH STH2(wlth sb>(~nformntOohavea
this is chuck it down:It's stIU chucking it down foroursetiremen!.
+v+adv sexual relationship with sb who is not your
,pln (all) pair -' on s t u ' w ,ph Oubida. usual partner
'plan on sth;'plan on doing sth;'plan on sb
'faith on ablsth to rely on sWsth completely Tor + v + a d ~ v+n+adv *v+&
doing s t h l tolntend todosth: We'dphnnedon
success or help:Police ampinnlng their h o w on ,plss 'off(A,slang,esp&Ily Brm usedto tell sb hauingo quret ewningnt home lonight. o I'm not ,play a'round wlth ath W E aka ,pfay a'bout
onfinding the murder mapon. planniw on gorng to bed yat. 2 (offenused in wlth sth)to test or try new ideas.methods,etc.to
rudely togo away: I iold him Cogiss o Pissoff negatrw s e n l e m ) to expect sth bo happen: We see how good or effective they are before you
hadn't plnnned on o siom!o They hadn't make a final decision: P b around with the
,pin sth 'up 1to fasten sth to a wall, etc. with andh8auerrwalone! phnned onso m n y peopk uisiding iheexhibition. spreadsheet untilyoufind the best way to display
thedam. o We'restillplqving around with idm
p~nsH: e pinned up a nottoe on #heb a d . Q CanI 9v + m Ov+Pw
+for a newpro~rrrmme.
p ~ nthrsposterrllp.~2?toRx your haIr in placewith ,plss sb 'off(A, s h g ) to make sb annoyed or ,plan sth ' o d to plan carefdy and in detail sth
that you aregoing to do in the futurr: toplan orst *v+adv prep
pins: She waspinning her hair up upfront@ the bored Everybwly's pissed ofJ with wht's going your iimlroule o I knew mactly where I LWS
mirror hair on. o It m l l y p h me off when I see m p I e 'play at dolng d h ( e s M I l y BrC) to do sth
behaving hke t h ~ -going l'dgot italIplanned out. without any effort orreal interest:He'sjwtpSqv-
v+n/pron+advr v+adv+n
+v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+adv +ing ad king in love.
b 'plwup n 1 a picture of an attmctiw, person, R& off (BrEj and pissed (Arne) are '+Prep
cleslmed to be put up on the wall for people to often u s d as adjectives: I luas really gissed o r plant/plant;AmE plent/ Uwo cnn plsy at 'that g a m used tm tell sb
lookat: T h e ~ k q f h i s m m w m m w r e d i n p i n - wrthhim. Amore polite wayaf sayingpisseboff
ups, o He waslbot8all"srsi pin-up Lqu 2 a pep Is ~ eont sb'a nerves:It mllygers on my n a m ,plantsth 'wttoputplants inthe groundsothat n h o hasplayed a trick on you that you m do the
son who appears in a pin-up
+when I w p w p l e hhaurng like Ihat. they haveenoughmmtogrow same to them what Is nb playing 6 7 (inform0
pinem, v +nlpmn + adv + v +a&+ n(mre) used to ask in an angry way about what sb is
&v+adw+n * v+pmn+adv v + n + a d v ( h doing:Whatdoyou thirrkyou'wpkU.ingat?
,pin. a'way to W e very sad. and sometimes pi* EPw(*-)

ill or weak becauae sb has died or gone m a y : ,pA abtsthmrseH algainst sb/sth to test

After his died, he just pined a w . o He sblsth?vourself~na sbmggleor competition with

+seemed lo k p i n t n g n w y ~ r o mloue. sblsth: It's a c h o w to pit yowwIl oguinrZ She Jhwuent)
v+adv champion. o I'd like topit my wits agalmt the

.......................,,r... ._................................................. .....p.--l.u..,g,.,...I,n,..

,playsZh 'back(tosbltaglaymusic,sound,f h , E4EiThis phrasal verb is usually used in i n t - 'play wlth yours& ( i n f o r m 0 to touch your @ sluamp [nnd.2(of a vehicle or an aircraf!) to
etc, that has been m r d e d on a tape or video: ten English. sexual organs in order to giveyourseIf pleasure crash violently through sth: The mr plougM
through the w e . 3 to slowly do, read or eat all
C a n y o u p b back what we'wjlrptmrded~ e v + a d v + v+pmn+adv gV + P ~ ~ P
of stheven though it isdimcult or boringlt took
BE tape b .PI- 'outndj completely hished; tm tired
@ v + nlpm+adv r v+adv+n or weak to continue: She ump played olld - ~w me h ~ mloplough through all them i l o I had

b 'playback n llTj [Cl the act of vlaving music. & u s t d r n n.. in.r.rv , p l d a'longronto continuedoing sth, to plough my way through a mountain of posta
showing a ~lmrmwioer listeningto a teiephond difficult or borlngwork, at a very slowrate: Keep becaw I didn't want loappwr rude.
message that has been recorded before:a record- ,play sth 'Out 1whenan event is played out,or ploddtng on -you'll soon befinism!o They'w
ing that youIlsten to or watch agaln: A TVpIay- sb plays it out, it happens: Thenegotiationsnm s111IpIddingalong withtthezr tnv~tlgalwn. &v+prep 4 v+n+prep
backshowedemcfly what hadhoppened, betw played out behind csoseddoors. o She mn- ,@ v+adv
linued lo play oul her role of dutiful &ugh&r ,ploughsth 'up1to break the surfaceof an area
,play 6th 'down to try to make sth appear less Play sth out is d e n used In the passive. 2 P .lod a'way(at sth)to work steadily but slowlyat of land that has not been used for growing Crops
a dlflicult or boring task: He ptodded away all before, and turn it over using a specid piece of
important than it is:Thegovernment ts trying to {especrallyAmE) to continue to play sth unto it night at hbprojet togel rtfinlshed farming equipment (a plaugh): He plowhed up
pky down its inuolwment in fhe@ai% the O l d ready for sowing o a t o n fo prewnt
fin~shesW: e71p h y out thisgame and then go to @v+adv JarmfrspIoughIng upfiifpaths 2 to break up the
E!9 play up sth,play M l w m up surface of the gmund by walking or driving
bed. 3 to let a length of n p e pass through your
Downplay sth ISalso used with the same hands bit by bit
meaning: The report downplayed the @Teaso r rf v + a d v + n + v + n(oi#n+adu across it again and again: He got so angry he
laweclusssizes in xhooIs. lonk(8spedully~rE/jplwk: ~rnEpla:gk, ploughdup huneighhur'slawn with hismotor-
,Play 'UP:uplay5b 'UP( W o r m ~ Lm ~ & l F v B r E ) 'PL~:~L/ OUnE wuuily plunk) bike.
+ pmn+ "+ + + + + adv(mre) 1if a part of your h d a m~achine, etc. plays u p
,plank ' d m ; ,plank yourself 'down(hfor- +v+adv+n * u+ntprwr+adv
,play 'otf( W I ~ BYrE) if two teams, P ~ or~playa ~you up, , it causes vou nroblerns: MV
etc. that have the same number of points in a leg'sploying up a&in (= lt ispair&). o MY back man to sit down heavlly and quickly: She

competition play off,they play a final game to plays me upfrom t i m to time. o Themr siarted pbnkedhenelf down infrontof theteliy.
decide who has war The t w C w m n s p h y & off playing up (= not working in a reliable way)
for a plum in thefinal. ahbout six months wo. o The computer's been plump down, plump ywmH d o w l ,plow sth 'back (Into ah), ,plow Mh back 'In

6 vtactv v+pron+adv (AmE) =PLOUGH STH BACK (INTOSTH), PLOUGH

*V+& pIaying me up recentI~2 If childmn play up or rplonk s&&h 'down (ir&mWD to drop sth or STH BACK IN
play sb up, they behave very badly: The kidF
t 'play-offn a game or games be- two play- haue beenplaying up all day. o AII kidsphy syw put sth down heavily without takinggrrat care: ,plow 'Intosbmth(AmF) =PLOUGH INTOSBISTH
W h e nw" She plonked the food down in front of them. o
ers or teams with equal points in a competition Don'l just plonk the h b y down on theflmc ,pPow sth 'into s t h ,plow sth 'Into dolng
EElll Play UP,play sb up are offen used in the gv+n/pmn+adv 4 v + a d v + n ( h f w W ) 6th (AmE) = P L O U G H STH INTO STH, PLOUGH STH
to decide who the winner a:We'm unlikely lo B r ~ g r e S Stie~nses.
INTO DOING STH
m c h t h p W f l s . o The title urns decided by a

slrddendeathpInym oa p h ~ f i ~ l

,playA 'off agalnst B I & E ) I A ~ E ' ~ I ~ ~ A @~ v~+)dpmn+adv r v+adv+n ,PIOW'on (dm 8th)( A m = PLOUGH ON (WITH

tomto make two pwple or groups op- each other, ,play 'up sth; ,play lMhem 'up to make loug ugh sth 'baek (into sth), ,plough sth STH)
eswiafly in order to gain an advantage for y o w
self:(BrE).He t r m tnppIoy oneprrmt off against sth appear more ~mportantthan it rrallyis: She baek 'In to put profits back into the business ,plow 'through sth: ,plow ywr way
played up her rrchleuements m an o m p t to
theother o ( A 0 The children phy& their par- that produced them: All thepmj5tsnrepIollghed 'through 8th (AmE) = PLOUGH THROUGH STH,
impress~LS. hack Inlo the company. o Thed i M o r coltfirmed
entsofl e ~ &olhe,: o Shepkryed her two n'ualsOR P1,OUGH >OUR WAY THROUGH STH
mo ~ l a y . t h r l a r m thai ewrypenny h a d been ploughed h k ra
against wchother andgot thejob hersel$ @3 proms, money ,plowsth 'up(Amm =PLOUGH STHUP
W H A noun must always follow up, but a pro- =Plough sth back is usually used in the
@ v +nlpmn+adv+ prep 4 v * nlpmn+prep
noun comesbetween the verb and up.
,play'on1(wont)ocontinue top1ay;tostart play- &v+adv+n + v+prm+adv
passlve. 'pfuekd ethtotakeholdof sthwithyourfmgers
ing again. They chimed a penalty but the & m e ,play'up to sb(&~tobehmtowardssbinaway and pull ~ttowards you in a quick, sharpmove
tokflhem t o p b y on. 2 to continue toplay music: that you think they will like and willbrlng you an @v+nIpmn+adv + v+adv+n

Despite iheuprml; themusiciansplayedon. advantage:Shealwsplayedup 60herfather rplough 'intosbmth (of avehicleor adriver)to ment: He pluckd a t my sleeve. 'Comeand sit

+v+adv Q v + a& + prep crash violently into sblsth: The m r hit a Jamp down. '

'play on eth(alsn'play upansthmomfwmar)to ,play 'up to ath(-lly pos kforeplou~hingintoamlL Q v +prep

BrEj to behave in the O v +prep
deliberately use sb's fears, e t c for your own waythat peopleexpect youto: S h e M ' t Look 12.
advantage: He phyed on myfeeIhgs of guilt lo Lplougb 8th 'into sth: ,plough sth 'Inb plugl ~ l n a(-las-)
People think she's only 8or 9, and she plays up ta
make me sw.0 The government p h y d on this all the time. doing sthtoinvest alargeamount of money on ,plug a'way (at 8th)(irlformaf)towork hard and
steadvlyatsthforalongt h e , especially s t h d f i -
m p k ? fmm of rising crime to get swmrtfor Qv+&+prep a project, a bus~nessetc: $50 million will be cult or boring, Scientists h u e been plugging
plou~hedinto the mea over the n e x l f i v e w r s .
the~rpollcies. 'play u p ~slth =FLAY ON STH +away at Iheprobkmfor ywrs.
+,avH, sink sth Into 8th v+adv
+ foam axploMsth firmno 'play with sbMh (dikppmving) to behave v +nlpron + prep
v + P"P towards sbin a way that is not serious,especially
,play 'out(irlf-0 if a h d , etc. PIW o u t it bypret~ndingtofeelsth youdo not feel:Shelutaa plough 'onlwlthsth)to continue to sayor dosth ,plug 'In;,plug 'Into sth 1to be able to be con-
even though it hecomes dimcult: No one was lis- nected to a source of el-icitu or anotherpi-
performs in front of anaudience: Smwus h n d P jwtpplayylnk wifh w emotions. tening to him but heploughed on regardfes. o of electrical equipment: Wheredws fhe T V p i w
QV + P ~ P The path wassteep, hut ffivploughed on until we
sh0u.W bepkwing out reguludx o oPying oul is 'play wlth sth (usually wed in the progresslue in90 The g u i b r plugs into this ampl#ec 2 to
tenses) if you play wlth an idea, you think about got lo thetop. boome involved with a particular actbvity or
the h t wnySDra IXIio build ofolbwing. it, but do not really intend to do anyth~ngabout group of people: The company Ropes loplug rnio
+v+adv
@v+abu it: S h e ' s p l a y i ~wifhthe heof startingher own
businesc.
,play 'out;,pky ItsmWMiernneks 'out yw- ,plough 'through sth; ,pfough your wey new markers ~nAsia.
BEl IdesIE5tWwfMath
mn0 to develop and come to an end or be no 'throughsth 1toforoea way through sth: The e v + a d v + v+prep
longer usefulor important: Tfwcrisis has@ to
car ploughed its m y through the snow and ice. o
p k y out. o Therwolutwnsmnpbyed h(ofut.
Thejourney rnvoluedploughtngthrough 5 0 m i h

,plug stb 'In;,plug ath 'Into sth to connect a Ewsbnl nth ' o d (torb)to mention sth in ordw to ,poke 'out:,poke 'out of sth ( a h .W
lnmrmstionabvlitoilnakethernnotice rhmugh, ,~a'thmugbrth)ifsthpokesoutor
piew of electrical equipment to the electricity ,plunge 'In;,plunge 'into 8th 1tojump or fall H.He thunk& m f o r gointingow tRe m-es in pokes out ofsth,you can see it because a small
supply or to another plew of electrical q u i p in to sth. usually with some force: He plunged hls wport. o 1rnmtmini out that my part in the part is coming through a hole or is no longer
merit. Don'tforgel loplug thegrinler in. o Whem into the pool. o The car p l w d into u gorge.o m u e was wry smail. o ft must bepointed out covered: Hss tws ruerepokfngthroughthe hoIes in
can I p I w in my hnMryer? Wemndowntotheseaondplungedin.2to begin that t h ne~w drug is not a mimck cum oHe his socks. o 7Ivofeet pokd out from under t h
E!El unplug sth (fmm sth) d m 2 like huuing hisfaultspornled out lo him o bed o Thew ~uereftowerspokz.~o-@ut of hob in
doingsth or talkingabout sth without preparing
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n r v*nlpmn+pmp for ft o r thinking mrefuUy:Hepfrrnged Inio the 'He'snot my father he's my stepfathe~'h@po~nted t hloall.
task of clearing the o ~ e0.l plungd in a d stlckout,dkkout of&; 8tkkthmugh,
b 'plug-Inudj [onlybefore noun] that can becon- starled kliinghim allabout it. outangrily.
nected to an electricity supply with a plug (= a *v+adv + v+prep Polnt sth out is oftenusad in the wttm stlck through sth
smaU plastic objwt with two or three metal &v+adv + v+adv+prep + v+prap
point out that...
pins): a plupin kettk
t 'plus411n ( m p u t l m g ) a piece of soffware (= ,plunge sth 'in: ,plunge sth 'IWinto sth to
programs used to operate a computer) that can put sth quickly and with f o m into 8th else: She @ v + a & + n r v*ntpnm+acW + v+adv*8peech ,poke 8th 'out;,pokestti 'wt of sth to move
be added to a computer system to giveextra fea- plummi the knife into h k kg.o X e opened the
Int to sth 1to mention sth thatyou think is sth suddenly forwards or out of sth. The h r
Frnportant and/or the reason why a particular opned and Max mkad his head w t . o Thepony
tures:plwinsfor a p h m p cornpuler o a plug. sack and plunged his arm in. situation exists: Shepointed 60 u m p h y m n t as phi ttsnoseoutof thedooras1 urentpast,
E E i knlfe,hand
hg~phicsmrd a ~ n f o r r r s l ~ c r i mZeif. afact, went orsitu- E5J head, tongue lav*,stkk afh out,stick 8th
6 v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n + v + n l p m + m ation pints tosth,it sumests that this istrueor Out of8th
,plug sth 'Into sth 1 = n u c STH IN, PLUG STH Hkely t o h a p p e n : A l l t h e s ~ n s g o i n ~ a d t o u s ~ -Qv+n/pmn+sdv r v*adv+n(hj%q&)
,plun~e'intosth = n u n c B IN. PLUNGE INTO sm
+rNTo STH 2 tooonnett a computer toacomputer ,plunge'into sth;,plunges k t h 'intosthto ful year aheud. o The fms seem lo pofnt 50 him v+nlprm+adv+m

SYStem W?a h PLUG-IN Bt PLUG STH IN, PLUG

STH INTO STH be or to make sWsth suddenly be in a bad situ- hnviw hen murdered. oShe had symptom ,poke 'through;,poke 'through 5th = POKE

Q v+ nlpmn+prep ation or state: Thecomtryplungdinta recesslora whichminted laa dmgnosisqf kidneyfuiluw. OUT,POUR OUT O F STA

,;plug sth 'upto 6ll or block a hole with a sub o Thecity wus plunged into chaos rrs a m u l t of bv+vw~ , p k 8 ' t h ~ g h9th .(W&UIly AmmE) = POKE
stance or a piece of material that fitstightly into the strike. o Theroom was suddenly plunged into AROUT!AROUNR.POKHABOUTIAROWND STH 1
koId'upath,,po[ntW h m up(BrE,firmaO
it Wepluggedupall the holesaround the tuindow darkness. gvespecialemphasisto one particular aspect ,poke 'upto bemme vkible because a mallpart
ESZl recudon, duspmlr of a problem. fact or opinion; to show sth wry 1s coming through a hole, etc: The grass had
lo stop the umdmmingin. clearly. This incident points up the hostility begun topoke up through thesnow.
BEIBPlungeaWsth Inta sth isoften used in the hetrueen the tuxl sides,
E!E hole block Ah up A noun must always follow up, but a p m )sv*) snck up
W Plug sth isoften used with the samemean- passive.
norm wmesbetween the verb and up. +v+a6w
+ing. v+prep r v+nlpron+prep
6 v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,plunge sth 'Into 8th = PLUNGE STH IN,PLUNGE

STH lNl1NTD STH Qv+adv+n v*pmn+adv

,plumb sth' In ( h E ) to connect a washing- ,pfunk 'down;,plunk youlaelf 'down(AmE, .- ..bakelaauk.:dmE--kl someone:Shehiredmarsassin tomlolishhim oB:
machine, a bath, etc. to a water system: He's i n f i r m 0 = PLONK DOWN,PLONK YOURSELF DOWN
plumbed in the new wmhing m h kf o r m . ,poke a'boutla'mund, ,poke a'boutr +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
+v+ath
e v + a d v + n + v+rdpmn+adv a'mund sth (IrlformrrZ)1( a h,poke Yhmugk ,polish 9th 'oft(informal') to W h sth quicklx
ath especinlly AmE) to look for sth,espxially sth espxially food or drink: !l'hq polished fl the
plumpI D ~ ~ ~ P I ,plunk sb/sPh ' d m (AmE.i@mnal)= PLIINK that is h~ddenamong other things that you have p u d d i n ~in no tim,o I'llpoiish 4fJ this last bit of
work, thenw m n g o o u t .
,plump 'down: ,plump pumelf 'dorm SRlSTH DOWN (&llmi~Aef)OVk @Ws p l ~ k e d to move: They werepokingaround in the bushes, &v+adv+n + v+nlpron+sdv
(informd)to sit down quickly and heavily: She down $1.7 billion for tickets (= spent that
plumped hersewdown in thearmchnir: amount on tickets) 1Aissummer -Zooklngfor theirball. o What uwreyou doingpok- ,polish 8th 'up1to make changesto ath in order
IS@ plonk down,plonk ywn& dorm to improve ~ t T: he college meds Lo pollsh w its
+v+ntpron+adv 4 v+adv+n i-ne n- -h-n- t-~fIn mu m m ? o He saent his uwekendP
6 v+adv v+pmn+adv
poking urounddusty old h h h o p s . 0 Clrstoms
olficmlspoM throughthe cororrloinms lookingfur
rumpons 2 ta try ta find out information, e s w i w . f!BIi ad,irnsge 2 to impmve your skills
c~ally secret or hidden information; to get in sth that you havelearnedbut havenot used for
,plump sth 'down ( i n f i m 0 to put sth down 'ply sb with stb 9 to keep giving sb large involved in sth that does not concern you: A a long time: She wenton o mum topolish up her
suddenly and carelessly: He p[um& his $wks m.reporter had been poking m u d , trying lo dis- German. EEl French, Itallan, etc.Isr*,brush
down on the table. amounts of sth, especially fmand drink: T h y covermmethingin my d l UP

Qv+ntpmn+adv + v+actv*n plied us ~urth.&I and cakes. 2 to keep askingsb Qv+adv r v+@p Qv+adv+n v+pmn*a& v+n+adu(mml

'plump for s h t h (BYE,ilbfomt)to choose or questions: Theyplfedmewtthquestionsa bout my [poke a ' m n d ; ,poke a'rwnd stll ( A M . ,pence a'bwt,a'mund(BrE, in~"0m0to do
vote for s'olsthafterthinkingabout it mrefulEy:F informl) to move or do things slowly.without s ~ l l ythingsin a way that looks ridiculous, e s p
think12lpIumpjorthestmk +visri boEngIand. hurrying: I wasj u t p k i n g around in loWn all
& v+prep v + nlpron+w p morning cially to attract attention; t a waste tune: He
p o w around on the shot4 hterviewing inm-
pointb a r n t i e v + a d v v+prep
ben of the a t d i e m . o Imuki hawfinirhed thnt
,plump 'upto become rounder or fatter Smk rRe ,point s b t h 'out (m to show sb which per- %ke at sth to gush your hger, a stick,etc. into Jobwhileyou've hnmncingamLvrd!
misinsuntll theyplump up, sonor thing you are referringto,for example by sth, often sevet-al times: She poked at her salad
Q v+adv with herfork. gv+m
moving your head, by describing themlit, etc: IEE) pmd atsth
,plump 9th 'up to make 8th such as a cushion
rounder and softer by shaking it: Let me plwnp WrlIyorrmint his wife out to me if you see her? o (4 v + Prep

upyourpillowsf o t y o u He draw them amlmnd&wley Hi&spolnlingout
where the stars lived. o The gukIe minted out
CUShlOn, plllOW vrrrioushistoric monuments.
Qv+nlpmn+& + v+a&*n
e)v+actv+n v+rdpmn+adv

,pop 'Up(f?&rmoO toappearor happen whenyou rn on sth ( a h'muncm upon sth r n Jarsl camm n g out. o The whole stow then
toaoeept an opportunity, etc wkh enthu- p o d out. o H e p o d WL his Iroubles lome.
,poop ' o d (AmE, shng) l (on ah)(also ,poop do not expect it: He seems Iopop up in the most &v+adv v+adv+n r v+pmn+adu + v+o*a&
'outof sth) to fail to do somethingthat you have unlikelyp h . o Whenyau click with the hermouse, 1 ulssrn: She p o u d on the opqwrtuni@io work
arrangedto do; to stop doing 8th bemuseyou are amupopsup (kfrnf)
very ti& or afraid Iwas supposed to go out IasF uvllh them. 1aka v +adv + p p + v +nlpmn+adv+prep
night but Ipwpedout. 2 ifamachinepoopsout, Qv+adv r 'wtpwrlng n 1(usudlypl.1 a strongand sud-
it stops working I + Y + P ~ ~ Pselmrth(momforma0 den expmsion of ofding:She haled hnving to
F 'popup dj [only before noun] 1 (of a bmk,
+v+adv~alsov+arhr+pmp e k ) havrng pictures that stand up when you RoundIpamdl Iuten to his pnssurnale outpowlngs. 2 a large
open the pages: a popup bwk 2 (wmputang)a amount of sth prduced In a short time: a
,poop sb 'out ( A d , informal) to make sb v w y p o p u p function is one that appears qu~cklyon I'pound sth 'out to play a tune on a musical
tired:A long day at t h o ~ p o o pms eout. the screen when you choose it while you are instrument vemloudly: O0U u o r ~ u n d i ogut* r e m r l m b l ~ o u t p o t l r i ~socfholarship
& v +nlpron+ adv working on another document: a popup tuneon thepiano. o @gumtive)She pounded out

,pooped 'outudj [not before noun](informal, menulwiradow h e r p m s on an old fypewriler

espmmlly AmKjverytired: Iluaspm&out&r +v+adv+n + v+pmn+& * v+n+adv(less ,pwmw 'up; ,power ath 'up ff a machine

a long dayat s h e o m . 'pore wer sth to study sth by looking at it or muent~ p w e r s up,or sWsthpowerait up, it isswltchd
on and becomes ready to use:Swiich on the cum-

thinking about it very carefully:She~ wpsoring puter then moitfor i f tap o w up o This switch

,pop 'In (informal, psped~llyBfm to visit sblsth +overan oldmap. pour sth akrey to get nd of a liquidby empty- willpolwr up themonitor
v+ prep '' ing it out of its mntain; H t p u r e d the e v + a d v v+adv+n + v+rdpmrh+&
for a short tMe: Sheoftenmm Infor wfjk. o I'll

pop in toweyou at lhe weekend. numy o m hefinished washing thecar: precedetplrstal

I S drop In (emsblat ...) ,mat sth 'OH(to sb) ( B r a to send sth to sb by +v+n!pmn+adv 4 v+adv+n 'precedeath wfth d h todo or sapsth

QV+& posttrnail:Iposteda letteroff toyouthismwniw. b u r downto rain heavily:It's pouring down. 0 before the main thing that you wantto do or W :

,pop sth 'Inrround( B r oto d e h r sth to sb on letter, parcel mall ath off: send sth T l w m m ~ r e d d o w n a lml kend. Tfwy often p d e their m o r n m u m with a
your way to anothw place: I'll pop the Zibmry
off (tosb) m p1t down short laikor dtsplay.
books in on my way home. o Couldyoupop those
Em3 You canalso use pmt a letter,etc., but this Pour is alao used with this meaning, but & v +nlpmn+prep
photos round lnierv often refers to the action o f putting the letter in only with thesubjectit:It'spouring (withmink
drop stk by: dropnth In (tosWah): dmp the mailkax: Didyou remernkr to posl my letter
Qv+adv predisposeI ~ r l r ~ A r r P E - ' s p o u e I
sth off whenyou m t o u t
b 'downpoura a heavy showerof rain
v+ nlpmn+a& Qv+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n
p o u r 'forth:,pour 'forths t h o t o a p p e a r predl'spase sb to sth (Wpmdl'swae sb
,pop ' o f T ~ W r m n 1p,swciully B E )1to go orleave ,post sth 'upto gut a notice, etc up on a wall so or to psduce 8th fmmsomewhere inlarge num-
somewhere,especiallyfora shorttime: I'mgoing that people can see it: The exam m u l t s wzll k bersoramounts:Thedoors opmedandomwdof towards sth lessfmquen0 (formno to make sb
topopolfmrlvloni&a(=leavemrkearly), if it's pnsted up inthe hall. pwplepoumd forth. o Heportredforth astreamof more likely to do something or to suffer from a
alI right with you. o Theyjust pop off lo F r a m part~cularillness: CigamfTeMtverfising p d b
whenever theyfeel like ii. 2 (oId-fashlom@to die: &v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n biiteraccwtmns. poses ch~fdrenlo smoking. oHis 2ifesQ.k p&h
p m d hrm Lo high blood pres~ure.o &Inin
WhenI m p ofla11my monqgoes Ioyou. potter(~rer)p a t a ( r ~ : ~ m ' p aM~(-A! ~ E $ vtactu + v+adv+n
people m y beprpdwposedlomenial illness.
Qv+adv p o u r 'In;, p w r 'IntoeWktaarrivesomewhereIn
,pop sth 'onW E ,WornanQ1 to put onapiece of putter) large numbers or amounts: Compkzinrspour& Psedisgose sb toltowardr sth Is often
clothing quickly: He pop@ on hts jacket and ,potter a'boutra'raund: ,potter a'boul in Mer lest nfght's programme. o Sllnlight uscd m the passtve: He Wievpsthat s o m m p l e
went out. 2 toturn on a piece of electricalequip s'round sth to an th~ngsor move without mured i n through the windows. o Fans were still a r p p r e d k d t o w ~ m i mblhnutour

pouring hlo thestndiwn. & v+nlpmn+prep

ment: l U p o p the kettle on and uw'll haw some burning, especiallywhen you aredoing sth that EEl fl- In,flmd into nth
you enJoy and that is not important: They spent
iw. @v+adv+v+pr%p
Qv+nlpmn+sdv v*adu+n #he day mitering n h u t by the r i m o She luas
sth 'into sth to provide a largeamount of 'preface sth byMltth dh;' p d - sth
,'pop 'out 1l a b ,pop 'outd sth)ta come out happyjust pottering aroundthe house. money for sth: The council has been pouring doing 8th UormaO to say sth before you s M
FEJ the hwse. the garden
from a place suddenly: Hejustpoppdout from 'm o m tinlo thea m . makinga speech,a m r i n g a question, etc: It i s
hehind a tree. o W ~ u m t i wI)didn't menn to MI +v+adv v*prep Q v +nlprnn+prep
helpf111if an infemiewerpdua?S each group 4f
them -ftjwtpoppdout (=I spoke)W o r e 1real- pounce/pams/ pour sth 'offto removewmeof the liquid h m a
ked. o Vigumliue) His m s nearly popped out of +questionswith a brief exp*planntion.
rontainer.mkingpot, etc.by pouring:Whenthe v +nlpmn+prep

h h h~ead (= he was very surprised) when hesaw 'pounee on sbtsth (also 'pwnce upon fishrscooted,popourm the wler prefix~pr*/
whnl shewas maring. 2 (especiallyB r a to leave moreformal) to quickly notice sth that sb has
somewhere for a very short time: John's just said or done. and criticlze it or use it for your e v + a d v + n c v+nlpmn+adv

pop@ out loge! a newspcspel: own advantage: As soon as I o p e d my mouih, ur 'ovt, ,pour sth 'out 1( a h , m r 'out of ' p r d x A to B:'prefix A wHh B to add letters,

Q)v+advl alsav+adv+prep the heher munced on me. oHe sold somethrng numbersor words to the hglnning of a number

,pop 'werrround0to vlsit sb's home for a srllyond theother hyspouncedoniEotonce. ~duce sth from somewhere in large amounts or or word:~021rhthenramberyouwcmtDwSL
,svmladze on sth (moreformnl)
short t ime:Pop ouer tfyoufeel lonely. numbers:Black s m o k e p o d out theargiw. o PI+ tftenumberyourwnz tom12with 0.70.
drop by;drop mrer (pspecicrllyAmE) Founoe on/upon sWsth canbe used in the v +nlpron+WP
0 Peopfepoumdout through Ihegalae, 0 F M O I Y
6 v+adv passive: His mislake waspounced on by t h e p m .
chimneys pourad out smoke. 2 when feelings or presideI p n a d l
Ov + p w words pow out,or sbprmm t h e m oat, they are

rxpressed, usually after they have been kept hld- pre'slde over sth (TwmaD to lead or be In
rlen for some time: Ail herfeelings of mntment charge of a rneetm& ceremony,etc: S h e p m W

ouerthe&ing.o 7'hewurlispm3&douer&a





.p...u....l.l..t...o.............................................IXII .218 ............... ." . ".................... ".............................. ""a"1'"9....""......"..........................."*" .....+......"....................p...u...s..h....I..n......
"

,pull sth Yo if youpdl a dooror awindowto, you t 'pull-up n a n exercise in which you hold onto a get a better uiera 2 to treat sblsthas if theylit are
close it or almost clwe it by pulling it towards high bar above your head and pull yourself up
towards it: She datrs 5O.aull-u.rn and 1W sit-uas p u n c h 'inhut;, p u n c h sb 'Intout YlrnE) to not important: to avoid thinking about sbisth:
you:Pullthe door toon your wayout. every morning. When hts sisferbrought home a scAooIfrknd, he
EQi only door,w l n d w rccord the time that you arrive at or leave work, ~2ltpushedL L S a~nd ahndoned. o Emma z m m
,pull y o U W l f 'up 1to move your body into an by puttinga cardlndoa machine; to do this for sb dmfelypushd the unpleasant thoughd aside.
shut sth )gpp) push sth to upright position, m i a l l y by holding sth rlse: He punched in ten minute3 late. o I was in
@ v +n l p m +ad" firmly and using force: Julia pull& herser up such a hurry to h u e thnt Ifirgot topunch out. o @v+rdpmn+a& r v*adv+n
from the sofa, o Ipulled myseFf up to my f i l l Wouldyoupu~chme in?K'mgorng lobe late.
,pull t o ' g e t h e r if a group of people pull heightcuuiglaredangrilyal Dan. 2 to stop doing , p u s h sblsth a'way to remove sblsth h r n in
together, they act or work together in order to IEfCclock inlon,clock sb Inlon(Brm,clock front of you with your hands or arms, to show
or saying sth very suddenly I sfurted to ask that you do not want themlit: He Mered to hip,
achieve sth: B we allpull logetM rw'2lfinish by about herfamilx but puZIed myself up sharply olflaut (BrE)
when Isatoshe wasgetting u r n . Qv+achr + v+nlpmn+adv bu F she pushed him caw.o Shepushed her plate
Friday. EE)draw ywmelf up
- t s e e a L w P c ~ss~ UP away. 'Ih not hangry.'~(figumfrw)Had he lied
@v+& @ v+pmn+adu u n c h sW 'In; , p u n c h sth 'Into sth to put lo me?Ipushed the thong& away.
IElpull yourself up by your (-1 'bobtram Pinh-matlon into a computer, etc by w i n g ev+ntprcn+adv v+adv+n
,pull a t h to'gdher 1to make dl the dWetent (informn to improve your situation yoursel' keys: She pun&& in the securiy code and the
parts of an organization, an activie etc. work without help from other people dooro p e d , p u s h sb 'back1to use form to make sb move
together in a successful way:Hismpired h & r - @v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+sdv 4 v+nlpmn+prep backwards, especially by using your hands o r
shtppulkdthemrty top:ether2 toorganizeavar- arms: Themlrcepushed theproteslers bock. 2 if
iety of ~dease, tc. in a logical and &ul way: u n c h 'out; , p u n c h sb 'out (ArnE) = PUNCH sb pushes soldiers, an army etc, back, they
This Iecturepulb iopther sevmlrecent theories.
I N ~ U U TP, UNCH 3R ~ N / O U T force them to move away from a place:1Wamrss's
Qv+n/pmn+adu * v+adv+n
sb 'out (AmE,informdl to hit sb r e p i - army wasgmduallypushed k R into ca defensive
,pull y o u r s a f f t o n g e t h e r t o g a i nmntrol o f your pump/PAWI
feelings and start to act in a calm and sensible edly: muchmy m r a n d IZIpunchyoll Out. circle,

way. She m d e a great &%I? lo PUN herself , p u m p sth 'In; , p u m p 8 t h 'Into ?Ah to give lE9 beatahup Qv+nlpmn+a& hr. v+&+n

together o Stop crying and pull yourseEf laceamountsof money or resouroesto sth: Mil- 4 S@@a h 0 PUNCH INlOWT, PUNCH SB INhUT , p u s h s t h 'back1to make sth move backwards
together! Q v +nlpmn+adv by using your hands,arm,legs, etc: Hepushed
lions have been pumped into rhhi n d w t ~
P u n c h sth 'am1to press a combination of but- hischirbocknndstdup. 2tomakethetlmeor
+v+pmn+edv EE m o n q )81H) Inject sth (~ntosth)

,pull s b t s t h ' u n d e r to make sbtsth become com- @ v+nlpron+adv 4 v + adv + n + v* nlpmn+prep tons or keys on a mmputer, telephone, etc: He date of a meeting, etc. later than origindy

pletely cove& m water Hefelt the wauesprrIling , p u m p b u t ; ,pump 'out of sth;,pump sth picked up the p h n e and punched ouF Donna's planned: The r e h o f their new album has been
numb 2 to hit sthvery hard and makeahole in pushed imck until earlynerlyeul:
h ~ muluiet 'out.,pump s t h "ut of s t h 1(ofa liquid) to
It o r make sth fall out: The burglar hdpunched Qv+dpmn+adv v+adu+n
Q v + ntpron+adv come out of somewhere or to be pruduwd from
outapaneof glass.mopen the window,
,pull "up (of a vehicle, or its driver) to stop, espe somewhere wlth force and in large amounts: @ v +edv +n v + nlpron +adv , p u s h 'byl'pask,push'byl'past sb touse f o m
cially for a short tlme:HepulM up alongside me Blood waspumping out@ the wound. o Carsare to go past other people, rudely making them

a t the tr&?c Iighis. o A taxipuI1Bd 1.p outside. pumping out tom of mllutants every y@ur2 ~f m o w to one side: Shepushad by without sayinga
music, sound, etchpumps out or sb pumps it
EE)draw up out, it is produced h m somewhere very loudly word. o H e ~ o l l o md e to the door and p w h d
and for a long time: Heavy mehl was pumping
+v+adv out of hwespmkers. past me into the house.

,pull sb ' u p 1(Brm{onlfor sth)(infwmaDtocriti- Qv+adv r + a d v + m r v+sdv+n + @v+adv+v+prep
clze or correct sb forsth they have done badly or
wrong Shepulled him up onhisuntidy handwrit- v+nlpmn+adv 4 v + n l p m n + a d v + m 'pushfor s t h ; ' p u s h sb for sth to keep asking
ing. o I~uaspulledupfir notusingtkcorrectpra
cedure. 2 tomakesbstopdoingorsayingsthvery , p u m p 8 t h ' o u t ; , p u m p sth ' o u t of sth to for sth, or asklngsb todo sth, because you think
~tis very important: We are pwhzng hnrd for
suddenly: Theshock of his words palled me up remove a gas, liquid, etc. from inside sth with a
short. o The esrpuwion of Musfly wspulled pump: Thefirebriga&pumpedout the basement. electom1mform. o They 'repushingmefora deci-
up sharply by an mnorniccrisrs. draw sb o Thefire brigade p u m H the tvoler out of the
sion on thematter

BE)p r e s s f o r ~ h , p r s ~ s b k r 8 t h

*6v+ prep + v +nlpron prep

UP basement. I, p u s h sb a'boul (mm3ally BrE) = PUSH se , p u s h 'fornard 4 to move forwanl through a
3S = U ~DRAW YOURSELF UP Qv+n/pmn+adv r v+edu+n + Al<OUhlD groupof p e ~ p luentil you arenear the front: She
pushtd forward through the crowd. 2 = PUSH
Qv+dpmn+adv + v+actv+n Y nlpmn+adv + prep , p u s h a'headl'forwardPon (with sth) to con- A ~ ~ E A ~ ~ ~ ~ R W A3RifDso~ lOdiNers, a n armx etc,
linue with a plan in a determined way: TW push forward, they move forward against the
,pull s t h 'up 1to move sth from a lower to a ,pump sb 'up:, p u m p yourself 'up(mrnmal, pushed ahead with the modernization pra enemy,especially with some dimculty
hlgher position: ShepuILcdhershortsup ondput especiulbA m to make sb feel more excited or xmmme.
a T-shirt on. 2 to remove sth from the ground determined about sth:Izuas reallypum@ unfor 4 LwaisoPUSH ON +v+adv
with force: Kids hadpulled all htma shrubs u p 3 them.
(to sth) to bring sth such as a chair closer to W Pump ~bup is oftenused Inthe passive. 6%+2a n r o u n d( n h ,push sb i- up ,push sb/yournelf 'forwardto try to make sb
sblsth: Pull up a chair and sit down. draw ( milyBrE)(informal) to ordersb to do things in a notice sbpmurself, especially in order to obtain
6 u+adv+n 4 v+dpmn+adv t h ~ a t e n i n gor unpleasant way: Don't kt him sth such as a job or a move to a more important
UP prrsh you around. job: He'snot thesortof pemn w h o p u s h h i m e l
,pump8th 'up1to 6U a tyre,etc. with air uslnga Q v + nlpron+adv forward.
Qv+rdpmn+adu * v+adv+n pump: Pump your tym UP befom you set on: 2 Q v+ nlprun+adv
pullyour 'mksup (ErEj to try to develop a (iqformai, espw&lIy BrEj to hcmase the m u s h sb&th a ' s l d e t to move sbkth to a pos-
amount, value or volume of 5th: They alwuys I I!on where they do not prevent you from going , p u s h 'In(BrE,in$mnuOtornwe in i h n t of other
more serious, responsible attitudeto your work: pump f h e f r p r mupWore Chrismas. stjmewhereor doing sth: Hepushed herastdeand people who are waiting in a line: They thought f
to Improve your behav~ouHr e'll haus topull his v+nlpmn+adv * v+adw+n rrwnt into theroom o I p u s M t h e c u m i n asidelo
socksup if he suonls6oposstht exam. was trying t a p u ~ hin at the h e d c!f the queue.
F50 cut In(Am@
+v+adv

.p..u,,.s-h-...o,.-t.f-......~................*....... 220 " . ....PC............................1_........ ............................. ...a..2.

,pwsh 'off1(inj%rml,cspciully BrEE usedlo tell ,push to'rmrds sth to make progress towards m r s s l f a'oross( a h,putyoumeff 'over) our deliveries $y wsr o month. BE)PBt sth
(to ab) ( B E )to make sb understand your ideas, back 4 to move the handsof a clock back to give
sb rudely to go away:Push o f f nnd b v e m in achiwlng an aim: We am pushing somrdsfull
ynur personality, etc: Sheputs h m l f n r o s s we![ the correct earlier time, especially at the end of
pwce! 2 to leave sWa place, especially in order to m o n e t w union rn Europe. summer We forgot to put the clocks buck Eclst
or In!erviews.
gohme:It's timlpushedoff~nddidsomework. 4 V + P ~ ~ P night. E l l the cloeks, your watch E B put 8th
3 (from 6th) to move away from the shore in a ,pushsb towards sth: ,push sb to'wards +v+pmn+adu torward5 (uformal)todrink a large quantlty of
boat, or from the s~deof a swimming ~ 1 He: dolng Mh to make sb try to do or achieve 5th. alcohol. I had just put k k my sixth beer 4 f the
pushedofffrom the bankand rowwldownstreuna. TFaa need for a d fiwIIy pushed l k m towards Put sth a'slde1 to place 8th to one side: Sheput ewening. knock 5th back6 (Into stb) to give
.@v+adv the newspuwr aslife and slood up. lw SWI
coopmilon with the USA. aside2 to keep an item for a customer to collect sth to ordo sthfor an organuatlon, asoclety,etc.
,push 'On 1(to...)to mntinue lrmlling some *@ v + nlpron prep lntcr: Imked them ioput the dress as& for me. 3 that has glven you sth: The schwl has been so
where: We decided topush on to Kobe. 2 = PUSH ,push sth 'up to make sth rise or increase:A (~1.w,put sth 'by mmially BrE, ,prrt sth a'way) gwd to me. I really m i lo put something t m k
AHRADIPORWARDIONI to save some money to use later. He hrad been into it. E E wmthing E i O glve ath back 7 to
s11artageoJh n d p u s h d p r o p e r t y pu~p ptirting some money mrde e w v month. ESi spend more money on sth in order to make ~tbet-
+v+adv money4 to decide to keep a p e r i d of time for a ter or more successful: The government isn't
EEi prices, raten, costs particular task or activity: We m d toput mule putting enough money back intotheeconomy.EEd
some lime to deal with thrs. EGitlme 5 to ignore
'pushsth onlonto sb t o b y tomakesbacmptor @v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n nr forget sth:Doctors have toput their personal money
J w l i n ~ sas& o They decrded to put as& their Q 1,2,4v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
buy 5th they do notreallywant: He keepsprrshing
'diflerences.IEE)ael 8th aside; disregard stk 3,5v+adv+n + v+dpmn+adv
h*i etfmtionson her put I ~ u tIlPU~+IWp, ut,put) (moreformaD
@ v+ nlpmn+prep put the 'clock twck to return to a situation
---abcut - infor @v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv that existed in the past: I wish I muSd put the
,push~b 'Out:,pushsb 'Out d 8thtomakesb abwe clock buck adgiveour mrriageanother chance.
leave a place or an organization: He m f u d lo ams 223 -into put sthEsb al sthto calculateorestLmatesome
sesiRn, so his mlleQgues pushed him out. o 221 -aside -off thing t o h a pwtiedarrize amount, etc: m p u t 'put s b ~ s t hbefore s b M h ( a h "put sblsth
Pntrents are being pushed out of hmpitnl b@re hisageaiabouts&y oI'dgut hirnufaboulsixtjr ahme sblsth) to glve s b t h more importance
they arereally &p --at 224 -on o The cost of the pmj& k put 111 #M million than sbtsth else: Heputs his c h i [ d m Befortaw
~ v + n l p r o n + a d v+ v+adv+n o ew -onto pounds. one else. o They have always put business before
pleasure. o Someyoung menput their own career
v+dpmn+adv+pw -back -out mfigure, coat above thefrparmer3.

,push sblsth 'outto make sWsth less important --before -225 -over rp@ v+ dpmn +PW+n Q v + nlpmn+prep
behiM over on
than before;to replaw sblsth with sblsthelse:My -Past ut sb a'way(irbformaD1tosendsbtoprison,to ,put sth be'fore s M htopresent sth to sbisth:
pamnts didn't want me tofeel pushed out by my nhospital for people who arementally ill, etc:He She wrli be able lo put her arguments W m the
younger brother o 'HarryWfier'is pushing out -bv -through
more IraditwnalcRildren'sstorres. ruas put away for 15 ymrs. o If you're fouAd mrnrnzttee.o The new evidence wmput Wore the
-down -226 -to
tmer gullfy, t ~ " l p u t y o auwayfor a Eong time. court.
222 -dormas -towards Put sb away isoften usedin the passive in thls
-under meaning. 2 ( A m E , slang) to kill sb: He was EE pmpesal,mvldenee, plan
--down for
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv down to
--forth
,push sblsth 'over to make sWsth fall to the fornard *UP
ground, to make sth fall onto its side or turn
over:I waspushed over Inthephygmund. - In 227 -up to
- rnlinto -upwith

-up

Qv+ntpmn+adv + v+adv+n ,put a ' h t (WhnimO if a ship puts abont, it ordered toput the h o s t a g e a ~ . 6v+nlm+prep
cham- diretion: The ship put about and
b 'pushovern (qforma01 a task that is easy to kuded k k toport. ~ v + n l p m n + a b u+ v+adv+n ,put t h be'hind yau to try to forget about sth
do: a contest that you win easily: The gum
a g n i m S m l d will k a pushover: 2 a person Qv+adv rp:put ath a'way1to put sth fn abox, drawer,etc. unpleasant that has happenedand not allowit to
who is fssy to influence or persuade because you have finlshed using it: He m h e d affect your future: She tunW lo gut the pasf
,put sth a'bout (fnformnr, espaciolly B ~ E t)o &hind her
,push 'past ,push 'past sb = PUSH RYkAST, spread information, stones etc. among a gmup the dishesandpui ihem a u w o I'm just going to
of people: Someone has been putting if a h a t put the car away (= in the garage).o Kids-will €?Ey lw r m past,your pmblemm
PUSH BYIPASRST YOU PUt UUlttyYOUr ?10U172.PUT STA ASIDE 3
6 v + rdpmn+prep+pron

,push 'through; ,push through sth to use flrnlyou're Zmuing. o Thh was on & p u t a b u t Sha'sputting some m o w awayfor college, o I'm ,puts h 'by(r?.YpecklllymE)=PUT STH ASIDE 3 He

force to cross a barrier,especially one formed by by the government. o Rumours were put about putiinE something awayfor a rainy day (= for puha fewpounds by every week. o W s g o t m m

a crowd of people: Hepushed his way I h u g h that theshop luasthing. d~fficulttimes). 3 ( i n J i ~ m O t o e aot r drlnklarge moneyput bjr

to thefront of t h e m u d . EEl rumour, Idea,It quantities of sth: Thgr put a w y f i w bottles of ,put 'down(especiallyErEj if an aeroplaneor its
wine hemem themlo I don't know how he man- pilot puts down, the plane mmes down to the
&v+adv + v+prep El @j RPut sth about is often used in the passive.

,push sth 'through;,push d h 'throughsth 6 v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n +a R e S t 0 p l l Z i ~ ~ l ! a ~ a y ! 4 ( ~=PmUET)STH DOWN 4 ground T'?u pIane put down at Munchester air-
I,Zv+ntprm*adv + v+adv+n port o He had lopul down rnafield.
to get a new law, plan or proposal officially 'put sb/sth above sblsth =PUT SBlSTH BEFORE 3vtadvtn + v+pmn+& + v + n + a d v ( h lE9 se4 down, sst sth d m :lend, land sth

accepted: We're trying to ptrsh through th@ S I ~ ~ T H

rgforms asquickly RS possible. o ThePrrrne Min- ,put sth a'eross ( a h ,put rth 'over)(toub) to Irepwnt) +v+adv

kter promised lo push the bill through PQrIia- comrnuntcate your ideas, feehgs, etc. to sb but sth 'back 1to return sth to its usual place; ,put sb 'down 4 ( a h ,put youmlf ' d m ) to
mentquickly. to return sth to the place it was before:He uses critic~zesb and make them feel stupid, espe-
clearly and suocessfwlly: The mrnwigmJaiW to my IhrngS and never puts them b k . o Put the clally in front of other people: to say something
blll, relorms,leglslatlon put the messagem s s . o She'svery gad atpun- h k back on the shelf wrJl you?oShe mrefully that suggests that you have a low opinion of

Q v*nlpmn+edv r v+adu+n * v+nlprm+prep ing acrossher ideas.

,push 8th 'toif you pusha door or a window to, mesaage, Id-, mint EBE) gel ath acmm pr~t!he Ieiters back whereshe'dfound them. EZEl yourself: She's always putting pwple down. o
replace sth (moreforma0 2 (to...) (aka .put sth Don't put ~1ourse2Jdown!
you close it or almost close it by moving it away Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n dm sb down, do
'back...) to move 8th to a later time or date: The youlaalf down(BrE,inform00 2 {Brm(of a bus,
fromyou:I p w h e d t k door b put one a'cmsl sb (fnfirmal)to deceive or nrwtwllng has been put bQck to next m k . o The etc.) to aUow sb to get OWThe bus stopped toput

EZ3 onlydow, wlndow E?W ahut ath trick sb g a m e h a s b e e n p u t h c k 2 4 h o u ~EB)postwne
sth (more forman )gpp) brlng sth toward 3 to
P3pullsth to down some pmengem. o Ask the driuer to pill
cause sth to be delayed: The Wrke h m haspul back you down outside the Ciiy Hall EZ wswngen
@ v+ nlpmn + adv

p--w--..l..d...o...r.m-.-.- -...................4. ...................."..............a..z..Z.,.......,.........,h......,.............,,,...........,,,.......,......*..,..........................

F.

IEE) 4 ab dDwn (espmhlfyBh') plek sb no.puf your 'heeddown to goto sleep:Why don't ,put 'In;,put'In8th to intemptanother speaker The sehao1 hasput a Zot of m o w Into (bw-)
up 3 t o w t a baby to bed: She'sjlrstpui thebaby new equipment. money, resaumm
dotun, E~EIbaby youputyourheaddawn fora while? In order to say sth: 'Butwhat a h & us?"nPput in Inrsst sth
Q 1,3v+nlprnn+adv * v + a d v + n ( m j ~ r ~ r r kol yOouldIplrfina wrd7
, p d sb 'down as sth to think that sb is a par- gv+nlpmn+adv v+ab+n 4 v+r~lpnm+preP
Xv+dpmn+adv +v+adv+n
titular type of person, especially when you do lnbrject sth(mreforml) b 'Input n [C] IU]time, knowledge, ideas o r work
'putdwwn n (inlorma0 a m a r k or an action
that is intended ta make sblook stupid: Sheprp not know them very wek Iput the h y down es a +v+adv+speech + v+artv+n v+nJpmn+adv that you put intoapmj~t,&c.inotdertom~it
dracess~m~ ~ n d e ~ u l p u t d o w m .
t m u b k m k e r as mm as I saw h i m o I w o u ~ ,put sb 'in (especiully BrE) to elect a political succeed: Nurses should haw more input Into the

4wwv,+hn,p/orrrlnynw+daodwvn+ an offszefe! pnrty as the government; to choose sb officially way patients are treated.o Thank yau for your

~mn+n In do a particular job: The uoiersput the C o m r - input lo the dIscmfon.
There is also a verb Input sth m e a n b to
,Put ~oum*lf'down9 =PUT $8 DoWM 12=PUT 77 7 -r +I tmrives in with a .kr,q.ern'ority.
v+nlpmn+adv + v+abu+n put information into a m p u h r and a related
S R ~ S T HDOWN,PUT YOURSELF DOWN ,put sb 'down for sth to write down that sb is

,put sbmth 'down to place sbtsth that you are walling or wishes to buy sth, give an amount of
hold~ngonto the floor or another surface: 5he
money,etc: Put me downfor three ticketsfor the ,put sb 'inrlnto sth 1tornakesbgo toapartlcu- noun input.

Seturdavs?ta.?u. -- Inr Institution, suchasa school,hospital,etc: He ,put 'InTor sth (a-tfy BrE)toapply formfly
smsput inprison forfwyears. oAn mident put for sth. Are you going lo put in for !Rat job?o
put her bag down by the dwx o h t me down!o @ v+nlprm+adu+prep him in hospiial for three weeks. o We had loput She'sgoing topul infur a irans*
w~uratiue>It's Q grmt book. I couldn't put it granny inlinro a nursing home. W When thls transfer+W
down!(= stopreading it) 'put ath d m n to sth to mnsider that sth @ v + adv + prep
caused by sth:Shetends toputeverythingdownto meaning of the phrasal verb is used with hos-
EE9 plck sWsth up fate. pltsl and prison, in is usually used rather than ,put shMhryoumelf 'In Or sth to enter
atMbuta rth to sth(f3tma0, chalk ath up Into.2togivesbaparticularjob todo: Weputher
Q v+nlpmn+adu * v+adv+n

-,put sb/sth 'down: ,put yourself 'dawn 1 tosth(informaf) sthlyourself for a competition: She3 put k&f
(borlassth) Ito do slh)to add your name or some- Q v * Womn +e- d- v+ nrrn-nr +b~ltntosalesandshedidreaIly wlelS. rnfor Ehe IW m m .o YousRouldput thatphoio
v + nlpmn+prep
one else's to a list, etc. in order to arrange for ,put ~ t 'hforth& r m l or litemry) 1 = PUT STH +pul sb In thtl 'picture (fnfornaa0 to give sb infot thecompetition.
OUT 9 Theplantputforth mew leaves.2 (apeciulb llic information they need in order to under- v+ nlpron+adv+ prep
youfthern to do slh: Shegut herself downfor an A@ = PUT STH FORWARD 3 3 (A@ to make a
smngphysimcalor mentalaort todosth: Hekn't ~tnnda situation: You shouldput Mi& irl l h c p b ,put 'Into...( B r a= PUT IN (AT ...), PUT INTO...
oerohics c k . Q I ' put Jack's mrne down fur putting forth t h e m s o t y e m . effort
the local s c h l . o We" h e n put down togo to a tilreassoon m l b l e . put sb *err 'Woeto ,put sb sth =PUT sB IN,INTO STH
&v+adv+n v+n/pmn+actv(mre) make sb feel stupid or embarrassed when they
class at 4 pm. 2 (as 8th) to write sth down;to hnve shown too much confidenceput yourself in ,put sth 'id0sth 'Itoadd a qualitytosth:D P ~ U
,put s b t h 'forward,;put yourself Torward sb's ah- to imagine that you are m another ~ ~ ~ u t s o m e emtxoyo~uril*?~2 t =PUT
make a note or 8th: I'llput the m m n g down in Iforlas sth)to suggest somebody or yourself a s a prson's s~tuation,especially when it 1s an
my diaryiaoryHe put himser down on theform as S T H 1N.PUT STA I N ~ N T OSTH
'u@i ir: o I'ue put some idem down on p ~ p e ) o: unpleasant or dU3cult one: Don? k angry wish V+n/FfMt Prep
Cerrld you put down in ruriring what youfwl?o .w~itrbrother Try mputyoumIf in hisshoes.
I've put you (= your name) down where if says candidate Tor ajob, aposrtion, etc: CmIputyour put sth into doinn sth = PUT STH IN, PUT STH
nameforwrdfor thejob7 o Only one womQnhas Cut sth 'in 1to fit a piece of equipment, Wni-
hartof kin'(= on a form). put hersev forward as a candtdnle. o We u.ould lure, etc. into a p a r t i d a x place: Steve put the lN/lNTOSTA 3,4
Qv+ntprwr+adv + v+adv+n lrke toput you forward askmd of department. o
My name wasp u t f i r m & f o r the schohrship by ,put 'off doing 3th =PUTSTH OFF 1
,putsth ' d m1toreplacethereceiverof a tele-
phone and end your conversation: (BrEjSheput iheprinciwl. shower in &himselJ o They had mtral heating ,put sb 'off 1 to cancel a meeting or 8th you had
gut m w h they m o d into thepat. I % 9install arranged with sb: He wassupposerd lo armyes-
the phone down on me! EXi only the phone, the E S l name
mcoiver2 to pay part o f the costof sth: 1"uaput @v+nlprcm+adv + v+adv+n ath (moreformal)2 to officially make a clalm,a temlny, but I pul him ofl o Teil her you writ to
down a deposit on w r t r i p . m deposit 5 to mlk lo her and don4 k put o f l 2 (BrE) (of a
move sth from a higher to a lower pnqition: The ,put sth 'fornerd 1 to move sth to an earlier wquest, etc: I'ueput In a reguestfor some m t m vehicle, a driver, a ship, etc.) to stop in order to
sun"sinmyeye-con Ipulthehlinddown?~Put time or date: We'veput the m t i n g f o r m r d a ft~rrding,o They'veputin an offer on the h o w (=
mu& of @VS. EEB brlng 8th forward 2 to t hry've said they would pay a particular amount allow sbto get off:Iasked thebus driwrtoputme
yourfwt down,p h ! (= off the tabletchair) 0 move the hands of a clock forward to give the
correct time,especialIy at the beginningof sum- I l ~ rit).EE offer, clalrn 3 to give sth, such as o g near tloe town centre*
Theminstopped soshe put her umbrella dorun.4
t Ime or monea morder to helpsblsth: Weellput g v + n i ~ ~ m + a &~ + z d v + n ( k f r e q u e n O
(AmE also ,put sth akayj to kill an animal
mer: Weforgottoput theclocksforward Icsstndght, InjiuepoundsforLucy'spreseni. 4 t o plant sth in ,put sb 'off;,put sb 'offsblsth;,put sb 'off
because it is old or sick: Thehorse wrs hjured o Fmnw Is an b u r ahead, so you'll hnw toput thc ground. Have you pul any bulbs in this
and had tobeput down, o Wehud to have our cat nrilumn?Ellb u l k , seeds dofngs t h t o make sbstoplikingsblsth: to make

put down. Put sth down is often used in your watchfornard when you get there. ths +v+rdpmn+adu 4 v+a&+n sblose interest msblstb: Hkmanner tendstoput
the passive in this meaning. 5 to stop sth by clocks, your watch FIE3 put sth back 3 (also pmpIe o n o Yourstoly isputting meORmyfd!
put In an ap'peamncato go somewherefor a o Theaccident put her fldrzvingfor Eve. 0 The
force: T n e m l l l u a s s w f l I y ~ , u t & w n EQi rebel- ,put sth 'forlhforma1,especmIlyAto~suggest rhnrt time: I m n ' t sit& long at t h e m h t I'd
an idea or a plan so that it can be discussed: She I Iwtterpuf inanappearance. way he trecrled his wife really put m-sohfe'shriema.lloy
Ilon, upflsfng,rewon EZ) supprens 8th; crush Don't beput fl by hera ppwranm
sth 6tospreadsthan the floor orground: Wedec- put forward several idmsfornetupi-ojwts. o Thas
theory was origtnarlly put forwaH by Darwin, ,put sth 'In;,put sth 'intlntosth 1toinclude w!ysuwet.
orated theroom andputa new mrpel down, o I'm
gozng toput someporsondownforthe mu. 7 {ina EZ3 argument, proposal, Idea lB9 brlng sth ~t h in a stom a letter, etc:Hedidn'lput mything +v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n(mrp)
En his Eetter a h u : mming to stay o
e lforward you v+r!lpron+prep
u+nlpron+adu v+adv+n
game of cards)to play a card: Sheput down the Pv+ntprm+adv + v + a d v + n ( m ) id~rltethe report, make sure yuu put in the hiest b 'd-puttlw d j ((fleforml, @ I @ BrE)
...~ v + e d v + n* v+nlpron+adv
ace of o Each p b e r puts down a mrd in ji~ures2. to pay money lnto a bank awunt: He unpleasant; rnak'mg sb dislike or not be Inter-
,put 'In{at ), ,put 'into ... (BrQ (of a shipor its prfl EXh7 inlo his account. money EEl pay
turn. cad, ace, etc. 8 to present sth form- mth m, pay sth into sth;depwlt sth SIaIso put ested in sthlsb: The mmputer made a (Ibl zzinB

ally for discussion bv a mrlzament or a commit- noisethat shefoundon-putting. o Ifind it wry off-
tee: lo put down a kiion!an amend-t
mth lnta dolng 8th)to give a lot of tlIne or effort putting lo hauesomwne walchingme all the time.
table sth firma0 sailors) to stop in pan for a short time: Thaship
v +nlpmn+ adv • v* sdv+ n put in at Llsbn, o Themptain rws fmmctedto IIIath ortodoingsth: She'sputa lotofflort into oHLSmnnner is very ofiputting
lrnproving her French. o Thank youfir ail the ,put sb 'off,,putsb 'off sth todisturbsbwhois
put your 'foot darn 1 to drive faster; put in@Gabisfir -win. Itord work you've put inIETI effort 4 ( a hput trying to give all their attention tosth: Don'tput
putout (t-m...) 0th lnto doCng sth)to provide money for sth:
to drive very fast 2 to be wry firm in opposing

sth: You'Iljt*nhawtopulyourfootdownanrl~y v+PreP

-.......................................................................~ 225
(ln$orman to make sb go to deep or bewme put t"h,,.r..o..u.,.-g.-h---..
~~nconsciouTah: esepills&uldput himoutfir a
mc# when I'm trying loconcenhnb?. 0 T h e s a vehicle (=a dwice for slowing or stopping the ,put yowmlf 'out to make a spedal effort to do
d m noisepatheroffhrgome. +JPIUhours. F#? a h PUT YOURSELF OUT sth for sb: Pleas? &nY put yourself out on oclr
vehicle):h n ' t + ~ % wtoput the handbmke on, o ownunt.o Sheml[jrputherself outfor the visitors.
EEE) dls'lractsb (fmm sth) @ v+nlpmn+advr v+adv*n(Imjkquent)
@v+nlpron+advr v*adv+n(mrv)+ She put on the brnkes s ~ l qEE: ithe brakes, +S@~@~PUTSBOUT~
the handbrakeI 3 3 apply 5th (moreformi)7 rut sth 'out Ito make sth stop burning E h
v+Wpmn+ prep Qv+pmn+arhr
to grow heavier b y the amount mentioned: He's
,putSth 'off1 ( a h,put'Hdolng 8th) to change put on u [lot of weifht sznce I lasl saw him o I'w
sth to a later date or time: We'll haw b p u t the p i ~ ton lluo k i h in tm weeks. E Q weight ,svH1 ~ h t e r s m n p utht efireout o Heput hiscigaretle b, P ~ ' O ~ = P U T S B O U T ~

meetingoff untiInextuleek.o llekwpsputtingofl gain sth (mreform0 ,oPn loss sth EEEiPut 011f with his Jmt. flro, cI@rntttl, candle ,pvt yourself 'over (to 8b) = PUT YOURSELF

going to the dentisl. ,avH, delay stb 2 {espectnly sth (m isnot used~nthepassivein this meaning, extlngulsh sth (moreformas)2 ( ~ p i a f L y ACROSS (TO SR)

BrE)toswitch sth o f f :Cou[dyouputthe IighLsoff 8 to prov~desth specially: T h q put on eX6m (Ilmijrj.3 to switchsth ofT Put the Izght out before you ,put9th 'over=PUT STH ACROSS
h$omyou IwvevEEl Hghb, the televFslon,etc. trains during the holiday p r l d o A spIendid
rn rrwltch *off, turn 5th off mrne to bed. Elthe Ilght DW put sth off; put one ' m r on sb {spoken, i l b f o m O 'lto
4v+n/pron+adv * v+adv+nlalsov+adv+-lng lunch was put onfir the visitors. k r s , traln mlteh ath oft turn sth off 3 to take sth out of
yuur house and leave it, oRen for sb to collect: persuade sb to accept sth that is not me:to
EEDJay ~ t h O n t a k e s n h o f f 9 t o p r d u c e
Remember loput the dwtbimImbbish out deceivesb:N o o w i s g o l n g l o p ~ o n e ~ w r o n h i m .
,put sb 'On (Am& inlorma0 (usuallyrrsed in the or present a play, an exhibition, etc: Tha I m i tonight. o ( A m 0 Remember to put the gar- 2 to show that you are tetter, stronger,etE. than
progmsrve tenses) to laugh at sb, especially by sb else by defeating them: We'd low 50 put one
drum g r o w ore patting on "Macbeth:o The h ~ l l r a s h o u ot Sheput !he mwhing out to dm.
oueron t h WeLrhtmm.
pretending that sth ~strue thalt ISnot: I thought m k w m put on a specSnl exhibition a b u t dtno- Em!)brlq 5th In 4 to place sth where it will be
saurs.E@lplay, exhibItlon, show stage ,put s t h 'past sb (tode 8th)(inform0 ( a l w s
you wrepuflingmeonf nottced and used:Haw you put out c h n tow& used in mgatlve sentences wfthm ~ l d n ' tt)o be
sth (morefirma0 take 8th off 10 to pre- fi~rthe guests? 5 to stretch part of your body s u r p r i A that someone has done something
havesbon(&E) wrong, illegal, etc:I muIdn't put zt past him to
tend to have a part~cularfeeling or quality: He nway from yourself towards sb else:He put his useform f~gewihat he wan&. o 'She won't tell the
Put sb on is not used in the passive. hnnd out to shake mine. ESIlhsnd, toagua 6 Iwchec will she?' 'I wuldn't put it papast k ! ' o
v+nlpron+ a h put on a hurt tex?poreSsshLeoins.no'tCreaanllyyouupspeutt-osnhoe'ns PersonallyI wouldn'tputanythingpasl him!
Amerimn an (n1.w,pul sth "outof sth) to make sth, especially only It,anything,that
b 'put-onn tC, usually sing.] (Am,l q f o m l ) an part of your bod^ mme out through a door or Put sth p ~sb~1sntot used inthe passive.
act of laughing at sb b y telling them that sth is just putting l? on.o He seemed furious, bur I window to the outside:She opened the window
think it ~ u a 0s21 put on.IGJaccent. enpmsslon nndput her h d o u t . o Sampul the cut w t o f the Q v + nlpmn +prep
true that is not;ajokeortrick:&n't lakeitmser- ,srrr, a s s u m a h lformai)
@v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv*n rloorroughly.7 (BrE,to broadcast 5th:to publish
*W I y-it loesjust aputdn.
~ e e aPhUT-ONat PUT STA ON b 'puton n [C, usually sing.] ( A d , Wormal) or issue 5th: The programme w~lI&put out on
somethingthat isdoneto trick ordeceivepwpIe:
, p d sb Boa;,put sb 'an 8thto glvesb thetele Kak's shabby appwmnce is jllsl a put-on. Her Chnnnd Four o The CD was put out fir the ,put sbwurself 'through sth I to make
pnrents are bolh lawyers. Amerrcan mar& o Thepolice put uulan urgent sblyourself experience 8th unpleasant or diffl-
phone so that they can qwak to the person call- rrppwI fir wwlttaews. B E appeal, rtatMnent cult:Heput hispamnts throughM I . o Whyput
ing Sheput Timonthephone. o PutJmonfora

minute, will you? ~ S ~ ~ U ~ P U ITtT- WO N5 8 O N BW broadcastnth8 (informanto produce sth: yournelf through it?+ She neverfowot the ter-
Qv+n/pmn+adv+ v*nlpron+prep T ~faPctory puts out 5M3 new wrs a ~oeeko. They ribleordeal ha hadput her through. 2 to pay for
,putsb 'on sth 1 tomakesuretRatsomeonegets ,put sth 'on I h Ito add anamount of money to put out a new soflluarepackage last month. IEW sb to attend a schwl, oollege, etc: She worked
the price or cost of sth: Thenew tcucputmjwnce
on a plane, train, etc: Weput Ruth on the bus $0
Curlisle.2 to make sammnefollow a particular on theprimof a pncketof cigawfles.IE% knock produce SM9 ( o h,put sth Yortk morefirma0 part-time topui herself ihmugh uniwrsi2y.
diet, take a particular medicine,etc: The W r (of a plant)to developor produce new leaves,etc: Q v+nlpmn +prep
put him onantibiolrcs. o Tim's beenputon a Iorp sth off 8th 2 to bet money on sth:I'vepur .k'I#on
The roses amputllng out new shoots already ,puts h t h 'through(bablto ...)toconnect sbto
far diet.3to decidethat someoneshould do apar- Sultan k Pmmrse (= the name of a horse) in the
ticular job: They'regoing foput someone else on next race. bet (on am),money nowem,shoots, leaves 1 Q to make a fifglt+e,a sbelseby telephone:Gouldyovpul me throughh,
~vsulte,tc. wrong:A price putrracre~se our esti- the managel;plense? o The call was put through
@ v +ntpmn +prep

that project. ,put sb 'onto sb!sYh ( o b,pul ab bn ta sW8th) motes out by a thousand pounds. 11 {to sb) to to the wrong extension.o Hold the fine,Im put-
Q v + rdpmn+prep 1 to tell sb about a person, an organimtion, etc. ~ l v ejaob,a task, etc,toa worker who is not your ting you through.
that could help them, or something that they rmployee or to another company so that the B v +nlwon + adv
,put sth 'on 1 to put an item of clothing,etc. on might like or find useful:Cbukbyouputme ontoa work will be done in anotherplace:A Iol of edit-
your b&:Am'tpugo~ngputyourcoadon?o m d acrounlant72 to connect sb by telephoneto shth Yhmgh sth to test tshbe,stMh tom
sb else: Could you put me onto the manage,: rs put Out The 'Iean'w N~hatthey to do: We put
Hang on, I& ioput my g h s on.o IcanTfiIml please?3 to Inform the police, etc. abwt a crrme
anything cieura to put on! o Have you put your or a criminal: W you kmw who put the poltce rmcl wus put out to t e d w (= mmpanies were thmwh series Theteam are put
seal bell on (= ina car)?o Couldyouputhisshoes onto the hackem' nsked to make offersto supply these servimj.
onfor h i r n ? m comt,shoes, g l a s m , etc. E D v+nlpmn+prep b v + nlpmn +adv+ prep . .thmughafililnessprogram
take sth off 2 to apply sth to your sk~nS:he's EBl work 1 2(informal)to push a bone out o f its
putting her make-up on. oMake sure you put ,put 'out 1(toRhorn...) (BE)(ofa boat or a crew) . ,. -,.A,,$ n.,nr.m-.n + r*ran
som sun c m m on m r e you go out. EEi Ilp to move out to sea h m a harbour,port, etc:The nurmal gosition: Shefill ofl her horse and put
stick, makeup, perfume app!y stb shipputout t o m bynight. o WepufoutfmmLiv- h ~srhouIdtr out. o You'wgoing toput your back put sblsth thmugh h l r h 'pacw to give
take 8th off 3 (@specrallByrE) to switch sth on: orit lifflngthose h e s . your back,shoulder someone or somethingtasksto perform in order
Shall I put t h helight on - it seems very dark in e m ! . put In (at ...)2 (AmE,slang) (of a
herelo Let's put the k a t b on and have rr cup of FEZ) d l s l d e sth (form0 to findout what they areable todo:Heputlhecnr
woman)to agree to have sex with sb: She won't
tea EEi the light. (he- tmaHng, the radlo, the +v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n through its paces. o She watched the m m king
kettle IEE) swltch sth on;turn Sth on E E 3 put put out on a firsl dale.-Some w p l e wn-
h 'output n [U][sing.]1 the a m m t o f some- put through their-.
sider put oat offensivein thls meaning. thing that a person,machine, cornpaw etc prp
,put s t h 'through:,put s t h 'through sth to

diices:Thcompanyaims m i ~ o u t p uintthe compFete a plan, programme, etc. successfully:
Thk was the East deal Jamesput through. oHas
mming ymr:o His mu-I output has dimin-
rshed In mntgeurs. 2 (mmputingj the informa- the legrslalionbeenput throughprliament?
ath off,gwltch sth off: turn sth off 4 to been to Qv+adv t ion ~r0duoedbv a comnuter: data o u t ~ uWt Qv+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+nr v+nlpmn+pmp
cook food I need lo get horn and put the dinner ,put I b 'out 1 to make trouble,problems, extra
on. lsvHE get 9th on 5 to make a tape,a CD,etc. work,etc, for sb: I hope ow orrfving lase didn't l h e k is also a Gerb output sth, related to this , w t sth 'through 8th to change sth byusinga
meaning.3 the power, energy,etc. prduced by a machine, a process, etc: She put s o m oranges
begin to p1ay:Doyou mindzf Iputulmemusicon? put yw out at all, 2 ba .put 'out to be upset ar through thejumr o Thefish is thenput through
o Sheput on a Bob Ma* CD. IEF some music, otrended:J@wasn't atalIputoutby w h t Iscrtd. p ~ c wo f quipment:an outputof 1W wtts
thesmokingprorzss(=to produce smokedah).
CD, tape, vldeo % to operate the brakes on a o I was a brl put out that I hndn't bem invited
@ v + dpmn+prep



'quarrel with sthrsb ( ~ S W ~ U SY ~EI)WIIY rabbitrr=brt/ EIWR ~ I ~ WoKsims ~ 4e to London
ured in negatiue Senb-) to d i s a e with
sthfsb: Feu' w u M ~uarrelwith the prim&{@of ,rabbit 'on(about sblath) ( B E , informnl,d* s h ' sbeenraking It in.
IreeeducationJoralI.
provrng)to talk about sthfor a longtime Ina bor- ev+adu+n * v+pn+adu v+n+adv(lsss
ev*prep ing way: What'shemhbztingonobo~t? rnW1

queueMu:l (queulngor gumlng) go on (about sblsth) ,rake 'wer $th(BrE, lrlformal,dWpmviw) to
examine sth that happened in the past in great
,queue 'up (hr sthlto do 8th) (Brm to wait or Qv+adv
stand in a line with other people in order to get -de-t-a- i-l a-nd- keen talk in^: about it, when i t should
sth or do sth:They spmtfour hours queueing up be forgotten: T ~ e r e ' srkpoint in raking ouer the
for trckek o We had loqueue uptogetourvisrrs.
, n e k 'up sth; ,rack lMhem 'up (tftfwrmal, awn&of the past.
Queue is often used with the same mean- especioify AmE) to get or collect a large amount
or quantity of sth, such as profits or lwses in a +Emthe past
mg.Wespndfour hoursq~ueingfotrxkeIs. business or points in a competition: The cum- v + prep
+ s + v a f s o ~ ~ ~UlPe1 rake ovw OM 'eoaldashm to discuss &
Q v+adv pnny m k e d up $20 billion in sates, o Bush has that happened in the past in detail, when It
should be forgotten rake sb over tM ' E O Q ~
be ,queuing 'upfar sth:be ,quoulna'upto
do sth if you say that people are queuing up racked up ~ktorieisn anotherfivestales. (AmlP)(BrE haul sb over the 'coals) to criticize
for sth or to do8th. you mean that a lot of people
are very eager to have sth or do sth:Actors are A noun must always follow up, but a prp sb severelybecause they havedone sth wrong

qlleuingupto worX withihlsmmpany. nuuncomesbetween the verb andup. ,rake sth 'up1to talk about sth unpleasant that
has happened in the past, which people would
9be+v+adv+prap be+v+attv*b~nf @v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu(Ie~sfrequenO

quietIArnE31'kwamtl raffle~'treflt 11keto forget: I didn't corn hem to wke up old
arguments. 2 tocollect sth into a pile usmga tool
,quid ' d m ; ,quiet ~b 'down = Q~IBTEH
,rafflesth 'off to offer 5th as a prize in a rame(= with a long handle and a rowof metal mints at
DOWN, QUIETEN SR DOWN theend(arakeV I m k d u p a l l the h u e s .
a way af making money when peoplebuy tickets
quieten( ~ r mI'kwamtnl(AmEqulot) w ~ t ha number on and some of the numbersare e v * a d v + n 4 v+nlpmn+a&

,quieten 'down; ,quletm ab 'down to later chosen to win prizes): TW mke wrll be ra3 d l y ~mli(mf llles, tallyin&mllld,rallld)
become,or to make sb, calmer, less noisy or less
active: We'wh n m l l y busy at work during the fled ofS mmLwmoneyfortheschool.

sumfner but thin~sshouldquieten&urn now. o -Raffle sth i s used more frequently with ,rally a'roundr'mnd:,rally a'roundtround
It took a long tsmefbrthe baby toquietendown. o this meaning.
sb if p p l e rally around or rally around sb,
Canyouqureten thekidsdown? Qv+adv+n * v+ntpron+adv they work together to help and support sbwho is
E l V l Quietedquiet and quieten!qaiet sb are
also used with the same meaning, especially in rail IWIII in a difficult or unpleasant situatron: W k n she
more formal language:The class grriereturd, wmr)'rail agalnstrat s h t h was ill, the neighbours all rrrIlied round lo help
@ v +adv v + nlpmn + adv + v +adv* n(lessfre. to protest about
her and bring her MLP. o Hrs friends rallied
'2Uenf) sblsth in an angry or bitter way:50 mil w i n s t umunbhim assoon they b u d the mri~s.

'quit on sb MmE, ir(iormaQ1to stop helplng, the gouernmenilauthoritks 0 Them's no point +v+adv * v + w p

working with o r supporting sb when they need ra~lfngagainst rhedecisioh ram/ m m /(-mm-)
you most: Ican't believe he quit on thetmmltfler
only twogames!o You can*tquitonmenow,tue're e'v*PreP ,ram'Intoshttr:,ramsfh 'Into sthto hit 6th
aImost Ihere!ZiP amachine, avehicle,etcquits
on you, it stops working at a time when you rain/rem/ violently; to make sth hit sth violently: He was
really need it: The airmnditioning quit on us in
mrdJuly. ,mln'down( o n m p ~swath), ,rain ath ' d m gozng.~wfasatnd rnmnmed Into the her infronl. o
(onlupon swsth) to fall o r to make sth fall on The ihreues mmmedtheir truck into thejewelier's
9V+P"BP
sblsth In large quantities: Huge boulders wrndow.
down on us.oHe minedblow qller blow down on @ v + prep v+ nlpmn+prep

my skull. ramble~'riembit
+v+aciv e v+nlpmn+adv v+adv*n

be ,rained 'off (&A7 (AMb ,rslnsd 'out) ,ramble 'on(abwtsWsth)(BrE)to talkor writea
(ir@orrnaf'i)f a n went such a s a sports game is lot ahout sblsth in a confused and boring way:

rained off, it stops or i t does not take place W t rsshemmblingonabout?o There'smeram
because of rain: The game was mined OTI o It blmng on, andyou haven't to& meyour nemsyet.
looks asif #hemmersisgoingto kminedofl
Q v+adv

&be+v+sdv range tremdg~

rakeIWIW be ,ranged a'galnsWlth sblsth; ,range
yourself a'gainswwith sblsth 4f~tmuOto
,mke 8th 'in(in$orma[) to earn large amountsof join a ith other people to opposesblstk Hefelt
money without difficulty: Themmprsny rakes in

though the wholefami& ruasranged ogoinst him owranhour ,mad 'on to continue reading: The b w k lucrs so ' r e a mwith sb to talk to sbborder toperswde
o She ranged &If more 1~1thher parent3 than mciting he mad on until dawn. o Th@idea is tQ them to be more sensible: It's inapmible to ma-
BE) waftla on (about s?h) m k e the reader want 60m d on. o r g o u want to son wrthher whenshe's in this W.
with her brother
ev+adv

,rattle'through ath(BrE,fwrmalt)o do some- +findout more,mad on? W Reason with sb can be used In the passive:
thing very quickly: He rattled thmugh h i .horn v*adv H e can't be rwsoned with.

work then wen!out. ,read 8th 'out(to sb) T to madread aloud, e w 0 v + v w

,rap a h 'out to say sthquickly and sharply: The <b v +prep cially to other geople: SW mr aeddomutytphoeeMm ouWt toOr~ebound~ r t h m d t
the winners. o The teacher
o~i-mp!wdoutorders. reach/ r k u /
E E command,order XfE) bark .thout thecEass.o Them'saletterJhmTom Shai[lr@ad re'bound on sb ( o h m'bwnd upat sb more
Q v+a&+n + v+pron+adv o v+n+adv(rrrm) + ,reachsth 'down((or sb)to pt sthdown fmma
v+adv+speech it oul loyou?2 (espchILyAn&, c0mpuIzng)toget formal, less frequent) if slh that you do, espe-
back information that isstoredonacomputer,to cially sth that is intended tobe unpleasant for sb
hlgh place: Could you rwch that uase downfor p d u c e a d~splayof the information on a s c m n else, rebounds onlupon you, Et has a bad or

me?o S k m h e d down a boxfrom thetopsher Q v t a d v t n v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+speech unpleasant effect for you instead: His little trick

!EEiil In informal spoken language reach sb b 'mad& n (computing)a rec~rdor display of seems to b v e rebounded on him o These m e w
informatlonon acomputer scrren: Thecomputer ures could rebound on the pwmt f a m i l k I=
'rat on slr (imrmnl) to give information to down 6th is also used: CouMyou reach me down will work out the best mulefir you andgiveyou 0 affect them instead of the pople they were
mole in authority causing trouble for sb: Sqv fhobw? rwdaut on the screen.
intended to affect).
whrrtyouIikeaboutAU but hhnsneuermtledon ev+nlpron+adv a v+adv+n ,read sth 'through( a h,dath ' m r h*-
Q v +prep
*h k f r h d s . ,reach 'out ,reachsth 'outto stretch yourarm
v + prep or your hand in order to touch or get something: puent) to read something fmm the beginning to

'rat on sth (BrE,imrmnk)to fail to keep a pram- He m h e d out to swrtch on the light. o I reached the end, usually in order to find any m~stakes:I reckonvrekan/
ise you have made:Theydthe government out a hand to touch herfke. o ThechiM reuched
of mtting onpromisestofhedisabld. outfor her hand. red through my mnsIntlot&checking gfor mfs- "ken on sblsth; 'rackon on doing sth:
e v + a d v v+a&+n + v+pmn+adv + takes.o Whensherendher letter thmugh the m t
Eli pmmlae,pledge 'reckon on sbkfh dolng 5th to rely on
v* n+advlmre) dw,she decided m t to send it. o When she'd fin- sblsth or on sth happening, lo expect sbto do 5th
9V+PWP
,reach 'out to sb to show ab that yw are inter- isW,Em~mrtyread over whol she'd writlen. or sth to happen: WPwrereckoning on aprofitof
ratchet rr-I ested in them andEorwant to help them:to try to
@ v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv a b u t hv a millton. o Youmnreckonon my SUP

,mt&hetsth "upto make prices, etc. increase a get people's interest or attention: The organira- ,mad'upon sbluth; ,rends'brsth'up(alw,mad port. o We hadn'l reckonad on them arriving so
little at a time: Th intemt rates haw been lion istryIngioswchoutto~pkofallagesand "p aboutsblsth tessfvqwnt) to read a lot about a ear@ o YOUmn't oIwcys reckon on having good
ratcheted up sftawlp o The hormone mhes particularsub~ectin order to learn about it: Haue weather in June,o The wmpzny thought they
around the bmtn, mscheting the herrn rate up fmm alllewhofsmiety o Theparty hasfarkfro you been readtng up on !he history of the heW?o would w i l y get permission to build a hotel, but
from 6&?0 lo a h u t a hundred. o (egurnrlw)The rwch out to young people. o Tht makers qf this I'M been reading bhiSpIm up in the Ifbmm they hadn'treckoned on,the h e l pwple.
governmnt have mlcheled up thagmsureon the moviehawtrredtor ~ ~ ~ hlooaun ot lder audience. +v+adv+prep + v+adv+n o v+nlpron+adv E S count on sblsth, c a n t on doing Jth,
profwt o@anizers. count on sb/srlr doing ath
Qv+adv+prep "re a t t h on 8thto gIve apemonoran animal QV+PWP
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
t 'outreachn [Ulthe activityof an organization ,reckonsth 'up(apda1lyErE)to add figuresor
that provides a serviceor advice to p o p l e in the
community, especially those who cannot or are

rationtnrzfi/ unlikely ta wme to an omce, a hospital, etc. for a particular type of f a d , entertainment, etc. numbers together That'll k fM.50, il I've
help: a rum1 o u f m h programme o o u t m h when they are young: I was reared on fan,but reckoned ii up currectlp
,mtlon sth 'out to divide 5th that there is not work hler dismven?drock. BEl add sth up;calsulat. sththmrefimraO
very much of lxtween a graup of people in such
a way that everyone gets a small share: They readIrkdl (mad,4/red/) Rear sblsth on stl.l Is usuallyusd in the +v+nlpran+adv v+adv+n
nztioned the wuteroutama~thesururuors. passive.
'retkmwith s h t h 1(-lly &In negative
fod,wster ,read sth 'back to read a message,a letter etc. @ Y +nlpmn+pwp s e n t e m ) to consider sWsth a s a m i b l e prob-
lem that you should be pmpared for UrlforlU-
v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n aloud m order to check that it iscorrect: I g o t b ,rear'up1if a horse,etcrearsup, itstandson its m!eiynw hudn'tm k ~ dwithEmily, o Wemust

t O r w r l l h e ~ b r r c k t 0 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ ~ e ~ t ~ ~ba~ckslegs with its h n t legs in the air: Ths home
rearedupandshefeflofl2 ifabuildin~cliff, etc. m k o n with the possibility of failurn 2 to can-
right. rears up, itseemsto lean over you in a threaten- sider ordeal with sWsthas a serious opponent or

,rattle a'round;,mttlea'munrlsth(i*ormm &v*nlpmn+adv e v+adv+n pmblm: He hod Eo reckon with a great dm1 of
to Ime, work,etc, somewhere that is much toobig
for your needs:Thereare only two of w, mtlIhg ,readsth 'Intosthtothinkthat somethinghas a ing way:Thec l v reared up Worethem oppositioh o The ream are still a jiom to be
amund in this massive ojfice. o They're mtthng Hear IS also used with these rneanhgs,
ornumithat hownow that thechildren haw left. meaning or an importance that It probably does reckomdwith (= they wlLlbeaifFiculttodefeat].
not have: It's a mistake to mad too much in.&the especially meantng 1: The horse reared and she
*+v+adv v*prep fell ofi In thismeaningreckm with sblstheanbe
results of one opinion mlL o You a n a n d any-
+v+adu used in the passive.
thing you m t into horoscopes, o Her voice w m
w.ldandIwasn't surewhat loreadinio it. O r +prep

,mttlenth 'oftto say or repeat sth fram m e w .E!E too much, sornethlng,anything 'reckon dttmut s h t h (espzcinIQ B r a to not

qulckly and without any efTort: She rattled off Q v + rdpmn+prep ,mason 5th 'out to think carefully about same- considersWsth as a possible problem and there
t?@names of the moviesHitch& huddirecled. ,mad8th 'off to look at the measusement shown thing in a l o g i d way in orderto undersland it:
rWl5thoW fore not be prepared for ~ tW:eaflolwdunhourto
on a machine or other memuring device: The Let'strybnrrssonrrut why hehhavedashadia 4
*Q v + a d v + n v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(mre) speed can be mlculoW or read from the Reason it outforyoursew- why doyou Ihinlc~h? get there, but we'd reckoned withmi the f?'t!!c(=
didn't say whereshe luasgoing? it took us much longer).
,rattle 'on(about 5th) (fqfonnan to talk quickly graph. o IhIcedat thethmnome&randadoff
@ Y + prep

and for a long time about 6th that is not import- the tempemuTr. EL)flgum sbkYk out;work sth out
ant or Interesting: He rattled on abut hi$jobfor v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
ev+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n

reconciler ~ k - ,rein sb/sth 'In ( o h ,mh W8th ' b c k Zess* remindIn'mamdl

'rewnclle sb/youmelf to dh; 'reeonells re'fer to sbMh 1 (m ath) to mention or talk quenfl to control sb or sth more strictly: Wewed nt'rnlnd sb of sbisth (not used in #heprogres-
sbrnurself to dolng sth to make sblyour- to rein mpublicqwnding. o Thenew Pri?siderU is
self accept an unplea~ant situation because about somebody or something: She newr siue lenses) if sblsth reminds yoa ofsblsth,they
there is nothing you can do to change it: They W r m d to the ~nctdentamin. o Prwsenprs are withthe a s k of mtnfnginthemilita~o. He
werereconciled to thqhct thtkwouidn't kcom M W mJ#red toas 'customem'.2to desaibe or be make you think or sWsth b u s e they are simi-
mnnectdl to sblsth:Thispamgraph ?@emto the was unabk toreinback his impatiem. lar: Tht smell of b m d h k h g reminds me cf
ing back. o rue reconciled rnysev to having m eventsoJ lastyeor e Thwphenomnon as&erred
60 m detail in chapier nine. o The term 'visually &v+adv*n + v+pmn+adv + v * n + a d v ( l m home. o when CEare $mil& she reminded me of
+mney while I'm a student her mother o Watching his seriousface, with its
handicQp~'refirs0studenlws h hnue serious fresww
*v +nlpmn prep
relate/nnlert/ bigroundgSasses,she was m M d o f an OWI.
m R e m I n d sb of sblsth can be used in the
d~&u ftwin seeing
reduceI ~ ~ ~ W ~ . - W E . ~ ~ W S M a t e to sbnth 7 to feel that you can under- passlve: Listening lo her; he was reminded of
~ W Refer to sWsthcanbewed inthe oasshre. Helen.
stand a person, a siluation, sth that sb d m or @ v +dpmn + prep
m'dueeSblsth tosthtobringsbto a particular @ v + P ~ ~ P feels,etc. and have sympathy with t h d i t : She
state, especially a worseone:She was red& to re'ferto sth to look at sthfor information:You
tears by their critufsm o The building luas d o n ' t n d to m@r toa diclwmryfor thistxemfse. hwimu nvearhydk~tfoicruehlDtieretolahteertay.oounI~ge~sst tcChtOM~oldfnfi'ntnd?hWrent/rent/

r e d m lo a hasp of rubble. o Her gwstiuning t3E book, dtctlonary, manual, Instructions to that m u i e at all,o She wuld rela& to hlsfeel- ,mnIsth ' w t (ta*a) to allow somethingthat you
+reducedhlm toa stute of coqfwion. I 5 3 consult sth ( m o r e ~ r m ~
v + nlpmn+prep Refer to sth can be used in the passive It is imgs of guilt about hbchiMm 2 to be mnneckd owntobe used by someoneelse inreturnformy-
tosblsth;torefertosblsth:AIltkdocumnlsreInt- ment: They rented the h o w out lo studenls. 0
re'duce sb to dolng sth to make sb do some +imporran! ioproutdeam r d thalmnbeMemdto. ing to the matter uwre d e s R ~ do. The new I ~ w Most of these h o w am renhiout.
th~ngthey do not approve o f or are ashamed of v * prep mlatmon&tochildrenborn &?r 1996
because there is no other choicefor them:I wap m m ,hwae,clte. FE)Mre rth wl (to sb);
m'fersblsth to s h t htosend sWsthtoa differ-
rpduced 0b m w i n g m o w f m mfriends. +V+PMP let rth out (to sb)(BrE)
ent placeorperson in orderto get help,adviceor
mRent 6th can also be used wlth the same
EEIEiRedace sb to doing sth Is nearly always a decision: The mpp luas r @ e d ta t t h~e~ourtof meaning.You could renta room loa student.
Appeal. o My tulor referred me ?Q a c o ~ Z I o ,o:
+us& in the ~ s s i v e . Ifimab)I w&you lomy letter cf 2June. re'lleve sb of d h 1ybPnaa0 to carry out a m - &v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
v + ntprm+ prep
re'ducesth to 8th to change sth into a simpler Q v + dpmn+prep cult or unpleasant W k ior sb else, m instead of wrepair /n'p e a( r ); ~m-'~per/
them:Mbotsmnr e li eu e~ p[ eofdul laradxp ~

or more general form: His argumenls mn h? ~ r k o C c l n I r ~ l r e w y o u q f s o m ~ y w r t r a g sr(e='palrte...@ 1 7 ~ ~ i o r h w ~ m u s ) t o g a t o a p ~ a ~

redwed tofourpoina carry themToryou)?Z~brmanto d i i s s s b from a +After din?wcthqr r a p a i dtothe l o v w f o r m ! .
lob or mponsibility.He cwswi&vtuIof h k m o s V+P~~P
+ nlpron + prep re'flect on sblsth ( a hr e W u p n sWstk mmager In this memmg, relieve sh of 5th

reekIrkkt moreformal)to make sb haw a particular opin- is often used m the passive. 3 (informal,tmnicl to

ion of sbfsth: When the department pedorm robsbof 5th.TReth~wlieDedhim4 f hkwollel.
@ v+ nlpron+prep
'reek of nth (disappwvhg) 1 to smell very badly, it rejkts on me me asmger (= it makes re,port 'back 1 (tu sb) (on 1 ~ 8 t h )to glve a
strongly of sth unpleasant:His breath =Waf spoken or written account of some information
lohcm. 2 i f sth reeks ofsth unpleasant or sus- people think 3 am a k d manager). o Thls tncf-
picious, it sukgestsverystrongly that thereissth ~~dent Mecls W I yoneuetyom~nuolvedo. When
unpleasant or susp~ciousabout it:His srotmnent our s t d n l s are smxqful it wellon the relyI?!flar(m/ lles,relying.rolled+d e d ) that you were asked to find out about:I h u e 60
reeks of hypocrrsy.o The whok place reeked of repor? back to the mnager on o w p m g m . 2
whole school. m'ly on s b t h (aka m'ly upon s&th m f o r - {to...)to return to a place, especially in order to
16egh. ml)1(fw8th) ton& or be dependent on sblsth: start work again: When do you have to reporl
m R e f l e c t an sWsth is often used with She gill hns lo rely on her~ m l s f omr ow o He k k & r duty?
+v+pren hosn'tm a car and mIiesonpubt1~rnmwrl mgm
+a h e r b s , especiallybadly mWI. arnund.o Werelied on Anna to hsnshsefor us. o +v+adv
v +prep Before theygat a piped wafer suppIx h w l w p b
retlect gTeat cmdH on &sth to show that hud lo rely on getflng their wnlerJmm mils and re,port 'in (tos M ) to contact sb to let them
bnks. E 9 depend onlupmn Wsth (for sth)2to know where you are or what you are doing:The
reelI&V shtsth 1svery good or hasdone 5thvery well:The trust or have confidence m sWsth You mn &!y o w r b r w ~ e p o r t din(tothepolicasfatwn).
line condition of the cars rqlects great credit on
,MI sth 'IW'oUt to wind sth anloff a special their owners,o The young orchesim's perform- rely onherju&emni. o Yo~cunmlyoJnon l o t m re'portto sb (b-) (notwed in thepro@+@.+
round dwice (a reel),for example on a fishing a m rejlecledgreat creditonfheirtmtnt~g. up hi%!(= he always daes)o For thefirst time In srve rew)i f you report to sb in a wmpany or
mi:Heslowly mkd theBh in, o The-hters yearsshehudsomeoneshe~~uMreoIny. o WereIied an organization,they are responsible for yoyour
on the aduiceof ourmlicitix E 3 count onlupvn work and tell you what to do:She repor& direclly
mkd out the hose. o The Iine mughi on some- regale /ringed/ to the chief mecutiue.o A new learn will be put
thingin theurc~lerashemleditin. sWsth: d q m d ortrupon ddsth =Rely togetherfor thepmjd, rrportingloJulia Hwley.
+v+nlpron+a& + v+adv+n re'galesb wlth sth toentertahsbwithstories, Q v+ prep
jokes, etc: She lucrs regaling w with l h b @ her onlupm sblsth can be used in the passive in this
,reel8th 'off1to sapa l o wlist of things quickly
and w~thouht aving to think about it:He mEed youth. meaninp:Shemmt be reliedonm lelllhe truth.
off the mms of thepeopk he'd invited. Ilst,
+v+nlpmn+p~e~

names, figures ZEB rattle atk off 2 (Irllbrmal, rein/rem/ &V+PW
e s w i o l l y 8 r E )(in a sportscompetition)t o wln a
series of gamesor a number of polnb: TheBulls ,mln 'In;,rein sth 'In(akw,mln 'back, ,rein sth re'side In sblsth vormal) to be in sblsth;to be

reeM ofl nzne consecufiw jwrnls. o Henman 'backh f r e p u e n # )to pullon the reinsof a horse causpd by sth: The attractionof rhe hook resides

mred ofl t h m stmight games. EGi points, (= the leather bands that go around its neck) to mWtember sb to sb (BrEj(no#used in thegrc- in it?illrrslmtwm. 0 Theirliet&sof IhechlMreS-
egressive tenses)used to ask sbto gIw your @- idem getting the bestpossibl@education.
games chalk up sth make it go moreslowly or stop:FeIipreilPedkk i n g and good wishes to sb e M R e m e m k m to v + prep

+v+adv+n + v+pmn*adv v+n+sdu(kfi- and r d ebeside her o Shem'd in her horseand your mother

nuen!) woited$or John tomlch up @ v +nlpmn+prep
,reel8th 'Ow=REEL STH INIOUT e v + a d v r v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv

m'sldeIrYwithnbtsthW o r n 0to be present in 'rest on sth ( a h'real upon a# -formal) to ,rev 'up (for ath), ,mshth'up (for s*) (w-rlddle / h d ~ /
or belong to sblsth: Sup- autftmity midm be based on sth: The whole mse W o none man3
with the President. Q Paliticalpowrmms h res- .eu&nm. o His argument seemed toW o napLPe cially A m to become, or to make sWsth, more 'riddle sbrsthwith sthtofillsWsthwithbullets
ide inemsingly in the South of England *m u m p r k n . activeorexcited:Thetwmmmuvhi?upfirnerl
v + prep weekbgome, o It's hbjob tomv up theaudiew or w ~ t holes:His M y was riddled wilh bulk&.
&V+V~P o woaden bmms riddled wilh holes Q a bullet-
M r e #heshowstart% MdIedurr
resignIn-1 ,rest 'up (inj%rmal)1. (OM-fmhioned,especihlly
Brm t o rest after an illness or injury: He was e v + a d v 4 v+nlpmn+adv a v+adv+n Riddle sbEsthwith sth isoRenused inthe

passive.

re'slgnyourself to sth:re'slgnyourself to adviwd to mf upfor a week @r RisfulI. +v+Illpron+pmp

dolng sth to be ready to accept sth unpleasant Rest is usually used with this meaning.2 Its@- 'revel In 5th: 'revel la h l n g sth to eNgr a be 'rlddledwlth 8th to be fullof sth,especially
because you cannot avoid it: She resign& her- cblly AmEj to rest in order to gain energy and situation or an experience very much: I chink sth unpleasant or bad Th@wholeorganizalwn is
seZf to her fate. o They resigned themeIups to strength,for example after an illnessor beforea he's secmtly revelling in all the a t t e n t w ~0She rrddled with cormptlon.
bemg defeakd o I've resfgned mysew to shying sports competit~onY: ou sIEDuM rest .up V you're
in again tonight. saemstorevel inannoying h e r m n t s . @ be+v+prep
going to be fit for the fleame. o The clermbers @ v +prep
Qv+pmn+pmp
=decidd lo sesr upfor a couple of ahys beforecon-
resolve/nnzolvA;& wmlvl
tinu~ngup to the summit. Rest can also be
used with thls meaning.
re'vert Zo sb Clara) (of property and land) to 'ride on sth [uswlly used in the progressiue
rebolve lnto 8th:re'solve sth lnto sth to Qv+a&
separate or to be separated into its parts: The return legally to the owner: M.er his death the todependonsth:My whokfutmis riding
desqn resolved into u number of difl~renfpa& "st with sb (todo Ith)(bmul)(not urad in t k house reverted %i itsOrigirrcsIowner: on thisinteruiew.o There'salot of money ridiw
larns. o a Iatuyer's abilzW fo WIW facts into progressive terms) to be sb's responsibility:The 4 v+PreP
their leguImtegoriPS deciswn mLS entirely with you. o The sespomi- on this deal. o She has a lot riding on thhfilm
bllltyfor bringing up chiIdmn mhwith thepar- re'vertto db;re'vert to dolng sth(Torma01 afderthefaerlureof thelosttwo.
Qv+prep + v+pron+prep enrs. o It rests with the heus company to prove to go back to a previous condition or activity,
they wre not responsiblefortheaccident. especially a worse one: When thep m u r e ison, @ V+PEP
re'sohre into sth: re'sohre Rseltlthern- playen revert 0 bad habfrs.o 4fter a good w a r
s e l w Into fh1if sthyousee orhearat adis- Ik wlth sb (to dosth) the team reverted to type in their last gn# (= ,ride sth 'out to manage to surviw a difficult
tance resolves lnto sth or resolves itrself into
(4 v +Prep they played badly agarn).oqfser BD ywrs crs a pericd or s~tuationwithout sufferLng serlous
school. the burlding has reverted baEk to king a harm. Do you think theppresident wifl be able to
sth, you gradually we it or hear it clearly as a result/lTznlt/ h o w again. 2 to start talkingor think~ngagain
about a subject you were considering earller:Tb rlde out tha lalest crisis? o 01 course your par-
particular thing: The g w shape m i t r e d info o ents were angry,but you should have s t o H to
reveri loyovourmsJierqmtion...
gmupof walkers. o ThewhiteZteht resolveditseIf re'eultin sth to haveaparticulareffect;to make rf& out thestom.
into th-$ headlight3 of a car 2 to gradually sth happen: Theaccident resulted in 6Poleah. o EBI stonn, recession
The a~reemenlwill result in ernpbyers working
become or be understoad as sth: The dmussion more closelywfthdudentsand teachers. Qv+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
ESJ death,Increase, loss
emdually resolued itself into two main issues. o 0 v + prep +V+P~P ,ride 'up if an item of clothing rides up,tt grad-
ually moves upwards,out of position: His waist.
Theq W h n m l w s ~ls@lf inlo whether indiuid- coat wasriding upoverhrs stomach.
uuisshouId be alIowerI to choose such a course of
m'wlve a m n d sblsth re'volve around Q v+adv
ac?im. dolng sth (alsorevolve round nbfsth,revohre
retail/'ri*u round dolng nth especiallyBrE)to have sblsth as
+ v + p m * v+pmn+prep

re'sort W 8th;ra'sortto doing sthto make 'retail aMor 8th (bwiness)to be sold at a par- the main sub~ector interest: His whole !re ,rifle'throughsthto searchquicklythmughsth
use o f something, especially something bad or t~culapr rim: Thevidms mil at f15ench. reuoIued round curs, o You think ihe whole world such asdrawem,cupboardsor papers, inorder to
unpleasant, as a way of achieving sth, often 4 v + prep reuolues around yox o Much of u dolphin's lve findor steal 8th: Sat& rCfled through ward-
k a u s e no other course of actlon is possible: reuulvesaro~ndfindhganadl i n g f d .
Theyshould b e o b l e t o s t t k t h e i r d f l e m with- returnIflQn;AmEn'b.m/ YOL%looking for something to wea,: o The room
out resorting m uiolenw. o They resorted60 brrb- 4v+prep looked as if .o burglar had rNed through it (= it
ery w get whal they wanted. re'tum to sth T to go back to a previous state: wasvery untidy).
re'volve around 8th (also rn'volw round a~
EETi violence, bfibery Tminserufceshve~~~bomrmatafierth especm1Iy BrE) to move around sth in a circle: mRifle through 5th can b used in the pas-
Theenrth rt.volvesamlrnd #hesun.
W Resort to s t M o doing sth mn be usedin strrke. E S go back to sth1to start discussing Q v+ prep slvc.: Thedrawers had beenrind throwh.
the passive: Vurrousmeasures ruere mrtadta asubjectyou werediscussing wlier: He returns
to this topiclater ern the report. lE3 come back t39 +PrsP
0 v + prep
to sth 'rld sb!sthlyourself of s h t h (format) to 'rlg sbmth ' o d1-( ath)(old-fbhioned,M
remove sthlsb mpleasant from a person, a plaw
+v+prep or an organization: The g m e r n m t gk&& lo
rid the munhy of nuclear weurns o How muid
she rid hemeif of Charlas? to provide sWsth with clothes or equipment:
They fook the ktds toa big store and rigged them
rest/rest/ ,rev 'Up: ,W a h 'Up if the engine of a vehicle This phrasal verb is usedmainly inwritten
r e w up, or sb revs it up, It runs quickly outporn top to bodlorn (= bought them a set of
'rest on nbktth( a h'rest uupDn sb/sth momfor- English.
mal)1 to depend on sblsth: Britain's hopes of a although the vehicle does not move: The cur new clothes, shoes, etc.). o The ship laad been
medal mw mt ORHenderson 2 ifyour eyes rest mvued up and roared rrmj & v +nlpron+prep
on sblsth,you lmkat them1it:Hereyesmsladona rig& out mffhsrote-4f-thaartequipment.
Rev and rw 8th are also used with this
ghotogmphon t h e b k . B e y e s , gaze B kit sblsthout (lrrlwlthsih)(BrE)
meaning.
@ v + prep IEBTd Rig sb out is offenused ~nthe passive.
@ v+adv v+n!pmn+ab + v+aUv+n
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv

,rig sth 'up d to Ex a piece of equipment into Ring and rlngsb arealso frequently used +see a h RIP-OFFai RIP SBESTHOFF; RIP-OFFat ,rim 'up 1 (against sblsth) (formal)to start to
RIP STH OFF fight a g a h t or refuseto obey people in author-
@ace:W'wriggd up !&hi%In thegardenfor the wlth this meaning.RLng up and rlng sb up are ity,for examplea government or king:T h w p l e
,dpsblsth " ( i m r n o to mw sWsth,by steal- roseup against the inmdem. E9 rebel (against
p r b o He wmrigged up lo ca machines0 t W the very common in spoken English. ing ideas, designs, etc. especially in order to sblsth)2 (Iiremry) toappear asa tallshape above
make money for y o m K Another h n d has
nurses wuld check his h w r t h l . 2 to make or @v+sdv e v+nfpmn+adv + v+adv*n rrppdoff owsong. o She maccllsedof ripping the surroundings: A magn@mntpalace rose UP
ofl other ~ p k ' icskw.
build sth quickly, usingwhatever materials are ,ring ath 'up to record the cost of g& being gv+a&+n + v+nlpn+adv before her
available: He had rigged up a sort of lent, wing b ' r l m ( o f sth) n (tn$ormaO a copy of sth,e s p e
hrsjmkel andshirt. bought in a shophtore on a mach~ne(a cash ciaIly one that is not as good as the original: He gv+adv
haso stail ShatxZhdeslgner r i p f f s (=clothes).
@v+adv+n 4 v+n/prm+adv register);to make salesof the value mentioned: -IS W c l h RIP-OFF at RIP SB OFF; RIP-OFF at RIP t 'uprfslng n a situation in which a gmup or

She mtw up thedrinks on thetill. o Thecummny people join together to fight against or to refuse

dngIwl l m w lr~eulruneIra/) rang U ~ ~ of $L160 SmiHion ktyecsl: to obey people in author~ty:The uprising W

6 v+adv+n v*nlpmn+adv ruthlessly sarpp&.

W lb ringis not used in American Englishto
lnean'to telephone'. To call isthe most common rinselrmsl

verb for this in American English. It Isalso used ,rinse sth 'out1to make sth clean by washing It STH OFF
in Britlsh Englfsh, as well as to phone. In water RutAJFnisM herrnfl~and rinxdout
hercupout u&r Ihetap. o Rinwyour m u t h out 'rlp sth 'off(slang) to steal sth: Thievesbroke in ,roll a'round(BrEalso ,roll 'round)(irbforma0
,rfng a'roundrraund;,ring a'roundfround togetridof the he. Rinse 8this aI80 used
sb#th (BrQ to phone several pwple or p l a m with the same meaning: 3~quickly nn& her and ripped offfiuemmplrters.
to find out information or drscusssth: I'wspent m nlck ath W E ,slang) (BrE also ,roll a'bout) to be laughing so much
the mornmgringing round tmvel agen&tofinria cup and [email protected] (also,rime sth 'oul of 5th) to
fright. Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n that that you Ean hardly control yourself: Her
Qv+adv + v+prep remove sth such a s soap h m sth else with
water: Learn the mndrliom on your hair (or b ' r l f ~ fnf (informaP) an act of stealing 5th:It speech had ewryone rolling around with laugh-
t e 2~ (of a regular went) to arrive; to happen at
was a scandalousripofl ofpublicfunds.
+S@,?a!SaRIP-OPFaF RIP SR OFF; RIP-OFF&RIP the usual time: We haw to w h n election

,ring 'back;,dng sb 'back(BrE)to telephone lhseeminutesandthennnee~tout. SBlSTH OFF time rolk around again. lEW come round,

sb agaln or to telephone sb who telephoned you wash Sth out ,dp sth 'off;,rip sth 'off sbrsthto remove sth, come around
especially clothing, verg q u i w by pulling Q v+adv
earlier: I'ilring you back later with moredeiaik Qv+nlpmn+adu + v+a&+n
sharply: TkeJans m t y v i n g faria hIsc[otks~$ ,roll sth 'back1to reduce the amount of influ-
o Your mother caller3 whik you were out. She Zalsov+rdpmn+adv+prnp ence, power or importance that sth has; to
o S h e r i p p d t h e ~ s t w o f fthe waIL change sth so that it is the opposite of what It
wnndsyoutonriagback. o I'ueonIygotafewwins War stR offoffar nth off sb/8*

for thbcall(= from a public telephone). Canyou @v+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n was: They m determind to roll back union

ring me k k ? o he phones while I'm out, tell 'tip ei sthtoattack sthnolently andtear itorcut ,rip "through sth =RIP INMPPHAOUGH STH p o w 2toreduceprim, wages, etc: Wemust roll
him to h#back Ietm it: The bird rip& at its rim['$t h m # .o VFgura- b m k injlution. E3Ql prlc~s3to make sth go back
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv ,dp sth 'up1to tear sth to pieces: I ripped #helet- or further away: to roll back the frontiers of
liw) The hurricane Ore rrt their skin and rip& spacefscienceo Theformer rnternationalfooihl[
,dng 'in(BrEj 1to telephone the place where you at their ctolhes. ter up wrfhout d i n g ft. 2 to pull sth quickly O r player rofIedbacktheywrswitha brillinntper-
f o r m a w h t night (= he played a s he dld when
work: Shefellsoexhrrustdshe rnng In sick (= to ev + prep violently from the flwr or ground: A grrw 4f he was younger). @FfIrontiers
say shemuld not cometo work).o The boss r h g s & v + a d v * n + v+pron+adv 4 v+n+adv(nrm)
in m m l times a dojl, even when he's on holiday. ,fip 'Into sb/sth(wUh *)Ifor sthhr dolng sth) teenagers ripped up (awes and p l a n k o We've
linformD to criticize sb in an angry way for sth rip& up theold carptsandplin.kf the walk. 'rolltrack(of sth)n 1(espxbUy AmE) a reduc-
2 to telephone a radio, television programme, E3tear 8th up
etc: Listeners mre asked lo sing in with their they have done or said: He ripped inlo m for +v+nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n
opinions. k i n g late.
Q v+adv tlon or derrease m sth: a 2% rolI6nck in laxes 2
FEE)lay IntosbMb (with nh)(hr sthlfDr dolng
(mmputing)areturn tothe condition that existed
,rFng 'off sth)
to end a telephone m r s a t i o n , ,rise a ' h sW ( w d t m ) 4 to not be affected or before therewas an errorin a computer System
and put the telephone down:He rang o r befotwI Ripintosblsthcanbe usedin the passive
couldexp[nin.
Qv+m lunited by problems, insults,etc: to be able to ,rollsth 'down 1to open out a piece of clothing,
hang up
,tip 'into!'through sbMh to go very quickly or deal with problems: Shew@& lorkabbownPr etc.that has beenfolded over and over:Sherolled
Qv+adv violently into or through sblsth:An ccplosion
rip@ thmuaA njaws&rey aparftnenlbuilding. dwobii~@2. to be toowise orgood todo sthwrong down her sleem. sleeves 2 to lower sth; to

,dng 'outto beheard loudly and clearly: H I s c h r or to think or behaw ln theway other people do: open a window in a car, espxially by turning a
voice mng out mmss the hull. o Suddenb shots
mngoul marby. Q v + prep He had an unusuaf rrbiliiylo riwa b w thepreju- handle: He rolW down the car window and
v+adv
,rip sb 'ofF(imfoml)to cheat sb,for example by dices of hls generation. o Them will always be wavedlo us.ESJ car wlndOw
,ring 'round;,ring ' m u d sbtsth(&r& = RrNc
chargingthemtoo much forsth, sellingthem sth gossip. You haw to try and rlseaboue ti. 3 to be roll sth up

of poor qua lit^ etc: Theh n k was& of rip better than other similar things: Her a r f r c b Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv

ping off its cusmmers. o The tickets rwre wry neverrise o h u e She kwlof agossipcolumn. ,roll 'In(iflormal) 1to arrive in greatn u m b or

A R O U N D ~ O URINNGDA,ROUN~/ROUSNBQ/STH expemiue, but the play wrns terribte. Wefelt we'd ev+prep quantibes: Wersof help mnlinlse to roll in. 2 to

,ring 'through (tosblnth) (Brm to make a tele- been r i p W oa: 'rise to sth 1todealsuccessfullywith a situation arrive somewhere, usually late and without
or problem that you do not e m or do not usu- being worried or sorry: Robfinally miled in at
phone call to sb, especially wlthin the same Rip sb off is oflen used in the passive:The
ally have toface: Thejob luasn'tmsybut Sam w m lunch lime.
buddmg: Reception mng through lo say my vls- law p r o k t s tenants fmbeiw r i p e off by
ready to rise to the challenge.o ThegIny was a Qv+adv
itor had arrived. landIords. challengefor the attars but they ruse to ?heacre- ,mH 'on 1(of time) to pass steadily: As W years

ev+adv +v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv slon. 2 to m c t when sb is deliberately trying to rolled on thepuirtful memories began lofa&. 2 to

, h g 'up; ,dng sbMh 'Up (Bra to telephone b 'rlMn [usuallysM.1(I-0 a situation make youangryorgetyou mterestdinsth: I d continue without changing very much: For the

sblsth: He mng up to apolagize. o We musl ring where you pay too much for sth:sth that is not lrse to rm to that sort of comment. o I dectded to nexdfew U w e h t k debale r0lI.d on. 3 roll on...
Jenny up mnwht. o Canyou ringupthesturion lo worth what you pay for it: They chawtdyoua 5 filter him and he rose lo the buit (= he reacted (BrE, i?&rmal) used to say that you wish sth
check thetrain r i m ? o My dad wm o m sung up for a T.shirt? What a riwB!o The m w l roas a! m the way that I wanted).
would come soon:Rollonsmmer!
byso~clnimrngloh?JohnLennon. lotalrip+ff o ripoffprim 0 V+PWP

+v+adv

.r..d....l..W.....t.---..-.......................* _11.1.........................I2..3..8........................ IIlf,......................*,,........................* _ _................_..... _..............._.......r............ll,,,.... 238 -..... .............rubin
'l,.......IXII....-..............-...11-.......................-11..,._.......................,*1..." .- ...-..'I...--

,rolls b t h 'oUtIW-l, ewcinIlyAWta uee handle;toraisesth:Skt.rolledup thewimbwand 'mud-upn [usuallysing.] 'I a brief summaw
sblsth to help you achiwe 5th: He rolZed out all
his oldfriends to help him win the elmion, o The +droueofl EFLi car wlndow mll sth down of the mmt h p o r t a n t point3 of news or sport,
Moscow Circus mlled out dancrng beum lo v +a& +n + v +nlpron+ adv ,ropesb4In:,mpesb'intosth;,mperb 'Into for example on a television or radio news pro-
announceikarrlvoi in North Ammica. b 'toll-up n @rE, informi) a cigarette that you doing a t h ( i ~ o m ~ t o ~ u a d e s b t o ~ e ~grramtme: a news round-up4 n m u d - u p of the
make yourself by rolling tobacco in special in an activity or to help you, even when they do day's events 2 an act of bringing pmple or ani-
$.v+adv*n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv not want to: We'llrope Colin in to help w.o l g o t mals together in one place: a m u d - u p of wiid
wpm S r m n litaroll-up. roped inlo washingall the dirty dkhes.
,roll sth 'outIto make a suhtance such as pat+ ponies o a round-upof swmts
=This phrasal verb is often used in the .round sth 'u.prdwnn (ta sth) to in-
try flat and thinbymllingsthwer it:Rollautth romp/ m ~ ; - m m p /
.. ...
pdsbiw.
Wiry With a roiling Pi% past? ,romp a'headla'way (Brm to make progress, ' decrease a number to the next highest or lowest
,,,,, Q v+nlpmn+a& + v+ adv + n v +dpmn +prep
dough 2 to unfold 8th that is in a mll and put ~t whole number: He mundd the price down lo
mm ,in q u i ~ aynd easily: ~khorn ,mpasth ,of to warateone
flat on the gmund: I roll& out my ~ l e e ~ l nbagg $900. o lblalsshould be rovn&d up fa thenearest
and crawkd in. E!PB roll Stt~up 3 to officially hi^ to win by 3gwh. with ropes, in order to stoppeople h m entering urhohnumhr
make a new product ava~lablteo the public: The 1smostly used in nmspapers, it. Thascene of the crimehad been row o g
Air Fom will rold out its newplarresin N o u e m k + @ v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
area

launch st+ ,romp "through sth WrE, infomat)to do sth Rope sth off isoften used in the passive. FUb,mAbl

v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv easily and quickly: S h e r o w tfzmughthemrn +v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n ,ruba'galnsisbnth;,rub 'upagainstsMth

EPl roll out the rscl 'mrpet(for 8b)to treat sb ~uestions. rot/mt:AnaE m?/(4) If an an~marl ubs (up)against sblsth, it moves
l5HThls verb is mostly used in newspapers. backwards and forwards and presses itself
llke a very fmportantvisltor
F ' r o l l ~ uItI an occasion when a company in& Q v+prep
lwt a'wey towaduaXlydecay: against themlit: Thecat rubkd (up)ogrrinst her
duces a new product:o roll.outoerensnny root/ru*/ hadrotted aw4v.
,roll 'over:,roll sbisth 'over 1(of a person) to leas.

turn fmm lying on one side of your body to the ,mt a'mund; a'mndrthrough sth ~ - v + m p+ v+a**prep

atherside; to move sb in this way: Sherolkdowr (BrErrlso , w t a'bout,,Ma'bout sth) (for 8th) ,rub a'long (wsth sMog&her) (BrE,inform0 to
live or work together with sb in a satisfactow
ontoher back. oImlIed the babyoverand saf up. to movethings around or turn them overto try to ,rough sth 'wtto draw or write the main parts way: We rubalong aU right mith the neighbows.
of sth without including all the details: She E!T) get &along (wlth sbhguther)
2(of avehicle+aboat,etc.) to turn onto its sideor findsth: He mrwtingaround in t h d r a m o r roqhed out thedesign on rhe back of on enwbm.
o I've roughed outafew &us for the h k . +v+adv
upside down; to move sth In this way: T h cur his keys. 0 Somath~ngor somaone had been m P
e v + a d v + n v+pmn+adv r v*n+adv(&S ,rub sb/sth 'dwm; ,rub p ~ r s e H'downto
rolled over into a ditch. rng Ihmugh thepiksof rubbish. rub the skin of a person,an anlrnal,etc, with sth
fWU@W such as a towel, to make it clean and dry: She
turn mwr,hrrnsbhth over @v+adv*v+prep rubbed herself down with a lowel. omer a e r -
,mwgh sb 'up( * r f m [ )to hurt sbby hitthg or cbrewch horse must berubhddown,
Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv "ol for sbtsth ( i ~ i - m a b()rrsuully llsed in the kicking them, especially in order to kighten or Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
warn them. They didnY want lo kill hlm, j u t b ' r u b - d m n [usually sing.] an act of rubbing
,roll 8th 'war1W n o e )to allow money that sb progressIw lem)to support or encouragesb in rough him up a little. o Lkmonstmtars chimed
they had Lwn roughed up by thepolice. sblsth you13eIf witha towel,forexample
owes to be paid at a later date: Thgouernment a sports competition or when they are in a difi- Q v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n -#s~~?~!soRUB-DOWN at RUB STH DOWN

Q@ to roll over the debt. BEZi debt, loan 2 cult situation. Good I&-I'llbe motingfiryou!

(BrRto addthe prize moneyin a competition in Q v + m

a particular week to the prfze money the next ,root sb/sth a t 1to Rnd the person or thing
week, if no one has won ~ t l.rni. rueek's lottery
that is causinga problem and m o v e or get rid
jmkmt will hrolledwer untilnexi week.
of them. TlaegowrnmentIKIspmmisedmmotout ,rub sth 'down 1 ( ~ ~ i a Bl rl Dy to make sth
e v + a d v + n + v+Wpmn+adv clean by wiping it with a cloth, etc:Rub fhM~L%
police wrruption. o The h u b & naQkers seem to round/ramdl
b 'rolbnr m 1[CJ( B r a a prize of money in a
competition that is formed by adding the prize have k e n rooted out. comptlon 2 (infor- ,pound sih 'down(to 8th) = R o m n STH U P ~ O W N down welt blow puiniing them. 2 to make the
from one week when no one has won it to the i,m" -G T U-\, surface of 5th smooth by rubbing it with special
prize for the next week: This uwek there is a m~tofindsb!sthwhenit tsnoteasy orittakesa
rollaver of $14 million.o a roNowrjaekmttlwek ,round sth ' d l(AmEalso,round sth 'oul)(wflh paper, etc: He r u b M the urwdwork down wllh
t[U]Wraanoe)the act of allow~ngmoney that is long time: They eventually rw&d out two wit- 5th) toendoroomplete sth i n a satisfactory way:
owed to be paid at a later date We rounded off the m l with wflee. o The Iwm sandpapr
ness&. o I'v-egoI'rl some instructlonrforthe m mm rowrdedofl a s m u l w o n withanother bril- Qv+dpron+adv+ v+&+n
somew- l see f I wn root them out. o I'll liant vrctory o Theeveningwas mlrndedofl with
a disco. EQi the day, the evenlng 2 to give a b 'madown n [usuallysing.] (esp@cially Ern 1
root out thephofo(oryou.E B dIg sth th;hunt smwth curved shape to the edge of sth: I an act o f cleaning the surface of sth with a cloth,
rounded off thewmen with s a n d p o w etc 2 an act of rubbing the surface of sth to
sth downlrmt
make it smooth
,mil 'round(BrEj =ROLL AROUND Qv+adv+n v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(kssjk+
+S W U R~UB-DOWNat RUE SBlSTH DOWN, RUB
,mil 'upli&rmaD to arrive:Hefirmlly m W up quertt)

nn Inour late. o Roll up!Roll up fir the gtwlest ,d YhrouBh ~ t h= ROOT AROUND, ROOT

show on mrth!(= used to invite people who are A R O U N D ~ H R O ~ GSHTH +v+adv+n v+nlprwr+adv YOURSELF DOWN

passing to comeandform an audience) 'Msb to sth if fear,shock, etc. nnrh muto a 'mund on sbto suddenly$@ angrilyEo $band ,rubsth 'Into say sthtosbwhich remindsthemof
sth that they feel embarrassed or guilty about
4 v+adv pIaoe, it makes you unable to move: She stood criticize or attack them: He rounded on her and would like to forget: I a l d y know it my
angrily and told her to keep her mouth shut. fault -there's no nmd to mb it In, o Wms he hy-
,roll8th " P I toturntheendof apieceof cloth- mted ta the spot in horror ingngmb in thefact that hedidrr't iikeme?
+ing over andoverto makeit shorter Herolled up Qv+P~~P mlt
v +nlpmn+prep
,round sth 'out(AmE) =ROUND STH OFF 1
his sleeves and slarled w h i n g the dishes. ,root sth 'up to dig or pull up a plant. tree, etc.
sleeves, tmusan EE3 mll 5th dwvn 2 to fold ,round sbMh 'upto bring together a number of Rub sth in isnot usedinthemssiw
sth to make the shape of a tube or a ball: She with its roots: Kids how bem rmting up plants pwple*animalsor objectsin one place:i% @ +nlpron+a& + v + adv +n
and mmiw their namesan the m. up cattklsheepo 5% gang were r o u d d UP and 113151rub &"s 'no- In R to remind sbof sth they
mI& up the sleepln~bag. mil sth out 3to
close the window in a mr,especially by turning a Qv+adv+n + v+nrpmn+adv put mjafl.0 (humorow) ~ e ' u e r uops~om~ tee]. ernbarsassed or guilty about and would like
goadspeakersfor themnfemm.
to forget
Q r + a b r + n + v+nlprnn+adv



_,,,, ,,I.l-...... . !z43 ru--n-..o..u..t......

.+ .......I.....................II-,............. -.

*,run a'wey with sth to win sth clearly or tlrepjecbmhl: *runInto b t h ;'run sth lnto sb/sthto acci- ficult to write, such as a pwm, speech, etc.
easily: Their ream are running aurtry with the +see also R U N ~ O W at a u D~OWN,RUN STH DOWN dentally crash lnto sblsth;to make a vehicle do
champlomhip o She m n away with the show & v+oreo r ++v r-d- -m 7nr-nFn this: Themr wen1 out of mntrol and ran 1nCo a quickly and e a s m She mn flafiWtkrrpeech
(= she was easi?v the best mrformer). 2 (ape- ,runs b t h 'down1(of a vehicleor itsdriwr)to h . 0 TklonykhindmninlothebXkof me(=
C ~ I ~ Y ( a h J,run 'off wwh Sth) to escape inmt i m a tall.
h ~at person or an animal and knmk themlit to my car).oHe mn hrs cur inio a tm.
with 9th that you have stolen or taken without + v + p ~ p+ v + @ m n + p ~ p +r+adv+n r v+nlpmn+&
theground: ~ony,
asking: The treasurer ran ornay with all the yo, neor~y ,run 'off with sb; ,run 'off together = RUN
down t h t -trian, AWAYIUWWITH SB,RUN AWAY~OFFTOGETHER
-fmds. 3(in&rmaOto bellevestb that is not true:
'run lnto sth 1to meet or enter an area of had ,mn'off sth=RUN RrITH 2
mnY araaY with the fdw *hate m t h i n g
luas perfm in Our nrarria@ Idea, Impres-

m-Ir, w..,

+l$v+adu+pmp
3v +a&+ prep+noun
knmk sb do*vn;knock sb -r this e:weather while travelling:We m into n m h of

thkkfogjust cw&fd&the cily. bed vreather 2
meaning run sbtnth down is often used In the ,run 'on 1to continue to m in the same dime
tion: I'II stup here, you run on ahead. 2 to arn-
passive. It can also sumest that the driver of the to experience difficulties or problems: We ran tlnue longer than is necessary or
I
vehicleintended to hlt the person or animal: The inloproblems rightmrn thekginningof shepro- don't w l the meefing to run on. 3 ( a b u t sib)

oficerchiiewed Ihe thlef and tried to m k e the ject. EE3 trouble,dlfficuttles,pmblems, oppo* (espeanlly AmE) to continue talking for a long

curstop, but thedtrwr run hlmdown. -t s w a b I o n 3to reach a partlcularlevel or amount' Th@ t i e about unimportant things: She does 6rmd io
,runsth 'byrpestS b ( i ~ m r ) t o s h o w s b s t h o r RUN SB/STH OVER 2 to Critiche sblsth in an
tell them about an 1dw,a proposal, etc. in order unkind way: She 3 alzuays running her husband bill w ~ lslun infohundredsof fmund% 4 If things runon!o Sheranon withgraarenthwinsmabout
run into each other, or sth runs into sth else, her htmt project 4 [+ advlprep] (of a mad or a
to get thelr reaction to it: I'ue got a m jdeas I'd down in ~%ntof their friends. E?Bdisparage theyjom so that they canonly beseparated with track) to m t l n u e in the same dmction: The
like to run byyou. o Run thatpast meagain.
sblsthIforma~kREUIn thlsmeaningmn sWsth diff~culty:Itrted toexploirr,but my wrdsaI1ran road m o n ~ n mthe-rl. 5 (of a line of text) to
@ v+ nlpmn+prep down is not used In the passwe. + see nko Run
znto each0 t h ~ continue into the next line: Thisl i n e m on into
,mn 'down;,run sth ' d m 1to lose wwer or YOURSELF DOWN 3 to find sblsth after looking for
OV+P~P the next verseof thepaem.
stop working;to make sth do thk lthink the h t - a long t h e : WnoIlym n the book down zn the ml-
h i e s are runnlng down. o @ you h u e your lege libram I F 5 track shim d m ; trace ,run sb 'hhd l =RUN SB IN,RUN SB 1NTO STH Isr*)goon

headlkhts on, you'll run the hebnnery down. IBwjl sblsth W In this meaning run sblsth down is 'lwn sth into s b l ~ t h=RUNINTQ SBlSTH, RUN STH Q v + a d u
'run on if your thoughts etc. ran on a p%r-
battery 2 to stop hnctioning gradually or not used in the passive. INTO SRlSTH

become smaller in size or number; to make sth +v+n/pron+adv v+adv+n ,run 'off 1to mow quickly may h r n sbh place: t ~ c u l a rsubject, you think or talk a b u t it a lot:
to escapefrom sWa place: The$hi.$ mn q(f dawn Her thoughtskept runningon theirh i meting.
do this: Oil supplies in tRewghn wilIsiar6 torun ,run yourself '@ownto criticize yourseK,onen
down in thenext M,o The company am run- unfairly: You"realwaysmnningyourse~dom! a side streel, o the^ ran off Inwhing. +see a h Q v+prep

ningdown theiroperaflowin the UK. ~ S # ~ L S O R U NSBlSTH DOWN 2 RUN AWAY 12lo leavea place secretly: Shemn fl 'nmon sth 'run8th on ath to use a parH&

+v+adv v+dpron+allv+ v+adv*n A"u+nr"n.-n.+ar-h-r. tn the middleof thnight. +see o h RUN AWAY 2 type of power or fuel to make a machine or a

b 'mndown(Inlaf sth) n [usuallysing.] (BE)1a ,mn'in;,run'Intosth(AmE+imrmtrl)to visit sb +S@@a!SFU0N AWAY~OFF,RWNAWAY~DFFWITH SA, vehicle work: You mn run l h m~ r on any @@ of
rrductlon in the sue,number,a m o u n t o r k m r t - for a short time in an informal way; to go wme-
anceor sth:ThpubIica~mpIainingabouthe where quickly on yout way to somewhere else: RUN AWAY~OFTFOGETHFJR unhukdpttrol.
1'11run in on my way home. o Conyou run into
rundown N health services.3 a description or an IhedrycIarner's onyour way to wrk? ev+adv 3SrWol.90 RUN O W STH. RUN STH OFT 6TH
@v+adv * v+prep
explanation of sth, especiallythe maln potnts: a ,run 'otf;,run 'off d h if a road, path, etc. runs +v+prep v+nlpKm+pmp
rundown of thehistoryof tnch team ,run sb 'In(okdfashIonerl,i&-mnIj to arrest sb
9 WU!SORUNDOWN at RUN DOWN STH,RUM BTH and take them to a police station: She was nur in offor runs offa place. it leads away Erom it: Can ,run 'out 1if a supply of 8th rnna oat. It is fi-
l o t shoplifting.
DOWN STH @v+nlpron+adv+ v+BdV+n(m) you seethat road running off ta the rjgkt?oSW ished or used up: I'm gotw t~ h p
b "run-in n 1( W h sb)(itformal) anargumentor
b , r u n - ' d m m$i 1(of a building or an area) in a quarrel: Ihnd a run-inwith my mum thtsevan- mldoors ranafl thecorridor until mymoneyrunsout. o W r ? ? k w e t o ~ t q ~ k . k b
poDr condition; that has not k e n lwked after a iw. 2 2also 'IIIMIP) (to 8th) (BfEj a period of
rundown a m of lhst London 2 (of a business, preparation just before an event takes place: the +v*achr + v + p q assime~smnn&qouro Onedayhlshck wiil nm
etc.) not as busy orasactiveas lt used tobe3 [not finnl run-in to the WorM Cup 3 the action of
approaching sth or the distanoe you cwes: the ,run'oft,run'off wlth sb;, ~ 'onff together out. o M y pattern wilh her suddenly mn out.
Wore noun1(of a p m n ) tired, weak and not in final run-in lo the target
= RUN AWAYhPP, RUN AWAY~OPF WITH SH, R U M Brnone).,ptml,Zlw,luek,pallen- 2 ( a h
gwd health after having worked too hard, etc: ,runsb 'In;,runsb 'Intoathr... t o t a k e s b b y w
to the centre of town, etc: I &logo &to town. AWAY~OFPTOGETHER ,run 'out of sth)if a person or a machine
*I'mfeeIinga bit run&wn. Conyou run m in?
S e e t r h RUNDOWN at RUN DOWN STH, RUN STH ,run 'off sMth to drain or flow sWsth: out of a supply of sth, they finish lt or use it all
*v+nlpmn+adv v +nlpmn +prep Water er oolf thefields inlo the ~ 1 o S1 W ~
DOWN STH wasrrmnlngoflk up: We'rerunning out of m o w . o Couldyou @
,run sth 'hl(BrE)Eh the past) to drive a vehicle
,run "own sth Ha liquid runs down a surface, slowly and carefully when it is new so that you some mom mllk? We'ue run out. o I've run out of
it n o w downwards over It: Tears uwe mmkg do not damage the engine: I h not going on
molormysunt~dl'uerunthmin. m w a t e r , sweat patiencewilhher: o You'uemnoWof s p m o n h
-down hischeeks.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n ev+wev m,disk. o The hnd sewrslo haua run out of ideas.
c8 v+orm-nr EEi money, ideas, patience, tkme 3 if a
' r u n 4 n [CJ(tmhniaro rain, water or other
,run ' d m sth; ,run sth *down sih 1to look liquld that runsoff land and into rivers, e t t contract or other legal document runs out, it i s
quickly at a list: to quickly read and mention the
items on it: Her eyes mn down thefigurns on fhe ,nun 'offsth;,run sth 'off sth (ofa machine, no longer valid: His mntma 1~~1ththe club ruW
po~e.o She mn her wm down thepage. 2 topass, e t t ) to use a part~culartypeof power in order to
or to make sth pass, downwards over a surface: operate a machine: The oulbwrd motor rumoff out at the end of the m m n . EE)explm Emom
She tunherfinger down the mRe. an ordlna?c~ur battery
firma0
+see also RUN ON STH, RUN STH ON STH
+v+prap + v+nlprwr+prap ~v+adv2alsav+&+prep

UZl,mn out d 'steam (ii@muO to have IESS

energy and enthusiasm and stopdoing5th or do

it less well:Imoaof steam hamup thehehill.

'rundown (on/of ~ t h )i[ u d y sing.] an ,run 'into s b t o m e e t sbbychan~eC: ~ ~t St hSo ~ ,run ~ U I'off 1to p r o d m copiss of a piece of o Thecampofgn semu tohaue run out of steMlteMl
explanation ora descriptionof sth:Imngiwyou into M a ~ ? oYou mmb ~ J - iJnlowP* w
wcltmp, etc, on a machine: They mn OF hun- ,run sb 'out:,run sb 'out of stht... (eswriolly
a brief rundown on each of thejob a p p l m a . o know in London
dreds of wpiapof the leq(Ie1. o Canyou run thae A m to forcesb to leave a place:He wrwdio run
l e t m off for met- In informal spoken lan-
+themout of bwn.
guagemsboff sthandmnsbsth offareah v+nlpron+adv e r+cllpmn*adv+prep
used' I'll just run you o g a mpr- o I'lI run you a
We would like aJull rundown on the progress of bump Into*b (mrman
copy flnom X toproduce sth that 1susually dif-
QV+P~P



Saw /w:(/&, rawn I d ,AmEaLm ,Mare sbhm 'off =SCARE ~ & T H AWAY~OFP
.scam 'up 8th;,scare It, him, etc. 'up(AmE+
sad.&)

salt / $ 3 : 1 t , ~ r ~ a ~ ~ m i t / ,saw 5th 'dowilto cut sth down and bring it to ' 1nf10-D to find sblsth o r t o make sth by using
the ground,using a tool with a long blade and whatever is available: I'll m if I mn scare up
,sack 'outf&-tzl%, i d o m 0 to lie down bo rest or ,salt sth a'wayto savem o n e e~tc. for thefuture, sharp points along the &e (a saw):We had io enoughchnlrsfor us all. o 171f?ytomre up soma
saw down two trees. friends #am m e a d helpus.
relax: Weswkdout on themuch and wickd a often secretlyor dishonestly: He c l n M s h e hnd
video. salted mow otwy in m i l , o $10 billion had mtres A noun must a l w a p follow up, but a p m
+v+adv+n + v+dpw+adv
gv+adv bemalt& a m y in banks. nouncomes betweentheverb and up.
,saw sth 'oft:,saw 5th 'off s4h to m o v e sth
@ v + adv +n + v +pmn +adv ( l e s s f w m t )

saddlep d j E Z i money from sth by cutt~ng~t with a tool with a long SCOOPIskwpl
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n blade and sharp polnts along the edge (a saw):1

,saddle'up;,saddle sth 'uptopreparetoridea s a d the lower branches off tlreqpple tm. ascoopsth 'Out1(also,scoop8th 'outof h ) t o
horse by placing a leather seat (a saddle)on it: sand/*nd/
EE branch remove sth from the inside of sth else using a

have yo us odd^ UP the homyetPo Saddle up, ,sand sth 'downto make sth smooth by rubbing @v+nfpmn+adw v+adv*n v+nlpmn+prep curved tool, such asa spwn,or your hand: Smop
we're leaving rightaway. [onlybefore aIlthe&outof thafrurt.Eld s , f l e s h 2to
it withsbmng,mugh paper:Sandlhedwrsdown b 'sawnoff( B r a( A M 's-
F5Ei horse noun] (of a gun) having had thc long tube make sth hollow by m o v i n g the inside with a
&v+adv v+adv+n b v+nlpmn+adv beforeyoumintt h m . through which the bullets are fired,(thebarrel), curved tool such as a spoon. Frrst s m p out !he
Sand sth can beused with the same man- melon using a spwn EE) hollowsth out
'saddle sb&ourself wlth sbEsth; "saddle cut short: asawnoffshobfln 4 1v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n +
sb!yourself with doing 8th to give sbmur- inp: Sand the a b r s bq3rayouwhtlhem.
,saws t h 'up(into )tocut sth i n t D p i m using a v +nlpron+adv+prep
6 v+nlpmn+adv * v+adu+n Zv+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
toolwitha long blade and sharppaintsalongone
seK adimcult or unpleasant task ormsponsibil- edge (asaw):All the tm uwresawn up into logs. ,scoop sbfsth 'upto move or lift sWsth wing a
ity to deal with. I've hwn seddIwI with my sandwichp a n m ,-wrd3/ &v+adv+n r v+nlpron+sdv
brother's kldsfir the m k e d (= I have to take
care of them). o He had saddled himsew with 'sandwleh sbBth ImWaen s b t h to fit quick continuous movement: J mP?dup 0
huge deb&. o I'ue b m &died w&th organizing sth/sb intoa wrysrnall spacebetween twoother
the cuderem, things or m p l e : I lwrssandurichad &ween lurr scale Iske~lI hndfuifu~of sweets. c She m p e dthe baby up tnlo
E9 lands b l y o u dwfth sblsth, land sb/ large men on the hwk seut. o The shop is mRd-
ruiched beiweena bunkanda mfi. ,scale9th 'downIAmEalso ,-Is uth 'back)to her arms.
youraeK wlth h l n g ath =Sandwich sbtsth between sWsth is reduce sth in size or importance. The company
nearly always usededn the passlve. has a . ~ e d&wn ik mining program- + adr+ + nlpmn + adv
Sadale sb with sWth is often usedin the yea,: o PoIh are-ling down the w r r hfor the
Q v+ nlpmn +prep attacker.o Jonnie's mis were a sca!&&wn wr- *,SCOOPsth 'UPto win or get 8theasily,especially
passive. a large sum money Or a prize: Demmmt

0 v* nlpmn+prep ~ r 4 QYMO& Wforrrmhof theseah.

,aandwleh A and B to'gether(withahltonut swnof hisfath@r's. mh Hh up EEEEiUdScsoo,pp~rlztwmh also b used with the same
m c n n i n ~The mouiesc0o~nineC)scars.
safeguard /'mJ~a:B:AmE-ga&/ sth between two things To join them: ~ondu%h programme, proleet @v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
(lessfrequent)
,safeguard awht 8th: ,sateguard thecakes together wtth c m m . &v+adv*n +v+nlpmn+adv
Qv*nlpmn+adv*v+adu+n

sbtsthyoyoumelf a'galnst sth(formafitopre- .scalesth 'upto lncreasethesizeorimwrtan~eof =enfit,ck,l.t,
- .safe

ihpfl
vent sth had from happening to sth;to keedsth 8aVe"lservl ' sth:~ e ' r e d & i d i ~ h o m t o m ~ e u p o-~--o--~'-"-'
'Sam on sth;'aaveeth on fihtouselessof sth
frommhsairomroIridbwaumecfarogre:aSIanfrimgu,nrTdheagaiwt scale sth down ,scoot 'over( A d , *IformnDto movealW On a

SIIOWSmu how to m ~ e g u a dyour b m wains @v+adv+n +v*nlpmn+adv seat to make mom for another person: Scwlw e r
n.n.r.l .m. k.p. .m. .m. . for VOW sister o ~ m t i w )

+electrical danmm and accidpnk ~~~~ ~ ~ Scar~elskea(rhAomEsker/ ~ ~ ~Scwt ouec~men! Wom~en golfem ~are on thhe
v+ Prep v + nlpmn +prep
save s o n thewsfof an adult ticket. z+z-,scares h t h a'wayrofCt~makesWsthkao~r increme.
&v+prep * v+nlpmn+pmp stay away by frightening them:She &a w h b

sailI&/ ,save 'up: ,Save 8th 'Up (for 8th) to kern rour tle tasmre away her atfutkm o The now? =red

,sail 'through;,sail 'throughsthtosu-in money instead of spendl& it, especially because the birdsofl iskaup;AmEskoupl
an examination, a test, etc, very easily: She you want to buy a particular thing: She'ssnviw SEX) frighten sblsth awaylBn(esp?&lly BrE)
miIBdthrough h m m l mms. upfor a new mmputeK o I xswd up all my wages &v+adu+n + v+nlpmn+adv ,Scope s h t h 'Out (AmE,wormall to Iwk for
s'blsth interesting or attractive; to search out
E L exam to buy mypamnssnpresenf. asare sb into I s a m sb["todoing sth
=Save and save 6th are used more fre *Sblsth: W e X Q @ o ~ t a p l n c e bS@ theweekend.
Qv+adv r v + p w to make sb do sth by frightening them: Her ad^+" v*nlPron+adv
qucntly with this meanlag, esp~ciallyin more I h t s p n a l l y s c a d him into miion. c He was

sally t d i ! (sallies,sallying, ra~i~eUd,~ I I I ~ ) formal English. scared intosigning a mnfmion. score/ S W ~ ) I
Qv+adv a v+adv+n 4 v+n/prm+adv Qv+n!pron+prep

,sally 'forth (also,sally 'OMCessfrcqwnt) (OW ,save ath 'upto keep sth to use or enjoy in the
firshbned or likmry) to Ieave a place in a deter- future: I saveup the week's n e m p m s bo readat
mined or enthusiastic way: &fm lunch s h ,Ware sb 'offto accidentally make s b m i d of 'sc"eorbeeotteffr tShban(essbm, eiasl~lyeBcrmi wbtpo mshaokwintghactleyvoeur
salIiedforfhfora short m l k . weekends. or nervous about sth they were planning to do: remarks, for example in a n argument: He's
M~ hutlstommm m& off 4~
Qv+adv W Save sth Isusedmorefrequently with this Don'tactctloo ~n#mtedoryou'IImrehimo g ( =a ~ [ w a ytst r y i n ~lom m ~ fhlis ~o[.kWues

mcaning, especially in moreformal English. boyfriend). QV+P~P
)BXII) M g M 8b aff(espcinlly BrEj
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv , s o r e 8th 'ouVthmugh(Bre)todrawalinem
Q v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n linesthroughsth m a text toshowthat youdenot

scout ....-. .. . . . . ..........................................248.........,,..........II*.............1..........,,...........11*,,,,,,,....',,_,,,,,I

~'''''~'''~~--''''''''''1-~~~''''~~'''....-...~~~*II

want it: ThelaPtparsgmph had km mredouL ,serapa 'through:,scrape 'through sth to ,=n sth 'out to prevent sth harm h m , s c msb 'Up(slang)tomakesbpoupset or con-
o He Reallyl;mrcd through #heword 'impossibk'. entering or going through sth: H is essential lo fu&edthat they are unable to deal with problems
W cross 8th wWhrough;deIetosth succeedwith difficulty in doingsth, especially in m n out ultraviolet mys. o A window blind mill in life: Herparents haw reully s c t e d her up.
passing an exam: I m g h f m p e through (the BFQmess sb u p
@ v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(rare) ' scmnoub loomuch light. +v+nlpton+achr + v+adv+n
wrn)!f Jh lucky.0 She just scrnped thmwh b , $ e m - ' u p ad] (inforrrml) upset and arm-
scout tskautl lawschool. @v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(IacsfPwuent) •
v +pion + adv ious, especially becauseof sth bad that hashap
E Q exam

,scout a'rwnd;,scouta'roundsth C & E a b * ~ pened to you in the past:a screwed-upkid

,-vt 'mud, ,scout 'mund d h ) (for mbhth) to ascrape sth ~ ~ ~ e r @ ~Mh,'UPsk .f ~m ,screw a'round(A,sfang)1to have s e w~ith a + s e e l ~ l m s c ~ ~ w s n - v ~ a tssrcn~UsPw
search an area or different plafes to ~ ltoy find f ~ w n t to) obtain or Cdect sth such as an
amount of money withdficult~:TIMY m m g e d lot of ditYeentpeople aem A more polite, infor- ,screwsXh 'up1(Brmto squeeze Sth into a tight
sblsth:I?Igoundmut aroundfiorsom water: ball: She screwed rap the note and threw it away
mal way to say this ~sstceparound. 2 W to
Qv+adv 4 v+pmp toscmw ik1g@th~r$lZ~Wandprin.kd3~of~mp~ waste time dolng siUy or useless activltles:Slop paper, letter E?R I E N ~ C ~sth up 2 if you
screwingaroundanddu some t u o r k l m A mom screwup your eyesor your face,you tighten the
,s~outSMI 'out to out what eth 11 1 ~ oor ~y~~~~~ lCmpd mOugh muy muscles beeauseyou are In pain, the lrght is too

where 6th is, by searching: A &am imvelled to *'+ wv*n/m+adv mlite, l n f o r d way to say this is mess around, fbarlcgeh.te,yeetcs: Hescrewed h b f m i n dwmt Eid
M o m w 10 m u t orrlpossiblephwsfor a meeting
o Thewmmnyismutingout husimopportun- scratch1- +or, in British English, mess about. @v+a&+n + ~+nlpmn*adv
~tlesnn VieIraam v+adv

+v+adv+n + v+n/prwr+adv ,scratcha'round@ r E a h .scratchanbout()for ,screw sb a'mund(BrE,A . s W t o t r e a t s b in screw up y w r 'cwrago ( e s r n l & BrE)to

serabble/'skrebI{ a h 1 to search for sth in a bay that is not '&y a way that is deliberatelynot helpful to them or force yourself to be brave enough to do sth: I

,wrabble s'raund (BrE a b .s~ratrblea'bout, '"organized. by looking at dtfferent things, look- wastes their trme: Stop srrpwing me around and finally m u r e d up my couragennd m t lo the
,sotabbb 'round)(hr 8th) to use your fingers to i"p the He wuScMtch@umrurd tell me the truth1
search For sth quickly or with difficulty: She A more polite, informal way of ~ y l n tghis dentisl
OnthegmuMfir cLues.
is mess sba b o u U m n d (BrG). b ,serewed-'up udj (BrE) squeezed and *ed
Qv+adv into a ball: a scmwad-upsheet ofpper

m b b l e d a w u n d ~nher h g f o r h e r n h . ,scratch ath 'off; .scratch d h 'off s-th to. Q v+nlpmn + adv see alsoSCREWED-UPat scuaw sR UP
remove 8th from a surfaoe by rubbing with your
,screw sth Wownto attach sth13rntlyto sth else
nails, etc: She scmtckRd the paint off losee w h t
,scrabble at sth to scratch at ~ t whith m n d , LmS ~ ~ ~ n e a s h . u s ~ n gscrews: .%r@zu the heid of the box down
burslpd momentg: She was scrabbling at t h
ev+nlpmn+adv r v+adu+n + v+n/pron+prep securely. ,scribble sth 'down to write sth qulckly and
w r l h with herfingem. mtofa~m chaorremlesdslyy:She scribbhd down bhe directions on
,scratch ~ t 'houtto remove a word, esgPcially a @v+nEpmn+adv + v+adv+n
@ v + prep name,fmrnsthwritten,usuallyby puttingaI n e .screw sth,on;
through it: Their names had been srroicherIout.
scrape t s l a e ~ p t the top on a mntainer by twisting it around: Is '&t+-aa*+n v+ nlpmn+
the tous c m d o n tighify?
,arcrape 'by (on ah) to manage to live on the +v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
Bl lid, t o p
money you hamalthouphyou donot havemuch: screamiskrlml ,acmll 'd0~U'up(rwnputingl to move downlup
Imnjustwage by on what myparenrsgiw me. +r+nlpron+adv + v+artu+n 4 v+nlpmn+prep orbackwards(forwards in the text onammputer
scmn so that you can read dillerent p ~ -oft I~t:
haveyour headsc- on (dgMnhe rIgM S h e m l k i down totheendof t h e d ~ m n l .

+v+adv 3Cream 'out (fw sth) to be very obvious or way) (irlformafl to be a sensible person +v+adv
noticeable; to demand attention: The m k & h
,*rape 'In:,scrape;'Intosth (i9r.E)to manage j r r s r m m o u t a t y m . o Themke m x r e a m ~ n g ,screw sb 'ovt of sth (slang)to cheat sb and
to pet ajob, a posit ion, a place at college, etc, but out to beeaten. prevent them from having sth that they should
have: Shetried loscrew himout a f his wlnniflg~.
withdficu1ty:Ijusf managed doscrapeinto uni- gv+adv
versity. o H e x r a w d i n with 1BDuofes.o Ourteam -A m o p polite way to say this is cheat sb s c r o u n g e /skramW
out of sth.
jusiscmpedfntothesemi-JTnals. screen ISM^^ Qv+dpron+adv+prep ,scrounge a'round (fM 8th)(AMi,t l f o r m l ) ta

+v+adv + v+prep ,screw sth 'out of sb (skmg)ta formsb to give search around in diprent places for sth, e s w
cially if it is difficultto find or there is not much
.scrape sth 'off, ,scrape 8th 'off sth to ,acreensth 'Off to separate or hide an area of a you sth, to get sth from sb with great difficulty: available: He scroungd around in his &k
remove sth from a surface by moving 5th sharp room etc, from another area by putting a tall They screzmd themoney out of her by IhreUt-HliW d m w rfor a m p e r clip.
and hard Irke a knife a-s it: He spent all doy piece of furniture or equipment in frontof it or to hLt her
s c r u p i ~ p a i n ttoh~e mlb around it: Part of the room had been screenad@ @v+&
@v+nlpron*adv * v+adv+n + v+n/pron+prap witha curtain. 4 v + nlpmn +&+ prep
Screensthoff is often useU in thepassive.
,serape sth 'out 1( a h , ~ r a pseth 'out of sth) 6 v+adv+n 4 v+n/pron+adv , s c m sb 'over WmE, A, slang)to trick sb in
to removc sth fmm the inside of 5th else using
sth sharp and bard like a knife: IscmpedalI the ,Screen s h t h 'out to decide not to include order to obtain 8th valuable from them: to treat
shlsth,ornot to allowsb tofoinan organization, sb badly, especially by deceiving them: He ,scrub'in(AmE) =SCRUB UP
ma3out of the melon. o He scraped out the bow[ enter acountw etc. becauseyou think they may
I= removed everything from it) with a tempoon2 not &suitable or may causetrouble: Unsuitable s r r e d her over and LDDk a11her mow: ,scrub 8th 'oft:,%rubsth 'off sth to remove
(AmE)tojust manage to make enough money ta
live: He scraped oat a living by dmwing cur- mndldntes were srraened wt.o H i s job to & v + n / p + a d v + v+adv+n sth from the surface of sth by m b b h g it hard
loonsfor h l n e w s p a m . E E Iklng,e x l s h c e scmn out inqulrfesunlikely to result fn u saQ o
Imumnw mmmniesoften screen o u l m p k ,screw 'up:, s c m 9th 'up (slung,evmhIlu witha brush,etc: ~mbalffRrrSmudqfSUleraolls.
e v + a d v + n r v+n/pron+adv are high risk. &v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+prep
1~ov+nlpron+a&+prep Am&')to dosthbadly or spoil sth:IruapSryinglo

be helpful, but I screwed up again. o She screwti ,scrubsth 'out to dean the inside of sth by wb-
up upfl t l bhemngemenk
bing it hard with a brush and u s d y with SMp
Isvu)mess up, mess sth u p
and water: HescnrBWoul thewmand Wtthem
&v+adv+n + v+n+adv(hs)kqmt) g v + a d u + v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
to dmin. o The cupBwrds rrm srrubbed out e ~ f Y
v+pm+abv e 'sc-pn (slang,especiaflyArnE)asituation week.

that has been dealt with very badly; a bad mis- @v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adu
take: Theream a mwup OW the bookings.

,scrub 'UpI w c c i a l l ~Bri!J (Amus*runlIy,=rub See sb out, see sb oat of sth are wed o Shesaw him through the mnnths @er his a d - (ligumtiw) Th@urhok city seizedup (= no tramc,
etc was able to mwe) during the bfiuamt.2 if a
'In) (of a doctor. nurse.etc.) to wash your hands much more &n than these verbs. +dent. o Ionlyhaue $2010seemthrough the week. part of your M y seizesup, it becomesstiff and
and arms vem thoroughly before performing a +see a h SEE sstour,SEE SB/YOURIELF OUT OF STH v + nlpron+wfv + v +nlpmn+prep you are unable to move ~teasily: My legs wre
medical operation: The s u m n m b M up wid
~ ~ t o n h i s g ' m~ , ~ ~tosc~rubikn f oi r sdh ~ 6- v+nl.~mn+edv r v + nloron + we-o- ,me sth 'thmugh(not usudly in the p m beginning loseize upandJ d e d a rest.
r
. gressrvelenses)tonot fiveup a task,project, etc. Qv+&
,Med h 'In If you see Inan-~ion such as New until it i s completed: She's determined to see ihe
+v+adv
~YIheealNr,eylwouY+aerae~rtwh~ietrhefrwiehnedns.itohHapepHenwsd: lTohnegy@sanwouingh job through. sell/sell(sold,sold /wid; AmEsouldl)
scrub '"pwa'llEs b l s t h ~ ~ u ~ losee in hnamwilleno-,
look very attractivewhen theyarecleanand tidy EBl wlSa,lob

scrunchI S I W A ~ ~ J ~ Q v+ rdpron+adv ,sellsfh 'off 1 to sell a14or part of an industry a

,scrunch sth 'up lit(forma0 1to squeeze sth 'see to sbmth to deal with sblsth that needs companyor a piece of land: Unwtmfdland m t
into a small round shape in your hands: He attention: I'll sw io the kids. o Lin was great and to the farm was soid of. o The government
scrunchedupthepieceof papwandthmw itot me. 'See sth In s h t h to believe that sblsth has a d 6 x W to sell off stab? companies. E E assets,
saw loewrythlng. oDOn'f w o r n I'lls€-+?Siot! land, business, company 2 to sell things
ESlpapet, l%*r 2 to twist your face or part of particular quality or characteristic,espcialIy a ,avH, attend ta swath Vormal)
it intoa duTerent shape:He m m u p h b m , one:1don't kmur ulhot she sees in him {= I cheaply because you no longer want them or
See to sth can lx used 111 the passive: We becauseyou need the money: Themnoreb selling
+t r y m ~to cancenimte. fa-, eyes can't understandwhy shelike8 him or findshim musfget thoi door seen io. alf the old stock.o Thefamily silver was sold ofl
v+adv+n + v+nlpson+adv attractive). o Heseesgoodin everyone. o lcwr
mlue m each argument BV * P ~ ~ P lopuy the debis.
'see ta it that...to make sure tM sth happens: Qv+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
v+ nlpmn+prep
Can you see lo it that ewryone knows the dale of b 'sdl+W n (BrEj 4 the sale by the government
seal ISPJ~ ,seesbfsth 'off 1to go to a station, an a m r t , of an industry or a m i c e to individual people
etchto say w d b y e to sb who is going on a jour- themting? or private companies:I h p r o m e d sell-ofl of t h
,Seal ~ t 'Ihn to keep 5thinsidea containersothat ney: We all went to the airport m see her a f l 2
Q v + prep
none of it can e p e :Thefoilpmket sealsin the (Brmto f o m sb to leave a place, for example by
mil cumpny o sell~fpllans 2 (AmE,bpbsiness)
Jamar: chasing them: The dogs soon saw o n the
buwlam. 3to defeatsb: Shemw ofl heropjmmnt ,seek sbmth 'out to look for and h d sblsth, the sale of a large number of shares in a wm-
e v + a d v + n r v+nlpmn+adv especially when thismeans using a lot of effort: pan%&r which their value vsually falls
He sought her out to ask her aduim. ooShe's
,-a1 sth 'off if the police, the arm%etc seal a and nolugaes into thefinal. a I m y s seektngout nsw businessopponunilies. ,sell d h 'on(to sb) to sell sthto sb else that you
Place or an area off, they put barriers there to @v+nlpron+adv + v+adu+n have bought not long before,usually in order to
EGl opportunltles,Informatton make a profit: She managed the b w i m s f o r a
~ r e w natnyoneh m enteringik ~ k p ~ ~hai wc e ,see sth 'off (Brm to be strong enough to resist y w r and then sold it on.
smL?doff the lowncentre. o h l off all the exits! sth: Themmmnysrrmoff thethmtof amkmwer E37 track sbtsth clown(Iessfom0 Qv+nlpmn*actv r v+sdv+n

E L area, mad,bulldlng +v+adv+n + v+Wpmn+adv @ v + a d v + n v+n/pron+adv be 'sold an sth (infotml)to be convinced that

@ v+adv+n + v + n + a d v ( h h m t ) , ,seesbiyourself 'ad,,seesbryaursslf 'out

v+pmn+adv of 8thto go with sbout of a building,etc.to make sth is very g o d : I muld see she lmms sold on the
idea 4 I'm, not really midon American music.
,seal sth 'up4 to close an envelope,etc. by stick- sure that they findtheway: J a y x w thelasfguests seep ISL-PI
rn Idea
ing the edges or the ogenIngtogether: He =led out and locked the door oDon't get up 1'11 see ,seep a'way to £low m a y slowly and in small

UP the sflue!O@ and wrote the address rm it. 2 to tAg$elfOUf~. ~ a h S SRB INE,SEh SR JYTO STH quantities: Waier had &ft s b w b a p i r r g awOY +be+v+prep
closesth completely sa that nothlng can get in or Qv+rilpmn+adv + v+adv+n + from the pond. offismtlw) My anger begon lo
seep a WOY ,sell 'out,be ,SO'Uout1if ticketsfor aconoert,
out: Isealed UP the windowsto few out thef u m . v +nlpron+a& +p p a game,etc. sell out or are m l d out,they are all

DXGlSeal 9th is used more frequently with ,mesth ' o d(not wed in theprogressive #mms)4 gv+* sold and there are none left: The tfcketsm the
thesememings.
to stay in the sameplace, do the same things, or game will wl1 out quickly.o Tonight'spm7brm-
Qv+actv+n + v+nJpmn+adv
survive,untll the end of sth:SheflromW to see segue I'SWIWI a m iscompktely soldout. o Thefirst 5~Wcopm

out the m t of her contract. 2 to last until the end ,segue 'into 8th to move smoothly from one of t h bookhaw soldout. X (also,sell 'nut of sth,

of sth: We Yehaveenoughfuel tosee the winter out. song, subject, place, ete, to another: a spiritwl be .-Id ' o d of 5th) If sb sells out of 5th or is

,search sbt~th'Out to laok forsWsth until you W See8thout L not used in the passwe. that s e g d into a sirrgnlorrg chorrrsoHE then sold out of sth, they have sold all of it and have
find them: He's mrchingoui some otdpictures to @ v+adv+n + v+nlpron+& nothing left I'msorry,we've soid oui of milk. o
show LLS.o She luQnladto search out her reafpr- ,see'wen'mundsth ( B E )to visit andlook at a segued Into a discussionof children'srighis.
We are a l d y sold outfor lonight's c o m t .
ens. o John searched meout andgaveme a ML place carefully:We'd like lo seeowrthejhtagain & v+prep
Qv+adv * be+v+adv
seek sbldh out More zue rent it.
Xalsov+adv+prep r be+v+adv+prep
+v+adv+n + ~+n+adv(hJrepuent)+ toab oversth;look around atti
'seize on sth (also'rdw upon nthm r e f ~ m b t 'sdlout n [usually sing] a plax concert+etc.
v+pmn+adv @ v* prep for whichalllheticketshave&nsold: Thegigis

,gee'throughsbt~th(not used in thepmgms1ve to suddenly show a lot of interest in sth, e s p asll-out.o a sell-outtourlmwd
c i w became youan use ~tto your advantage; -,see also seLbauT at SELL OUT (TO SB~STH)
lenses) to realize the truth about sblsth so that
Thescadul mimmediuttly seized upon by the ,sell 'out(w sW&l (dIsappmuing)1 to k n
'seeabout dh;'sesa b u t dolng sth todeal you are not deceived: We saw through him o o~r
straight awe9 o 1 con See through your little p m . o Peferse&& eagerly on ail o~prlunities
with sth: to make arrangements tbr sth to be @me (= trick). change your principles or beliefs, especially to
done: I?I ga ond B about Iunch.01 must see for wnwrsation.
aboutgettingmmne to helpyou with thekid$. ev+ prep gatn an advantage for yourself. Th@mt of the
E 3 pounca on ath him of sellingoutto the law. o a tal-
,we sb 'through ,see sb 'through a h to -Seize ompon nth can be used In the gang&

(~V+PWP g ~ v esb support to enablethem to survivea dim- p-....*"..,JAa,"c.. enledBritish m u 1 2dimlor who 3soldo~ttoHoG
&wood 2 to sell your business or a part of your
,see*b #in,se;e sb powith sb into a cult experience a a particular perlod of tune: 6V + P ~
.seize 'up 1if a machine or a part d a machine business: Thecompanysold out toits riml.
mom, buikding, etc. to make sure that they get coume
saw him t b r s g h ,
there safely:mrseeing her in (= m h e r home), seizes up, it stopsmoving or workingcorrectly: + +

The engine sek'id up & only three weeks.4

sell out *................_......_...................=.........4.. . 252 -................................................................................* 3 set aga--l-n..s..,.l,..:,

b WFout n [usually sing.]a situation in which ,Send sb 'In 1to order sb to go te a place to deal ,.end sth 'out 1to send 9th to a lot d different s e n t a m , town W Inthis meaning rserve s t h
sbbetrays sb who trusW them, by not d o h g sth with a dWcult situation: T ' p s wem send in to p p l e or places: I rant out invltathns. o out cannot b~used in the passive. 2 (esmcially
that they promised to do, or by doing stb that reslore ordm EBltroops, pollce. ermy 2 to tell
they promised not to do: a dreadful selll~.ouotf sb to go into a room,where sb else is waiting to Have we sen6 ktm out to all Ihe a p p l i m n t s ? m B?m =SERVE STH UP
t h e r r m m o Theden1wasseen a s a union sell-out letter, lnfonnatlm IEQ mall sth OU12 to pro- +v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(MW)
to management
+seealso SELLOUT at SELL OUT,BE SOLDOUT see them: Smdthe nextcandidoret n , p h . duce sth,such as light, a signal, sound, etc:afire ,serve sth 'up 1( a h ,-we sth 'out esp~chlb
sending out m u m of warmth oHis bmin was BrE) to put food onto plates and glVe It to people:
,sell sbMh 'out (to tbEah) to betray sb: They @v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n sending out warning signals leIling him to $e Heserved up a delicious m i . EZE)dlsh ath out;
carefuI. B E l slgnal emit ath((moreJorm~ dlsh up, dlsh sth up 2 (disapprouing)to glve or
,send 4 h 'in to send sth by poswman to a phce
d w v e r e d who hodsold Ihemowt lotheenemy where it will be dealt with:5# wfmbsent in ev+n/pron+adv v+adv*n omer 5th:All the TYchannek served up !he usual

+v+nlpron+adv r r+adu+n entriesfir the ompetifion. o Viewem we invited ,send 'out for sth to ask a restaurant or old moviesduring the holidays.

lo send in their suggest~onsfortheprogmmme. shoplstom to deliver food to you at home or a t ev+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n

,Sdl 'OMof sth; be ,sold 'OMof Sth =SELL Qv+nlpmn*adv + v+adv+n

OUT: R P SOLD OUT 2 ,send 'off ( a h ,send away espacially AmE) (for work: Wemuldsendoutfora takealuaj , s e w s t h u'pansb =SERVE STH ON SB, SERVE

,sell 'up;,sell 8th 'upto sell your home, gasses- sth) to write tosb andask them to send you sthby @ v+adv+prep SB WITH STH

sions, busmess, etc., usually because you need postlmall: lf you saw enough packets, you mn ,.end sbtsth 'up(BrE,irybrml) to make pwple 'servesb with sth =SERVE STH ON SB, SERVR SB
the money, are moving to another place or stop- send ofl andget afree loy. o Youmn sendanfor a
laugh, especially by mpylngthemlit i n a n a m u s - WITH STH

ping work: They soM up and moved lo Fmm.o free bwkkt. ing way: o TV p m m m that seMLP up mlil-
icmns o Ewryone was sending her up. 0 T h set /set/ (mtting, rnset)
Wedecrdedtaselfup euerylhingand buyafaim. )51.) wrlte away/& (tosb) (for 8th)

Qv*adv v+adv+n * v+prcn+adv @v+adv ieacherheurd mesendin$ uph e r m n t , -abwt - ihnto
-255 -off
sendIsendl (sent,mnt /sent/) ,send sb 'off 1(for ath)( B r 9 (In a sportsgame) +v+a&+n * v+pron*adv v + n * a d v ( m ) oA against
--on
,send sbktsth a'headto arrange for shth to po to make sb leave the field b u s e they have F 'sendup n (BrE, informal) an act of making -against oul
or be taken to the place you are going to, before sblsth look silly by oopying them in a n amusing 254 -ahsad
you arrive there: T h m t of the equipment uma broken the rules of the game:He was sent ofl for way: The mouie is a h ~lariousxnd-upof the Hol- -to
afiul. o ThmpInyemgotsentofl in thefinrhog lyruood m t e r n . -apart
sent ahmi by a i r -aside
(b v+ nlpmn+adv player In this meaning send sb off is -back

,send a'wayfbrMh) =SEND OFF IFOR STH) oflen usedin tllepassiw. 2(to ...)toaskor tell sb separate ~'sepmat -down -UP
Zo go somewhere: Thet a n k sent him offforfour -forth 258 -upss
,sendsb a'way totell sbto laave: Thereporters -urn
were sent away empty-handed (= without any months study nt Haword. 0 I allvoys send the mSeparatesth 'oft(fmm ah) to xemovesthfrom -1n
news). 2 (to...)toarrange for sbto go somewhem kids off to school Iooking cdaan and tidy. o The
away fromhome:He wassent away to k r d i n g men weresent off tofind ~ t e r a larger thlng or group; to keep sth apart: The
promrly agency hns Been seplrated @from the 'set about sb (VIMsth)@rE, old-fashfoW to
+school at the age of 7. Q Q v+nlpron+adv * v*sdv+n attack sb:He setabout m@witha stick
v+nlpron+adv v+ adv +nIk~frequent) marn brasmess.
2 v + nlpron+adv e v + a d v + n + v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
,sendsbtsth 'beck(aosblath)toreturnsWsthto ev+prep
where theytit came h m :The Mugm were sent b ,sending-'off n EBrE) (ina sportsgame)a situ-
back to their own muntm o You mn send the ation w h ~ na player k told to leave the field ,separate 'out; ,sepnrate sbtsth 'out (M 'set about sth: 'aabod doing 8th 1 to
goods back d w u 'renot satisfiad. because they have broken the rules: It'shis third sth)todlvide lnta different parts; todivlde sWsth hegin a task or a n activim especialiy with
sending-ofl thhymt: o T k ma& saw threepen- into different park or groups: Thrnirtmsepns- energy or enthusiasm: We set about th+?iosk of
Isr*,returnsblsth (tosblsth) moref form^ altiesand tmoosending~fl ares out Into Inyers. o Plcrsr~csmust be S@PQmt& cleaning the ~ ~ W m e2ntot approach a problem
b 's%nd+ffn(infirrnai')an occasionwhenpeople out into drfmnt typesfor mpcItw.o We need lo or task ina particular way: You'vewt about this
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n mme together to say goodbye to sb who is leav- seprrmte out factfrom speculation. o The process problem #hewrong way o How shouId IwtubouI
ing. She wasgiven a d sendm by of1her cob finding a job?- go about sth, go abod
s e ~ m t e s o utthedfffewntguses.
Icugues.
Separateand separate sblathcanalsobe dolng sth
0 v + prep
,$end sb 'down(Brm1(injbrmal)to send sb to ,send sth 'off (tosb) to send sth by pmthnail: used with thls meaninp.

prlson. He luassent dournfir lan y e ~ mIEB put Hausyousent t h r Settwofl W ? ev+achr+n v+pron+adv c v+n+adv(mre) 'set sb a'galn* sb to make sbo p p w a friend,

sb away 2 (oldfmhloned) to make a student E J latter,parcel ,sr*, mall sth off (to sb)M m 9 , serve1 8 3 ~A;rnEsxnl relat~ve,etc: The ciuil mr sei brother against

leave a universiN espec~allyOxford or Cam- post sth off {tosb) ( B r m brother:
bridge, bemuse of bad bebavim: She was sent
downfrom O*ord. E 9 expel sb @v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n % e mesMor sth to be uwdinstead of 5th else +v+nlpmn+prep

Send sb down is often used in the passive. ,sendsth 'on1(to...)tosendaletter.etc.that has when there i s nothing MAer available: An old ,set sth a'gainst sth 1to consider 5th by cam-
Q v+nipron+adv + v+adu+n box =red as a table. o Small iemfmrary build- p a r ~ n goodpo~ntws ithbad ones: Setagalml the
arrivcrl at sb's old address to their new one: beneJits of the new technology b the possibility
'sendfor s b to send a messageto sb to ask them J'wasked a wighbour lo sendon any important ings had t o m efor o m . that jobswill be lost. EEl balance A against B
to come and see you, especially in order to help 2 (also 'set sth '& against sth) Nnnnce) to
1etf-m. letter E m fornard 8th (ta sWsth) )SIR) act a s sth record 8th as a buslness cost as a way of redu-
you:&&for adoclol: cing the amount of tax you must pay: Thecost of
(morefirma0 2 (to sWsth) to send sth you have 6v + prep looking for oil can k SP! o g a i n ~ttax as business
EEl doctor,polleeIEE)call l b In
received to sb else for them to see or deal with: 'serve sth on sb ( a h' n e w sth u p sb more expenditurn. 3 be set agalnst sth if sth is set
aSendfor sbcan be usedin the passive: Has against 5th else, It ~splaced near it or next to lt
I'fl send the photos nn to you. 3 to send sth to a forman 'serve sb with sth ( h w ) to give or so that the dflerenm btween the two is very
t h d~octor been sentfor? not ~aeablev: iews of rocky rslnnds set againsEfwry
place so that it arrives before you get there: We send sb an omcia1 document, especrdlyone that sunsets o Sel agarmt her white drm, her ha tr
0V + P ~ ~ P seemedawndnrkez 4 be set agalnststhif astow
sent ourfurnituse on by ship. 0 We'w arranged orders them to appear in a court of law: T h a fdmhovle, etc. is set against a particular time,
'sendfor 9th to ask sb to bring or deliver 5th to
you: Sendforanambutnnce. o Haveyousentfora foryour klongings lo be sent on. ~ l i hwaw served a summons on Mr Jackson.o
c a t a l o m (= by post/mall)P
Send for sth can be used in the passive: Qv+nlpmn+adu 4 v+adv+n Themlicehaueseruwf Rim wrlha summons.

More equipment has been sentjiol: ,sendsb 'Outtosendsbsomewherehr aparticu- EB3 swmmons,mtlce, wrlt
lar purpose: I'11 ask them .to send someone out @ v+ nlpmn+prep
&v+prep
~ t r n l q h l Q ~ ~ ~ y D . ~ ¶ x P r i h p l : o ~ ~ ' m m f b n c k @,serve sth out 1to continue doing sth untilthe
end of a bedperiod of time: Sheserved out the
midnt~h6s, endouta ~ r r h p a r l y ?
mtof herxnlence manopenprima. E E I Wce,
@ v + nlpron+adv v+ adv+ n

.s...e..t...a..h...m....a..d.............".... 25

~

eventorplaoe,the action happensat that time or P 'setback n a problem or difliculty that delays rntha 'mta d ekt usedto describe the fact that a almor-: Shesetoutlobmktheruorld

place: It isa lovestory set q a i w t u tmkdrop of the progress of swsth: Paw%bruken ankk was s~tuationhas becomevery bad andwill oontinue record o TheJlmxwddinu~hatheyhadsetout
rum[Irish life. a major sethckfor the &am,
EEEW In meanings 3and 4 set sth against sth is like that: She hadproblems at k r m l school, but lo do,
,set sth 'baek(Am0to change a dock or watch
+only u s d i n the passive. toshow the mrrpct earlier time: Ifomt losetnpv when shechangedschmls theml reaih wtin. ~ v * a d v 2 a l s o v + a d v *toinf
1.2 v +nlpmn+ prep welch back lnst night (= when the tlmeomcially
changed) , # t sth 'InfInto5thto fix sthin a spacesothat it b 'outs4 n the bgInnlng of sth: We knew the
3,4b+v+prep does not stick out beyond the surface:A s m l l dangeratUfomthe outset.
ESlclock. watch PE)pulWI t h h (Brm safehad h n set into!he wall.
,setsth a'head(AROE)tOchangeaclockorwatch .-Set sth Winto sth is usually usel in the ,set sth 'Wt 1 to arrange or display sth: She
to show the correct later time: h n ' t f o ~ tosd EE3 put sth t o w a r d (&IT), sef sth a- ( A m passive. The verb inset sth has a similar began setting out p l o t s and ghses. 0 Set out
yourcbacksahwd tonight(= becausethe time has meaning. your anwennaoliy. 2 to present ideas, facts,etc.
@ v+ ntpmn+adv in a clear, organized ww, in inspeech or writing:
v + dpmn +prep This document sets out o w objdions to t h e p m
officlal1ychanged)+ be ,set'back(from 8th)ifa building is set back, posal. terms, mason=,p6ltcies, condltlons
~tis a long way h m sth, m i a l l y a mad: Their c 'inset n 1a small picture, map, etc. inside a
E E clock, watch E B put at?^ lomard (BrE) house i~ the only one that's set back lfmm the 91v+adu+n v+nlpron+adv
larger one:BmdPittat thepremiem, and his wffe
ES3 set sth baek 0 ,put rth bnck(BrE) mad).
6 v + nlpmn +adv +bebe+v+adv (inset)(= abouta photographin a newspaper)2 a 2v+adv+n v*pron+adv v+n+adv(mm)

,set sblsth a'part (from sblsth) to make sWsth ,set 'down;,d8th 'dawn(of a plane, a pilot, piere of material, a smallstone,etc that is added ,s6i 'to(oldfQshionedJorrno1,&pecinlly BrEj 1to
drfferent from or better than others: His m@- passengem etc.) to land: We set down on the on to sth else or put inside sth else: n silver begin doingsth in a busy or determined way:She
dence sets him apart from his classmates, o it's beach. o Thsp~lottrieoItoset theplanedownin a brwcR with ruby inseIs
lhe serum at themslaumnt thatsets it apart. set lo wilh axrubbing b m h (=she started clean-
@ v +nlpron + adv r v+ adv +n( h . h q u e n t ) @Id.
put dmrvn(espciolly BrE)>land,land sth ,net 'off to begin a journey: I set oflfor m r k at ing). 2 to begin fighting: T h q tmk off their
,set sth #part (Brm (also ,Mnth a'sldeA M , seven. o CfteckyouroiIbeforerattingfl on a long jackets a d s e t lo.
BrE) to keep sth such asmoney or time for a spe- 6 v+adv hr. v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
cial use o r purpose: A room uws sat apurl for journey. o Whenareyouplanning Eo set o!? Qv+adu
quiel rmdmg. ,Bet sb 'down(BrEj(of a vehicleor its driver)to
Qv+adv+n + v+pmn+adv 4 v+n+adv(les$fre. stop and allow sb to get oflout: The toxi set me @ v*adv b ,&'to n fsing.] ( i ~ o r m a le,specinlly Brm a
downat theendof t b d .
,set sb 'off;,sel sb 'OHdoing sth ( i ~ r m a l , fight or an argument:He had a set-towith one 4f
@specidlyBra to makesb start doing sth suchas his workmtes.
laughing, crying or talk~ngT: ho?.ephot~salws ,set 'up; ,set sth 'up to make a machine, some
set her fl ((rryrrsg). o Jusl seeing him laughing equipment, etc. ready to use: He heI@ me lo
writ) + drop sb/sth off I F 0 plck sb up carv my equipment in ondsel up o It look hours
v+nlpron+adv + v+adv*n sets meoff)(=makesme start laughing)
, s d sth a'slda1to placesth to one side:Iselher
+E9start sb off,startsb of(dolng sth to set upalI theequipmnt.
I e m aside. meaning to mad It hter put ath ,set sth 'down 1(on sth) Eli&mry)to phce an +v+adv v+adu+n v+nlpmn+adv
aslde 2 to save or keep sth for a partinrlar pur- object down on a surface: He & his glass down *v +nlpron adv
pose: She sets aside ffi0 e w y month for her b#orehespoke. o Shemade spme so ihnt Jmuld
set the tmy down on the table. E67 put sth d m ,set sth 'off$ tomakea bomb,etc. explode:toset ,set 'up;, s d yournelf 'upto start running your
daughterer'smilegefees.o WertpplISoset asidesome
ufl firetuorkso They set the bonah fl us s w n as own business: He left thefirm and set up in busi-
timefadealwith fils. ERJ money,ttme E 3 put 2 to writesthdownonpaper Inorder toreoord it:
ath asIde 3toignoresthsuchas your feelingsor Imantedtosetmy lhoughbdownonpapeK o II'sa they lww a we distanoe away. EQ bomb, fire- ness on his own. o She set herse,Jfup as rr heir-
work 2 to make an alarm (= a loud warning dressel:
opinions, because other thlngs are important: good idea to set down your mmpbint in writiw.
We decided mset our dlflerences aside. o Let's set ,avH, put s2h down 3to give sthas a rule, etc: lo noise or srgnal)start:The burglam set thealarm &v+adv + v+pmn+adv

as& my p m n a lfeelingsJor now. E?!!l put sth set down g~~ldelineslmaksqgwsllfyingstandaards off a If you burn the toast you'll sel the smoke ,#t sb 'up 1 to prwide sb with the money they
aslde 4 = SET 6rH APART ReslaumnLs m u t set set down by theAthietm Asmciotion need, for example to stari a business, buy a
aside an rrm for non-smokers. area, roDm onalarm offD L alarm 3to start a p r o w s or seP home, etc: A bank h n h e l d tu s ~ hter up in
IE3put 8th aslde 5 (law) to reject a previous 1,2v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n business. o He set his dulrghter up in her own
Sv+adv+n r v+prm+adv v+n+adv(m) ies of events: Thenewsset a wave of mnicon mrtment. 0 4you win tonight'sfight, you'll be
dcc~sionmade by a court of law: The nerdfa m ~ u o ~ 0 ~Thegelrl's&dmt~hset ofla terrible set upfor Ilfe (= have allthe money you will wer
,set'forth(litermy) to start a journey: They @t need).2 ( f n f o r m ~totrick sb,especiallyby mak-
sat aside by t h e A p m l Cnurt. lE!!l declslon,con- c h i n of events. EZi panlc, chaln/serles of ing themappear tobeguikyaf sth that they have
vlctlon BE) overturnsth (moref o r m 0 forth for Crete. not done: He claimed he had been set up by the
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+& IEFl set out (lessformu0 events + s~ also SET STH UP 4 4 to make sth poiice. 3 (infoorma0 to make sb fee' healthiet

'a&-aslda n KJla system in which the gwern- +v+adv appear more attractive by being placed near it:
ment pays farmers not to use someof their land ,set Yorth sth; ,set ltlthem 'forth (form0to Thatsmrf setsoff the blueof her eyes.

Q l,Zv+nlprnn+adv r v+adv+n
3 , 4 v + adv + n + v+nlpmn + adv

for gmwing crops: the land that the farmen are state 5th clearly; to make sth known: The , S d ~ t '&h &gainst sf SET STH AGAIUSTSTH 2 stronger, more active. etc: A gmd breakfusi will
The verb offset 6th (against sth) has a set you up for the dny.4 (wlth sb) (i?lJ%rmtanto
paid not to use: 750acm of setaide PresMent M@nh his wwws in a long teleuision
similar meaning Them ore certain mpen.s@sthat arrange for sb to meet sbso that they can have a
,set sb 'baek sth (inform0 to cost sb a large brwdmsi romantic or sexual relat~cmship:He set me up
amount of money: That new mr must haue set This phrasal verb an be used in the pas- you can onset against ia3c
her buck a bit, o Thiswakh set me WBW.
IE3 knock sb h k sth ( B E ,W o r m 0 stve. Her &Ii.$$ haw been clearly &firth. + A 'set onlupon s'bVornaeO to attack sb: I WQS M with hissism
noun must always follow forth, but a pronoun umn by agang of youths. +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(less
=Set sb back sth cannot be used in the
passwe. comes betmwn theverb and forth. D T l Set a m p o n sbisoften used in thepassive, mwno
@ v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv F '&p n [usually sing.] (I?&mmn 1a situ-
Q v +prep ation In which sb triclrsyou or makes it seem as
Q v+dpmn+adv+n ,set 'In if had weather,an unpleasant feeling,an 'set abtsth on sb to make a person or an animal if you areguilty of sth that you have not done:I
dldn'l do it, this k aset-up!2 a situation when sb
,set swath 'baektodelaytheprogressof sblsth: illness, etc.sets in, it begins and seemslikely to attack sb: Thefarmerthmalenedta sethisdogson arranges for you to meet sb in order to bean a
The rain set the buiIdingprogmmme back by sev- continue: I need to mend the mJbefam winter romantic or sexualrelationship: a =&update
em1 wk.oHe was stariing 0piuy very well, us if wedidn't Iwvealonce.
but his inju~yhns m l t y $el him back. sets in. Q Panicset in w h e n s h e r w l i z e d h o w m ~ @ v + nlpmn+prep
work there was So do. o He ewntually agrped 60
Qv+ntpron+adv + v+adv+n stay in kd but it was too hte-pneumnin hnd ,let'out 1to leave a place and begin a journey, +S& a h SET-UPatSET STH UP
MI in. p n l c , wlnter especiallya longjourney: T h yset out on the last
smgeof theirjourney.o Wesetoutat dawn. 2 ,set ,set sth 'up 1to create &I or start a busfness.an
Qv*adv organization, etc: Shegaw a tulk on Mting up a
'out to do sth to beginto do sthwith a particular
business.o A commit& was sel up lo inuestfgote

thepmbkm. o y o u n g w p k whgup homefor ,settie 'in;,settttla 'Into sth to become used to ,shade 'into sth to gradually change into sPh ,shakesb 'upIta shock orupset sb:She has km
else sothat you cannot tell where one thingends badly shaken up by tlae txwrielg~e. Shake
th8firsttima business, cornmi*, system, something new+such a s a new home, school or and the other begins: Theblue gmduaily shades sb up is onenu& in themssiw Inthis meaning.

company 2 to build sth or put sth somewhere: job: She soon settled Sn a t schwI.oIt look her a

T h e p o l d w t up roadbI~cIcpon ail w i n &s. 3 -whfktowtile into her newjob. into purple. o Somtimes nmwllsness can shmk + Shake sb is also used frequently with thls
toorganizeor arrangesth; to make the arrange- meaning S h e w h d b s h k e n by the mprience.
ments Tor 8th to happen: 0 s t up a meetingo EJmutine, s c h d , J o b IntoJmr
2 to surprise sb in order to make them think or
We'll set up the transwrt arrangements. m 4 v+adv v+prep &V + P ~ behave m a different w q +become more active,

mmtFng4to startaprocess oraserles of events: 'settleon nth (akm'reme uponah m o w f i m ~ shakel ~ e r k(lshook jhklshaken ~ " $ e ~ k a n ~ etc: He luas asked to shake the s@R w a brl. o
Shaken up by the mrly g w l agarnst tthem, the
The crisis set up a chain rmction in other E u m tu choose 5th; to make a decision about sth: We ,shake 'down(informnl) to bernme comfortable team k g a n b&h# beck.
p w n mnrkete. F3K3 chain reaction, chaln of couldn't b i d e where lo go bul we euentrurlly set- and confident Ln a new situation: Once the ream
tled onltaly. shakes down, resuilsshould improue. @v+n!pmn+adv r v+adv+n
+i;eeal.S0SET STH OFF 3
Lsvr) deflde onlupon sth +v+adv ,shakesth 'upto make importantchangesIn an
Qv+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adv organization, a profession,etc. inorderto make
BEmSettle onlapon 8thmnbe usedin the pas- t 'shakedown n MmE, llbformaF) the test of a
b 'setupn [usually sing.]ISnJ?rmal)the way sth sive Adnte wasfinallysettledon. vehicle or an aircraft before it is generally used, +it moreefffcient: Thewmmny lraerdsshakingup
1sorsanizedorarranged: a system: l'ueonty ken to we If there are any problems and to make the v +nlpron+adv v +adv+ n
herea weeksoldon't m l l y know theset-up. Q v+prev crewfamiliar wlth it:ashakedownlIight t 'shakeup (also 'shakwut) n a major change
+ s w a b SET-UP at SET SR UP 'settlesth omuponsbcfoml,lruo)t o a r m p e SHAKEDOWN ~ ~ S H A K58RDOWN; to a company or an organhtion in order to
SHAKEDOWN a t SHAKE SBISTH DOWN improve it. The palmJ o m isfacing the btggesl
,Set ~ u r S # l'fUp= S E T UP, SET YOURSELF UP to give propertyormoney tosb,for exampleafter shakeup m ilshistory.
your death: HesestIed hisentim es2ate on his son. ,shake sb 'down(AMs,Inng)to threaten sb In
,set yourself 'up as sth to cIaim to be very
money, estate
important, know a lot about sth, etc: Heset him-
v +nlpron+ prep

sew upasan authorityon modern art. "settle to sth(BrQ =SETTLE DOWN TO STH order to get money RPm them: T ~ ' u e ~ u tnhed shame/semi
guy who shook George down. o miice who shake
@v+pmn+adv+prep ,settle 'uprwith sblto w s b themoney youowe 'shame sb into sth;'shame sb Into dolng
them: We need D W l e u p mith themfir t h himof down matoristsfor b r l h
'setupon sb (fwmak) =SET ON~IJPONSB sth topersuadesb todosth by making them feel
~ v + n l p m n + a d v+ v+adv+n
settle I ' S ~ ~ I I t h e m . oIZlmmw-wernnsettbupbkr b 'shakodownn (ArnE,shng)an act of trying to ashamed not to do it: T h g shamed him Into

Qv+& get money from sb with violence or threats:He apdoglzing.

,settle 'down l (orso ,SOW* youma 'dorm) to 'settle uponsth =SETTLE ON STH was stahhed during0 shakedown. @ v + nlpron+prep
net yourself intoa cornfortable position when you
arc sitting or lybng: She seitled down in an n r m 'settle sfh upon sb =SRTTLE STHONIuPON SB +S&?a.!S0SHAKEDOWNat SHAKE W W ;SHAKE-

chair 10 read 0 7bm settied himself down a t ihe DOWN at SHAKR SBISTH DOWN
iable.2 to start to have a calmerrrrquieterwayof
,shakesblsth 'down( A d ,i M m n to search ,shape'up (InformnO 1[tadvlprep] to develop in
life+without many changes, especially living in a person or place in a very thorough way: Police a particular way, often in the way that you had
one place: He got -red and settkd down. 3 to ,s8w sth 'up I tojoinormendsthusinga n&e shook down the duh lmkilagfordrugs. hoped for: Our plans are shaping up niceJp o
h m e relaxedand confident in a new situation; and thread: Sew up the ieor W r e it gets any How's the ww tenm shaping up? 2 to imp-
to get used to a new way of Ilfe,job, etc: She's set- worse.o TheycleMedIheuhound andsewed It up +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv your work or your behaviour: you don't sham
tling down well et her new scRool. o H e just EEi seam, bar, wwnd 2 (informa0 to arrange
rnukh't settledownh the@ *to becomecalmer sth in a satisfactory way; to bring sthto a favour- b 'shakedown n (AmE,i n ~ r m a fa) thorrmgh up, you'll lase your job. 3 (especially BE) to
and less actlve: I've been m l l y b w ul wrk, but able concIusion: They'd sewn the dml up by mid-
m h o f sblsih:opol~shok@downoft h e m become slim and physically At: It's time lo slim

+W?akw SHAKEDOWN at SHAKE DOWN;SHAKE- down and shape upfortha summer:

DOWN at SHAKE SB DOWN

things should N k down again swn.o Their day. EEi deal3(Informa0to havecontrol of sth; ,shakesb 'off1toe~capefmmsb:togetridofsb &v+adv
who i s following you: He twisted wrd turn& in a
+spe& settkd down too staadyjif& m i h an how. to belikely towin 8th:Hermmpnny h v e g o t t h e despemte oltempt lo shake off h& p u m w o f shape up or shlp 'out(Am& i l t f o m r )used
v +adu 1 alsav+ pmn+adv morket sewn up. o By half lime they Itnd the thmk we've shaken t h ofi 2 to escap?lrom sb to teU sb that if they do not improve their work
or their behaviour they will have to leave their
,settle'down;,settlesb 'downto becomeorto gamesewn up.p.mmsrket,game, election who i s holding you and wlll not let go: Sheclung job, etc.
In meanings 2 and 3 sew sth up is often lohim, but heshook her40:
make sb become calmer, less excited, etc: The share /Jea(r);AmE$erj
chrldrenjinally MtIeddown and started d.o used In the passive and m the phrase have (got) Q v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
The tWcher h d h o u b l e selsling thecInssiiown.
Q v+ adv r v +nlpron+ adv 6th Bewn up. ,shake sth 'offto get rid of sth,such as an ill- ,share sth 'out (aman- m)to divide

6 u+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv ness, that is causing you problems:Imn'tshoke
off ihis mid. o She struggled to shake oJT her
,nettleyourself 'down=s s r r ~ swm shack /SAC/ something such as money, food or work and give
rmagemQ humwith no Brains.
,settle 'down to 5th ( a h'ssmet o sthBrE) to ,shack 'up with sb; be ,shack4 'up wlth an amount to each person: The work tlms s h r e d
b e ~ i tno think about sthor give your attention to sb ( a h.shack 'up together) Islong.disapprov- (a) cold
d o ~ n gsth: T@ had just settled down to dinner ing) to live with sb you are having a sexual rela- out equalix 0How cm we shore out the pizza
whenthephommq. o I h m worriedthatlcon't tlonship with but are not married to: He5 &v+adv+n + v+ntprm+adv
settle loanything. stracked up wtthsomsirl he met in Berlin. h t w n tlaefiwof us?
+v+adv+prep v + m Qv+adv+prep * be+v+adv+prep +
&v+adv+n + v+nlpn+adv
'settletor 8th;'settlefor dolng sth toaooegt v+adu+adv
sth that is not quite what you wanted but is the 'shakeon sth to shake hands withsb In order to sharpen~ ' s a ~ aAnm;E 'Saxpan!
best that you can get: Both iwm were happy to shadelserdl
settlefuradmu4 o He'd hoped t o m H CWfirthe show that youagree tostl-flet'sshakeonit
car but had foMkfira bl less,0Prefwtose6tb ,shade sth 'In to make w+tof a picture darker,
far (being)second k t ! E E l deal,agreement, It ,sharpen'up;,sharpensblsth 'upto b m e ,
eltber with colours or using black:X e s M m or to make sblsth, better, more s k i , more
mless pcsrt of thegmph. QV + P ~ ~ P effective, etc. than More: She needs to sharpen
Q v + a d v * n v+n!pron+& ,shake sth 'out1to open or spreadsthby shak- up before nexl month'scompetition. o This met-
ov+prep clse wlR help students sharpen up their d i n g
ing it: He shook the blanket out and sprwd it on skill%o Dtsciptine hassharpened them UP.
thegmss. 2 toopen sth by shaking it in order to (4v+adv + v+adu+n + v+nlpm+adv
get rid of bits of dirt, dust, etc: She ml oulside
lo shake out thetablecloth.
- B $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S HaAt SRH ABK E- SOTHUUTP

@ v * n / m + a d v v+adv+n

shave /.tern/ shine/Jam/ (*~OMs,horn* Ism;A m E J m ) '#hoottor sth (AmE,i r t f o m 0 (usunlIyu d in sayinp: Ihied toexthin but theyjust shouted me
theprogmiuetenses)to try to get or achieresth
,shave sth 'off to remove hair from your faoe, ,shine 'out Ito shine brightly: A light shoneour d~fficultT: heyW s h i i n g f o r anotherucc~rythis down. o The s m k e r wasshouted dotun by a g ? ~
head, etc: Dad's shnverd his h m l ofloshe across the&d. 2 if a person or a thing shines
shocked e u w n e byshuuingoB herhairofl out, you notiw them because they are very mn. prohlers.
tZZi beard,moustache, halt much better than the others: Sheseemed lo sh~ne
Qv+n!pmn+adv + v+abv+n oulfrom the rest. ~ v + n l p m n + a d v+ v+&+n
Qv+adv
,shave sth 'off ,shave 8th 'offsth 1t o c u t e'v+prep ,shout but (ta sb), ,shout I h 'out (to sb) to
vcry t h ~ npieces lmm the surface of a piece of , s h i n e 'through;, s h l n e "through sth to be suddenly say sth in a loud volce: Ishouted out io
seen clearlyandeasily:In the Inngamehertalent ,shoot 'OW ( W o r m 0 to leave somewhere very them but theydidn't heor me. o Sheshout& outa
wood.etc:IMfoshuwa bitoflthedwrtanaQke reaily $shone rhmugh. o His low of life shines wrning. o HeshouMout. 'Over here1'
it shut. o Usea s h r p knre tt~shave off thin mIIs through themgesof hS book. quickly:She had w s h t flto meti somaone.o SEK) call out (to sb), call nth out (to sb)
v+adv v+prep
DS chmxIEl#e.2 to make something smaller or I'mylrTy, I'vegottoshwtoflC Qv+adu + v+a&+n v+nlprm+adv
shinny ( A & ' )/'Jmi/ ~shlnnkaa.hlnnylna, +v+adv
lower by a very small amount: We mnnugtd to v+adv+speech
shave 5%off the@st, o He shaved haw o smnd shinnied, shlnnfed) ,shoot sth 'offta remove sth by shmtinp: They
off the mrld mrd.
shot ihP loCkoJj?
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+dpron+prep
+v+nlpron+adv r v+&vdv+n

shear/ ~ m ( r ) ; ~ m E l r (rs/heared, shorn IJxn: , s h i n n y 'dowrv'up;,shinny 'downtup &I ,shoot 'throughIinfo-l, e s d l l y AwtrnlE) ,shove 'off (BrE, spoken)ysed to tell sb rather
(AmE)=SHIN D O W N ~ P S, HIN DOWNlUP STH Burg. to leave*especially in orderto avoid sWsth: I w m rudely to away Just shove off and leaw me
RmE Sa:rn(orsheanrd) krrs broke into the art g a l b y through the twJ onlyJiw when my DQdshtthmrrgh. alone!
shinnkd down the row and slole five uaIuab& +v+acIu
be 'shornofsth(iitemry)to havesthimportant paintings. ,avH,pwhon
taken away from yw: a politicalmrty s h of ,shoot 'up I (to sth) to rise or increase very
quickly: The Inflatton mte hasshot up lo20%.2 ev+adv
+PO- to growtaller in a short time: Sheksohob up in the
be+v+prep lastfew months. , s h o v e 'up(BrE,s~~)usedtoashstobmove to
,shear 'off:,shear I h 'off (tmhnimo (espe- &v+adv make a space for sb else to sit down: We canget
, s h i p I b 'off(&...I ( W o r n 0 to send sb away
cially of sth metal) to break under pressure;to ,#hoot 'up:,shmt 'up 8 t h (slang) to inject an one more inf you show up,o Shovew rr bit!
cut through sth and make i t break: The bolts somewhere, especially when they do not want to ~llegadl rug FZE)h d g e up(BrE),mom up
go: They shipped the chiMren fl fl summer
holdlw Ihe wheel f n p kshearedofl Qv+adu
+v+adu v+nlpmn+adv4 v+n+adv MW.
IBZ heroln,drugs 9 OW /JWA;~ E J( s~h /d , shwvn IJaun:
Ship sb off is often used in the passive: I &v+actv v+adv+n
A r n E J m l or.rarely, s m d )
sheer /.tra(r); A M S ~ ; , wosshippdoplt~m~&. ,shoot sbMh 'up to injure sb or damage 9th
,show sb a'mund; ,ahow sb a'roumll 8th
v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n severely by shwting:Anarmedgangsho! u p t h (BrEah,ahow sb 'round,.show sb ' m u d sth)
nighfcdu h. to go with sb when they visit a place for the first
,sheer a'wayPoffto suddenly move away in a dif- ,ship sbisth 'off (to...)to send gmds or people E@ZhIouse, bar,club time, showing them what is interesting: There
Qv+adu+n v+nlpmn+adv are guides m the pllace who wzlI show trisilors
Cerent direction, espec~aUyto avoid hitting sth: somewhere by ship: TheyshipWnEl l h e i r p o m - around. o I'll arrangefur ormeom to show you
,shopa'round(hrsth),,shop a'mund8th (for
IThemrshcered wikllya~uavj w, t missingtheimk. sionsofl toAustmlh. sth) to look at different shopslstoregto cornpare *around theschuol.
o HermMsheeredawayfrom Imnm s h d i d naf the prices of goods or services so that you can
Shipsblsthomisoftenused in thepassive: ,av*,take sb around, take s b around
buy the ones that are the best value: B you're 4SMakOSHOW SR OVER STB
wkh i%d w i l on. 771egoods~ueteshippaloMff w k . buying a new hi-fi,shop aroundfor the k t price. @ v +ntpron +adv 4 v +nlpron+prep

BE9veeroff,veeraway(fmmsth) &v+nlprwr+abv v+adv+n o 18%worth shopping around the haw1agents lo ,show ab 'in;,show sb 'Into I hto lead a v l s
find the h l deal. o When you open a bunk
+v+adv , s h i p s b r s t h 'out (h...I to send gods or peopIe acmunl. it'sagood itfeu lo shopamundfint. itortoaplacewherethey canwait,ortotherwm
+v+adv + v+prep where sb i s watting to see them: Scrmh s h a d
shell/sell somewhere,especiallyby shlp: They shipped the
sculprureour to the Sium thauisftorsh.o Iwasshown into a waitingroom
Ei?B show sb out,show sb out d sth
,Shell ' ~(fortSth), ,shell sth 'out (for 8th) 5 l l Ship sbisth o u t 1s oftenused in the pas- 6 v+nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n + v+nlpron+pp
I l n I o m O to pay for sth,especially when it is a
lot of money or you do not really want to:l'mrnr slkc Freshsupplieswemship@out. shore/Ja:(r)/ ,show 'off (irhfibrmnl, d h w p m i n g ) to try to
sheliing outfor anothermmputer o Ihad to &!E impressother mptedthyourabilities.mlth,
out $500for theairfare. @ v+rdpmn+adv* v+adv+n ,shore sth 'up1to supportpart of a building or
other large structureby placing large pieces of ~ntelligence,etc: SfopshowingOR!oBonnD m
fork out(forsth),fork sth out(forath) shape up or shlp 'out AM+ Normal) used wood or metal against o r under i t so that it daes
to tell sb that if they do not improve their work not fall down: Engineers sho& up t h tunnel showsng o r to herfrtmds, doing handslands on
+v+a& + v+adv+nb v+pmn*adv + v+n+adv or their behaviour they will have to leave their wlth m e n bmm. o The building was shored
up lo mnke it scfe.2 2 strengthen or support sth the~ T S .
job,etc. that Is weak or failing: lo shore up the m n - +v+adv
omyllboliarlp~land b 'ah- n (informal,d h p p r w i w l a m n
(hfwuent) shoot I h T / (shot rmot /Jot; AnaEJaql) wholikesto impress otherpeople with theirabil-
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(hJ% ities, wealth, etc: You'resuch a showfl!
shin (BrE)/Jm(/-nn-)(AmEshlnny) ,shoot 3bhth 'down f to shoot at sWsth and
went) ,showsbisth 'off(tosb)1 mtrytomakepeop'Ie
,ahin 'downrup: ,shin Wdownrup sth ( ~ r m make themlit fall to the ground: wereshot pay attention to sblsth because youare proud of
(inform0 to climb down or up sth, using your domn in rnld b l d . o They shot down o civilian ,shout sb 'downto shout to prwent sb who is themlit: He wasshowing his CD collection o n to
hands and legs to hold it tightly: He shinned aim@ by mistake+2 ((rr&raa0tostronglycriti- speaking from being heard, because you do not hrs friends. o She brought her new troy/i-tmd
down #heherainph o You rnzght k able tosee if cize sbor their ideas, etc: When I made a sugges- like them, or you disagree with what they m along to show him ofl 2 to make sWsth l w k
rmn they shot me down in flames, o My ideas attractive or seem interesting or excitmg by
you shin up that tm.
wemshotdorunonebyom
E l dmlnplpe,rope
+v+adv+n 4 v+n/pmn+adu
&v+adv 4 v+prep

s...h...o...w....o..ul Zt ......"............................................................................................. 26

showing their best featurn: The bluck sweater 'shower sb with sth to drop a lot of small shut /JM/(rhuttlng,shut,shut) b " h u t 4 n 4 a device that stow sth workingor
shursd off her Fgtrre to fil! aduansnge.o The things onto sb: The bride and grwm were
musfcshowsthe hnd off in their h t light. show& with r k as they lqft the church,o The ,shut sblsth to put sb/sth ina place where stops powec water, gas, etc h m flowing:a shut-
roof collapsed,showering us Withdust and deb off d u e 2 a period when V e r , water, gas, etc.
+v*nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n ris. o (fgumttue)Heshoweredherwithgifts. other people cannot see or 5nd them(it: He shut is preventdfrom flowingashut-~foff the water
@ v +nlpron+ prep
,showSb 'out;,show sb ' a d of d h tolead a t h e l i l e s a w inthesqfe.oprisomshutaumy in SWP~Y
visitor to the dwrout of a rwm, a building, etc: shdnk/$mk/(.hmnk /lrmk/shrunk
I'll showyou out. jail for a Iong time ,shut sblath 'off(from ah)to keep sbhth separ-
ISrhukl or shrunk,shrunk) atehmotherpeop1eorthings:Arnngeof moun-
EB 1h8w sb In, show sb Into.th E3 lock sb uplmvay:lock sth uplaway Dins shuts Bosnia o g f m the Adriatic. o The
kalchmarm could be shut o f f f m mthe rest of the
~ v + n l p r c n + a d vr v+adv+n + v + n l p m n + p p Qv+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n mom.

,show sb 'Wer sth (Brm to take sb around a ,shrinka'wayt'baek (from sb/ath) tornweback- ,shut yourself a'way (from sMEto stay in +v*nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
place they are visiting and show them what is your room or go somewhere where you wdl be
interestmg: Thqrshowed m o v e r thehow. wards or away from sblsth, especially because completely alone: He shut himself away in his ,shut youmeR 'off(from sWstb) to deliberately
you are fr~ghtenedor disgusted: She shmnk study to finuh the book o You can't jusl shut separate yourself physimlly or socially from
3See a!S0 SHOW SB AROUND,SHOW $8 AROUND STH yournif awayfrom theuwrkirkl other people 4fkr her son died. shejust wanted
.(4 v +n l p m +prep +ornoyfhm hrm inhorror toshut hemIf offfromthe world
v+adv E9 lock yoursdf m y IEB wt ywrself off (from sblsth)

,showsb 'round;,showsb 'roundsth WE) 'shrlnk from sth;'shhrlnk h m doing ath v+pron+adv Q v+pmn+adv

=SHOW SB AROUND, SHOW 38 AROUND STH (often used in negative s e n t e m ) to be unwilling $hut 'down;,shutsth 'downt tostopopening ,shut sb 'out 1( a h ,shul sb 'out d ath) to ref-
use to allow apersontoshareyour thoughb,fwl-
,show'through:,show'throughsthto bevis- to do or accept sth that you find frighten~ng, for business; to stop sth from opening: Themine ings or activities: W n ' l shui me out (= Tell me
ible through something or behlnd 9th: This shul dn~unlust month.o Theclub was shut down
pp?rrssothin rhe inkshoursthrough. o Hisskull unpleasant or immoral: Ske rewgaized her by thepolre. ,aru, clesa d m , close ath down about your problems) - I want lo help you o P
s h w d through hls lhza hnir o When he s p k e , m p o s i b i I f @ and d M not shrink from I!.o He
his bilternessshowed f h m ~ h . shrnnkfi-om cot&frontinghis son face 0face, o 2 if a machine shuts down, or sb shuts it was shut out @ the deckion-makingp m , o
She never shmnkfrom difiuit tosks. d o w n , itstops working: ThemncAineshufsdown When he saw hw with the babV hefill shut out.
+v+adv+ v+prep E B bsk,duly Eg back away fmm 8th tf there'san overload. o Thecompukrsyslern will IEB exclude sb (moeformal) 2 (AmE,i m r -
be shul down over the weekend. ma0 to stop an o m n e n t from w r i n g in a game
,show 'up(iMorma0 to arrive or appear a t the 5 t i Shrinkfmmsthlfrom doing sthareusu-
place you have arranged: S h e f i ~ l sb h o d up &v+adv +v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv or contest: They shut out the Mets in W i r Insl
at Iunchtlm. o I arranged lo meel him but he ally used in written English.
b 'nhuMownn 1 the act of dosing a factory or
@ v +prep
business. either temporarily or permanently:
didn'l show up The shutdown hos put hundreds out of work. 2

turn up the act of stopping a large machine from work- Brim.
+v+ntpm+adu v+adv+n
@v+adu ,shrlvd 'up to -me dry and wrinkled (= hav- ing,either temporarily or permanently: Thew
ing many small lines or folds) b e u s e of heat, u ~ s sa fault an the nuclew reactor's emergency 1also v +ntpron+ a h+pmp
,show 'up;,show 'upto become or to make lack of water,etc: The apples [eft on the he hod
sth easy t o see: His siripzd lie s h o d up well shrfuelkd up. shutdownpmures. k 'shutsut n WmE,Itformal) a game in which
against his dark red shirt. o Something odd has Shrivel isused withasimilarmeaning.
shown up on the X-rau, o Her lack of experience ,shut sbMh 'in;,shut sWlsth 'In 8th;,shut one team does not w r e
was shown u p by thetest. +v+adv
b ,shriveted Up dj d r y and andwnrikeld(= with yourself 'in;,shut yourself 'in sth to put ,shut sbisth 'out;,shut rblsth 'out of sth to
Qv+adv v+a&+n v+nlpron+adv stop sblsth h m entering a place: He closed the
many s m a l l lines or folds): 8hriwlW-upapples sblsth In a room, a vehicle, etc. and keep them d ~ r f i r r n l ys,hutting us out of the mm.o Idrew
,show 8b 'up (idbrmal) to make sb else feel there; to go into a room, a building, a vehicle, etc. t k curtains toshutout the light.
embarrassed by behaving Mdly or by dohg sth shroudlsraual and stay there: They shut the animals in at nighl.
better than them: He said I'd shown him up in oLiz rushed outof the kitchenand shut krseif in Ilght,nal-
fmntqfhisfiiends. o fiuwllysholwdmeup&v be 'uhrouded In sth 1 to b e m r e d or hidden her room.
snoringduring the mmrt! o Dan'i worry a b u t by sth: The city was shmrrded in mist. ofumiture e v + a d v + n v+nlpmn+adv +
being shown up by the ki&- they'uealways used shrouded in dust sheets 2 if information, etc. is @v+n/pmn+adv v+adv+n r v+n/pron+prep
cumputem. shrouded in mystery, it is hidden or kept secret: v + nlpmn + adv +prep
HisJamlfy bockground i sshrouded in mystmy.
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v*adv+n o Their work i sshruuded in secrecy. b 'shut-Inn (AnaE, old-fashwmd)a person who ,shut 8th 'out, ,shut ath 'out of ath to stop
& be+v+prep cannot leavetheir home because they are ilUsick yowelf h m havlngparticularfwlings or from
,show sblsth 'up a s h r sth to show what
sbtsth rs really I r k , when this is worse t h a i ,Shrug ~ t 'howl (also ,shng ath a k a y less* or cannot move easily thinking about particular things: She trW 60
people thought: The h k shows her upfor what qwnt) to push sth back or away with your shoul-
she really w: a&&. o We were shown up as the ders. She shrw& qfl herjacket. o She put her 'shut sth in sth to trap or injure sth by closing shutout all lhep~infulmemories.
second-rate team that we wen. hamion hisshouIderbuthshmggea'itamy in thecar BEIl paln, rnemorles EEl block sib wt,Mock
e)v + Wpmn +a&+ prep jacket,hand 2 ( a h,shrug sth a'slde lessfre- sth t~ghflyaround it: I shut my-
quent) to treat sth as if it is not important: He
shower r~aua(r)/ shrugged flall the objectionsI misd. o Barnes door nth out of sth
k tqing lo shrug o f f an onkle injury. E i l injury, E3Ei flnger
,shower ' d m ; ,shower ' d m on sbrsth; @ v + nlpmn+prep Q v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv +
'showar on sb~sth,:shower5th 'downon criticism v +nlpmn+ a h +prep
sbrsth: 'shower sth on s b M h to fall onto +v+adv+n + v+nlprm+adm ,shM 'off;,shut sth 'off 1if a machine shuts
sbtsth, especially In a lot of small pieces: Vol- off,or sb shu- it o n , it stops working: Thecen- ,shut p ~ m 'onut: ,shut yww ' a ~otf
canic ash showered down on the town ufter the Em1 hwting shuts off outomntimIly at 9.30.o l
wupilora.o The bottle broke aM'shoiumd glass s m p W the car and shut off the engine. Sth to bc unable toenter yourhome becauseyou
fmgmentson us. swltch oft wlteh sth off: turn off. turn mth off
E?B swltchon, swltchsth m;fumon,tum attt have clo& the door and leR your keys inside:
+v*adv *v+adv+prep+ v + w p r I'veshut rnygelf oul of the houseagum!

Imk youmlf out, lock ywrrwrlout d sth

6 v+ pmn+adv + v +pro" +sdv + prep

on 2 If a supply of gas, water, electricity, etc. ,shut 'up(spoken,iaformol)used to tell sb rudely
shuts offorsblsthshuts it off, it stopsflowing. to stop talking or rnakinga nolse: Shut upandgo
The wter shuts ofl auhmnticalIy when the tank away! o lfyoyou'd shut tin I could hmr what sWs

isfull. o A mIw shuB o f f the gas when the lid is =saying.
U P /BE)
closed.

@ v + a & hr. v+nlpmn+& v+edv+n v+adv

v+n/pmn+adv+prep + v+nlpmn+pmp