Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for Learners of English

,shut ~b'up(iIzformnl)tornakesbstoptalkingor sift /SIP~/ ,ilgn loti on sth @n&, W o r m f i to express

makinga noise: YmuHn't shut thekids up! 'slft sth from sth; ,sift sth 'out from sth to your approvalof 5th formally and definitely: The ,sing a'lomg(with nwsth), ,sing a'lmg (toah)
Presidenthnnr'tyet s i d ofl on this remrt.
9v+ nlpron+a& segaratesth, w u d y sthyou want, fmma group Q v+adv+prep to sing together with sb who is already singing

,shdsbisth 'uponsth),,shutyournelf 'up(h of things:to sift (out)thegmdfrorn #hebad ,sign 'on I (SrE,infirman to signa form stating or while a record, radio, or musical instrument
sth) to keep sWsth in a place and prevent them that you are unemployed so that you can receive ISplaying: He sung along with the CD. o Wesang
+v+nlpron+prep+v+adu+n+pnrpr payment from the government.He had tosign on along loall thesongs.
from gome anywhere:to stay in a room and not v+ nfpmn+a& + prep whenthefmoryclosed. 2 (oM-fashwned,dmgto
Qvradv
go out: He had hen shut up in a cellfir tenyears. ,SIR sth 'out to segaratesth, usually sth you do announce the start of broadcasting for the day:
o Shut thedog up in the shed.o Myfither uwd lo not want, h m a group of things: Weneed lo sift Tha isJmk Gruinger siRnm,: on. b 'singalong n an informal occasion at which
shut himself up with hbbwksfibrdnys. out unsuitabie applications. o He helped ??iesift @ v+adv
people sing songs together: We had a gnmt sing-
@v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n out the badsongs I'dwritten. @gn'on;,signsb 'on=SIGN UP,SIGN SB UP Eric along inlhepub last night.
has been. signed onfir the team as gaolhwper:o
,shut sth ' u p(especially Br.5') to dose a room, +v+adv+n + v+n/pm+adv S h d l Ilstgnnyouonfir thepaintingchs?o I I r a ,sing 'out: ,slng sth 'out to sing or say sth
house, etc. and not use it for a period of time: We so sign on as a mediculassistunl. clearly and loudly: Sang out so ihar mryone can
shut the summer house upfor anotheryear ,SIRYhroughsth( f o r s t h ) t o ~ ~ d U y e x a m i an e hwr o If you need anything.justsingout.

close sth up large amount of 6th in order to find sth import- &v+adv + v+adv+speech + v+adv+n +
ant or decide what is useful and what is not: I
Qv+n/pron+adv * v+adv+n s~flBdt h m w h his pope= for clws. o Thejudges v+ nlpmn+~ d v

OTJ shut up 'shop (BrE,ln@rml)to closeabusi- sifted t h m w h 80W entries ondJnaIly picked the ,dgn'out;,sign sb 'outto write your nameor the ,sing 'up (BrE) to sing more loudly: Sing up. I
ncss permanently: to stop workhg for the day: winner +name of a guest when you leave an &oe, a club, can't hearyou.
h'stimetoshut upshopandgohome. etc:Don'tf o ~ ~ e tsimgn oul whenmugo. o You must v+adv
Sift through sth can be used in the pas
swyourgaresIsout when they leave theclub.
shyIJW(shles,shylng, rhled, rhled /Jard/) sive Thispileof m w n s ~ t o b e $ & d t h m u g h
by theendof this week. FE) slgn In, algn ab In single I ' s K , ~ ~ !

,shy a'way (horn sthlfmm dolng nth) to mid O V + P ~ ~ P e v + a d v * v+nlpron+adv ,single s h t h 'out (for stwas sblsrh) to choose

doing sth becauseyou are nervousor frightened: ,sign sth 'outto sign a document to say mcially sblsth from among a group for specialcomment
that 9th canbe remowd from a place w that you
She shies u w y from c h friendships. o Don't or treatment: They singled her o u t f o r ~ i c u l a r
have taken it: Thm?is M mrdOJthefile being
shynwayJ+omsoyIng whatyou think. ,sign sth aWay to give up your rights, p r a p e 9 pram. o He rwssmnglen:oul ras Me kstsfudenL
etc. by signing a document: The artist h l mil- +sag?& outagah.
Qv+adv v+ nfpron+a& + v +adv +n Single sbisth out is often used in the pas-

SIC(alsoskk) /slk/kc-) lions by Signing away his rights to the cartwn sive Why had Aidan been singled outfor sp?cial
'slc sth on 4b U M ,irlfornUl0to tell a dog to characierhe creaM. ,sign sth ' w e r ( ~ s b ) W @ v e y o u r r l g h t s o r p ~ turn tment?
erty t o ab else by signinga document: He signed +v+adv+n * v+dpmn+adv
mr l g m thehouseover to his daughter

attack sb:BacK off orl'I1 stc thedogonyou. Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv sink/sqkl (mnk /~~enk/run/sknqk/).or (less

EGi d q E N sel sth on sbIBrEl 'sign for s?h.Ita sign a form,etc. a s pruof that (4v+nlpmn+adv v+aciv+n
you have received sth: Thepostman asked me to
Q v+ dpmn +prep ,sign 'up: ,sign ab 'up (also ,sign 'on, .*gn sb frequent sunk, sunk)

slgnfor t h e p k e t . W Signfor 6thcanbeused 'on h f r e q u e n l ) 1 (wlthhr sb) to sign a docu- ,sink 'back(Into sth)to move or fall backwards,
ment saying that you agree to work for sb, play or lie down, especially when you are feeling
,alck ath 'up ( B E , immn to bring f d up In the passive in this meaning: This Idler h n Y tired.: She sank back into her c h f t o He mnk
for their team, etc.; to persuade sb to do this: bock against thepiilows,&us?&.
from the stomach: Theimbysi&d up her milk. been signedfot 2 if a football player signs for a She's sigraed up wrth an employment agew. o
club, he formally agrees to play for that team: We'ue signed up uphm mtu pluyers. o Who has Qv+adv
EF9 throw sth wp;vomlt sth (moreformal)
When did Ccrntonasignfor Unzled? beensigneduploslar inthenawmovie?2(for8th) ,sink 'in;,sink'intoa h1 (of Iiquids) togodown
tomange todoacourseofstudybyaddingyour
@ v + a d v + n 4 v+nlpmn+adw Ov+prev name or sb else's name to the list of pmple doing into another substance: Apply the moisturiser
it: I've signed up for a poflery m u m . o Shall I and let rt smk in. o The rain sank into the dry
'Slck sth on $b(AmE,iqformao =src mn ON SB ,sign 'in;,sign 8b 'Into write your name or the sign you upfor the lvorkshop lw?3 to agree to
name of a guest when you amve at an ofliw,a become a member of the armed forces; to per- ground.,sx*, be absorbed (Into 8th) 2 (of
suade sb to do this: He tried tu sign up when he
sicken rslkml club, etc: AII visitors must sign in on arrival. o words,etc.) to be fully undemtood or M i z e d :
Youhaus lo k signed inby a member: wasonlyfiflwn. I t m k a w h i k f o r t h e ~ wUs JsInkin.oH e g a u d
'sickenfor sth(BrE)(usually used in thep r o m IEB slgn out, slgn sb out +v+adv + v+adv+n b v+nlpmn+adv so let hls words sink into her bruin.IEZElwords,
siw tenses)to show signsthat you may be becom-
ing illlsick:Jfmlas if I'msickeningSor something. Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n n w s , meanlng
o You Imkas if you're sickenmngforjlu.
EER go cbww wlth sth;get sth ,sign 'off 4 (BrE)to end a letter,a postcard,etc: evtadv
O v+prep I'll stgn ofl now andm this. 2 to end a broad-
cast by saying goodbye or playing a piece of b "sunk In am to be in a state of unhappi-
music: 11l sign ofl with a remnder to tune in
,slM 'up; ,silt affi 'up to k o m e blocked with ness or deep thought: Shejust sat them smk In
sideI M I ~ I again lomorrow.
sand,mud, etc. that has been brought by flowlng thought.
*v+sdw water; to blmk sth in this way:The old harbour
'#ink into sth to go gradually into a lessactive,
'slde with sb (aphst mb) to support sb in an has silted up.o Mud is silting up the st-
,slgnsb 'off ( B W to say officially that sb ls tw &v+adv +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv happy or ple-t state: She sank: into a deep
argument, a dispute, etc: The children a l w y s ilvslck to work for a particular period: Thedoc-
lorsignarihimofffirawe&+ EBTdoctw s k p . o HesankdeeperIniodepression.
+sided with theLrmother(ogainst theirfather). ev+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
v +prep dapresslon doseend lnto afh ((more

sidlersardl~ ,sign sth 'off(BrE)to give your formal approval simmer ~'srma(r)/ forma0
to sth, by signing your name: She signed ofT all
,sidle 'Wedup(to sb) to approach sb in a shy, the inuorces. ,simmer '%wn (inJbrmal)to become calm after Ov+m
uncertain or secretway: Shesidiedup fu himand +v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv a per~odof anger, excitement, violence. etc: Just
whispwd in hisea,: srrnmerdournand we'll discussthis calm& ,sink 'Into sth:,sink sth 'Into sth to go deep
@ v+adv E3 cool down, calm down into sth solid:to make sth sharp do this: Sharp

@v+sdu teeth sank into his arm. o The dog sank Its twth

+mto my leg.
v+ prep e v+ nlpmn+pnep

$Ink 8th 'rnto sth to spend a lot of money on a ,sit 'sbdown to help or persuade sb to sit down ,sit 'mund;,sit 'roundsth (BrEj =SIT AROUND,
business or an activib for example in order to either for a rest or to discuss sth: She sat him
make money h m it in the future: Wesank all down in font of thepw. 0 We nsed to sit him SIT A R O U N D STH ,skim sth 'off1to removeasubstancesuchasfat
oursauingsinto thenewmmpany. from the surfaceof a liquid:Skim ofi thefat and
down andtxplainIhesituntion. '"It through sth to stay until the end o f a per- r e h t ths!ew. 2 to take the best pa^? of sth for
+EQi a fortune IET) ploughsth into 8th yourself, often in an unfau or dishonest way:
v+ nlpmn+prep +I5IlSit sbdown isnot used inthe passive. formance,speech,meeting,etc, that yw thinkIs She" ken skimming off a percentam of the
Y +nlp~on+ adv borin~or toolong:Wehad tosSt througha whole
dinner without a clgamrle. o I cun'l sit through ~rofi~&~brywts.
'sip al ~ t tohdrink sth sIowly,takigavery small ,slt yourself 'down IWrmaO to lower your
amount eachtime:Shesippadatherflee. bcdy until youares~ttingonachaire,tc:mmin +four houn of Shahpeare! +v+adv+n v+ntppn+adv
and sityoumlf down. v +prep
l3E drink ,skim 'thmgh sth to read sth very quickly in
+Ses?~.kS0ITDOWN 1 ,IN'up 1 to be or to move yourself into a sitting order to get a general impressionor to And a p w
Q v + prep ticular point: Ioniy had rimetoskim throughthe
+v+pmn+adv position,for example, from lying d m : He sot remn.o He skmmed through the article trying
siphon(&o 1-1 I%&/ un turned the lighton.and h k e d a fhis umtch. o tofind his name.
'sit for sblsthto bea m d e l foran artist or a phe Doyoufeetwllenough losftrrpyet?2tonot go to
,lphon d h 'offIfran .th)(fnformi)to mow bed until later than usual: We scrl up lala watch- ERi b k , l e t t e r
tographer She sad for some of the most Jamus ing a movie. stay up 3 (and do sth) to sud-
money or resouroes from one plam to another, urlistsof h e r b denly give yaur attention to sth: We & an +v+prev
usually illegally: Shesiphomfoffprplitsintoher advert thar wrIl make people sit up and take
own h n k a m u n t eV + P ~
BEl money,funds IEB dlvwt sthImowfofmal) notice. o Thiswill make themsrl up and IWn. skimpw m p ~
,sit 'in(on sth) to attend a meeting,aclass, etc. to @v*&
+v+adv+n v+nlpron+achr watchit,notto takep8rt:Iwasallolwdlosit inon b 'sltup n an exercise in which you move from 'skimpon 8thto spendless money artimeon sth
the hating. o f sat in on someEnglish c,- lying down to a sitting position: I do about sixty than is normal or neces?,ary: Older plople
sit-upsa &. shonZdn't skimpmf i o r heading.
ev+achr
,sRsb 'upto mow sbfrom lying to a sitting rn E B hold backm5th
b 'slMn na form of protest h which people ref- QV + P ~ ~ P
use to Ieave a factom a buildbg, etc: Workers ition:Shesat thebaby up in thepram.
d e c W tostage adbin.

,sit a'round; ,+It a'round sth (BrE o h ,,sit ,sit 'In for r b b dosb'sjob orperformsb's duties Q v + dpmn +adv
whlle they are away:Thechi@ reporter@masat
a'boutl'mund, ,aR aaboWmundsth) to spend infor Ceorgeasedifor ,sklp 'off(Brml a b ,skip 'outAmE, BrEj (illfw-
time sittlng down doing very little: I'm far foe
b q lo srl around here all day.o We sat o h u t stand In C r sb ,$lzeW h ' u p(iqfornaal)to form a judgement rrsno to l e m a place secretly or suddenly#espe-
tatkingfir msi of themorning.o Ail wemulddo or an opinion o f sblsth: T h tw oppownts were clally for a dishonest reason. for example to
Qv+adw+prep sizing each other up. o I sized up the situation mold paying for sth: They skippd off without

lurss slt around and wait. a They wre srtfing 'sft on st411 to be a member of a group of people wry quick$ +pay iw
such as a committee:How many m p l e slt on the v+adv
around #heRowchatting. E$Zlsltuat4on rsmR sum rblsth up (assMsth)
*v+adv * v + w p commit&? o My mother sat on thejury during a ,skip 'out on sbmth( A d ,informal)toleavesb,
+v+nlpron+artu*v+adv+n espxially when theyneed you, orwhen you have
,sit 'back1to sit or lean comfortablyin a chalr: famous murder trmL BKi m m l t t g s , counell2
(nmrmd) to do noth~ngabout a lener, report. skate (skertl a responsibility towards them; to try to avoid a
H e s ~ t k k h h i s c h a l r ~ c l o s e d h 2i (sa~nd, etc. that sb has sent you:They'ue heen sitting on dficult situation by leaving a plaoe: He just
do sth) to relax, especially b y not getting too my applimtionfor a month nom
involved in or m i o u s about sth: Now all the
v + prep
work's done we mn sit back and enjoy things! o ,skate 'mrla'mund sth (BrE a h ,sMa skipped out on his wre leaving her withfour kids
Areyougoingbsit backand k t medoeueiyihing? Elsk on the 'fenceto m i d becominginvolved 'round sth) to talk about sth dimcult or embar- lo toke cure of oHe umfound 12ymrs after he

+v+adv in deciding or i ~ somethinug:You can'~t rassing quickly, wrthout giving attention to skipped out on dnrgscham~.

go on sitting on thef . trying not io upxi any. details:She skated ouer the next purl of her story. EBO run wt on s b ( m i n f l y BE)
,slt 'byto do nothingto stop sth bad or unpleasant Mr (be)sMng on a 'fortunergoldmlns& f o r -
happenin&I'm not going tosit byand Ietan hi-m mal)to own sth very valuable,often when you do QV+WP &v+adv+prep

m t m n g otojug. not realize it:Hispaintings am I n m t deman$, sketch{sketJl

EZ9 stand by Byouhuusone. youmuldbasitlingonagoldmine.

@ v+adv ,sR'Outto sit outsidesomewhererather than inside: ,sketch sth 'In to give more information or ,skirta'rownd sth ( R r E a h,skirt 'munt! &)I

,sit ' d m t to lower your body until you are sit- It'stcmwldnowlos~outo. Let'ssitoillonthebakuny. detalls about sth:He sketch& in the buckgmrurd to be or move around theedge:Weskir;irtedarowMt
ting on a chair, etc: Plwra d t downro We sot do rh~cllseo. lZIskeWl imthedetuilsInterforyolr. the pand und crossed the bridge. 2 to avoid dis-
--A"v + n r b
down on the soh. 0 When evewne urns duiw ,sit sth#out to nottake part in a dance, game or o Y ~ u n e a I l o s MIn hischaractera littiemum. cussingor dealing with a dimcult or embarrass-
down, he begwr. +We ah0 SITYOURSELF DOWN 2
(anddo to give time and attention to sth in otheractivlty: IthlnkIWgoingOsitthkoneout. @baicJkgrwnd, hlstory2 to add 5th to a draw- ing subject: S k tactfully skirfed around the
order to try to a problem or achieve sth: EunEpl#emascaent2orto stay itnoa place taon d woauirtafo-$r. 5th ing quickly or roughly: She sketched in e fern
subject of mongr subject, question
pWroeb'u&em throud#rguhr. ily lyr 'luI s~oonlslumplwnro We'lIjust haw b sit It out here more trees. o Isketched intheoutlineof thehow. S k i r t aroundlround sthcan beused in the pas-
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv sive in thls meaning: The issue wm skirted

,@v+adv muntiilltShiitn5gtshimouptroisvne.ot used inthe mssive. ,sketch sth 'out 1 to draw allthe main features aroundforyeam.
msltdown
a strike, demonstration,pro- of sthwwlthoutshowingexactdetaUsH: eskeYched M S k L r t 8th is also uwd with both these
out sum preliminary designs. 2 to give a brief mmnings:theroad thatskirtedthelnke o io skirt
test,etc. imlvingpeoplesittingdmandrefus- @ * '+ pmnf v+n+adv(ram)
'sit Over ~ t tho haw a meal or a drink in a slow general description of a plan or an idea: She
ing to leave a place: lo slage a s8aown 0 a
relaxed way: We sat O J X ~breakfastand P h M sketched out theplots cf her novels in an exercise
slt&wn protest 2 [sing.](BrE,fqfornml)a short
book. EE)outline sth ( m a r e f o m 0
rest whilesitting: I&asitdawn. t h h yOM.
Qv+adv+n + v*nlpmn+adv
EZi breakfast, dlnner,etc.

0v+prep

slap18-1 (-P) ,sleep 'into remain In MI longer than usual in slick

,sklw '&, ,ski- 'off 8th (BrE, Mown@ to ,slap sb a'boWa'round (ltlfirmaE,e s p ~ i ~ l l y the morning: She-I& s k p s in on Sundays. ,slick a h 'backrdownIf you slick your hair
avo~dwork or schwl by stayingaway or leaving BrE) to hit sb regularly or often, used especially ,sv*, Ile In ( B E ,i q f o m l ) baclo'down you make it lie flat by putting oil,
early:Icanskiveoffforafewhours. oIdacidedlo of a man hitting a woman:He &tom m h c k water,etc. on it:His hair roas slicked k k . o He
skive fl school and &I1 my mum I had a bad drunkandslap his wifeumund. Compare oversleep,whlch meam to sleep stiIlslicksdownhis hair withoil.
he. loilgerthan you intended.
kZE) knock sb amund hair
E E school, wm'k EEL) bunk off,bunk of! rth Q v + ntpmn+a& +v+adv
Slick8th d m isoftenused inthepassive.
(Brm ,slap Sb 'down(irlfornaal)to criticize sb or their ,sleep sth 'off to get better after sth, especially +v+nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n
drinking Wo muchalcohol,by sleeping:He'sstill
EEltlSkive can also be used,but not skive sth: ideas or suggestions in an unfair wa~:often in sleeping o f fy w r d a y ' s hangove~o: Co homeand
U'ti~re's3 b m ? l ~ t h e ' S ~ k i ~wIoRrn&!
public: He trred to obj~clb, ut mas irnmedin&Iy sleep is on slim/ s h /(-mm)
9u+adv v+prep slapped down. o f l you rrPk a puestlon, she just
slupsyou dawn. Q v + a d v * n + v+dpmn+adv ,slim 'downto become thinner, for exampleas a
slack /sla?k/ ,sv*, E U s~b down WmE) resultof eatingless:Sheslimnreddown lo60kilos
'sleep on sth to delay W i n g a decisionabout
,slack ' d t o d osthmoreslowly orworklesshard &v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n before her w i n g .
than before:Wemn't slack off until everythtt&gis sthuntil thenext day so that youcan thinkabout
pnwhed. $lap Sth 'down(onEonto sth) to put sth onto a it:Sleepon it amfktmeknow Sommul Mmdm
surface ina quick andoftennoisyw a ~e:specially
)BYH) easa OPf becauseyou areangry:Heslappddown a copy of 14v+pwv Q v+adv
+v+adv t h e h k o n the table.
,sleep 'outto sleep outdoors: Weslept out most ,slim 'down;,sllrn sth 'downto make sth,such
slackenrs~&m/ Qv+nlpmn*adv + v+adv+n nights when we mr@in G m . as an organizatfon or a cornpanx smaller by
employingfewerpeople, reducingthe amount of
,slacken 'off to k m e less busy or active: ,slapsth 'on;'slaps h on sblsth ( i r l f o r ~tno Q v+adv work done, etc:T h e m ! indurhv has had toslim
We've been rwlly B q , bui thingsum starting to announce suddenly that sb must have a punish- down,o Thefirm had toslim down its luorkj%rce.
slacken now. ment, olxy a new rule etc., often when this is ,sleep 'over to stay the night at sb else's home: o a sIimmd down curriculum
Thekidsareshpingover withfriends.o It's uery EB)trlm down,trlm ath down
<3r+adv unfair Judges Iaaw been shpping on Ionger Qv+adv + v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
latenow-whydon't~usleepowr?
slag IS^!(sg.1 prison sentences.o The government slapped a Compare wedeS?p,which means to sleep

,slags h t h 'off(BrE,shng)tocritfcizesblsthin +new laxon highearners. longer than you intended.
a cruel, unk~ndway: He's dways shgging hk v+ nlpmn+prep
Qv+ah
brotherofl ,slap sth 'on: ,slap ath 'onronb sth (irtfor-
mal) to spread a substanm on a surfacequickly b 'slmpover n a party for children or young
tun sWsth down(BrE),cut rblathdown and carelessly:I'd &tier slap some make-upon people when a group of them spend the night at
VlM, m o r e f o m 0 before I g 0 out. ,slip eWay1(aLw;sllp 'off)toleave quietly with-
EEi palnt,makeup one house
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+edv+n @ v +nlpron+adv + v +adv +n Y +nlpron+ prep out attracting attention: I slip& away lo my
,sleep 'through 8th to not be woken up by sth room lo write some letiers. o He managed lo sElp
slamtsleemi (am) ,Slap8th on sth (infurmal)to increasethe price ORalonefor an hou,: 2(also .slip 'by) if a period
o f sth suddenlv:They've slappad 5Gp on lheprice such as a loud noise or a lot of activity:She slept of time slips away,it passes more quickly than
,slama'galnslsbMsih:,slamsblsth a'galnsl of ctgarettes.
sb/sth = SLAM INTOlACAlNST SBlSTM, SLAM @ v +nlpron+prep right through the thundernorm of'm qfraid I you realire, She could see her chiMhoad slipping

S H ~ S T HINTO/AGAIMSTSBlSTH ,slap 8th 'onto sth = SLAP STH ON, SLAP STH slept through the alarm. o Did he skep through away. o Thesfiernoon slrpped n w p 3 (fmmsb)
to d~sappeart:o die orto stop existing.He slipped
,slam sth 'dorm(odonta sth) to put sth down ON~ON'POSTR the whole incident?
witha latof force,especially whenyou areangry:
S h slummed the book down on the habIe. 0 I slashisleeji eV + P ~ ~ P
slammeddown thephone(=put thereceiverdown
and ended the phone con-tion) in a mge. 'slash at sblsth (with ah)to attack sb violmtly 'sleep together; 'sleep w l h sb ( i m r m a 0to away (= died)pwcefulIy during the night. o Ifelt
EZEi phone,meelver with a knife, etc, and try to cut themlit: He have sex with sb, especially sb you are not mar- thegame was slipprg awayfrom me (= I was los-
Qv+dpron+& * v+edv+n slashedat hisopponeni'sface wlth a knife, ried to: They h u e been sleeping together for ing).
mnlhsnolu
Q V+PBP Qv+adu + v + m p @v+&

,slip';by =SLIP AWAY 2 T l m J u s t d t o s l i pby.
2 if an opportunity;etc. slips by, it passes and
slice ISMS! you do not use it: I try neuer to let a cham to

,slice 8th 'off;,alleesth 'off sth 1to removea trauel slip by.

thin piece of 5th from sth larger by cutting The Qv+adv
top of hislinger luas sliced off in on mfdeni. o ,slip sth 'in; ,slip sth '[do sth to add 9th to a
Shaslicedaprmof mwtofflhe./oint.2 to reduce speech, conversation mwritten text quickly or
sth b y a particular amount:Hesliced twosec~nds secretly:He usually siipsa coupleof jokes rntohis
,slam 'inton'gainst ssblsth; ,slam sbkth off the world m r d .
'intola'galnst$b/$thto crash,or tomake sth +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv + v+ntpron+pp lectures o She slipped in afew mmmenls h u t
crash, into sth with a lot of force: The jeep
slammed inlo the wall. o l n the crash she was ,slave a'way(at sth)(usually u.W in &progres- her boyfriend.
sive tmses)used to emphasize how hard you are ,slice 'through sth (espchlly Brm to pass <4v+adv+n * v+nlpron+adr + v+nlpmn+pmp
+sIamnmed agaiwt the back oy t h smt. working, especially when you think pmple do
v +prep v+ nlpron+prep not recognize this or feel grateful:I've been slaw thmugh sth very easily: Th@ axe sliced through ,slip'Intoath toput dotheson quicklyand eas-
rng away ail day trying toget this workpn~hed. the wood like butter o CISgumtiw) He s I W
,slam 8th 'On if you slam on the brakes o f a throughall my objecttons. +ily: I'I1just slip intosomethingmore mrrlfortobk.
vehicle, you press your foot very hard on the ev+a&
brake and make the vehicle stop very quickly:A dm-, shoes, etc. lE!9 sllpout of sth w
child suddanly mn out into the road and I had to sleep /sli.pt(shpt, shpt/dept/) nko SLIP STH OFFS;LIP STH OM 2 to pass into a
s b m on the brakeses +'+PEP
E E only brakesE B Jnmmth on ,sleepa'round(tnformnl.dlsappmving)to have
sex with many difPerentm e r s ,sl?casth 'up to cut 8th into flat thin pieces: particular state or situation, especially a dim-
+v+adv+n + u*nlpron+adv
Qv+adv Wouklyou ~Iiwtkcecucumbeurp? cult or unpleasantone:Thepatient sirpH inloa
m m o The mmmy has slip@ inforecession.
*+u+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
EZEl coma,sleep, racas#lon,debt

ev +prep

,dip 'off =SLIP AWAY 1

.s ~ t.poff a 8.,9..~........................................................... *,..+ ,,.s...m...a...s.,h,.".d...,o,,.w....n,,.

,slip sth 'off to take clothes or shoes off quickly pyjamcrsall marwing?o I &tided lo slob wound (especially a€ money) to be present in large approached the junction. o The h w r slowed us
andeaslly:ShePipppdhershoesfl by thedoor o ihemmpsite instadofgoing swimming. quantities: Thereseemsto be W o Jmow slosh- down. o TherooOrmrksare slowing the hqfJic up
SlipoffwurcmtandI'lI mnkewmetea.
e v t a d v r v+prep ingaround inpmfessionnl tennis. in the mornings. 2 to lx less active or develop
FZEI coat,shoes, ate. E E l slip nth on more slowly;to make sWsth dothis: He h k s ill,
&v+actv he shouId slow down.o Themmnqv h slowed
doron,o Thq clatm they mn slow up the ageing
+ S B ~ U ~ S L IIPNTO STH; SLIP OUT OF STH ,slog a'way(at sth) (tnformar)to work hard and
e~+nlpron+adv v+adv+n steadily at sth, especially a boring or difficult
task, for a long time: He shggcd a m y at that
,slip sth 'on to put clothes or shoes on quickly mporifor weeks. ,slot 'In;,slot 'Into sth if sth dots in or slots -P
and easily:Hold onaI'll just slip my mat on, lhmr e v + a d v + v+nlpmn+adv + v*adv+n
+v+adv lnto sth,it fits easily and exactly into a $woe, b 'slowdownn I adecreasein the rate of activity
rvlrbeready. especially the space madeordesignedfor it:This or production: a slowdown in the mommy 2
,slog H 'wt(BrE,irlformal)=SLUG ITOUT (AmE)aprotest that workersmakeby doing their
S b , j = k e t , e t e , EFB 8lfp ah oW blt shfsin neatlyjllsl hm?.o Thrsprece is meant work more slowly than usual: The unwn threat-
3seealso SLIP INTO STH; SLIPOUT OP STH ,dog 'through 8th (informal)to work haml and
stead* at nth, especially a boring or aimcvlt to sht into this grooue. o (&urntiw) E cbidn't ewdaslowdownlfthelr demantdswemnotmf.
+v+ntpmn+adv * v*adv+n task, fora long time: Iseem tohawdewrsbgging
understand everything at the lime, but btet rt all
b 'sllpan n [u$uallyPI.] a shoe that you can put +throughthisW kfor weeks.
on and take ofT quickly and w i l y without hav- v + prep slotted hloplace.

ing to tie orfasten anything:a w i r o f cheap slip ~CeakOSLOT STH IN, S W T STH INTO STH
ons o slipon shws Qv+adv + v+prep
,slug f l 'Out (BrEa h ,slog It 'out)(irtfbrmal)ta
,slip 'out Ii&rmO tf sth slim oat, you say it ,dot sbisth 'Into manageto find a time to see sb fight; to competeuntil sb has won:The two com-
or to do sth: Imn slotyou in lomorrowatfolour panimslugged iloutfi~therrshnreotfhe market
-when you do not intend to: I didn't maan lo Cell o The D e m m t s and the Republicans will k
EBB fit sWsth In
him Stjwts[ippedout. .slop a'bwtra'mund1(In 8th)lo€ a liquid) to sluggingitout In Nouemkr
move around in a container, offen so that some Qv+n/pron+a& + v+adv+n Q v+ft+adv
+v+adv liquid comes over the edge: Waterwarr sloppirag
,$Id sth 'in;,sld 9th 'into sth to put some-
,slip 'out of sth to h k e of€clothes quickly and about in the bottom of the k t . E 9 slosh thing into a space that is available or designed
easily: She slipped out of her clothesand got inlo
amundlabaut2 (In 8th) tomwe amund in water, for it: He slotted a coln into the hahiachine.o I$R sluicejsim!
theshowr urntive) Thefinalpieces of the puzzle had been
mud,etc: Shesloppd around in tbmlingwatal: slotted into plum and I understand what was ,sluice sth 'downrout(especiallyBrm to wash
E E cloth-, dress, etc. E B sllp lnto nth

++See SLIP STH OFF:SLIP STM ON happening or clean the surfaceof sthwith large amountsof

v+prep + v+adv*prep slosh a r o u n d l a m 3 (BrE, i?@rml,dis- +We a h SLOT IN, SLOT INTO STH water: They shim the streets down e m morn-
approurng) to spend timerelaxing or being lazy:
,slip 'Over to slide a short distance and fak He Q v +nlpron+a& + v+adv +n + v+ nlpmn+prep i q . o An attendant was sluiczng oui i& than-
Slw used lo slup around all day in old jeans and
slippwfoueron the Ice& h k e his kg. ,slot te'gethec ,slot A and B tongetherif g 1 g rooms.
swwlsharts. EE)slouch about/-nd (Bto, two th~ngsslot together, or sb sloh them Qv+adv+n + v+rdpmn+adv
6 v+adv
hang around
,slip 'through; ,slip 'thmugh sth if sth or sb together, they fit together easily and exactly:
slips through or slips througha system,etc., a +v+adv The base cumes in two secihm that srmply slot smack/-kl
person or a system fails to find and deal with to+yihero T h e p m am p w t ready to he shl-
itlthern: Mistakes occaswnaily slip thmugh. o ,slop 'out (Brm when prlsonea 8lop out, they 'smack oi ath to seem to contah an unpleasant
empty the ccmtainers that they useas tollets red l o g e t k
@v+edv + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n altitude orquality: H t s m m m e n l s ~ k o rfacism.
Somehow he slip& through the company's @v+adv
screeningpm. @Y*P~P
,slop 'over;,slop'marsth(of a liquid) to m w e
Qv+abv + v+prep around in a container so much that someliquid ,slouch a ' h W r w n d ; ,slouch a'boutr smartenIrma*: AmE 2mwrtnj
a'round sth (BrE,disappmvrn@ to spend time
(let ssth) sllp through your Wnwn if s'blsth comes out over the edge: Some iea hod shpped relaxing or belng lazy: He slouches around all ,smarten 'up1( a h ,sma&n you-U 'up) to
sltps throngh your fingers,you hi1to keepor day rending comics. o She wasted the dw slouch- make yourself neater, tidier, or more atmctive:
ouer into Ihesamr o Watwslop&ouer theedge You need to srnurlen IyourseU) up Wore you go
use itlthem: The thld had slip@ through their i n g ~ b o utthehouse.
fingers yet wain. o You've wasted y o w time at of thehuth. out. EE)sprwe yourself up2 (especialhyAmE)
collegeondlet your chancesslzp throughyourfin- Q v+adv r v+prep ETQ slop abouffamund(Brh'),hangaround
gers. slip thmugh the 'net when sbFsth slips to become more clever and aware of things:
thmugh the net, an organization or a system slopeislaup;AmEslmp/ +v+adv 4 v+prep You'll have to smarten up if you u n t lo pms
falls to find them and deal with them: Wetried to thoseexams.
contact all lheJormm students, but wme dipped ,slope 'off(BrE,in@rmnt)to go awaJr especially slough lslnfl
w~thoubt eing noticed, in order to avoid doing @ v + a d v l afsov+pmn+adv
lhrough thenel. work, talking to sb, etc: He a l w y s slopes ofl tf ,slough sth 'off1to removeor get rid of a layer
thew's any work to be done.o Whereweyou try- 'smarten sW&h 'up(especicEllyBrE) to make a
,slip 'up{war ath) (informcl0 to make a careless of dead skin,etc:Slough ofl d i y s k f no m r r w k . person or a place neater, tidier or more attract-
mistake: Islipped upowr #wda& of them&ing. ingtoslopeoflto? shed sth 2 (formal)to get rid of sth that ive: The hotel h a been smorrened rap by the new
*v+sdv owners. o She did her best to smarten her bus-
o He slipped up in his mkukztlons,o Weslipped you no longer want: He wm not abk losbugh off band lip.
the memories the pasl, o Resp~nsibiliIlesore
up there.ddn't we? not siouglaedoff $0wstljr FE)spruce sblrth up

+v+adu ,slosh a'round (also ,slosh a'lrrmt a p c f n t l y Qv+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(m(rore) Q v+ adv + n v+ nlpron+adv

t 'sllpup n lirlformtrl) a careless mistake: One BrE) (In sth) (irbformal)1 (of a llquid) to move ,slow 'down;,slow sblsth 'down(also , a h smashI S ~ J ~
small s l i p u p m u l d m t us theektion. 'up, ,slow sblsth 'uplessfrequent) 1 to go,or to
around nolslly in a container: The water was make sWsth go, at a slower speed:Slow down, I ,smash sth ' d mto make sthfall by hitting it
can't keep up withyou.o The bus slowed up as it
slob / s l ~ b : d m E s l m b(-~bb-) sloshing a b u t in the bucket. slop very hard and breaking it: T k p o l i w decided to
smash the doordown.
,slob a'roud'ovt, ,$lob a'round sth (BrE, ahuUamund 2 to mow around noisily In sth B E door

slang)b spend time bang lazy and doing noth- Eiq~ud:The c h i [ d m were sloshing around in the 6 v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
mp:Wejust sbbbed aul in fmnl of the teily last
nrghi. o Are you going ta sbb wound in your p u d d h . EB@ slop boutl la round 3 (Rrm

smash In 2i n.................................... ~....................................... .........s.-o-,.a,..k..-...u,..p..,

,Smashsth 'into make a hole in sth or destmy it ,smooth sQh "down to make your hair or your ,snltf 'round: ,snW 'round 9th (Brm= SNIFF

by hitting it very hard: Thedoll's fmhad clothes smooth and flat with your hands.. He ,snarl 'up;,snarlsth 'upif sthsnarls up,o r sth AROUND, SNIFF AROUND STHlSB

smashad in. o (irlformal) He threntemdlosmash smlheddown hishair snarls It up. ~tbeoomes so confUsed, twisted,
etc. that no part of ~tcan mow:Thedog's -got
my k d in(=hit my head very hard). EZlI halr, skirt s w M up sn a bush. o The M c snarls up aE
D d door,W, heedEE?bash sth In (infor- Qv+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
$hot junction awry evening. o The m i d e n t be/gd ,snowed 'Inrup to be unable to go any-
mal, e s ~ h l l ByrE) ,smoothsth 'out1tomake sthsuchas a piece of where or leave a place because of heavy snow:
ev+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n pppr or cloth smooth and flat with your hands: snarledup thp-fir the wholeday
WegotsmwPd infor thraedays.
,smash sth 'upto damageor destroy sth by hit- She trtad so s m l h our the cnvnplad ktlec E E Snarl 8th up i s often used in the passive
4 belget+v*adv
tlng ~tvery h a d A bunch of thugs bmke in rsnd WblklOS, p a p r 2 = SMOOTW STH AWAY/OUT We
wlthgel: Thecrlycentregetssmrladupwithlour- belget ,snowed 'under (wkh sth) to have so
s m h a d the p h up. 0 He smashed his mr up are here lo s m t h out any pmicalproblems.tor much work that you haveproblems dealingwith
isrs in thesumnet ~ tW: e'resnowed under with workat the momrit.
last uwek (=he had a crash). you. E3ldifferences, problems &v+adv + v+adv+n v*nlpron+&
r 'snarlup n ( B E , irlforml) a situation in Q belget +v +adv
EGi car, Zhlngs, place +v+adv+n t v+nlpmn+adv which traffici s unable to move
&/get , s n d 'up 01 = sE/GGAT SPIOWRD
Qv+rdpmn+adv v+adv+n ,smooth sth 'over to make a problem or diff-

smell/smel/ ( s m * ~ s~m,elled,BrEaLw cnlty seem less serious or easier to deal with, match/snets/ tu~up2 (of a mad, etc.) to betbetame blocked
especially by talking to the people im1ved: She w ~ t shnow: Thedriwwsywrrsstillsnodup.
smelt. smell /smelt/)
&red lo calm her mmrs down and smwth 'match at sth 7 to try to takehoId of sth:SRe @ betget+ v + adv

'smell of 8th to have the smell of sth:The baby things o m , o The lIeaders managed io smwth snalched at the letter in hls hnnd 2 (BrE)to take
over Wkdifferem.
smelIed of m p and milk o Can put your c&- FE dlffamnew, things an opportunity to do sth eagerly and quickly: snuff
aretteout? Tdon't rmnt my mrnmllinguf smoke. +v+adv+n + v+n/pmn+a&
They snatched a t ihecRrrnwto behappy. ,snuff sb 'out(ep&ulIyAmB to killsb:He was
Ov+m snack / s n e k / snytxed out by theM@.
come uplout of 8th m d l l n g of 'msw ev + prep

(informa0 to still have a good reputation, even sneak /snkk/ @ v+n/pron+adv 4 v+adv*n

though you havebeen involved in sth that might 'snack on sth to eat mall amounts of fmd Theusual past form is sneaked,but muck ,snuff sth 'out 1to stop a flame h m burning:
have given people a bad opinionof you is now very common in W o r d speech in She snt@ii& out #hemndles.EQ candie, name
between or instead of meals: It's healthier ro American English andsome people use it in Brit- Snuff sthcana h beused with this mean-
,Smell slNsth 'out1to be aware of feac danger, snackonfruil mlherthanc b h t e . ish English too. However, many people consider in^. 2 (mrrften)to suddenly end or destroy sth:A
it incorrect and it should not be used in formal moment of mindless violence snuffedout h.k life.
trouble, etc. Ln a situation. He could smell out Q v + prep writing. o The revolution was quickly snIc(fed out. ESi
w e u k m inofhers. 2 (of dogs) to detect sblsth, by
,sneak ' u p(on nb)to approach sbvery quietly, w Ilfe,h o p
smelling: Thedogsuretrained tosmeIiou1drugs. that they do not see or hear you until you reach +v+adv+n c v+prm+adv 4 v + n + a d v ( h
them: He Iows sneaking up on me io scare ma. o
,avH, sniW sblrlh out ,snap 'back(intosth)(AmEj (i?formaO=BOUNCE fwwnt)
BACK [FROM S T H ) th~e t~niiiatshmk, h e m n
+v+adv+n 4 v+ri/pmn+adv snapp?dbmkoShampp?dhwkmmherdnfly Shesnuck up behind them andsuaXenIyshouled.
mutine swn uftm the opemlion.
,smell sth 'out (Bra(AmE,smetlsth 'up)tom racomr I fmm sth) Q v+adv ,snuggle 'down to make youmIf warm and
Q v+adv
a place with an unpleasant smell:Thatfih m l t sniff /snrf/ mmCortable in your bed: He snuggld down and
the wholehouseout. ,SnapBth 'outto say sth in a sharpor unpleasant lwnt to sleep.
IZF) stlnk 8th out (Rrm,stlnk sth up 0
Qv+nlpron+adv+ v*aW+n

smile/marl/ way: Theser@ntsnapp8doutanorder ,mnlff a'mund; ,anW a'mund sthrsb (BrE @ v+adv
Snap sth can be used with this m m i n g : olsa ,sniff "mund,,snW "round sthlsb) (infor- ,snuggle 'up(Wagalnat &!ah), ,~nuggle'Up

'smile OnNpOn a h t h v o m l or I&#emiyi)f S l ~senapped a n s w i o n s tothe lecura. mal)to go somewhere to try to find secret infor- (in 8th) t~ get into a warm and comfortablepos-
fortune, fate, etc. smiles on you,you are very Qv+adv+n + v+pron+adu v + n + a d v ( k s f r p mation about dhlsb or to look for a particular ition close to sbtsth or in sth: Shesnuggled rrp io
hrrn on the sqfa. o I'd hue 0 snug& ~ r pin hd
lucky and suc&ul: Fortune smiled on us that q w l ) v+adv+spe%dr person or thmg: Repmnlatrws from thstudIo right now!
F3 cuddle up (Wagalnstsb)
night and theplune landedsnleiy. ,snap 'outof &h;,snapsb 'out ot sth(lnBr- were s n m n g aroundfor new lalent. o It won't be
&v+adv
*+ S W U ~ P R O W ~ON~ SBlSTH ma0 to make yourself, or help sb else, stop feel- Iong before the press mme snifing around the
v + prep
ing upset, in a bad m o d , etc.; to wake up from a dub.
smoke/smauk;AmEsmwk/ day dream: Come o n Joe.Stlap our of it. o She
w a s s m p p f o u l of her m r i e bythe soundof the +v+adv*v+prep

,SmDkesbMh 'out 1to make sWsthmmew t o f doorofinlng. 'sniff at d h (ii@rmO to show a lack of interest ,soak'Fn;,soak 'Into sth (of a liquid) to pass
a place by filling it with smoke: T h e mi sllsed lo into sth:Apply the oil to the wotd and h v e it to
&v+adv+pmp * v+nlpmn+adv+prep in or resped for sth:AtJrsl he snfled of herfor- soak in. 0 Thewinehadswkedinia themrw.
eign mays.
smoke the k s out.3tofind sblsth that iscausing ,snap'to l4 (i@ormaR uwdtotellsb to start work- + v + & + v+prep
'e V+PWP
a problem; to make sth that is secret publlcly 1 nh~arder or more quickly:Thisplace bus 60 k ,soak Wthmugh; ,soak 'through sth (of a
EEinot to be ' m Wat I i ~ r m n Bgood enough liquid) to pass into or through 8th B W had
known: The police are determined lo m k e out clean by fhisewnlnglcosnnp toit' to be acoepted or c o n s i d e d seriously: Her
+the leadersof thegang. achrevement is not to besnrffeat. waked through the bandage.
+v +adv +n + v+nlpron+adv v+prep+~t g v + a d v r v+prep
,snm s'bisth 'out 4 (especially of dam) to h d
,Snap SbMh 'upto buy or seize sth quickly and sbrsth by smelling: These dogs mn snfl out ,soak sth 'up 1to take in or absorb sth,espe-
s r p l o s t m ,avH, smell sblath o u t 2 ( z n j o m ~to cially a liguld: Use a pzpzr lowl lo sorJr Up the
smooth/smwb/ eagerly: Fans quickly snnpp?d up #hetickets, o wcess oil. o r n t i v e ) Thefarmers soak w (=
(figurnlive) He wcrs snap@ up by Unrted find lnforrnation about sblsth: jownalisls use up) £1 billion of gowrnment aid a yea,: BEQ
,smooth s t h a'wayrout to rededuce or remove t m i d lo sntfJ' out a senwrfron or rr scandal o water, debts 2 to absorb sth into your senses,
6 v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv They're quich fa s n w out a deception. D no-

problems and diRiculties: Thegroup was set up l t h wl

to smooth n m y local d@kulties. o His anxieties @v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+abv

wrequickly smoothedaw

@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv

.............................................. ~ 273 ~......~.......~......................~........s..p..e..a..k...o...u..t..........

your body or your mind: ~a walked amuM the sort lsa* ,4inEsant/ ,round rblath 'Out (aboutton sth) to try to dl% ,spark 'up (informal) I if you spark up a
cover sb's views, opinions, etc. on sth,especially conversation, a debate, a ftiendship, etc., you
*Own swkUngup Ihe ,sort sb 'OM (lqformat, espmblly B r a to deal in an indirect way:Iwarrl losound him outabout start one, often suddenly: lsot down besideHelen
the atmosphem with sb who has been causing tmuble: They sent apmrblejoh o Weshouldsoandout opintom On a n d t r i d h s p w k u p a wnvemtion withher 2to
thelndsrouradtosonhimout add interest or excitement to sth: Spark uppmtu
absorb 8th(moref3rmal) deal wHh sb these changes.
v+adv +n + v +nlpron+ a h(Iessfrequent) Qv+rdpmn+adv r v+a&+n

. .sob.e-r.,l '-s w-b a l,r-k.~-m E-'-w- r,1 ,sort sblyOumelf 'out( B E ,it&rmat) 1to find +v+adu+n v+pron+abu + v+n+adv(less dishes withf m h herbs, o Send a cnrd ond $pork
a solution to sb'slyour own pmblems,etc: It m k fwuenl) up someone's W ,sr*, lplce 5th up 3 spark up
h,months lo sort hemif out after #hediuom.
,sober 'up;,sober sb 'upto becometorto make o HHw,as so upset it 6wk us an b u r $0mlm him ath, spark IWtkem up to light a Are, etc: {shw)
do, andmrt him out. BE) stratghton sblywr-
sb,no longer drunk: Idffi&d lo mlk MK out 2 to organize sb or ynussplf. You i d the soup l s u q l Timeto spark up a cluure!ie.a Vigumtiue) Them
m r and I'll sort the kids out. o She's in k r m m
sober up, 0 I rmd a b b k mfllee to sober me w. sort@kne(f outfor the trip (= packing clothes, ,soup sth 'up( i q f o m n if you soup up a car, a Is nothInR in the book to s m r k up the reader's
computer, etc,,you makechangesto it sothat it is interest. A noun must come after up, but a
( h 7 m r i u ~a p e C b l l ~BrE) we bwM at etc ). more pawed or excrtlng: He makm a Uuing
m h t Lmm but *n pronoun comes between the verband up.
UP (= became &v+ni~+adv buying oidmrs andsouplng them ulx
(bv+adv+n + v+proru+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
ser~ousw) hen wesa w his w ~ e ! ~ w m i o ,sortsb 'outwlth sth (*bfwmal,~pcful@BrE)rE~
toprovidesb w~thsomethingthey need:I'msure
&v+adv v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n w e m n sortyou out with somedry clothes. &v+adu+n v+pron+actv r v + n + a d v ( h s speak!SP~-AcIpasr&O jspauk; A ~ E

,sock sfh a h y (AIM, irbformu0 to savemoney & v + rdpmn + adv +prep fmmo spouk/spDken/'spaukan;A~'spou-1)

by putting it in a bank or by buylngshares in a ,wrt sth 'out 1to put sth in order; to tidy and c 'aoup&up mfj [onlybefore noun] (imrma0a 'rrpeakforabl tostatethewishesorviewsofsb:
organizesth: Ispent theoprmnsorlingout my to act as arepresentative for sb:Imn't spmkfor
stud3 room, atuff 2 (esmhlly BrEl toorgan- souped-upcar, computer, etchbas been changed
m or arrange s2h.F h t you have to sort out a to make it more powerfhl or exciting: a souped- the others, but I'd lovelocorn.o Shespeoksfor a
IUD* permit. 3( w m i ~ l l yf3r.Qto decideon sth:I whnk pnerufhn of disillmianed youngsters.
company, etc: She ofready tam $5DO mked away up M ~ n i
f m d tosort out whut c h t h a to take withmeon the m answer fer sb2 tegiveevidmcetosupport
for college. o He mhoway half his salary eumy trip. Eldetails, p r i o r l t l e s mIn this meaning spacelspersl
sort sth out is usually used w ~ t hquestion words
monthfor the how. such as what, *re, etc. 4 to solve a problem: ,space 'out: ,space sb 'out (slang,mwcklly sb in a court of law: M m y peoplespokefor her at
W@'uesorted t h e p m h h out. EEi pmblem, meas the trial.
Em m o n q 5 (fmm sth) to separate sth from a larger group:
50rI out the r@ pears from the rest. o sorted e v + prep
v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv o ~ t ~ ~ c l o tIhaetshdMn'twenrany more. AmE) to be confused, unable to think dearly, or
DJspeak fur WwUlthsm'selrss if something
'sock It to sb ( i @ r m l or hunwrous)used to ~ v + n l p m n + a d u+ v+adv+n not aware of what is happening around you, for speaks f o r Itself it isso clear and easy to under-
stand that it does not need to be explained:The
encourage sb to do or say sth that will have a 'edn (BrE,Ir(form0an act of arranging exampleasa result of takingdrugs; to put sbin a facts speakfor themselves.

strong eEect,for example before an Interview, a or o m a n ~ z i mthings in a neat and tidv way and state like this: I was sup@ to m e t herfor ,speak for your'setfto express your o m opin-
gettingr ~ odfthin& you don't want ion, although you know that others might not
sports game, etc: You'll befine. Jwt get in there lunch but J sprced out andforgot o The dm@ I agree w ~ t hyou: Speakimgfor mywlf, I'dpwer
,sort Itsen 'out (esjmiallv B r a if a problem
a n d m k i fYo them sorts itself out, It stops being a problem with- rum taking for my illness spaced me out so I lo go by tram. o He speaksfor himseu when he
out anyne havmg to do anything: He w k e up says we needa smokingarea.
Sackit to sb jsnot usedin the passive. feeling ill, but thought ihe problem would soon +couldn't think clear&.
Q v+1t+prep sort riser out. v+a& + v + nlpmn+adv
F ,spaced 'wt a& (shng)confud, unable to
-sod/ s a d : ~ m ~(~ ~ad l) m!~work ~ w lafut
think clearly and not wmpletely conscious of
- .&v+oron+adv
,sod A,shwl toteU sb togo away: what is havwnlng around you, for example Qv'p*P"P
,sort 'through8th to look througha numberof lmZd speak fo* m y ' ~ l f m & w t l m l m ' a ~ m
Justsodoffa n d b m in-! t h i n g either In order to find a particular thing because of -&king drugs: He sat in the c o r w
or to put them in groups:Slnemrt& through her 'sews ta expressyour opmion yourself, rather
@v+adu wardrob for something lo wear:o They sorted bmkingcompIefe!y spaced out. t l ~ a nsb else doing it for you: I can spwk for
thmueh thousandsaf o!d~hotos myw# thank you f s p a k for ywt'self Ismken,
,spacesth 'outto arrangething with a regular in~ormrs2u)sedto tell sb that sth they have said is
not true of you: We 're tired,7 'SpwkJbryour.
softenr s n f n ; ~ m ~ ~ m ~ distance or between them, espeEwy a
~ d-f Vm finor'
large Try spaerng words Out

,mfien gb 'UP(*rfwmnto try to make& more more On themSho.uM I s m o u t h e

willing to do sth for you by being very to feeds over24 hours?
them first:I k m w ~ uY,Qu'reiwlt w n g mm@n
me up! o They mftened the m&rsup with prom- spark jspd;dmEspmrk/ ner'already: You can forget abut him he's
iwthey h d no ~ n W i o onf keeping. spokenfor! 2 to l~ set aside for a particular p w

mtsb up ,spa* ~ t 'h0ff1infOmO to musesomethingto pas,: Half the mne~isatrwrdy swkenfor:

@u+adu+n v+n(p~on+adu suddenly happen or develop: TIra incident @ be+v+adv

,mmn s m h 'up to make an enemy weaker . ~ o r k e doff riots m o s s mww.0 oh resi~- sth Crormoolr liretary) to be wldenoe

and easler to attack: It'll take t h afew nation smrkdoff amlitid crisis. of sth, to suggest sth: The plclum and ornn-
bruiseslosolen him w o TheartilIery
E E dots,debate, Incident,pnrteat,crlsls m t s in the room spoke of dreams of famww
tosoflen up theadvancingenernj
W Spark sth is also used with this meantng: p-ch

saldierl.wuld3a(r):~m~'90ul-1 sound !saund/ The T lrprogmmmsparkeda storm of protest. e v+ Prep
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv 4 v+n+adv(!ess
,soldier 'on(mMhtE to wntinue with 5th You ,sound 'off (abut ah) ( i q f o m l ,dhppmuing) ,speak 'out (agalnwn favour ofion 8th) to say
to express your opinions loudly or in an aggres- frequent)
arc doing although it is dlflicult or unpleasant: way: HCshouId &k hisfacfs Worem u d - what you think clearly and publicly, often criti-
ShesoId~redonwith thehemum1nspffeOfherper- ing of like i&. ,spark 'up if a fire sparks up,it starts to burn cizing or opposing sblsth, in a way that needs
soml problems. o IZA having do midim on Q b M @v+& brightlyagainafter a period when it was almost cot~rageR:opie are no longer cafmidtos w k out.
since BrlI kfl.
out. TheJimisslil~smok~nga~muIdspuaprnkl o Shespokeout w i n s t the regime.
&v*adv
any moment. o (fgumtiue) T f ~spyarked up (= @v+adv

became more Ilvelv and interested) when thw

s.-p-.-e...a..k....u..p.......... ............................ 214 ~............................*,,..- 275 a,..p..l.,w,,.h....d,..-o...w,..n.....
I.I_

t outrpoken d saying openly exactly what ,spew 'up;,Spew Sth 'up(BrE,slang) to bring where eKtra guests and friends mn go) 2 the spirit lnsprrrtl
you think, wen if you know other people will food f h m the stomach back out through the
disagree or be offended:Her outspoken vkws mouth:H e s p e w up all owrmyjacker. results and effects of sth that have s p m d to ,spirit sbtsth a'wayfoff (to 8th) to remove
oftenget her in& troubk, ,srrr,throw up,throw ath up:lmmlt,vomM nth other situations or areas: 0 t h m r t s muld sblsth quickly,secretly or as if by maglc:He tlms
ben&ffram the spfI[over(of tourists}. o spillover spirited away by his friends w o r e the mlolice
,speak 'up 1 used to ask sb to s p a k louder: (moreform0 efl~~slbenefrn arrrved.o An erwrmoIIs amount of m o w had
Plearespmkq-wmn'thearyouattheback. 2 +v+adv * v+n/pron+advr v+adv+n k e n s@irfiMaway inonly luxl months.
,spill'over;,spill 'wer I htoilowovertheedge
(forsblsthlyoumelfltosay what you think clearly
of a container that is too full:The WOWspilw ev+ntpmn+advr v+adv+n
and freely, especially to supportor defend sblsth: spiceI S P ~ S ~
o w r the rim of the ghs.0 Her Wfe smfder1$
Several piuyers spoke up Jbr their manager o
She3 lmr~adto speak upfor twmIf oIt 3 lime to ,spicesth 'uptoadd spiceto foodinorderto give sp~iledouer (- she started to cry),o The spit /sPlt/ (.prmras,sPat, wat l w t l orspw
speak up about what Fr happening in our xhook it more flavour and make it more Interesting: were spilling o u e r m m the shops onto the mwrue-
meats o (figumtiue) HLT emotwm suddeniy -t i n a . s p l t , r u i t , e s ~ l l v A d
(= tosay we do not likeit). Cassemteswnhspicedup w i t h u t h h o f t n W
sauce. o Ifipldmtive)Heexug~eroiedthe delalk io spirledouer ,spit it but (spoken) used to tell sb to reveal a
Qv+adu spice up lheslory. plece of information or tosay sth when they a n
@v+adv * v+prep feelingnervous or unwillingto speak:Comeon.

speedlsptd/ ( s ~ ~ sspdee, ded, o r ~ p a d , spin/spm/ ~spfnn~nsgp,un. spun Isp~nl) spit it out! Whodid it?

sped) Qv+lt+adv

,speeda'waytb&b leavevery quickly,usually ,spina'round; ,spin sturpth a'roundW E a h ,spit d h "out1to forcesth out of your mouth:It
,spin 'round, .sphsblsth 'rwnd)9 to turn very tosrtdso had& he had tospit i f out 2 to say sth
' in a vehicle of some kind: The m r spsd away quickly to face in theopposite directLon;to tUrn very angrily: 'Men!'3he spat t k he& out. EECl
f m m the house.o She sped ofl on her bike toget ,spiff 'up;,spH y0umW 'upWmE, sblsth in this way: Shejummd when she heard word
he!p mnforrrml) to make sblsthlyourselC look more
E E T lSped is usually used as the p s t tense and her nameandspun around lo- Ihespeakm o He Qv+nlpron+adv* v+adv+n
past participleof this verb. attractive:Wewent home to Ref sp#M upfor the spun her mund toface him. 2 to turn roundand
2 alsov+adv+speech
v*8& p a w o Here are mme wrsv ways to s p l r up round quickly;to makesth do this: Tlnepmpzlkr

,speed 'up: ,speed 8th 'upto start to move or spmdsheets. srarted to spin amund, o The room Sma?d to be ,s@ 'up;,spit stil 'up(Am@ if ababyspita up
happen faster; to make sth do this: The tmln spzmingm~ndo, tospfna bail/coin or spit$ sth up, it brings milk back from its
@v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+edv + v+n+adv(lass +v+adv r v+nlpron+adv
stomach out throughits mouth:Prst this clothon
frepwnt)
your shoulder In case she spits up. o lots of
started lo sp& up o Farkang restrIclions w m ,spin 'off (from sth), ,spin sth 'off (fmm sth)
introduced 0 try lo speed u p the twtXc. o Thev specially BrE, business)to p d u w a new &- babiesspit up a bit of [email protected]&ing.
s&iw .up & they ;g +v+adv 4 v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv*n
worked slowby at uct,material, servlce,etc. that isconnectedwith ,srw, vomr vomlt ah;kskk W E )
used lo it. o The n m lool h r on the screen Mn- ,spill bod;,spill ' o d of s t h T to accidentally
sth successfulthat alreadyexists;to beproduced k ,spIt-upn the milk that a baby brings back
iteiy speedi things up. flow out of a container: The contentsof her h g out of itsmouth
spilkd out everywhm. o Watar had spilkd out .in this way: C a h u b n ond diaries spinntnr: o f f
S m d e d is used as the past tense and past onto iIhelroob 2 to come out in large numbersar
amounts: The theatre mLudFspillad out onto the fm- m farnilinr books and TV shorn are almys
partlcipleof this verb. pouement. o The children spilled out into the popu$t: o # Dlflrent World'was spun 4fJ from
@v+adv v+adv+n* v+nlpmn+abv splashI&$/
'The O ~ b Syhow: o Their rwarcf~has spun o f f
spell/spel/ (=pelt,s-lt /$pelt/orspe~led, yard.EE)pourout, pourout d 8th many wfuIappiimtions. ,Splasha'bold(mE,=SPLASH AROUND
s.~elled, )
@ v+adv +v+adv 4 v+adv+n r v+pron+adv v+n+adv ,splash sth a'bowa'round (informal, esw

,spill 'out:,spill sth *outto tell sba m t , your Irare) cmliy BrE) to spend money freely or careIessly:
fears, worries, etc. in a hurried and unplanned t 'yrln-offn 1an unexpectedbut usefulresultof Hesplashes hit;mgesaboutjwt I v s her
,spell sth 'out 1to make sV1 clear and easy to way: When she star6ed to speak, the words just +an activlty that is designed to produce sth else: Q v +nlpron+adv + v+ adv + n
camspilling out. o Shespiiledoul her troabfes
tmrierstand:to explain sth in detail: His w n s %i hermrenfs. commercial spin-offs fmm medim1 research ,splash sth a'cmwo'ver sth to publish a
for leaving are s p i t out in deLrr~i n his Letter o Qv*adv 4 v+adv+nr v+nlpmn+adu
spinilff erects2 a product ora book,€hhnwie, photograph,a news story,etc in a place where a
Surely I don't haw lo spell B outP(= it should be ,spill'Over{lntoAoah)tostart inonesituation w etc. that 1s b a d on a verg successful book, lot oC pwple w ~ l lsee it, especially in a new%
area and then have aneffect on anothersituation
obvious)2to say or write the letters d a word in or in another area: Unrest has wilt over into Rlmhnovieor television&es: 'TheCosbYShoW' paper: The m t day her nome rn splash&
areus outside the c@ o d w spilled over into
the correct order: huld you spell t h t w r d out t~hlell~Uet p~ia&@~d'ms n s t m t w n o H e r ond i& spin@ # Different World'o a spin-off acrossall thefmnl pages o I don? UUUUmy p n

firmagain- Spell sthis usually used with mouD

this meaning. wtelifesplash& dl o w the [nhloIds.
@v+aldv+n v+pron+adv * u*n+adu(lm
,spinsth 'off(especicrS&AmE,bwi~esst]o sepsr- Splashsth acrossloversb is &en used in

f.*~l,onll ate part of a company or an organization h.om the passwe.
the main part in order to form a new one: The Q v + nlpron+prep
e x ~ i . t e m t s p f E k d o v e r O t h e m t otfhegroup fad food chain muld be spun off RS a sepamte
,splash a'mwnd( B E o h , s m h a a W )(in
+v+adv mnqpanJt sth) to meve about in water lnakiig it fly every-
where: The chiMmn spkrshed about In the r i w
,Spew but;,spew sth 'Out to flow out quickly t 'mrsplll n (U1[sing.] (BrEj people who move @v+adv+n4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
In large amounts;to make sth dothis: law spew
mngoutorpr a wlmno ofurnessmwed out bycars fmma town or city because it is toocrowdedand ,spin5th Wttomake sthlast aslong aspaasible: ali&rnoon.

go and live somewhere else: towns mere I managed lo spin my talk ouf lo on hour o She Q vradv

built to h o w ouersplIl populatiol~sfmrnthe big laadtospinout~rmwuntllp4~~~1 pplash ~ t ah'round =SPLASH STH ABOUTlAROUHD
Q v + a d v + n +r+nlpmn+adv
a& tmh cities.
,#pin'round; ,spinsbfsth 'roundWh'=)SPIN
Spew and spew sth are alsousedwiththis t 'splllarw lITj 1something that is toolarge ,splash ' d m when a spa- splashers
meaning:n wIcamspewingcloudpof ash or too much for the place where it starts and AROUND, SPIN SRISTH .%ROUND
down, it returns to earth and lands in the
6 w+adv + v+adv+n4 v+nlpron+adv spreads to other places: a spilhver of riots o a s~a~weanT:he mpsuk phhed down m the

spillow rwmfbr guests and friends (= a room Pacrfic.

+v+adv

.~......p......b.....o..~.u...t..h......................................................................a..5......

b 'splashdmvnn [GIIU1the return oP a space sponge ls~nnag/ , a p d 'ovt:be ,spread 'outto wver a wide spruce/spmsl
craft to earth when it lands in the Wocean:
Splashdwwn is apmtd 300 tilometm west qf ,Sponge sbMh 'downtowashsWsthwItha wet area: The ualky s p d out hneath us.o We ,spruos sblath 'up;,spruce youmelf 'upto
Val&3rufso. clothorasoflmaterial:Ispongedthemtdownl~ hkeddown at thecrty sprwdout Mow us. make s b / s W y o ~ ~ ~tldeyI fand clean: Wespruced
remove the mud, o She tried sponging the baby
pplash 'out(on sih),,splash 8th 'out ( o m r down lo bmr his iemperatum This verb 1s onen used in descriptions of up the mom with a mat of paint, o He spnroad
sth) (iqrtorml)to spend a lot o f money on sth: ~ v + n l p m n + a d vr v+adv+n crt~csv, iews, etc. Spread and be spread are
also h-equently used with thismmning: ThevaL h i m v upjior the inleruieul
She splashed out on a new pair of shoes. o Why 'spongeoff sb (also'qpongson sb lessfreqwnl)
don? we s ~ l a s hout md go outfir a M I ? o The (imrmai,dlsoppmuing) to get money,food, etc. Iey lay s p d beforew. 2 3 3 m a r t e n up,m a r t e n mlf ~rp;
bnnd splashed out lhorrsands of mu& on new fromother pwpIe, without doing anything for
e p u f p m t .o Don'tsplashit all out a t o m ! them or offering to pay. He'scvnstantlv sponghg Qv+adv be+v*a& smarton sblsth up

+v+actv r v+adv+n r v+pmn+adu + v+n+adv flhbfliends. ,spread sth 'out'Ito arrange a g r w p of objects *+v+adv+n v+pron+adv v+n+adv(lesr
on a surface so that you mnsee them allclearly:
Iwuent)

Spread out all the p i e m by%reyou b@ginthejig-

,splash sth 'over 8th = SPLASH STH ACROSS1 Q v + prep saw O A !t~he brochum were s p m d out on the ,spur sb 'On(to sthtto de sth)to encouragesbto
&or 2 to unfold5thand put it downon a flat sur- act ina particular wax especiallyto work harder
OVER STH ,sponge sth 'oft*,sponge zth 'off sth (esps- or tYoI ! to achieve sth: Her difj5cult childhood
cmlbBrEl toremweamarksomedirt,etc.w~th face: They spread the bhnket out on t f i e g m . 5 spurred her on to s d . o Hi$ parerlls'enmur-

,split a'wayfoff {fmm sth), ,split sth a wet cloth or a piece of a son material:R was The map had been spread out on the inbk.loarl agenaent spurred him on So gmter @om. o
a'wayl'off (from a h ) to separate from, or l~ Spurred on by thisu r c l o ~we went on lo win the
itApossibl@to smwe the m r k o E o 1 muIdo't map, nswspaper, blanket 3 to stretch your fin-
smwe theslain ofl my d m . gers, arms, etc so that they are apart: Theh y champiomhlp.o Their shouts of mmuragemenf
@ v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n + v + n l p m n * m s p d out his arms, prelending lo be an aem
plane" BE arms,hands Spreadsth isalso
separated from, a large objed or a group: The spurred us on.
'sponge on sb =SPONGE OFF SB Trpquently used with thls meaning. 4 (over 8th) E33 enwursgmr b
bmnch had sp1It a w y from the main hunk,o
T h wind split the door awayFom irpfmme. o to separate sth mto partsand arrange them o w S p u r sb on is oAen usedinthe passive:He
Some of the m e m k s split atmy toform a new a period of time or divide them between dfler- was spurred on by hyw hope. Spur sb followed
party. o OShouIdtheownership of themil trackk ,spout 'off,'oa (about 8th)(hformal,d i s a p p m ent people: The mst can be spread out o w bum by an ~nfin~tivoer a phrase beginning with a
splitofJJromthe runningof t h hein semices? ing) to talk about sth in a boring or annoying preposit~onis also used with this meaning:His
way: He's always sfluting ofl aabot the 5ehm years. Q I'll try los p d out the work evenly. E d critrcmnspur& me lo hy harder
4v+adv + v+adv*n + v+nlpmn+adv iourof youngpeople todw.o Whatareyou smut- cost,work ISYO dlvlde sth (morelormf)
ing on about now?
'splt on sb (tosb) ( B E , IWofml) to tell sb in Spread sth (aver sth)is also frequently
author~tyabout sth lmd or wrong that sb has Qv+adv wcd with t h ~ms eaning:I'uynzentswn bespread @v+nlpron+adv + v*adv+n
done:P m m k you luon'tsplit on me.
D tell on sb sprawl / s p r ~ : i / (ov~rfivayears).

U9v+prep &v+n/pron+adr + v+adu+n

,spill 'upI m h m sb), ,splHirb ' u p(iqrtarml) ,sprawl' o dtosit orliedownwithyourarms and ,spreadyourself 'out=SPREAD o m 3 ,spurt 'Out, ,spurt 'Out of sth;,spurt 8th
toend a relationshipor a m m a g e ; to maketwo lepsspreaa outin a relaxed or awkward way:He 'out;,spurt sth 'out of sthto come out of sth
people stop having a relationship with each mme horna d j u t s p r ~ ~ ~ l e doonuthtesola. ,spready0uR3el- 'Out =SPREAD OUT 2 in a sudden or fast stream; topour out a sudden

other:He low me he had spilt u p wflh his girl- W Sprawl is used more frequentlywith the springI S P ~(sJprang~sprre~~rprung fast stream of liquid ortlames:WaierspurledouI
OJ thehole. o Thewhnowasspurlingoul riuers
friend. o Theh n d split up at the height of their samemeaning:Tbmspmwkdin the armhuil: Ispmul. A r n E a b sprung,sprung) of molten l a m
fume. o Myfriend is doing her ht to split Maria Qu+adv 'spring for sth (AmE, slnng) to pay far sth for
*+v+adv v+adv+prep 4 v+edv+n
other people: fllspringfor lunch.
v+nlpron+a& 4 v+nfpmn+adv+pep
and me up.
ESj break up (wfthsb),b& sb up spread~ ~ p r e(d fS P ~~, p d ) 9V + P ~ * P

Qv+achr + v+nlpmn+sdv + v+adv+n 'springfrom sth 1(written)tobe musedby sul: spy/spar/(~plsqmng,W d . s P W

,split 'up(lnto ah), ,split sW1b 'up(Into ah)if ,spread 'out 1 to gradually cover a wider area: to start from sth: The tdea for the muel sprang 'spy on s M h ( a h 'spu upon sblrth more
a group of people or a farnlly splits up, or sb forman to watch sbMh m t l y : He hi& a
splits it u p , the members separate and do not Thecrty has s p w d out in& what weti lo bemut- from a lrtp to India. o -'on often springs detectivetospyonhis wi(e.
stay together: Wesplit up into groups lo discuss tryside.o Ther i p p b spreadoutarrossthe water W Spy on sblath ran be used in the passive:
the question. 4 Theclassm split up intogoups. o Vigmtiwj A bright future spmd out wore from fm,:2 (Worn@ (usuallyllsed in questfom) He knew he uxls king s p k d m .
o Wegot spIlt up in themwd.
him. Spread is also hquently used with to appear suddenly or unexpectedlyfrom some
this meaning: Thefields sprmdfir miles along
the rtut.~:2 (also ,spread y o u r s s b 'wt) to where: Whereon eunh did you springfrom?

ssvu)break u p , b m k sblsth up move away from othersin a group so astocovera e'v+ prep Qv+P~~P

e v + a d v r v+Wpmn*adu v+adu+n wider area: Thesearchmay sprwd out over the 'springsth on sb to suddenly do, sayorsuggmt ,spy 8th 'out(BrE)to go mmewhere secretly to
sth that people do not expect:f hate to sp'ng this tryto h d o u t i n P o r m a t i o n : I ~ ~ ~ i d e ators~pyy
,split ath " p (Into 8th) to divide sth into smaller mooz o Don't nll sit fogelhez Sprwd y o u r s e l v ~ ~ onyou at suchshorl notice.o Theywereplanning out the lund (= collect informationbeforedecid-
parts: The dny was split rap into 6 omhour out. Whenthis phrasal verb is used wlth a tospring a surprmeon us.o Ididn't know a thing ing what do do). o He studied the and spied
classes,o Wesplittheprofitsup betweenus. about Rob's new job until he spmng it o n rn thls out the qutcM mut'?.
reflexivp pronoun, the pronoun is always plural: @v+adv+n v+pron+adv * v + n + a $ v ( m >
@v+nlpmn+sdv + v+adv+n *morning
ourseIves, yourse(ws or themselves. 3 (also v + ntpmn+ prep
,spread ywmetf 'out) to stretch your bcdy or ,spring 'upto a p w r , dwelop, grow etc quickly

spoil/spd/IspolW, W l e d Jspoddl,BrE arrange your things wer a large area: Thew's or sufldenly: Weeds m smwing UP every- ,square s t f ~a'wayylrnE)to gnishdealingwith
more room to sp& out in bus~nessc h , o lk ~uhereo. SeumI new mfffspmng up inthe a m sth;to put 8th in order: Werwerd loget eumylhing
alsosp0llt spoilt Isp3rltl)
you have iospreadyourseW out all over thesofa? o A cool breeze had sprung up. o New idushies squaredawy Wornyou leave.
'spoil far 8thlinformal)Ionlyusedin thepmgrm =Square sth away is &n used la the
siue t e r n ) to be very eager to fight sb: He ~ v a s 0I v+adv m s p r i n g i n g up olI ouer the country
spoilingfor apght.
2,s alsov+ pmn+adv +v+adv

aflght passlve.

QV + P ~ ~ P Q v+nlpmn+adv + v+adu+n









, d c k Sth 'O* ,Stick8th 'Out of sth to make ,stick 'uplAmE,iqbrrna0 =HOLD SB/STH stlnk /st~nk(lstank Istawkldunk/stah/ or
sth,especially prt of yourbcdgcomethrougha UPHestuckupa1ipuorstoreinQmgon.
hole: If you wunt to turn right, stick out your b 'sHckup n (AmE,i&rmal) an act af robbing . mtunk,stunk) ,stock'up(onMsth)tobuyorgetalotof sthso

hand. oIsluck my hmd out of the w i m w lo see sblsth using a gun: Thfs ~sa stick-un nohdy ,dink sa 'out(BrmWmE,dnk sth 'up)(iMor- that you can use it Eater: Theshopsure wry busy
man to fdla m,a building, etc. with a very with pvple -king rapfir t h holiduys. o I need
what ~ v a hs apjmm$. moue! unpleasant smell: He stunk the whole p W out to stock up onfwd Wore011thefimlfyarrive-

EFZI heed, tongue p k e rth out, poke sth ,stick sth 'up to attach sth to a wall, a notice wlth h b cignmttes. +v+adv

out of sth board, a window, etc. so that people can see it: EE the place EE)smell th (BrE), smell ,stock sth 'up( o m sth)to iiU sth with goads,
Qv+edv+n v+nIpm+adv + Theyhad stuck upp s L m ewrywhere advertising
theshow ovyouwcmt Cosellyourbi~,e,jwtsttck sth up(AmE) f o d ,etc:Mum st& up the-rfir us Worn
v +dpmn +adv+ prep a norm up in theshopwindow
stick rolrr 'neck out ( i r s f b m b to do or say +v+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n she went lothe cunferem.
sth when there k a risk you may be wrong:I'm +EE9 put sHl up
going to strck my nwk out and say that we'll have v+adv*n c v+nlpmn+adv &v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
a dry summer
,stick sth 'up;,stick sth 'up stbIinfmmk) to ,r8r 4th 'in:,stir sth 'Into sth tomix one sub stoke/stauk;drnEstotouk/
,stick ltrsth'outZomntlnuedoing sth diffirmltor placesthina hlghposit~on;tomovesthupwards, stance into another b y moving a spoon or 8th
boring until it is Rnlshed:I&nl likebeingon my e~pec~alilnyside sth: Stick your hand up V you simllar in circles: Stir in the cream. o Slir the ,stoke 'up ( o n w sthl ( h f o r m l )to eat a lot of
own, But 111 stick it out until my p e n i s mme krw~utheanswer o Jflstuck hhhandup theprpe posh intothesauce. 5th so that you will not feel hungry later: We'd
back.o I'm omnzedthatsk'sshackthemurseout. lo see what was bIockingit.
EZE hand,flngw E 3 plsth up mlx sth in (wIth sth), mlx s€hlnta sth betier stoke up now -we'vegoto longjourney in
v +nlpron+a&
v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv+ v+nlpmn+prep .frontof 14s.

Qv+adv

,stick 'out for 8th (BrE, Wfonmi) to re& to @v+nlpron*adv* v+adv+n ,stir sb 'upto enmurage sb to do sth;to make sb ,stoke sth 'up 1to keep a Are, etc. burning by
glue u p until you get what you want: They're ,stick 'up for sblyoumeHisth (Wrmal)to
stickingorrtforahigherpoy rise. fwl they must dostb: He ~wsoaus@dofstirrim? adding more fuel: He staked up the Jim Worn

EZJ hold out lor sth support or defend sb, yourself or sth,when they up the shuesagairsst their masters. gomg to 10bed flm 2 to make people feel sth
@ v + adv +prep
are being criticized She alwayss t k h upfor her Qv+adv+n+ v*nlpron+adv more strongly:Hecontin& toslob up hatred in
frttk sister0 You musf stick up for whnt you
,stlek 'through: ,stick 'through sth if sth believe in. o Don't be so weak -mu should slick ,stir sblsth 'up T tomuse trouble,especiallyby hlsspeechas
sticks thro~ighor sticks through sth, It goes upfur yourself making people feel strong emotions:Idon'i want
from one sidp o f sth to the other and ~tis partly *v+sdv+prep Stoke Bth can also be used with the same
lostir up any more trouble. o Thegowrnmt h w
been mu$&of slirring up ruciul hutred. EZl meanings.

+v+adv+n + v+n/p-m+adv

outside:Hrs hmdrvosstickrng thmugh themilings. 'stick wlth sb 1 (Infwmal) to stay physically hatred, trouble, thlngs, contmversy stoop/stu.-/
e v + a d v + v+prep
close to sb: Stick with me uniil wget out of the mumsWsth 2 to make sb have a particular feel-

'stick to 8th 7 to conthue doing 9th even if it is f 0 m L +,Wa h STICK TOGETHER 2 2 (iMWm(3b) Ing or att~tudeH: er siory stirred up n lo! of old 'stoop to sth:'stoop to dolng sth to do sth
dfficultor you have problems: HeJbwd it dm- to remain in sb's memory: His mrds will stick memories for me. o I can't seem to stir up any bad or unpleasant in order to gain an advantage
cull lo stick lo n dfPL +see o h STICK WITH STH 1; with mefor ever: interest in the campaign.E E memories, Inter-
eSTAY WITH STH2 to continue doing or using sth est,ernotlons 3to makesth such as sand or dust for yourself: J mn't biteue he would stwp to
V+P~ move around in water or air: The heliwpter $luckmail.o He'sthe kind of person who umuld
and not want to change it:I'm strcking tomy prp 'stick wlth ath (*lformaO 1to continueto do sth st~rredup o cIoud dust. E E dust stoop lo makingpwnal amtkson a rival.
+vious statement. o That's her story and she's in spite o f difficulties:V uw st&k wlth it .me E B descendto sth {moreformal)
e v + a d v + n+ v+nlpmn+adv
Stick* fo it. See a h STICK WlTH STH 2 3 tO slaouMfinish by Ridap o Iawk loilk thejob for DXi stlr up a 'ham& nest to caw a diERdt Q V+P~*P
kwp inside thelimitsof a particular subject,etc: as Ion8 asIcould, althoughI didn't enjoy it. 2 to
I'm not inwaled inyouropiraiorts -just stkk io continue doing or using sth and not want to situation in which a lot of pwple get veryangry:

thefacls. change it: I've derided # st&k with my usual H~crrttcIsmsoJrhepmidentstirred~~~rwl3
,stop a'round ,stop a'round sth @mEj to
QV+PP ~plethod+. S e t a h S T l C K TO STH 2 nest. make a short vlsit to sb, usually at their home:

Dlstick to ywr 'pns to refimto change your @v+vrep stitchlstrt~ I'll stoparoundthisewning when Ifznish work. o
mind about sth even when otherpeople are try-
lng to persuade you that you arewmng be@& 'stuck wlth W h (jrlroml) to be ,stitch ab 'up(BrE,informal) to make sbappear Let's stop around the Smiths' house for a quick
forced to do sth,takecareo f sblsth, etc, that you drink.
,stickto'gether(iaformal)1 toremam fmndly do not want to:How did I get stuck with aB the
and loyal to onemother; to support each other: to be guilty o f 5th they have not done, for ,avH, drop round; pop w e r h n d {bothB r a
Thefarnr!y shouM sick together at a time like claaniw?o IT we'resuck with each otherfor the exampleby givingfalse information:to cheat sb: +v+adv v+prep
lhfs.o The children fmm the village tend& lo Ididn'tdo ttll've been stttched up!
stick dogether 2 ItnfornrclO to stay physically taexttwo weds, wemightrmswIl btplile. 0 JgoF ,$top a'waytodeliberately decidenottogo some
close to each other:Let's aI[sf&k together until stuck with defmdi~nabyrother's wild behauhur )svn) frame sh %here:Many of the pwple invilsd to the dinner
(= but I really thought he was wrong). hndstoppedawuy inprotest.
tuefindthe Z#yOU.+ % t 7 b S T l C K WlTH S R 1. Q belget+v + prep +v+nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n

,stitch 5th 'up 1to join things together using a stay m y

@v+adv sting~smt(stung,.rung /stnu/) needle and thread:This wound has to be stitched -Stay away is u w l much more m u e n t t y

,stick 8th Wgethertoattach things or parts of 'stlngsb bor 8th ( t d o r m 0 1tatrjckorcheatsb up urgently. EEl wound 2 (BrE, infoman ta than slop away.
thingsto each other:Cut out theshnpesandstick into paying more money than they should or arrange sth; to complete a busmess deal: He has Qv+adv
them togahertomnkea bird. than they eKpected to:Moloristsam being stung
&v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n for another L25 rwd tax. 2 (BrE) to barrow managed to stitch up mujor desk all ouer the ,stop 'back( A m to return to somewhere that
money from sb, especial&whenthey are unwill- world. o Thecompanyhns the U.Tmai-ketstttched you have visited earlier I'llstop badr on my m y
,stick 'up to point upwards;to be upright: The Ingto give it to you: Can Islingyoufor e p m (= home.
b m h was sticking up out of thewaler o Is my five pounds)? up. IBldeal
hairsrickingup? +v+nlpmn+pmp Qv+&
m sew sth up
Q v+adv ,stop be'hind (Mer sth) {informal)to remain
+v+adv+n + r+nlpron+adv

somewhem at the end of an went after other

people have l e f ~She stop& hhind qfler the Stay up is used much more frequently straightenystrertnt ,strap 8th 'upto tie strips of cloth (a bandage)
around sth, espxially an injured part of the
meeting totalk lohim. than stop up. ,straighten 'oud. ,stratghten sth 'out to body, to sugpork it or prevent it from moving:
become or to make sth straight:After the bradge, Your &I needs to beshapperd Up.
IEEl stay behlnd(after sth) @ v+adv the madssmtghtensout. o attempts to stmrghten
ev+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
=Stay behind is used more frequently than ,stop $th 'uptowver or mahhole,amck,etc. so out the river
stop 'behhd. g v + a d v + v+adv+n + v+n/pron+adv
that nothing can get through:Islop& up all the
Qv+adv
h o h tokeep out ihe dmught.

,dop ", ,stop 'by sth to make a short visit to IED block rthup ,straighten sb 'out;,stralgMen yourself

sblsomwhere, especially when you are on the Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv 'outto helpsbdealwithproblemsor understand ,stress sb 'out (infirml) to make sb wry anx-
a dlmcult situation which may be making them lous and tired so that they are unable to relax:
way to somewhere eke. Stop byfttra &ionyour bchavebadly, to help yourself in thisway:A few My job really stresses me our. o My Dad stressed
sessions hiking taa wunseliorshould slrokhfen me out by crzlkizhg me all the time,
way home.o CuuId you stop by the storeforsome hrmout. Q v + nlpmn+adv
DYE) sorl sbtyounetl olrt b , s t w s s d but ndj too anxious and tired to be
mrik? ,stom e t l ~akray to put sth in a d e place and +v+nlppon+adv 4 v*adv+n abletorelaw: When I S n s f m s d w l ,Itrytog~Jor

,sr*, m b y , e o m e b y r t h , d m p b y keep it there so that you can use itlater: Weshred 9tralghten sth 'outto deal wlth problems or a a long walk. o stmssed+ut aecutiues
away the babyciothmuntflwe had anotherchild d~fAcultsituation; to organize things that are
6 v+adv v+prep 0 If's amazing how much kmowhfge he's got confused: 1was I& to straighten out the mess. 0 stretch~ s t r e t j ~
Hek frying tosfmighlenout h i s f i n a m .
,Stop 'In ( B E , i@ormal)to stay at home rather sbmd away In hfs r n v o I stored away the sort sth OUI ,stretch a'waylboutI+advlpwpl to spreadowra
than ga out: W've d e c W ta stop in tonight large area of land, especialky away from where
&muse it'smining. i~rmation~orfu!rueuse. *@ u+adv+n v+nlpmn+adw you are:The momlains stretthed away into the
BZ) stsy In dlslance. o&mplantations stretched army
Stay la isused much more frequently than Qv+adv+n + v+ntpm+adu ,#tralghten'upto stand up straight from a bent usfiaraszhewewuldsee.
position: She ~Zowlysfmfghtened up and n r b M BEY e*d
stop in. ,stom 'up Sth; ,store It 'up to not express her back
strong feelingsor deal with pmblems when you @v+adv
Qv+adv have them, often mnkrng trouble for yourself in &v+adv
future: Smokers may he s f o r i q up health pmb- ,stretch 'auk , s b t c h youmelf 'odto lie
,Stop 'off (aun...) to stop somewhere for a short ,straighten sAh 'up to make a room, etc. neat down, with your arms or legsout straight, BW
k m f o r rherr unborn children. o Children who and trdy: We'd betW stmighten up the howe c~allyin orderto relax or sleep: He stretchedout
tlme when you amontheway to somewhereelse: hJoretlrqrget L m k . on lhejkmrrrndfea a s h p
slow up thew bad feelings often develop he&- B% Udy sth up
We sloppedm f o r lunchjust north of Paris. oI achmorstomnchpains. @v+adv. v+pmn+&
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
mopwdoff at tfwsuparmarkdon the m y ham. pmblems,troubltl

@v*abv W A n o u n must always follow up, but a
prvnoun mmes betweentheverb and up.
b 'ewpoff n 1a short stay mmewhereduring a
trip.astopoff fnSydwy2aplacewhereyoustop Q v+adv+n v+pmn+adv
for a short time durlng a trip

,stop 'on I*advtpmpl (BrE, i ~ & m d ta stay ,storesth 'up1to keep 5thso that it mbe & strain/strern/ ,stretch sth 'out 1to put your arm or leg out
somewhere longer than you planned or after later animals storing up fdfor the winter o straight. especialty in order to reach sth: $he
Thebatterks &re up enough energyfor a w k .
other m p l e have left: I'Il be Inle Rome tonight- W Store sth is also used with this meaning. 2 'ntraln ai sth to pull very hard on sth: The dog stretched out a hand lo touch hls-. o He leant
the boss wan& me to stop on an hour qfler work k c k and st&& h b legs oul in front of him
and help tidy upaqlershemeeting. to keep information or facts in your memory to wos stminfngat its lead.
use later: He sioradup all the amwing and inter-
FEE) atay on 0 v + prep arm, hand, leg 2 to make sth last as long as
DUHStay on is usedmore frequentlythan stop estrnR t h i n s that h a p w durang the day to6ell slraln mt th. '1-h (hfornaao to wantto do
hisfnmily inthe heventng poss~bleby not using very much at a time: It's
on sth very much, especially when sbl?Al~is wing -hard to stretch my m o w out m the end of the
e v + a d u + n + v+nlpmn+adv to stop you: He's straining at the I m h 10 & on
@v+adv withhis wgwmh. month. spln sth out
v+ nlpron+adv v +adv+ n
,Stop'outW E ,imrmal)to stay out lateat night ,strain 8th 'offto separate a liquid from sthsolid
or allnlght instead of goinghome:H e o m slops by pouring ~t through sth that has wry small

out till threein themorning. ,storm 'off to leave a place or a person suddenly strewI S ~ ~ U ~II S) ~ : I-I, orstrerm
E?m stay out because you are very angry: We had a big argu-
-Stay out Is used much more ftequently ment ond he smm& ofl holes in it: Strain off m y aces$ liquid.

thanstopout. +v+adv (bv+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv be 'strewn wHh sth to be coveredwith alot of

...&v+adv strap IS-PI things:ThafFmr~ w l sstrewn tuith clothes. o flp
urative)Theway ahead isstrewn withd t f f i c u l ~ .
,Stop'OverClnlat )testopsomewhemfora short
time when you areon a longjwmey, q~eciallya
journey by plane: lsiopped ouer in M&ri$non the ,stow a'wey (on sth)to hide on a vehicle, espe ,strap sb 'In; ,strap yourself 'In; ,strap Q be+v+pmp
wuy to Ha-. cially a ship or a plane, in ordertotravelwithout
sbtyoumelf 'into sth to fasten sb/yourself in
(4 v+adv paying or without beingseen: Heslowedaluayon
b 'stopowern1a short stay somewhereduringa o ship hundfor Vm. a seat, etc. using straps: All ~ r m the s9tdke/stra~k(/struck,wkuek Istrhkl,AmE

long purney: We hod a t h e sxbpwer In +v+adv plane must be securely m p p d In o Make sure also struck strlcken /%Man/)
Hawaii.2 a placewhereyou stay for a short time you stmp Ihe baby firmly mto the high chair o
during a longjourney b 'stowawayna person who hides on a ship or a Ifamyou strap)wdyourselveszn?
plane in order to travel without paying or with-
,stop 'up (BrE, imrmal) to not go to td until out beingseen +v +nlpron+ adv r v + nlpmn+prep
later thanusual:Shestappadup GoseeIhefmtball
,stows* a'~toputsthinap1acewhereitwW ,strap sth 'on;,strap sth 'onto 8th to attach
match. IE safe or will not be fovnd: He stow& his pess- sth tosthelse wlth straps:Hestmppedon his he[-
p r ; away safely in a drawer
Ire.met and rode Q ~o Sh. e shnpped the sui-

onlothero4fofIhewt:
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+pmp
'strike al sbtstb 1to try to hit sblsth, especially
w ~ t ha weapon. She -??zed and struck at the
w o u with n strck. 2 to cause damage or have a

serious effect on sblsth: Thepropawis struck #
the roots of community o This legkiution

strikesat the most wuInernbiepeopIe In socielv.

O v +prep

~ v + n l p r w r + a d v+ v+aUv+n

,sttlke 'back (Magainst sblnth) to criticize or h ? e g m~hO&6 0 i ? U M#hatI&ih? Outall ,strip sth a'way 1 (fmm ah) to completely ,stub5th 'auttostopacigaretbe,etc.burning:He
attack sb who has c r i t l c ~o r attacked you: Me- tohislhmil~r remove a layer of 8th that is covering sth else:
Strip away the paint lo reveal Ihe d under-
Snmh&fhanfcleiostn'kebackather&tics, EEY cms sth oirVthmugh nmth. o The hwk hus ken strip@ awayfmm stubbed thecigw-etZeout wilh hisfwt.
Qv+sdv+n v+nlpron+adv Ihetree. 2 toremove anythingthat is not h u e and
+E 9 hlt beck (at sbisthj necessary to rcveal what sbisth i s really like: EZi cigarette, elgar grlnd 5th output nth
v+adv ,strike 'up(wlthsth),,stHke'up 8th if a band or When you strip uruay the jargon, he m l I y has
an orchegm strike up, they begin to play: nothimg sensible lo sax o The progmmme out:ewtlngulshsth (mreformaLj
,strlke sb 'downfirma0 1 ifa diseasestrikes strrppdaway the mjrslery surrounding t h royal
family 3 to remow or get rid of sth that has Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv*n
sh down, it kills them o r makes them seriously Euetyone was midingfor the hnnd lo strike up. o existed fora longtime: Ow hasicrighaare hing
ill: Shelvnsstruckdournbymihoi theageoflour
o I was SImk &wn byflu and And io m!the Theorchesbu struck up a huely tuna. a mlppdamy by these Iaws. ,stuff 'up; ,stuff ath 'up(BrE,slang) to do sth
trip. Z to hit s b very hard so that thev fall to the very badly; to fatl at &I: Iha &rid 1st- up
-@Gtiune @v+adv+n + v+nipm+adw ngarn. o I'm not huuing t h m n l f l up myplans.
&und; to kill sb:&hrshmke oua&r theshop
& v+n- -& 4 v+u-t-Iv+n +I S 9 mesa up, mess 5th up
,*trike sup ~h furahsb) tobegin a fiienwp, v+adv r v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+&

andOnegirImshwkdown bYahnndh& the relationship, a conversation, etc, with s'b: My

--- --mskrpnobt>.wl"vShe.etrreikKeennsebdy wm shuck down in mother wilisfrike u p a m n m t l o n with anyone
is often used
the T ~ Zmeek o Children of the same age don't
aiwaysstrike upfriermdships(withmch other).
Qv+ntpmn+adr + v+adv+n E&I conversation,Mendshlp,wlatlonshlp ,strip sth 'down to sepmte a machine or an stumble~-stnmbil
engine into parts, especially in order to clean or
, ~ r i k e ~ ' d o r m ( e s p e c l n l @ A m E ) t o ~ s t h+:v+adv+n reparr it. We had to strip down the engine and ,stumble a'cmWonu'pon sblsth to And
replace the urorn pnrls. o The mr wm strip& sWsth unexpectedly or by chance: We stumbEed
to make sth no longer valid: Only the Supmm down andm~forpans. on the sofutwn by accident o 1 stumbled acmss
,sr*, dismantle 8th (moref o m n an oldscRooIfriend loday.
Coun has the power to strike dottm thls legisks- stdna ISWI wrung, strungi s k n r ) ~ @v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
tion. o &rents trW tohaw the d a m bnn struck ev+prep
,string a'long (with sb) (i@rmtrl) to go mme- ,strip 'down to 5thto takeoff your clothes until
down where or do sth wrth sb else, especially because you are only wearing the items mentioned: I 'stumble into sth to became involved in sth by
you have nothingelse to do:IZRfm #hismorning. chance: Shestunmbki inlo engimewttw becrrmof
@ v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+sdv Can I slrlng ahng with you when you go to the strwpd down %i my underwwrfir tke mamge.
Qv+adv*prep+nown her loueof maths.
,strike'Off =STRIKE OUT 3 shops?
ev+m
,strike s h t h '&, ,strike sbtstb "off sth

(Brm to remove sb's name from the list of mem- lavH)tag alongCbehlndlwithsb)
bers of a profession so that they can no longer <4v+adv
,Itrip Sth ' h m 8th = STRIP STH OFF, STRIP STH
work in that profession: She wus sin& flfllor
professbm! misconduct. o TAPsedclclors should ,stringsba'long(~rma~toallowsbbteolieve O F F ~ R O MSTH ,stump 'up (for ah), ,stump 'up 5th (far sth)
b? struck o f f t h medical register 0 I h going to sth that lsnot trr~efoar longperiod of time,espe- (RrE,informal)to pay the amount of moneyfor
crally when you encourage them to have false *strlpsb/sthof sthtotakeawayasightaprivil-
SlrikeAshokoff my guest listforthemrly. hopes: They never really indendtd to glue her a ege, property etc. that sb has, as a punishment: sth that sb asks,o k n when you do not want to:
H e m strrppd of his titlefor Musing lofight In
Qv+n/pmn+adv* v+adv+n + v+n/pmn+prep job. Th@ywre j w t stringing her along. o He Brifuin :( for example, in hxlng). o T W He had m money so I had to stump w f o r his
~huwher along (or years and t h rrmrried llrk~to We had to stump up am extra five hun-
,strike sth 'Off f i r m 0 to remwe sth with a strrppedme oJ my citrzenshM frortd dernnedme. dredpoundsfor insurance.
sharp blow: to cut sth off: They s t m k ofl hS +somehdy else. ,avH, d i duUsth o f ath ( T o m 0
h m d with a sword. v +nlpmn +adv the cash EFD cough up,cough sth up
Strip s b of 9th i s oftenused in the passive.
EE9 choprth oW(kssf o m l ) ,String 'out(acmsWalong sth)to spread out in a @ v+nlpron +prep 6 v+adv+ v+adv+n
line. As we climbed, rw tended t~ string ou#,with
e v + a d v + n * v+nlpmn+adv ,strip 'off,,strip sth 'otf(BrE,ilafomZ)if you subject I S ~ W ~ ~ ~ M I
Ihefittestmple &king the W. strip off,or strip sth off,you take off all or
,strfke 'out 1(at sblath) to aim a violent blow at &v+&
sb He struek out a1 me mfth his fist. hM ollt nearly all your clothes: She stripped off and sublect s b r s t ~ u r a e l fto sth Wormal)to
(at sWsth) 2 to start being i n d i m d e n t and d a ,String ~ t h'odto make sth last longer than diwd inio the wateK o Strip flyour M cEoIhes make sblsthlyaurself experience, suffer or be
sth new: Sanjay &ft thefirmand struckouton his expected or necessary:ldidn't lvant iostrhgout
own.3(also,9Mke 'oflLmpquenfl[+advlpmp] the argument. and put on thew dry OM. affectedby sth, usuallysth unpTeasant: tosubjwl

tostart togosomewhere inadetermined way: He e v + a d v + n + v+nlprwr+adv +v+abu + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv sth lo srmii~dyIonalysisoAll our p r u d W are
struck out across the ,k& lowards the furm-
house. 4 ((with sb) WmE, i m r m a h to fail; to be ,string gth to'gethsr 1 to mmbine word% ,drip sth 'off;,strip sth ' o f f f h m sth to subjected lo thorough wsls.o Co LA? subjjecled lo
unsuccessful: I tried to get a job but struck out phrases, sentences,etc. toforrnsth that has some remove a layer of sth:It washard w r k strzpping c r i t ~ c I s m l ~ n i l a b u S a r t a r l4uWr ~hy did I
mmpletely oHe mud haw simck out with her meaning: I wn $are& string tagether turo words the old roallmpr ofloAll the h u e s hud heen subject mysdf to another ewning of m u m n t s ?
bemusehe mme hornearl 5 (at sblsth) to critl- of Germn. o The report should b w r l m by
cize sblsth, espxially pubiicly: strikrng out at somebody who can string lw s e n t m m lo~dthet strippedoff the bmnches. o 'I'hecitywassubjee!edmre~ledbornbings.
yourcritics BE) hlt out (fsblsth) words, a sentence 2 to join a series of +v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n + v + n l p m n * m Subject sblsthlyouraelf to 6th IS offen
things together:pearls simng togetheron a neck-
(Br+adv krce o The student of kung fu learns uariow ,strip sth "out to completely remove things you used in the passwe. It 1smainly used in wrltten
rnowmenlstht am then strung together do not want; to remove everything from a place English,
#trike 'out. ,strike sb 'outIAmE) (in baseball) @v+rdpron+edv v+adv+n and leave it empty: They had strip& out all the
to failto hit the ball successMy threetimesand e~+nfprwr+pre~
so finish your turn; to make sbdo this: Hestruck ,string sb 'up (ir@JrmaRto I r i sb by hanglrlg
out in the third inning. o The pikher struck out them, especially illegally: They'll slrh.g Rim up originalf m t m of the how. subscribe/sab's!~mb/
ilthey mtch him. +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
#hmbaEiWs, v+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n sub'scrlbe to sth ~ o r m n lt)o agme with an
struggle ~ ' s w ~ g i t
&v+adv + v+sdv+n + v*ntpron+adv ,Strhg sth 'up to hang or tie 5th in place: Sfw opinion, atheory,etc: It'snotan 0pinwnJlend.M

,strike sth 'outfthrwgh ( e l l y BrE) to stnangupa b a n w r m y t ~ ' X n p p4yMhBirihduy: ,struggle ahlongranto manage to mntinue in subxrihto. o Thmmpanysubscribe to the U ~ W
remove 5thRnm a text or a list by drawinga lime spite of great difficulties: Thewuntry'swnomy that if you wn enmumge children lo rrse yaw
through it: I shvck out some w o w to make the ev+nlpron+a& a v+adv+n products, I@ rofllcontinuetouse them when they
w dill struggIi?&qahng.o Thegovernmentstnrg-
gl& on with a tiny mqjorilj. are adults.

Qv+& EE3 vlew, thpwy, o p l n h

Q................................ ............... ...................................................... -

Subscribe to sth can be ussd in the pa& 5 ~ i/ sfu : t ~ r ~ a l s o s j u : t / Sur-ge /s3:dg;AmE &3/ ,swallow sth 'up to use sth such as money or

slve: It is not rr thmp that is commonly s u b 'Suit a h to ssblsthto make sth appropriate for laurge 'mmgh sb if afeeligsw resources campletely: Pmctisfngthepima sunrl-
scr&d h. sbtsth: He m n suit his wnwrsatwn lo whoever you. you suddenly feel it very stmngly:A thrill of
@ v +prep excttement sum& through Isok!.FBBTl rellef, h w s up all herfree time. o Pay riseswerequickly
he's with.
ereitornewt, anger swadlorwd up 6y prh im* NwIwr
mpons milowed up a Iha muntry's
& w+ntpron+prep +s e e a hSURGC IIP
9 V+PWP . <def~ncespmding. o The extm mow rn swal-
'substitute forsbMth totake the place of sWsth sum/SAW (-mm-)
,suWe 'up (limv)if an emotion sarges UP in Io- rupd U D bw debts.
EiJ time, money rwe ath q
else: Can you substitutefor me at the meeting? o m m Swallow sth up is often used in the
,sum 'up; ,wmsth u p l togive themain points
Norhln,: mn subtrtutefor the uduiceyour doctor you, you suddenly feel it wry stmngly: h n i c pas~ive
of 5th in a fewwords:&$ore wemncludethe mt- Qu+adv+n+ v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
isable togiveyou. suw@dup h i d e he^
...let tnesum up,o To sum up, there are three
@V + P ~ ~ P 5 i M Surge up IS usually use4 with another
main ways of tackling the problem oJn her
mncksion,shesummed up what had hen ogre&. adverbo r a phrasebeginning withapremition. s- w..a..n,l.-swon.:~rnEs w n t (+I*)
succeed /sawst:d/ surnmarlze,aurnrnarla 8th (moreforma0 3 , W a k O S U R C E THROUGH SB

suc'ceed In doFng sth to achieve sth that you 2 (of a judge) to give the maln points of the mi- +v+adv , ~ an'boutra'mund; ,swan a'boutr
b 'upsurge(lnlof ath) n [usually sing.]a sudden a'mund ath ( B E , in$?rmal, disnpproutng) to
haveken trying todo or get;to havethe result or dmce or argumentsin a legal case, near the end great increase in 8th: There has been a m m t move around or go from one place to another
effect that was intended: He sumeded in melting of the trial: When he summed up, the judge enjoyingyourself, but w ith noreal purpose: Stop
lop marks in chemrstv. o The Lubour Party sue reminded thejuryof t h e ~ r o u s n wof t h e e . upsurge qf violence in Ehe o m . 4 on upsurge N
ceeded in capturing thefemale uow (= they per- @v+adv + v+adv+n * v+pron+adv + v+n+adv swannmng o h t pretending to be clever o She's
interest in s c W n n d technology
smnning aroundEuropefor the summer:
suadedwomen to vote for them). o (ironic)Ibied (lessfrsguent)
&v+adv v+prep
lo mend my watch, but only sua%2ded irr b r m k r g b ,summInp'upn Ia speech made by thejudge surrenderpa%nctgr)/ ,swan 'off(to...)(BrE,informal, disappmvLW to

it (= that wasnot what I intended). to the jury near the end of the trial, giving the sufmnder to slusth: s u f r e n d e r yourself go off to enjoy yourself with no real purpose:
main points of the evidence and the arguments to sbmth ( f o r n oto stop wing to resist a feel- He'saIwaysswnnirq olf toS w m an holiday?
er +prep Ing,a particular person, etc. and let them control. @u+adv
in the case: Thejudge inill beginher summing-up what you do: He surrendered to his ~ t u m l
suck on Mondw. 2 an occasion when sb states the

,suck sb 'In;, s u c k s b 'intosth to g r a d d y main points of an argument, etc: There was a instinct lo run a w .o She sumndered to Lao's swap( a hawa~I)swop:A m E s w a ~(l -w)
lnvolve sb in an activitJl a situation. etc., espe ~ 3 mslumming-up by 4 y h of the spaken. o The
cially one that they do not at first want to be spwkersgaw bri@ summings-up of their lrrlks. churm. o He surmnderedhi m l f to simp. ,rmap a'roundl'overrround (informal, e s p ~
involved in: There is a danger we could be sucked
inio a lwt:4 Don't ietyourself gei sucked In. o In ,Sum sbkth 'up Ito describe or show the mmt e v + p r e p+ v+pmn+prep ciully BrE) !f two people swap aroundlover/
hisyouth he had BeeAsucked inlo a hrppy cult. typical characteristics of sblsth, especially in a
few words: H i s s p m h summedup t h e m o f the S U S S /sns/ round,they moveto where the otherperson was
=Suck sb &suck sb lnto sth 1s nearly berore or start doing each other's jobs: 1'11 driw
whob counhy. o Tofully Iary - that just ahut
alwaysused in the passive. ,suss sbtsth 'od (BrE, hformn0 to And out thereand you m n rmd the map We'll swop o w
Qv+n/pmn+adv+ v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+pmp sums hrm up.2 (as sbtsth) to decide or express
what you think about sblsth: The two of them what sbkth is really like: to understand the 0 r r l h e ~ ~ q y M .

important things about sWsth: My classmates E S j changeomImund(BrE)
v+adv
,suck'uptosb (informaldhppmuing)to try to slwd &re, summrng each other up o He had were s u i n g me out, seeing how tough I was. o
a l d y summed her up asm m n e urho hut& lo
pleam sb by helping them, saying niw things to admit defeat. o I summed up the situntlm h t m e - We'll ned to s w out our opp0~11lWS ore Ihe ,swaps b l s t h a ' r o u d ' w e r t r w n d (iqformnl,
them, etc, in orderto gain an advantagefor your- dintely (=realized what was happening and what especl'ally BrE) to replace sWsth wlth sWsth else:
self:He's always sucking up lo t k hek o We needed to bedoner IEYO aim sblath up game.o I've got him slrssed out now. o Jen had At hCf-time the manager sump@ mme of t k
don'f suck up to anyone!
@ v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv+ v + n + a d v ( h s sussed out right amy that them w w something phyersarowtd.
+v*adv+prep stmnge going on. o Simon al~vaysdid what his
fwmo
JamiIy wanbed. Imons&6hatout. ,sr*, change sWah mundlarwnd

-Suss sW& mn be wed with a similar @ v +nlpron +sdv r v+ adv + n (ram)

, s u c k e r sb 'Intosth;, s u c k e r sb lmto dolng summonPSMMI,J meanmg:I'vegot him sussed. ,swap' o w r l t o sth), ,swapsBnth '-(toah)
sth (AWE,worman to persuade sb to do sth +v+nlpm+adv + v+adv+n to change from one s~tuationp, aition, etc. to
they do not r e d y want to do+especially by using ,summon 8th 'upIto manage to produce a par-
ticular feeling in yourself,although this is dm- swallow ~.WD~XJA:& 'smw/ another, to make sb do thls: We swap@ aver
their lack of knowledge or experience: He got cult: ewntua2ly summaned up the murage to ~ m n n e l e m l c c m k e r t o a g ~ 1 ~ ~o0Hk eavreyou
sllckemd into the scheme. o I was suckered inio k m k at the dm%o He managed ro summon up o
helping. smik. o Icm'isurnmon up much enthwhsmfor ,swallow sb/sth 'upto mmpletely m r sWth been swap@ owr to the MW wmpwer s y s m
EEiil This phrasal verb Jg usually used in the gmmmnr!o I don? t h h k I can summon up tfw or absorb themlit, so that they can no l m c be yet?
pa~sive, energy lo go for a run. E Z i courage, smile, seen or donot exist separately: He wakM them
IEB wrlkh -,swbh sth m r , w A t c hnb
v + nlpron +prep energy, strength BE)muster sth up In walkaway untilthedarkness swallowed them up.
o She was so embarsrrssed she wished thut the over
'suefor sthV o r w i )to formallyask for sth,espe- this meaning s u m m o n 5th up is not used in the ground w u k i open and swallow her up o M e
cially in a mutt d Law: lo suefir divorce o The +v+adv + v+n/prwr+adv + v+adv+n(less
passive. + Summon 8th is sometimes used with
rebels wereforced tosuefirpeace. this meaning. 2 to make an idea, a feeling, a mmt)
E!Ei dlvoroe, peace memory, etc. come into your mind: It's a smell
that summons up mreimoreisof my c h f M M . E%J munlryside is rapidly k ~ n gsluallorwd up by
'e V + P ~ ~ P rnemorles,wlslon, Imape evoke sth (more
building dewlopmenfs.o Many m l l businaapes
firm0
have k e n swdlouwd up by iargerwmmnies. 'swarmwlth sbE8th(uslmlly us& in t h e m
+v+adv+n v+pron+adv + v+n+acb(mm) BernSwallow sblsth is sometimes u& with siw mses) if a plaw is swarmingwith sblsth, it
t h ~ ameaning: Shewished thut lhegmund m l d is very fW of pmple or thmgs moving around:
open up a d swallow het
(bv+dprm+adv + v+adv+n The rnweurn ws s m r n i r & q with murk& o The
r w m wlls hofand swarming withjlies.

eY + P ~ ~ P

E!El cold, fewr 2 ,-at R 'oulto wait for sth a-p dh '&to cleana rmm a cupboard,etc. ,swing 'by:,swing 'by 9th (Am& imrmnl)to
with a largebrush with a longhandle(a bmom): visit aperwn or place for a shorttime, especially
:thatyou feet nervous or anxiousabout tohappen when you are going somewhere else: SheSWUM

'swear by sb (not us& in t h e p m g m i w tenses) or to end+Theymade ussrwat it outfir tuw hours Brad was bwy s w p i n g out t h e g a d . by (= m m e here) on her w y home. o Lei'sswing
to name sbin order to showthat you are making
until theresult wasannoun&. g v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adu $yl)ave's horn aler themuie.
aseriouspromise: IswearbyAlmighty God that I W Sweat sth oat is not used in t h e m i v e ,
will tellthe truth (=forexample, said in a British ,sweep sb 'up1to lift sb with a suddensmooth rndropby
6 v+pron+adu a v+n+wdv v+sdu+n(Im movement: He mn forwad and swpt her up in @v+adv r v+prep

court of law). f'uent) his arms. 2 to make sb -me wry involved in ,wing 'round:,swing sblsth 'round(Brm=
5th so that they are unable to think clearly: The
@ v +prep 'sweat over sth (frdbrmol)to work very hard on

' w e a r by Ihtsb (not wed in the progmk sth;to spend a lot of time doingsth or worrying whIe counhy tws swept up In the m c i i e m t S W I N G AROUND, SWING SBISTH AROUND
tenses)to believe stronglythat sthlsb is very w about sth. I ' u e k e n smlingovermy m r o f m-
ful and helpw: My brother sluwrs by h n ond ~gmtionforsewmldays. EE)belget caught up (in nth) Sweep sb switchI S ~ I
honeydrrnksesa coIdrem&p o Why don'tyougo
UV+P~ up 1soften USin tKhe pIassive In this meaning. ,switch 'off (irbforml)to stop giving your atten-
@ v +nlpmn+adv + v+a& +n (rare1

and see D%Nagh?My mthethersmrs by him. sweep ~swtp~(swepwt,veptlsweptn , ,sweep 'Up;,-p d h 'upto remwe dust, tion to sb or sth:I j u t swilCh off when Jo starts
QV + P ~ ~ P drrt, etc. from a floor wlth a bmh: We had io talking. o Do youfind it hard lo switch sfl'(=stop

,swearsb 'In:,-~r sb 'Into 8thtointrosuce ,sweep sb a'longla'wayto make ab feel very s w p up Worerue 1 8 . o We'd L w l f e r m p up alE thinking a b u t work)w h nyou get home?

sb publicly to a new position, responsibilia etc. enthusiastic about slh or involved in 5th: to the bitsof brokenglass quicklx turn ofl
by gettrng them to promlse that they will do the affect sb so much they forget everything else: Qv+sdu
e v + a d v * v+adv+n r v*nlpmn+adv

job correctk be loyal to the organrzatlon, their Ann luasswept alongby herfather's enthusiasm. ,switch 'M,switch sth 'off;,switch Wlf

country, etc: He was s w r n in as President m I% carry sb along;belgetcarried away 'off to stop an electrical dwioe, a machine or an

Januarq: o The new PresIdenl was hurriedly W Sweep sb alongaway is usually used in engine working by presslng a switch, a button,

u r n inlo once. the passive. etc. Thehmtingswilchesoffat I0.Wpm. o Shall
+E4llSwear sb in and swear sb into sth are ,sweeten 821 'up(i-0 to hyto persuade sb I switch the Iighfi off?o The eleclrdty hns k e n
Y +nlpron +adv swuched o n o (jlguruliue) Her smik swiiched ofl
to help you, agreeto sth,etc. by giving them gim, suddenly when shesow him am in.
often used in thepassive. ,-p sb a'slde to defeat sb easily: United k ~ n vpery nice to them, etc: you sweeten hhrm W turn off, turn itself off,turn sth fl

e v + a d v + n a v+nlpron+abv * v+nlpron+pmp +swptLiuerpooIaside with wse. up he'll do the work for yorr.o They s m l e n up switch on, swttch sth on, d t c h ltlsnon
v+ nlpron +adv v +adv+n
b .swearlng'lri n Wl [sing.] the act of getting sb customemwllh specioIoflers. &v+adu v+n/pron+adv4 v+adv*n
,sweep sth a'sldeto ignore sth:to h a t sth as
to promise publicly to da their job correctly. be though it 1s not important: A12 their obj&wm ~v+nlpron+adv+v*ad~+n
uere swept asrde. o She sweeps rn& euev sug-
toya1to their organbation or country,etc. b f o r e geslion 1make. ,switch 'on;,switch 8th 'en;,anltch Itself
'ontostart an electrical dwice,a machineor an
they begm a new job or responsib~lity:The ob&ctlom, protests, restrletlons, oppo5
swmriwin of the new pmident wilI fake place ,swell 'up if part of the body swells up, it engine by pressing a switch, a button, etc: She
lomorrow.o a swearinpin mwmgny Ition,crltlclsrn becomes much larger and munder than usual as ~ v a l k e d in and switched on the light o The
a result of Illness, injury,etc:Myfoor swelled yp n a n c h t n e s w i l c h ~ ( i ~ I ~ o n a u t o m u0t ~H1owI ~
, w e a r 'off sth (irlformal,especially A m to BEmSwepp sth aside is often used i n the do you witch this thing on?o @gu~trve)He m n
make a seriouspromise that you wll1give 8thup, passive. so t w m its normlsize. o (Fgumlive)Afeelingof sur~lchonthe charm whewuerhe I~kes.
especially sth that is bad or harmful: He's Intend- I S 3 turn on,turn ttseIf an: turn sth on
admimtm swelled up in her:
ing lo s m r aoIcohol.o Ewr s i m her bop @v+rdpmn+adv + v*adv+n EE3 switch off,switch sth off.switch Its& off
friendkftshehasswornoflmen. +v+adv
,Sweep~ba ' w y =SWEEP SB ALONGIAWAY
Q V+PWP Qv+adu
'swear hsth (informal)to say that sth k defin- ,-p sth a'way to destroy ar get rid of sth
cn~npletely:The h i d e n t $ sp&~ swept away ,switch'over(to sth),,switch8th 'wer(tosth)
itely true: Jthink I've met him somewhere Wow, all our doubts.o ?overly wfIl h swept amy! o
but Icoukfn't swear lo I?(= I'm not completely The old may of lge has been m p t away by the , d l 1 sth 'down ( W o r m to drink a large f (BrE)to change fmm one television statlon to
electronicreuolution.
certain). v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+& amount of sth quickly: Hejust s ~ i l k down his another: Iswitched ouer to watch the news.)!EB

G'v+P* h r ond mlkedoui. changeover(to sth);turn mrer (tosth), turn sth

+'swear sb to 8th to make sb promise sth, erpe- ,weep 8th 'baclu'up if you sweep your hair e v + a d v + n v+nlpmn+adv over (to 8th) 2 (also,&tch sb 'over)t o change
c~allythat they willnot tell other peoplesth: The hack or up, you brush or push it away fromyour
anors know how the serm will end but they am face: Sheswept her hair buck from herface with from one position, situation,job, etc. to another:
S I W ~SO semcy. o Jeff bld me a b u t his pro- M A hands, o Longhaircan hswept up on.?upof
,swing a'round:, M n g sbMh a'round(BrE We'vefinnllyswiithed over to a computerizedsys-
motion and sglooremeto s i k m , your head. tem. 5 Thewuntry gradmlly swilched overfrom
v +nlpmn +prep also . d n g 'mund, .swing sblsfh "mund) ? to imperial !o meirlc. o 350W cwlorners have been
EZTi halr swiLh& ouer to the new system.LEB changs
O v f n/pron+adv + v+adv+n turn aroundfast to face the other way; to make wer (fromsth) (to a h )
sweat lswetl sb/sth do this: Luke sllddenly swung round and
,sweepsth 'M,sweepsth 'offathto remove glared ad me. o I swung the m r rorwrdonrl dmw +v+adv. v+nlprwl+adv + v+adv+n

,sweat sth 'off to lose weight by doing a lot of sth from somewhere, especially by brushing back down the road. 2 to changefrom one idea,

hard exercise to make yourself hot and produce wlth your hands, a brush, etc: He swept the opinion, etc. to another, espxially the opposite
sweat: I swenled q f f the a t r a wight by playing crumbs ofl the table. o olfigrrmtive) The w i d one: The Labour Party kas now swung mwtd 50 ,swivela'round;,swivel sb/stha'round( a h

squash e m do3 swept her hat on supporli~Europeo, Youshould k a b k 50 swing ,mW'round, ,swivel rblsth 'round e s r n l l y

+v+adv+n 4 v+prm+a& L v+n+a&(mm) ~ v + n / w n + a d rv v+adv+n + v+ntpron+prep pwplerolrndtuynwpoint of vletu Brm 1to turn or move your body,eyes or head

, m a t sth 'out 1togetrid of a cold, fwer,etc by Dll,weep sb oW thdr Xwt to make sbfall sud- +v+adu + v+nlpmn+adv around quickly ta face another direction: He

staying warm so that you produce sweat: When- denly and deeply in love with you: Maria was 'swlng a4 sk'swlng I h at sb totry to hitsb: surtueIIedaround lo h k a! her:2 to turn or make

e m Jget u badfever Igo to M and s m t it out. szueptofl herfeet by Markkcharm, +ShPswunget me w z t h i h e m n h r sth turn around a fixed central point: She
v+ prep + v+ nlpron +prep
swiw[l& the chairaround loface them
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv

, M p a'round'werfround = SWAP AROUND! "onbck -tackltaakl ,tall 'oft( ~,tahlla'wey lesp+??wlent)o become

OVEF~RROUND smaller. fewerewweearket etc: Sales taikdofl in the

,swap sblsth a'roundrwerl'round= SWAP ntaek to add sth as an extra itemIo,nestpoecially(iinma rmao oulurnn/iJnklSI.eopTlehme nMuxmHbemr of t~urlsfsstarts 10

SAlSTH AROUMD!OVER~OUND aluoJ

,swot 'up(on sth)(BrE. inform0 to study a sub- less way: The Insr plragmph seems to have k e n .Did you lwnt to see.,. biM
ject very hard,especially when you are prepar- lack& on at the k t minute.o An extra day has
lng for an exam:I have to s w t up on phlrrsol 'A '.,A' --","
verbsfor a 6esI tomorrow o It'stimeu!. s l a t l swot- been lack& onlo the New Ymr holiday.o aagorch

ti?@?upfortheexam. l a c k d o n lothefront of the house tallorptda(t)l
EE9 brush nth up. brushupon 8th(especially I@9 addsthth,abdathontorth
B r a , mug UP (on sth), mug sth up(BrE), lmJlTack sth mi and tack ath on to &hare Tailor 8th tmWsb,alhtomakeor adsptskhfor
review srh (especiallyAmKj, revfse sth(BrE) a particular purpose, a particular person, etc:
own used in the passive.
syphonrsadhl Special pmgrammes of study am tuibred to the
+ w ofso TAG STH ON, TAG STH ON TO STH needs of specificstlrdenk
,syphonsth 'off=SIPHON STB OFF
*+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n + @ Y +n l p m + prep
v +n/pmn+adv + prep

tag IWIc+s-1 take (took ItukltaltcmI'tmkanl)

,tag a'long (MlnrlEwtIh s b ) (infurmo0 to go
somewhew with sb, especially when you have

not been inv~ted:The children tagged along

behind their mother o Con I tugalongIwithyou)

whenyou go to the shops?

E 9 stringalong (wlthsb)
+s ~ O L M T A I : ON,TAG ON TO SB

Qv+&

,tag 'on;,tag 'onto sbBl41(wwcially BrE) lo

follow sb closely and go somewherewith them,

-although you havenot been invited:Kate'sjriend
lag#& on and smiled the 'heday,o We la& on to

theend of thepiwtasion.

-t see uISO TAG ALONG ( B E H I N D ~ ' I T H SB) sb a'back to shock or surprise sb: I wm
e r + a d v + v+adv+prep
taken a h & by his mdenesp.
nmg d h 'on;,tag d h ' 0 5th~ i l a f ' 0o ~ ~ ~a k a b c k is usually used in the
arld sth as an extra Item to the end of sth, espe- esb

nQLcq,m

cially in a mreless way: An apology was mgged &v*n/pmn+sdv
on to #Re end of the lemf o Online securrly i s
king built in lothesystem, not taggedan. ,take 'after sb 1 (not llsed in tM progressive
t e r n ) to lmk like or behave l i b an older m a -
BE)add sth on,add sZh on ta sth bFr or yourfam~ly~: ?ntoidlinke&rrnygmnd-

-Tag 6th onand t a s~th on to sthareoften -m o t h o Your daughter &m't lakesfteryou at
used in the passive.
all. o He's always been shy he tokes afkr his
3 ~ E C l l ThACK STH ON, TACK STH ON TO fither 2 (okffashioned, AmE) to begin to follow
sb quickly inorder to catchthem:A m n r u s h d
*ev+nlpmn+edv + v+adu+n outof lhe hnkand twomen look alei-him o She

v +nlpmn+adv +prep

tall /tell/ ran our inlo the night &he took aler her

,talr a'way =TAIL OFF +v+vrev
Jake a'galnst sbtsth (~Wfmhiomd, to
,tall 'back( B E ) If hffktails back. it forms a be@ into dislike sblsth: Why h u e you suhk~hy
long l i e that moves very slowly or dws not taken againrl Laum?
move alt all: mrthe accident, mflkhiled Luck
tuke to sblsth

eight miles. 0v +prep

Qv*& ,takeabtsth a'long(to&) totake sborsthwith
you when you go somewhere: lbm dodi his s W
%Itbuck n (Brh') a long line of m c that ~ I o n gro thepar&"o Whenyou mwl wlrhyoung
moves very slowly mdoes not move at all: T& chiIdmn,takeabngsomefawuritetcysora book.
m h musslolasix-miktailback.

.t.a...k...a...a..p...a...M....................... 298 r..................................... ,, 299 ,,,., ".............-I..--.........-....t..a..-k.--e--In-...--..

.<<,.

,take sbkth a'part IinfmmT) 1 (insport)to h u e s s i x (10-4=6). 5 (BE)(AmE,bkerth'out) away: We s p t a lot of the hoIi&v [ooktnglor t&, meeting.etc.that you have when you go toa
presents lo take backfor #hekids. In infor- hospital or have an interview for ajob or d m l ,
defeat sb easily:He taok thkmerlcan upart in I~~suallIrysed in the infinitive with 'lo') to buy a mal spoken language take ab back sth is also etC. Set OkO INTAKE at TAKE STH I N , TAKE STH
thethird& (= in a game o f tennls).o We mktke cooked dish at a restaurant and carry it away to
other mrnapnrt, o Touchher againandl'll take eat at home, Inthe street,etc:A che@seburgmand
used: We look the kids back some presents. 4 to INTO STH

youa,parf!ZtoattackorcrIticizesblsth severely: a coffee 60 take a w y ,pZm$e. oIs thut toeat here receive or take sth that you ownfrom sb who has ,bkesbmth 'In(toah), ,takesbtsth 'Into sih

Her second novel was takena p m by the critics. or take away?6 (from sthj to forman opinionor tarrowed ~ tW:hen I'd rend the [elter he tmk it to go wlth sb or to take sth into a building or

@ v+n / p m+ adv r v +adv+ n ( I e s s J ~ w n t ) impressionof sWsth that is stltl there when you b w k and put it in his packel. o No o i t e w t was anotherplace:I'mgoing intolotun,soi'il Sakeyou

,taka sth a'partto separates machine,a piece of go away: We didn't fakea w y a wryfavourable ever m d e to h k e back the land (= to take w n m l in i f you like,o I took Jack into the kitchenfor a
equipment, etc. into its p a r k She took theclock of It again). 5 to admit that 8th you said was quiet chat,o I'll wkeyou in Fo meet the m a m r
aport undmukln'tput it back logether o Youm n impression oJ the hotel. o Whnt do LW want stu- wrong or that you should not have satd ~ tI :take now,oIf you h k e your m m In (lo the shop),
dentstoFakeawy (= to learn)fromthlscourse?

take the mlxer apart toclwn it. o Thepolice t m k +v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n brrck what I said about you h h g lazy. EE) shw'l[havealookatzffirpu.o M y M hasbmn
take sbC 'breath away to Swprlse or please retract sth;wlthdraw sth( h f hmoreformal)
#he room apart (= e x m i n d everything very taken inlo hospital.
somebodyvery much:TheBrstsightof thewater- +v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+nSr+adv+n In informal spoken language take sth in
carefully),Iwkingfor evidem.
falliakesyour brwfhulvay v + pmn+adv 4 v +n+adv (lessfkqtlent) (forsb)can also be used inthe patterns takesb
IS@ dismantle 5th(moreformaT)
b 'takeaway (Brm n 1 a restaurant that cooks
+)O.P) put sth t o p t h w and sells food that you eat somewhereelse:a Chi- ,take sbtsth 'down;,take sblsth 'down sth In sth and,less often, take sb sth in:I took him
v + nlpmn +adv + v + adv +n( h & ~ m f l t o go withsWsth toalower level,toamoresouth- macupof iaa.oItookhimocupof feain,
neSetIndton takeuway o a lakmzmy restaurant 2 ern partof acountmetc.,or toadiffewntpartof + W L I ~ T ASKTHBIN,TAKE STH INTO STH
,take sb a'round:,take sb a'roundsth (BrE (AmE'takeout,'carry-mit)a meal that you buy abuildlng,town,countq etc. Thenursewilltake @v*nlpmn+& r v+adv+n+ v+nlpron+prep
also ,take sb 'round, ,takasb 'mund 8th)tovisit from this typeof restaurant:WecouMgesawke-
amay tonight. o u lakeawy pizza you down inthe liff.o The injured climbers were ,take sth 'In 1 to notice sth with your eyes:He
a place with sb; to show sb the interesting or
important parts of a place:*you'd likelo see the ,take a'wayfrom sth tomaketheeffectorvalue &ken down the mountain on e sledge. o You t m k m every dehiE oJ h.w appx~ranceo. She
town.Imufd takeyou amrmd. o Wegotagurde lo promised tolake medown toLondonnexttimeyou s t a r ~ 6 o r e ~ o d m k e i n h e r s u r r 0 u n d I n g2s .to
of sth seem less:I don't wish ta mke awayfrom went! o Tony'sjustteklng the cardrrwnfothegar- understand or absorb sth that you hear or read;
iake usround the temples.
hts achieuemmts, but he coukln't Rave done it mge-he'll& backsoom. to accept sth as true:I rwdthe w h l e m e with-
,avH, show sb around. show ah around sth:
without our help. +BE0 taka sblslhup,take sblsth up sU?
take sb over sth out takinganything In. o Hejust couldn't lake in
D Z ) detract from 8th(mor@Jiormi) v + nlpmn +adv * v + a& +n(lessfmquent)+ what hud hnppened. 3 to include or cover 8th:
v + nlpron + adv v +nlpron+prep
r +nlpmn+prep T h trrp tukes in six Eumpwn mpilals. o The
,take sb~stha'round( e s m i a l f yA m 0 = T A K E Qv+adv+prep
,take sth 'down 9 to remove 8th h m a high study tukes In rvomenfvm 15diffmnt wwrWia.
SB/STH ROUND ,taka sb aWay from sth totake sb's attention In this meaning take sth Ln ls not used in
away from what they are trying to do: T k s e level:She look a bmkdownfmm the bps&&? 2 to the passive. 4 (1nformn0to go to see or visit sth
,take sb a'sldeto separatesb from the rest of a minorproblemsare taking usawayfrom the real
removesth that is hangingonawd, etc:Willyou such as a filmlmwie, especiallywhenyou are in
group Inorder to talk tothem privately: She mk issue.
me asideandmpluined thesituation. b l p me take the curtains down?- eurtalns, a nlacefor a differentreason:She always tries lo
+E m dlstmcl Sb (from 8th)
.Ag V ~ -I---, l V r -r. v +nlpran+adv +prep pictums)OPP)PWf ath up 3 to m o v e a st.ruc.- h i e in a show when she's in New York Ei3 a
llllJ l~rUV show+the sights -In thismeaning take sth
,take sb 'back 1 (to ah)to go with someone to tvre by separat~ngit into pi-: They were tuk-
,takesb a'way(frwnsWsth) lto removes b h m the place where they were or to yowltheirhome: in IS not used in the passlve. 5 to make aprece of
Cnn you take me back to the hotel?o171IQkethe ing their tent down as we I$n. a tent,
samewhere;to lead or move sb to anotherplace: kids back now -they'regeftlngt W , 2 to allow
sb such as your husband,wifeor partner to come scaffolding put 8th up 4 to pull down a
The injured were taken away kg bymbuknce.oI home after they have left h a u s e o f a problem;
toallow sb to return to theirjob:Iagrped lo iake plece of clothing worn below the waist, without clothing narrower or tighter:This dress needsto
can take you away fmm uI1 t h h (= all thls her back if shepromised to hfait!ful infuture. o actually removing it:She look hm lmlrsers down be taken In a1 the w w t . EEl a dress,a sklrt, etc.
trouble).2 to removesb, especially a child,frum lo show the dmtor her k g wund. Elitmus%n,
An ewloyer m n m t b e f i r e d lo lake you M. IEB let sth out@if a boat takes In water,water
sb's care: The children were inken nwoy from EZB have nb back 3 (to sth) to make sb"s
them andput into a children's hums oMyfather thoughts return to a past time: Tha smeil of the pants 5 to write sth down: She look down my comes in to it, usually through the bottom or
sw took him W k to h n chikbhood.o That song sides E&i only water 7 ( o I d f a s h l o nt~o do par-
t w k me awayffom schwl and taught me h i m g name, addwss and phone number BEl dahlls, tlcular kinds of work for other people in your
3 to take sb with you on a trip or holidaylvac- +takesme back o bit! ZBcarry sb back (to 8th) (telephone) numberBFX)note 5th d m
v +nlpron+adv home, in order to earn money:My grandmother
atlon: He lakes the whole furnlly awayfor tum Qv+nlpron+ach,+ v+adv+n rrsed lo take in tuashing weshlng, Ironlng,
weeks in the summer 4 to make it necessary for sewing8 (ArnE)to recelve or earn an amount of
sb to leavea place,especially temporarily:Sum's ,take sb 'In4 to allowsbto stay inyourhome:She
takes in pa)rlng guests. o M e n my purents died, money.Howmmhdidfheshowlakein?
wo* takeshim awuyfiwm hisJamilyfor months my uncle took me In and brought m u p m @v+adu+n v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(less
ara time. guests, laclgen 2 if the police take sb h,they
take them to a pol~cestation to question them mud
.(Bv+nlpron+a& v+ abr +n(Ipssmuenfl ,take sth 'baclk 1 (to s M ) if you take stb about a crime:? b oyoung mnhuve k n iuken zn
back to a shoplstore, or a shoplstm takes 8th forqmlionlng. 3(ofan organization,an instltu- ,I:ekesth 'fn;,take sth 'Into sth to absorb sth
fake d b a'way 1 to remove sth and place It tion, etc.)to accept sb as a member,a student, a intothe W y b y breathingorswallowingit:FSsh
back, you return sth that you haw bought iuke In clrygen through their gills. o She tmk in
somewhere eIse. They had 60 lQke the wmputer becauseit is the wrong size or doesnot work,for
away to& It. o You m to& the book away with example: Thesweater hod a hole in it so I look it patient, etc: The mllege tmk In more studen& deep breaths of sm otr o When we braathe we
thunewrWornkrstgwr 4 to lnakesb belleve sth tukemBen intothe body.
you 2 (from sWsth) to remove something froma back. E3X) Mum 8th (mreformut)2 to return that isnot true:HowwukiIhavebeentoken Inby (b v+adv+n4 v+nlpron+adwb v+nlpmn+prep
sth you haveborrowed,hired,etc:Iforgot lo take
person, a pIaceor an organizationso that they no his chnrm?o She tmk me in complelely wrlh her F 'Intaken 1 lCTj [C] the amount of food, drink,
longer have it: Thew books musf m t be iden my h o o k s hzck so the library. o it's your turn lo etc. that you takeintoyour body:a high inmkeof
away from the library.o They can't take our stow. PE)d w h sb (more f o m 0 En
rights amyfrom us. 3 to make a feeling, pain, lake the videos k k . return mh (mrefor- this meaning take eb in IS usually used In the vitamin C o to reduce your mlarie intake 2 EC,
etc. disappear: These 6 n W should help b k e the usually sing.]anactof takingsth in,espedally a
pain away. o That mdlsgustlng!Ineedn drink mn0 BernIn informal spoken language take sb passive.
back sth, or, less often,take sb sth back can breath:a sharp intakeof b m l h
of mter lo take the hete away. paln, taate, +v+nlpson+ahr v+adv+n
appetlb 4 (fmm 5th) ( m a t ~ l i c stoi take one alsobe used: I look hlm bock his CIl o I twk him c 'Intake n 1 [C]F.Jl the number of pwple who + S ~ ~ U ~ $ O I N T AaKtTEAKE SR IN
his CD back. 3 to take something you have
number from another N you take your away bought, etc. home with you aRer you have been joh a college or other organization at a particu-

from ten, that h u e s sir. o Ten rake away four lar time:a new intukeof studenaFX(AmE)afirst





talk mt _......................*......_........................1*3,,M...............................,..111............................"....,,, _,. .......................,,,..llll~...... rn .*.. .....................~...........t..a,,r..t.-u---.p---

'talk a sb to speak to sb without listening to talk& m m I indo believing I was happy. 0 I'm ... ...

+what they say inreply: M y f a t k r a l m y s l i s k d leaving now rmndhn't lry td lalk meout of it. have acon&rsation with sb 2 td speakto sbser- sb for sth to sb

l o o u r p o r ~ o f u k w - h m ~ ~ j & ~ W a t u s . v+nlpmn+prep + v+nlpmn+abu+prep iouslx especially about sth wrong that thgt have to give you sth, especwmoyney: muyotu tap
Talk at sbcan beused in the passive:Irws m b l k your way out of mthlof ddng .th to done, or sth that they have not done: I'd like
beingtalkedat rather than talk& ta. <vf-lur,father for a loan? lo sb for m f y m t i o n
make excusesand givereasonsfor not doingsth: lalkioyou ~nmyoJJicenow -2-I -A -~, iEn,>.orm.nn to- choose sb far a k r t i n r l a r

0 v + prep to manage to get yourself out of a difficult situ- '+ V * V ~ P (immo a serlws role orjob:A ~ritisishactress has been&p?d fora
Yalkin*to part in t h m u k B P ~~a spbfor sth 1s usually
,blk a'way (to sb) t o m without stopping for a ation: I mmged to talkmy wuy out of having to used inthe mssivein this mean,ng,
ppriod of time: They were s w n talking away to g i w a spewh. oHis wife'sfound out about every- with sb who has done sthwrong: hgiwsbugood

wcholheras iftlrey'd known each otherforymrs. thing! I'd like to see hrm lolk his m y out of this talking-to Q v +nlpron+prep

Q Morie was talking away nineteen to I k one! , b lk sbtsth 'upto praise sWsth in order to make ,tapsth 'Inroutto pu*information, numbem,let-
other people mterested in themlit: to descrite
dozen (= talkinga lot without stopping). , h lk a h 'outto discuss5th thoroughly until you sblsth in a way that makes them mund better or ters,etc. into a machinebypressingbuttons: Tqp
Qv+adv find a solution, an agreement, etc. or make a in your pzssword. o 1picked up the phone and

,talk 'back(tosb)toreply rudely tosb in author- decision: to Ialkoutyour thouglrbs~mIhgslpmb- more successfulthan theyreallyare: They talked sapped aulJw's n m b w
up rhe lourkt anructions ta e m u r u g e more visit-
ity: She was sent out for talking back to the !ems with sb o Itmight help m talk thmgsouL ors. o Hewashingtnlkedupasa fuIur@preSann = T A P STH OUT
tiaial candzdale. 0 If's Urn early to tell if the new +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
feache~ sb back (mpeaally Blngs, problsm M n t willtalk thedolbr up ordown.
E9answer back,an- ,tap 'Intosth Ito use a computer to obtain infop
Q v+ nlpmn+adv v+adv +n mPP) talk sWsth dwrn
mation from another mmputer:Hehadmanaged
BrE) ,talk yourself 'outto talk unffl you have noth- Qv+n/pmn+adv * v+adv+n to tap into she rompany'sd u m h w . 2 to use sth
from a supply of energy! knowledge,etc. for your
Qv+adv ing left to say: T h q spmtall the heeuening d k m s -

b 'back talk n IIT] ( A m L irliormtrl)a rude reply mn thepmbkm m i l l they lalked themwives out.
orwmment. Isaidno, anddon't@'vettzeanymm Q v+pmn+adv
own advantage:ScRoolsshouldtup intotheknow-
beck lalk. ,talksbryourself 'out d &,,talk sblyour-
k&@anriex~rienceofpwple m the h l mrnmu-
,mlk sb 'down4 to talk b sb who Is threatening sew 'out of dolng sth = TALK SE/YOURSRLP
to k ~ l tlhemselves and persuade them not to INTO/OU'[OF STH. TALK sB/YOURSELF lNTO/DUTOF n i b o His talk about bullying l a p H into

jump h m a tall buildhg, a bridge, etc: The DOING STH +'tamper alth sth to do something to sth to parenls'anrieties.
change it without permission: Tu@poltcemn v + prep
police were t ~ y t n gto talk down a youth t h m t e n -
IWtojumpfrom t h e m of t h c a r m r k . 2 topre- ,talk9th 'over(wlth sb) todiscuss sththomughly were accuPedof tampering with theevidence. ,tap sth 'outt to hit a surfacelightly,making a
vent sb from speaking by talking loudly or with sb in order to h d a mlution, make a dwi-
without stopping.Itried to argue but they lalked slon, etc: I W 6 o #uIk itwer with mypurenls: o EJevidence, ~ontrolnb, rakw SEEY Intortere rhythm: He Eappedovl the rhythm with hisfmt.2
medotun. You'll find it helnful to talk things over miih a
with sth = TAP STH lN/OUT
@v+dpmn+adv + v+abv+n friend. o Y w rindLen both need to lalk over what
Tamper wIth sth can be used in the @v+n!pmn+adr + v*adv+n
,talksbtath ' d m1to helpapilotbrhgaplane kppened.
!EE thlngr, feelings, problem passive Thelock has &en t a m m wzth.

OV+P~P tape FterPl

to the ground by giving detailed ~nstructions &v*nlpron+adv *v+adv+n tangle~ ' t w g i j ,tape sfh 'up1 to fasten tape around 8th Arrnly:
from the ground: The p i M were talked down Prrt it in a t u x andtow 11 up secur&lp2IAmm to
through &fog by t h Ground Contmlkm. o to ,$ark'roundsthprm =TALI AROUND STH ,tangle ath 'up;b g e t ,tangled 'up (lwlth tie a long strip of fabric (a bandage) R ~ M ~ Y
lalk a p l a n e ~ % m2lopersuade sbto lower their sth) to twist sth into an untidy mass;to become around an injury or a wound: That's a nasty cut
prrces: He's asked for $I m. Ccrn w tulk him ,talk sb 'round(to 6th) (BrE) to persuade sb to twisted in this way:My long skirt got &rigled up -mme on, uw'Ilg@lii all ta@ up.
domn anyfurther7 3 to talk abut sth in a way accept sth or to agree to 8th: My pomnts didnl in the wheeloJ my bike. o ~ g u m i i wK)un didn't W Tape sth can also be used: P U S it in rr hx
want me to go fastudy in Brilrrin but Imamged
that makes it seem less important or s u m s M to talkthem round (lot h e m ) . wont toget .!angledup with a girl while he wastry- and iap it securely.
mg tostudy. Qv+rilpmn+adv r v+adv+n
than it really is. Theopposrtion wasattackedfor ev*nlpron+adw =Tangle eth up is usually used in the
passwe. taper ptmr)!
mlking the muntry down o He knch lo talk his ,talk sb 'through d h to explain sth to sb in +v+nlpmn*sdv v+adv+o betp3t+v+adv
detail su that they understand it: The t&niml ,taper 'offto gradually become smaller in s W
achievententsdown. Yangle with sb (Wormal)tobecomeinvolved in volume, amount, etc: Our prsfits haw begun lo
an argument or a fight with sb: You'uechosen the
talk sblsth up supmn star wiN talk you through any dmcuC wmng man lo tangle with. &per 0.r.
3' V + P ~ ~ P &v+adu
Qv+ntpmn+adv v+adv+n tws you have with the sofluram.Q I Imn talkyou
tank I - U ~ I tart j t o ; t ; ~ m ~ t a e l
,talk 'down to sb to speak to sb as if they are thmughthe appl~mtiofnorm
younger or less intelligent than you orthan they ,sr*1walk sb through stb(AmiT) ,tank 'up;,tank sth 'up(AmE,informal')tofdl a ,tart sth 'up (BrE, ir&rmal) to decmte or
veally are: He makes the mistakeof talking down vehicle with fuel: We'd better 1Qnk up befom w improve the appearance of sth, often in a way
v +nlpron+ prep gel on the thruway. that other people do not think is attractive:
~hey'vetarlPd up the restaurant but the food
lo hrs students. ,talk sth 'throughto discuss sth thoroughly so +v+ad\r + v+rdpmn+adv + v+adv+n
hasn't ~mprou@d.
I E 3 patmnts sb that you can understand it, come to an ,tank 'up(on ah)(slang)to drinka lot of alcohol: Qv+a&+n + v+nlpm+adv
Tlre lads had spent all evening Snnking up on
Talk down to sb can be used in the p a s rnent, or make a dwision about it: Throughout ,tartyourself 'upW E ,Informal, disappmitrg)
t k i r marriage t h q have always hiked thrngs scotch. (especiallyof a woman)to try andmakeyourself
sive Ihule kinglalkeddown ta Qv+adv more attractiveby putting on specialclothesand
rhrough. 011's help-ful to talk the problem jewellery, and putking 3ubstances on your face
@ v + adv + prep c ,tanked 'up very drunk:She got totally
l h r o ~ hwith a c o m l h r o We m k d through tanked up and cuuldn'i drivehorn.
,talk sblyoumelf 'Intorout af sth; ,talk what had h u ~ ~ ~ .

sbwurself 'fntw'avt of dolng 8th to per- EEi things,problems

suade sblvourself todolnot to dosth Whydidyou @ v+n/pron+adv * v+adv+n

let James talk yoyou Into this crazy xheme?ol

.t.a...s..k........f.h. .......................*.. ............................XI. .......................3..0...3.*.."......................... IIX............................................................."

(mak~np)S: h s ~ a g c s t u r r k g h e mup*~ ,tear Itself, themselves, d c . a'pa*t =TEAR t w r rb 'ofla sklp;tmr a 'strlpotl sb (BrE, teem I ~ I
a nightout.
IEQ doll yourself up(in sth) SB/STH..A.P.A..R.T.1- i n f o r n o to speak angrily to sb you think has ,teem 'downto rain hard:It wmabmlulely tmn-
@ v+pmn+adv done sth wrong: boss tom him qfl a strip. iw&urn.
, b a t a'mund; ,tear a'round sth ( B E a h
task ~tmsk~: m ~ t z e s k l
.tear a'boutrround. .tear e'boutrmund sth,)to- ,tear 8th 'out;,tearsth 'outof sthtoseparate IsuaJlonlythraln,&ZE?B -dorm
place to place, being
move very quickly kom sth from sth ~t is attached to, especially with Em3 You canalsosay: It loasteemingwith mfn

very busy: The chiMren were tmring around your hands: S w m l pages hnd h e n torn out of Qv+adv

'task sb wHh sth to glve sb a task to d o : f m s shmttlyr. o No umnderyouk tlred, tmring&ut the h k . 'teem with sblsth( W l yoptmving) (lamUy
Uketht all the ifme. usedin theprogresstuet@=) to hawelargenum-
task& with kwptngthepace +v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n

DZW Task sb with 9th is usually used in the EE9 run around, runamumlawrurh amund, v+nlpron+a&+prep krs of people o r things m o v ~ n garound: citiep

passive. You can alsouse the patterntask sb to rush around nth mtmr ywr 'hdr out (i!tfornO to show that teeming with Iifeipmple o The Inke was t m m g

do sth: sold~erisaskedtopmvidemedicalsupport +v+adv + v+prep you are very angryor very worried about sth:Im wilhfih.

Q v +nipron+ prep 'tear at sth(wlth sth)toattackslhviolently,espe lenrini: my hairout tyyzngto uarkout what lodo. Qv+P~~P

cially by pulling piecesoff it: The bmmbh tore ,teat 'round; ,tear h u n d 5th (Bra = TEAR

a t her legs. o He tom at the meal with hhrs h r e AROUNn,TEAR AROUND STH

'tax sb wlth st41(formal)to accuse sb of doing hnnds. ,tearath 'up1to destmyapieceof paper, a letter, ,tell a'galnst sb (formal,mpecial& BrE)to be a

sth wrong: Crilicsmxed thegovernment with not QV*P~P etc.by pull~ngitintopieces:S&~upafltlnelet- serious disadvantage to sb: Her luck of -1-
,tear sblpourseH!sth a'way (from s ~ to
UC ~ n g ~ U i teknlo~ugh. ) ters he had sent he^ o (figurative) The wion e m mld agoinst he!:
nipron +prep make sblywrself stop dolng sth theymou enjoy accuwd the m n n ~of ~twnt'ngUp I= IgnOI?
&v * )SYM) count agalnsls b ( h f W m D
In order to do sth else: I can't tmr rnyseCf a w
team juml ing) $he agreement. BEi letter* agreement, O v + prep
from this book. o Come and visit us. II you can treaty W rlp sth up 2 to destroy or damage
,tellsbMh a'partto beable todisthgukh sWsth
,team'Up(wrth&}towork together withanother tear BiU aworfrorn h b computer!^ He wuIdn'l sth, especially by removing it violently h m the from other similar people or things:I can Rewr
person or group in order to do sth: The two cum- reur his eyes army from (= stop looking at) ground: Trees and bushes muere torn up by the tell the twinsa m .
mnieshawlenmdup toproduce newmjaruam o Mlm.
We've m m e d up with XL Remrds to glue oway 2.5 slorm. trms EB pullsth up;flp sth up Qv+n/pmn+&
drag iblsthfyourrslf away (fmmsblsth)
winof tickelsfor the liue COWoHo.w dtd the &v+nlpron+adv 4 v*adv+n tell sblsth tram ~b!8thto d i i k h s M h
ituoofyou cvme lo team rap? v +nlpron * a&
tease/ti:d from another pemonor thingIt needsskill Zotell
+v+adv b 'maraway n ( i l l f o m l )a young person who
behaves In a wild way or who is not responsible ,basesth 'od,,teasesth 'wtof sth1totry a real diamondJlv??!afnke. o Can wu tell 7bm
or reliable: Her son's a bit of a taaram,u o T- ha- to find some information or the meaning of from his twin brother?
11-year*~l e ~ r a mhyad bu&edmwml houses, sth when this is hidden or not clear: teasing maTell sWsth from 5 W isnot used in the

,tear a ' h t : ,tear a'bout sth (BrE) = TEAR ,tear sth a'way to pull sth violently h t n the out mwnings from texfso w W e inform- passive.

AROUNI),TEAR AROUND STH th~ng~tis attachedto: ThefEoodshad torn m y tionlthe trulh out of somebDdyEQl Information, Qv+ntpron*pmp
the baseof thebridge. ansrmrs, truth 2 to remove sth such as knots
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+&+n from ha& wool,etc. by gently pulling or brush- 'tell of d h ( B m l or 1ItemryE to make 9th
ing it: Lisa dried her hair urreftrlfy,t m i n g ct out known: to glvean a ~ c o u notf sth:The *L,Wlold
$ear sbtyoumelf a'part to make sblyoumlf be'tom betwean Aand Btohavetomakea belrwen herfingem 3 to separate 5th careflllly ofrrseries@designmm. a Thestorylelk~Vtfw
sufPer very much or fee1 very unhappy: Being from sth else: binis teasing out ripe smds (from low betureen u p r i m a n d ayounggirl.
separated fmm the children w m lwring her very dficult choice between twothings, people, plants)o He took a s c r e d r i w r a n dW o u Z Z h e
apart. o h n ' f tearyourself upan thinkingabout remainingscrews. 9V+PP
etc:Iwas torn betwen myparentsand myfriend ev+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n 4
thepm. ,tell sb 'd(for sthlfw ddng sth) (tnformal) to
o Jenni was mrn bet- staying a t rrchwl or *r + nlpmn adv+pmp speak angrily to sb, especially a child, because
& v +nlprm +a& they have done sth wrong:I toklthe boys ofpr
going to rnusiccolkge.
making su much noise. o You'll mt told off if
& be+v+prep
you'remught doing that.
,tear s M h a'part 1( a h ,toat W ,them. ,tear5th 'downtopull orknockdown a building,
selves. etc. a'part)t o separate people i n a fam-
a wall, e k : T ~ ' r e ~ r i n g d o w n s o m e o l d h ~ t k k sb off,mprlmand ab;scofd sb(bLh
ily, an organizatron, a mun- etc. and make to burld o new o m block.
,tee'offtostart a game of golf by hitting the ball form0
them argue wlth or fight against each other The El3 buffdlng, house, t- I B pull rth dorm; for the Arst time: Theplayers eventrurliy feed fl +r*n/pron+adu 4 v + a d v + n ( I e s s ~ u e n O

caufl uwr LS W r i n g the muniry a p m . o Thefarn- demollshsth (morefotml) two hours We. t ,t6lllng-'oft(Tor sWror ddng 8th) n IC, usually
iIy ~ v a storn apart by conflicting byatth. o The
O v + a d v + n*v+rduron+adv sing.] (mformal, especially RrO an act of s ~ e a k -
W k t@Qringitself 0 J @ ~ wt o y ,tear 'Into sbtsth to alttack ~Yllslhphysically or Qv+&
h g angr~lyto sb.especiallya child,-use they
them apart. 2to destroy or defeat sW8th: to Crdl- alth words: He urm imbf Jed lhas&~&, its. She ,tee sb 'off(AmE, W3rman to make sb angry or have done sth wmng: You'ue a l d y had one
cize sWstb severely: We lore the olher t m awn low into th,
mm annoyd tdling-ofl W y ! o How many leIliws-ofl have

in the smnd ha,T o YOU -~ou'll ti,,) They tore into theirfood(= starledeathg)crs This phrasal verb i s usually used as an you hod t h b w k ?
if they WITsiarvfng.
be lornapart. adlective teedofP.
& v + prep
er+n/pmn+adv v+&+n Qv+nlpron+advr v+adv+n 'tell on sb 1( i q f o m d j( & m h I y ty chikiren)
,tear sth 'off; ,tear st)l 'Msbbth to rernow
,tear sth a'patt1todestroyslh bypulling it vk- to tell a teacher or sb in authority that sb has
b .teed 'd d l (AmE, iqformafi annOW or done sth wrong: Don't lerlon me, wi!Iyau?2 Uur-
l e n ~ yso that it breaks into pieces: dogs ~ t qhu~cklyby pulling vio1ently:AlicemorJ Iaer angry: Hwfriend~vasteed~aboutwhntshsaId. man to havea bad effect on sblsth: Theb n g wit
thefoxomrf.@ prey rlP sth nng and threw it on the ground"o The door was
to m r t y torn off its hingm. o Bgou neala p m x of ,tea'up;,tmsth 'upto prepare to hit a golf ball ruastelling on his nerves
destroy a building, etc: Hund& of homes UW@
mperf l ~&rrromeoff nzymd" by placing ~ton a small piece of plastic or wood QV+PEP
torn aprrt by the hurricvrne.o Thep0lm tom the stuck in the gmund (a tee). Thecrowdfell sileni
Qv+ntpmn+adv+ v+adv+n 4 v+nCmn+prap
mrnapart h k r wfor drugs. ashe teed u p

&v+ntm+adv *v+adv+n(m) @v+adv + v+nlpron*adv

tend /tend/ thawjht Umught h u t what you'll do you &nZ get a IEW eontemplate (mfimr)2 to

'tend to ~ b j ~ttohcare for sbkth, especially ,thaw 'out if ice or snow h w s out, it becomes pIace at mi&? o 'What dld I do wrong? 'Just imagine an actual or a possible situation: I'd
never haw thought of &ire ihutloI cwukln5
-whyeonuthteernedisloa problem: I'll h k afler :he child water again:Britain is thawing out aftm the big thinkaboul il!'
the mot: 'W think of Ieniw you Sake the blame(= I wouldn't
o The i r V were -freere (= there has been a lot of snowand ice). QV + P ~ ~ P allow you to do this). =In this meanlng

UWbYe l h~ndedto. 4% u+arhr thlnk 'lwka about S W U Mrlolng Sth to
think carefully before you decide to do sth: I'd think of doing6this o R ~ nusedin negatlw sen-
I B atlendto sblsth;rsa to sblsth ,thaw 'od;,thaw 8th 'out t to become,or tolet tences
t h ~ n kmiceohui calling him i f luxreyou.
Tend to ablsth can be used in the w i v e + frozen foad become, soft and ready to cook:He thlnk 'notMng d dolng sth to consider that
tookthe mi out of thefreezer and Iep it lo lAnw ,think a'head(to sth) to thlnk caref~Uyabout
Tend sbtsth Can also he used: farmars tending dulng sth is normal and not very dimcult: She
out olo thaw out m i & R defrost, what might happen in the future; to plan for the thinksnolhingof tuolkingalIthemyhome in the
thatrmttie futurr.Eum when their childrenare wr)ly o m a
defroslsth 2 lirtfwm0 to become, or to let sth parenis are thinking head to @mmsnnd~obs0. rain
Q v + prep

'tend towards sth; tend towards dolng bwme, warmer d e r being very cold: Come in P~Iolsaretrained lothink ahead. ,think sth 'outto wnsider all the details of 5th
Sth (ksslmquent)to take a particular direction and thaw out by thehepw! o My JM arefrozen! I
or have a particular opinion; to have a lot of a needto thawthehemout.o Ilrgumtiw)Shewasvery +v+adv carefutlxesppciallyin ordertofind an answeror

particular quality- We're iendirrg towards thp shy otfirsi, but shem n t h n d out. ,think'backtto8th)toremember or thhkabout a solut~onto a problem: Shem&d &bie a m lo
view that allsludentsshouldstudyEngiwh. o His sth that happened in the Wst: She thought back think things out. o 1 though8 out l h l I Lcvms
Thaw and thaw sth can dm be wed with ta the day they first mt.o Thinking &back, I b i g o ~ n gtasay w o r e Iphoned o a wel6thought+ut
vrews tedtowards theextreme.
these meanin@. .,streI noticed therewasmmthing sbmnge. tmrningpm~
lnellne t o h w a r d s rth +v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
Qv+adv r v+nlpron+& + v+adv+n "+A., r' a*Au"r

Q~+PBP thin /emf (-nn-1 "thinkfor youfself to makeyowown decisions, ,think sth Wer to consider sth m r e W espe-
clally hefore making a decision: P h #hink
tense/tens{ ,bin ~ t "hown (wfth sth) to make a liquid less formyour ownopmions,etc. w~thoutdepndhg ouer mhar I've said o I'd like more time to t h b k
thick or strong, for exampleby adding water to on other w p l e You nead lo h r n to think for
,tense 'up: ,tense sth 'up if you tense up or it: Thepuint nee& lo h thinned down mith water thIngS OVW.
tense 6th up, you make your muscles stifF and purse8 o Our pnrenfi always enmuraged w lo
tight kcausc youarenot re1axed:Hyoufedthat h$oreyou use it. thinkfor ourselves. mullah owr
you're teming up, take ~ J e wmornends toteh*.o Thin sth is used more frequently
T e w up your arm and leg muscles and then let ev +Prep+Pmn Q v+adv+n + r+nlpmn+adv
themgo. +v+adu*n v+ntprm+adv
m T e n s e and teme sth are used with the 'think of sb/sth 1to have an imaw or idea of a ,think sth 'throughtoconsider aproblemfully:
same meaning. ,thin 'Owl to become fewer in number, or less particularpersonor thing inyour mind: Wh=mI Careenudvisers m n helpyou thhk through y w r
@ v+adv r v+adu+n + u+pron+adu + v+n+adv thrck: Thecrowdhadthimnedout and only lrfew said that, I wmn'i thinkingof r f p m Inpaeicll-
mop& werekR. 0 O m they were clew of the citx I ~ oK He thought of how hnppyhrsmrents luould c h o w . o Take my advice and t h h k thlm

the tw starledfothin out. o Thetrees bgm lo kLo seehim. 2 =THlNK ABOUT SB/STH ZJl& lhink through hforeyou do anything.
+v*adv+n + v + n l p + a d v

thrn out aswe dimbed higher of the consequences if you give up yowjob.3 to ,thinksth 'upEiwfnt~t0otmate an idea, a plan,
test /test1 create an idea in your imagination: Whofirst a story, etc. m your mind: WeVeneed think up a
m c r o w t l , Woes, trafRc thought of the tdaaa Can you lhink of anyone new nnmfor the group 4 CM'tyou lhtnk UP a

Y e s t for sth;'test sbtth for ath to examine e)v+adv who could help70 Hasn't this idm euer b@m battar ercusethonthnr?

sblsth to see if a particular substance, ete. is ,thinsth 'Outto reducethe numberof sthsothat thowht d belom?rl(da&iIy with mn)to ddse sth( m o r e f i m d ) ,I d nthImre
there is more space M e e n them: Thin out the
present: Theyare testingfor oil in tkareu. oShe sedings lo about lucm apurt. rem&hrsblsth: I m ' i thinkof h b nameatthe
zuas tesk3fior kputitrs. o Themflware has been
EZZI plants moment. o I was just thinking of the wonderful
lessedfir v i r w . Qv+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
irip we Rrrd. 5 (as sblsth) to consider sWsthfrom
Qv+prep v+nlpmn+pmp
aparticular point of view: Isiill thinkof W o r d
,test sb 'outto try to find out what qualities sb
has,how theywillreactin a mrticularsituation. asmy home. o Franm thought of his Inndlady as 'thirst for sth ( l i h m q )to be Bager for sth; to
his 'Englirh motlner! o I don't really think 7 want sth very much: Our o g ~ m ubrere fiirsl-
etc: MY new h g o w methe-mostdmu~dtie&
lo dml with. I felt he turn m i I y lyresting me out .to 'thlnk about sbtsth 1to haveideasor Image in myself ps a busirtaswman. o Jenni ha&$ k h g i q p r rpww.
thoughtof asa littlegirl.
seelf Iwouidmpe. yourmind,toremembersblsth:IwnYsloplhink- 4v+prep
+v+nlpron+adv v+adu+n(hfreqwnt) rn~abouht m o ANheewrthinbabwtbnwnq! ImEIThinkot ~Wsthcanbeusedin the passive,
o It dac~n'lbear thinking about,o When I lvas
f e d sth 'out (on rWsth) to try an idea, a alone,I ~ u sstat and thoqhi about things.2 ( a h especially m meanlngs 3 and 5
machine, a product, etc. to see if it workswell w 'think of sbtsth) to cons~desrbrsth:12'stimeyou
if people like~ tL:etme h t Ihb idea our onyou. o Q u + prep ,thrash a'mund (also ,thrash mabout
Whenyou buy a M,lpsl it oul in theshop. stopped being so selfih and starled thinking come to 'thlnkof Itusedwhen ynu suddenly Brm to mow about in a violent, uncontmlld
E E Idea, theory, equipment EE)try #Uah way: He thrashedoi-OundIn the waler;gasplWf~r
ahout other pmple! EB take sWsth Into remember sth or realhe that it might be import- breath.
ant: Omtothinkof it, hedidmentionSBeInRyou
account @v*adv
yesterday not thlnk much of sWsthto not havea
out (on sblsth) 0~ + P W very high opln~onof sblsth: I didn't thznk much

EfZW Test sth can also be uwl with the same Iffwhen you mlnk about rt used to d m of ller new boyfrrend. thlnk 'betterof Wof doing ,threshath 'outtodimmsth thoroughlyandin

mpanlng. attention toa fact that is not obvious or has not sth to decide not to do sth you had planned to do an open and honest way to try to And a solution:

Qv+nlprm+adu v+adv+n been mentioned before: FI rnlrsrhnw k e n terrible afteryou have thought about it:I wasabout l o t d l He mIkd o m t g 60 thmsh out the p m h o

whmyouthinkabout~t. him the huth, but I thought bet* of it.think the E w n l w l l y they t h m s h a d o w a n ( ~ g m t .
testifyI'testxfml(aestmes,*tiwng, wtl- 'worldof 8b to have a wry h ~ ophlnlon of sb;to mproMem, details, ag-en%
'think about sth;'thlnk about doing 8thto deal EZ!i3
Red, testified) use your mind to wnsider sth, such as your
love sb very mu& He thrnks the world of his hash 8th & W E , Infirma0

Y e s t i to sthto showor Be evidencethat sth is future plans, to try to solve pmBlems, etc: I'll daughret. +v+adv+n *v+pmn+adu * v + l r + a d v ( k f r p
thinkabout itand lelyou know lomorrow,o She's
t r u e V ~ g a y ' s s c h o o l r e p o r t s ~ ht ~is~abtrolilJl 'thlnk of dolng 8th1to considerthat you might qwno
t h ~ n k h gahbout changing her job. o Haw you
6 v + prep do sth: They'rethinkhgof moving tadmerim, o

I did think of resigning, but I decided agUW it.

thrlll .....-.......................4 310 ".....................~ _,,_ ,,,,,, ....,........,.............I*,.....-....... .......................3..1..1..........................................................*........- ......-..-...t..h...r..o..w.--.I+n*.--..

,throwsth awund(BrEaLso,throw SWI a m ) nth or give sb sth that tests their abilities and l e d y in the place where it was MEJust
&dl$: You wver know what life'sgoingto throw throw those MA k k in the d m m r when
'thdll ZO Sth (tbrrrmbto feel very excited at sth: 1 to say sth, discuss sth, etc in a genwal. way: at you o We can cape with anything our opmn- you'w$nished with them. 5 if y o u t h m back
Audiences thrillaltohhpe?fmmnmin Macbeth. enh throw at us.@Eelwrythlng, anyrhlng, your head or your shoulders, you move them
Youmn'tjwtthmw mumiions around liket h t ! backwards suddenly: She threw k k her head
e v + prep WhaMWr
om's have on initkl meeting ta throw sonw
i&as h u t EiQ accumtlons, Mms EX)toss and htighed. head, shoulders 4 to pull or

thrive14r-i (thrlw, thrtved,AmE also slh amund 2 to spend time t h m i n g s t h such as ev+nlpron+prep fold back a covering, especially on a bxl. He
a ball from one person to another. In a not very t h m back the kIk-Iothesand jumpd wt of M.
thmveI~AmE&owlthrlvenI'Bnvnl) serlous way: They were in the yard throwing a ;throw sth at stuath to throw an object in the
covars,'bedclothe%
'thrive on sth to enjoy or be succesM in a situ- ball around. EE3 ball 3 to move part of your d~rectionof sbtsth,tryingtomake it hit them:He
ation or condition that other m p l e would not threw smm at the window lo try O mich their @v+nfpmn+adv4 v+adv+n
b o d y around violently: She was s w k t n g
Ilke: He i h r i u ~on hard wrk.o Sue and Jack txc1tedl~throwing her arms around. EEI arms, attention. b 'throwback (to 8th) n [C, usudly sing.]~Wsth
seem to thriveonawments. that is very simrlar to sWsth that existed a long
head 4v *n i p +prep time ago: Thrs muslc is a real throwback lo the
Q V+PV
&v+nlpron+adv thmw the 'bodr at sb (informanto punish
sh who has committed an offencevery severely
thmw your 'monq amund to spend a lot of t h n m 'money al sth (disnppmving) to try ta seuenties.
throttle/ ' 5 m t l , ~ m ~ ' @ r u f l / money in a wry careless wax often in order to solve a difficultsituation or problem b y spend- ,throw sth 'back at sb 1to remind sb of sth

fhmnle 'back (m. m m o 'down les~ impress people: John hales w p l e being welI off ing lots of money on it rather than considering they have said or done in the past, esw5aUy to
and throwing their money about. thmw your other ways of dealing with it: You mn'lsolw the upset or annoy them:His u n w b m r k waS.fb
quent)to control the supplyof fuel orpDwerto an 'welght amund(informo0 to use your authority quently thrown backai him by h i s m l h w . EEl
engine in order to reduce the spxd of a vehicle: too aggressively to achieve what you want: She problem by throwing money at it.
Theprlotgotwry low Worehe thronEed M. enjoys throwing her wezght about and making words, remark 2 to reply angrily to sb: 'fl w
+v+adu pwpledo whni she wunls. 'throwyourse2f at sb(infirmal,disappmuing~ yourfaultf'hethrew back ather
& I v+ nfpmn+a&+ prep
,throttle'upImm)to m n W thesupply of fuel or ,throw sth a'round:,throw sth a'roundsth (usually of a woman) to be too eager to try to
power to an engine inorder to increasethe speed attract sb, bemuse you want to have a romantic 2 v+speech+adv + prep
o f a vehicle (oko ,throw sth a'bouVround, ,throw sth
relat~onshipwith them: He war jlnttemd that
@ v+adv a'boutl'round 8th especially BrE) to send 5th such an nttractiw woman as Fell was throwing be ,thrownbeek on sth to be f o r d to rely on
from your hand in different directions, offen sth which you have not needed for a while
hersew athim.
because nothing else is available: The television
because you are angry:How do you slop bables +IEQ fllng youmU at nb broke down so we were thrown h c k on our own
v * pron + prep
throwing theirfbod around?o J@ got so angry 'throw yourself at sWlsthtorush or jump v i e resources(= we had to entertain ourselves).
that he started throwing firniturn about. o
People mthmwingglassesround the rwm. lently towards or onto slslsth: The &gs threw etw+v+adv+prep
@ v +nlpron+adv v + nlpron+prep ,throw sbtsth 'down;,throw sblsth ' d m
--abut 312 -1nto themlumut thegate.
aroulsd CJ v + pmn+prep sth to send sblsth from your hand suddenly and
-off v~olentlydownwards:ELI.&thmw the h k down
,throw sth a'way t {also ,ttmw 8th ''out)to get on the !able.o Jed thww her down on the sofa. o
-aside 313 -on ,throwsth a'roundsblsth(BrEalso ,throwsth rrd of sth that has no use or that you no longer Throw the resl of the medicine down the srnk 0
need: Sfw nenewr throws anything aruax o The Her husband threwherdown theslairs.
-at -onto a'boWmund sblstk) 1if you throwyour arms awmge holrsehoM throws away 3 k i h of wmle +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n r v+nlpm*pr%p
euety week eek.dlrcattl 8th (more@rmnO2to
311 -away -out, wtd around sb,you hold them tightly to show that fail to make g o d use of sth;to waste sth:She's ,throw sth 'down1to drop orput your weawns
you love them or wish to thank them for sth: throwiq away a grml opponunitx o The mrn
--back -wer Diana rushed up to her fathe< trhre~clher arms threw a w a ~a 2-0h d I= they were winning, but down to show that you do not wish to fight any
back at then lost the game). chenes, Irwd, monsy, longer The rebels haw throwndown tfwirarms.
314 -round around himlhbmkand kissed him.2 t o put 5th EZi -pons, arms 2 to eat or swallow food or
-back on
--- W h e t quickly around sblsth:Wethrew blankeLsaround
-down UP
-in upon o ~ lo keepl worm.~o a silk swq thrown

,throw sb/yoursetf a'bout; ,throw sblyour- m u a l l y wound the s h o u k 3 to put a barrier
self a'bout Sth (espt?cmlIyBrE) = THROW sat around a place so that people cannot enter or
~pP--nlty drink very quickly:He threwhls dinner down in
YOURSELF AROUND,THROW SBIYOURSELP AROUND leave. A security cordon had h n thrown around
6 v+nlpron+adv*v+adv+n two rninulesand mCedout of thehowlL3Steo sug-
STH the a m gest that sbshould do sth you thinkthey will not
b 'throwaway ad] [onlybefore n m l 1 a throw- be willing or able to do: She threla down a dim2
,throw sth a'bout(especiallyBE) =THROW STH @ v +n t p n +prep
,throw sth a'slde .1to put sth quickly to one away prduct is intended to be used only once, chalfen~efohrim lo Eel1them the truth.EGl only
AROUND or for a shart tlme and then to be got rid of:a
side, oftenbecause you are angry or in a hurry:
,throw sth a'bout; ,throw sth a'bwt sth thro~~awrrlyighterlmzor o our Ihrotlmway cul- challenge
She read theletterandimmerihteljlthew it aside. turelsaciety((- we exped to USI? things once and
(es.uecInl1yBrEj = THROW sm AROUND, THROW EX)cast 8th a s l h Iformab, toss 8th aslde Q I,Zv+adv+n4 v+pmn+adv+ v+n+edv(m)
then throwthem awavl2 a throwaway remark, 3v+adv+n + v+n+adv{mre)
STH AROUND STH VormnD 2 to reject sth such as an attitude, an
IBrm= STH idea,a way of life,etc:AII loyaltiesw r e thrown line or comment is 6th you say casuall~w: ithout thmw downthsa~untlettoinvitesbtoAght
nthrow sth a'bout smh
mid@once the mmp&itbn storfed.o lo throw careful.thought,often in order to be funny: Some or compete with you
AROUND SBISTH aside sentiminlityInerw11~neo~5~0 throw
pwpk ouerreacEed to what was onlya throwaway ,throw yourself ' d m to mow suddenly and
,throw sblyourself a'round; ,throw sb! remark.
violently so that you fall downto the ground She
yourself a'round sth ( B E uLw ,throw sW asideawstem IEw cast 5th mslde(Formah
yourself a'bout, ,throw sblyoutaen a'bout sth 4 v+ nlpron+adv + v + a& +n ,*row yourself aWay (on sb) to have a reh- threwhemw down on t k g m
t~onshipwithsb,or work for sb,who is not good +SW[lLSOTHROW SBkTH nOWN
,espectali~BrKi to make sWourseK move about ~ h r o wsth at sb 1todirectsthsuchasa remark, enough for you or does not deserve you: Don't g v + p m n + a &
qu,tl,nr etc,at ~ bO, Rin a~naggressive
suddenly and violently,oftencausing injury:The throwyourseJf a m yon somebodylikehim. ,throw sb 'Inrlnto sth ( m l l y &ln t h m
she threw a look of contempt at me. o lo throw
wrsersgers were thrown around in t k crash. i ~ z f~w~an~y gcm~iaottnsiomo acnManys othrHoewhashi,a,,.n @ v+pmn+adv slue) to Force Or order sb to enter a prison and
The child ruas -mi@ and throwing himself
,throw 8th 'back 1to return sth with a sharp staythere:1'12haveyou thmmnhjai6for that!0
around o Theband threw t ~ d u e s a r o ~tnhed He WQS thrown inlo apollce cellovernight.
movement of your arm or wrist:C n n yorr throw
stage likemadmen. question, look, aeeusatlon You can the ball hncR to m?2to put sthquickly andcare v +ntpmn +prep

Q v + nlpmn+a& + v +nlpmn+prep also say: She threw ma Iwk of contempt.2 todo

.t....h... ".m.....I.n................~...............,,,......................... ....................3..1.

"throw s b M h m m e H 'In; ,throw skstht ,throw yourself 'Into sth I ( o h ,thmw your- $hmw sth 'on to put on a piece of clothing ,throw sblsth 'out to confusssblsth;to make sb
y o u r n e l f 'infinto sth to push o r move sblsthl self 'Into dohg srh) to begin to do sth with
yourself roughly or violently into sth, such as energy and often enthusiasm: Laum threw her- qulckly and carelessly: He threw on his clothes make a m~staket:o make sth wrung: O m of the
and ran &wnstairs. o I'll Jus! throw a coat on figurn was wrong and it threw m o u t wmplele[y.
water or a buddmg: Som opmed the d m r of the sey inlo her work lo try and forgti him o He o Som u-td wslrj threw our mkulatbns
shed and threw his bike in. o Did Eva thmw her- threw hiwmlf into writing his remrt. EZE) Rlng andthenl?ikdy.
out by f 4 DW.
self in then'wror wasshepushed? nlng sibon E D throwsthuff
v+nlpmn+adv + v+edv+n.(lesrfrequenO + Y D U B d f Into Sth2 =THROW SB/STH/YoURSELF IN, EEl caleulatkwta
v+ nlpmn +prep +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
+THROW SB/STH/YOURSELF INhNTO STH ,throw s M h 'on: ,throw s M h 'onramto Qv+nlpron+adv L v+adv+n
v +pron +prep sth; ,thruw younelf 'orv'onto sth to send , t h M~ t 'hOut1 =THROW STH AWAY 131.5t1119e We
throw sb In at the 'd-p end ( I n i r m t )(wu- ,throwsb'off;,throwah 'oPfsthtoordersbto
alEy wed in the passive):to introduce sb to the or push sbtsth violently o n t o sth. Jamie angrily threw that old chair out. 2 to rejectsth such as a
most dlfAcult part of an activity or job, e s p leave a place: Farmers are Mng thrown fltheir threw the b m k onto the iabk. o Thefim wasn't proposal, an idea, etc: The committee h u e
land. o If hejindsgou on h i s p r o w m W l l ihmw I h r o w n o u l t h e p r n ~ l f a ar newsupermrkef. 0
clally an activity they have not beeriprepami for +burniw well, souw threw on more d. Thecasewasthmw~ouot fcourt(= i n a w u r t o f
r Wmw-In n (in football and rugby) the act of you 08
throwrng the ball back onto the playing Aeld v+ adv + n + v+ dpmn +adv * v+nlpron+prep law). E E bill,case, pmPosals Throw s t b
after it has gone outs~dtehe area 6 v+rdpmn+adv + v+adu+n(Iess&qumt) +
'throw sth on sblsth ( a b, t h w sth u ' p n out is often used In the passive In this meaning.
,throwsth 'in1toincludesthwith whatyouare v +Wpron 4 prep 3 to mention sth, usually in a casual way,for
sblsth rnorefomb) I If sWsth throws doubt o r people to thlnk a b u t : She threw our afew ideas
selling or offering, without increasing the price: ,thmsblsth 'oft;,throwsbfsth 'offsth t to suspicion on sblsth, people start to wonder if sth for us loconsider o We are throwing out o chal-
is true, is what ~tm m s to be, willcontlnue, etC: l e m to residents to help clean up our nerghbour-
Thejobpays £25QW,with a wmpany cur thrown get rid of sblsth that ~smaking you suffer, annoy- New euidenm threw doubt on Tom's i n m n c e . o hmd. Idea, challertge4 to produce sthsuch
in. 2 to add a remark, comment, etc. casually or This wnirouersy throws doubt on her polrtical as heat. light, smoke, etc. Theftre throws out u lot
ing you, followingyou, etc.;to h e yourself from future. o The murder wus &ully planned to of heut. o The lamp threw outjusl enough llght to
unexpectedly: Jnck threw in theoddenroumgln,y sWsth: to throw o g crffpression/dominatton o to throw susptchn on the mman's husband (= to r w d & EEl heat, llght emlt ath 5 to move
comment o 'I w~!Edn'ml ind comfngx'shethrew throw ofT ungerlfomily w r r i e s l t r o u b h m e
make him appear guilty). o They Irred to thmw a hand or arm suddenly away from your body:
in casual[y. onthoughlso They waded through a stream to swpieion on us.EZi doubt,susplelon2 ( f o r m 0 Shethrew her arm out loproiect herself asshefell.
EW hand, arm
& v + a d v * n + v+nlp-m+adv lhmw the do,@ (= so that they could not to cover sblsth in llsht or shadows: The lamp + v + s d v + n r v+rrlpmn+adv
folllow them). o Itriedeuery way Jcould think of threw st?unge shadows on hb face. ElIlght,
2 alsov+adv+speech to throw him oa: o Shewants to thmw off her old throw the baby our WWI t+~a'bathwater
shad-
imageand sturi aguin. o Ican'l seem to throw ofl (~nformaoto lose 6th that you want at the same
throw In p u r 'lot wftk sb/& (infirmut) to this cold. 2 to disturb sWth who is trying to do Qv+n+pep timeas youare trylngtoget rldof sththat youdo
decide tojoinsblsth and shareall their successes sth, makingthem fail ornot behave asusual: The thmw 'Ilght on nth to make a problem, etc.
and problems throw fn the Yownl:thmw In y w r dirtxtor mme in while I was speaking a n d that not want
'hand IrnformO to admit that you are defeated easier to understand: Ithoughtyou might &able
and stop trying to do sth: Decomting my amrt- lhrewmoflabit.)glR) p t s b o f f <p u t n b ~ f3fth to throw some light on the matier oRecent ,throw sbtsth 'out ,throw yourself 'out;
m m t kn't wsy,but I'm not rmdy to throw in the @ v + dpmn +adv + v +a&+ n 4 v+nlpron +prep m r c h has thrown new light on the caw of fie
OXiWtow sb off 'balartco 1to make sb unsteady
tolueiyet. disew?.
andlikely to fall: Imasthmwnoff hlanceby the
'throw sb into sth =muow SB IN~NTQSTH
suddengust of wind. 2 to make sb surprixd and 'throw yourself on smth ( a hVhmw wur- ,thraw sb~sth'out of sth; ,throwyourself
,throwsbtsth 'Intosthtoput sblsthsuddenly in no longer calm: Thesenator w a thrown ORbal- self onto sbisth Iessff@qwnlt)o run towards 'out of sth to push or send sbtstWyourself for-
swsth and fall onto them: She threw km!fon ward and out of a place' FWnkguickIy opaned th@
a particular state, especially a bad one: His a n c ~by the unexpected question throw sb off w~ndowand threw his cigareiL? out. o He threw
announcement threw euetyone into co@sIon 'wurse I if sbtsth is thrown om course, they him and bursi into taors.
o Her arrivcrl rhrem him into a p a n t o 7"r&% are f o r d away from the direction they should 3s e e a h THROW SWSTH ON,THROW sslsm himseIf out of the window and war killed.
be travelling in: Theplane lvns thrown o r course ev+nlpmn+adv + v+a$v*n +
rws thmwn ittto chaos by lhemcident, ONIONTO STH,THROW YOURSRLP ONIONTO STH
r +nfpmn+prep in densefog. 2to force sb to change the direction v+ nlpmn+adv +prep
+v+pmn+prap
m t h m sth lnto 'dnubtrqusstlon to make in whlch their ideas or actions are movlng The throw yvursotl on sb's 'mmrcy (Format) to ,throwsb 'over(oId-f~~~hiotRoeedn)d a relation-
people wonder whether sth is file. correct, gouernmnt was thrown ofl course& IaboLlr and put youmlf in a position where you must rely ship with sb. His girlfriend threw him o w f o r
appropriate, etc.or whether it w i l l k a b l e t o m n - ewmmicpmbkms. throw sb off the 'scentto do
tinue: Thefufutumof thewmpnny has ken thrown 8th to stopsbfinding youor discoveringasecret: on sb to be kind to you and not harm or punish somehxiyelse.
you: He threw himself on themew of hiscapturS. EF) chuek ab(BrE,slang), dump ab ( i q f ~ m n f i
into question by recent euents throw a# tnto She changed EMLSfu throw her p m u e r s off the throw sblsth~purseff"to 8th =THROS WB ~ Qv+n/pmn+a& + v+adv+n
(sharp) rellef l to make an object more notice- scent, o Lrnr told lrar parents she was going ta a
STH ON, THROW SBlSTH ON/OHTO STH, THROW ,throw sksth 'over: ,throwpurseH 'over;
able than others around it: The sunlighi threw fiend's house to throw t k m fl the scent I= she ,throws b r s t h w u r s e l f 'wer sth to move or
theobjects in the raom into sharpreIieJ2 to make was really going somewhereelse). YOURSRLF ONIONTO STH
push s b l s t h so that they moveover the top of sth
a particuhr s~tuationp, roblem,etc. morenotlce- ,throw sth 'offto remove your clothes or sth ,throw sb Uut;,throw sb 'out of sth to force and land on the other side of it: to move yourself
ablc than before: Their dflerems have been covering your body quickly and carelessly: 5he sb to leave a place, their home, a job, etc: Tim's violently in this way: Thmw a row over and I'I!
catch itnn theotherside. o Ithmw mysdf o w the
thrown intosharp wizef by thepresentcrisis. threw ofl herclothes and Iwpl into the r r w parents ihmw him out when he was I& o WAan w l l to escupfrom the dog. o Jay t m k off his cmt
and threw it ouw a dtair (= so lt reated on the
,throw s ~ ~ u * s e'inftof sth =THROW SBI E??3fllng sth ofiEE3thmw sth on the mtnec[aseddown, SOpeaplewere thromoutof back of a chair).
STH/YOI~HSELP IN, THROW SB/STII&OURSELF IN1 e v + a d v + n + v+n/pmn+adv their jobs, o When shefulled her mums, she was @v*nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n(laapfhyue?afi +
thrown out of mlkge. o Manyfamiiks h h n u e bwn
INTO STH ,throw sblsth&ourself 'off; ,t)lmw sbsstht th-ou~lot ut into the streel(= made to leave their v+ n l m +prep

,throw sth 'Into sth 1to use a lot of energyor yourself 'off sth to send or push sWsth vio- homes). ~ t h m w r t h a v e r p u r ' s h w l d w iyfouthrow
resources to try to make sth successful: He's IEE) M m b o u t , b o o t s b o u t d s f h ; ~ k s b . a remark,acomrnent, o r a l m k w e r yourshoul-
lently from a high place; to jump h m a high der,you turnyour head to say sth tosb or to lmk
thrown all hfrenergyinto thisprojd. 2 = THROW place: Ed was threatening to throw h i m b f fl out, klck sb out d sth[ b l h *u'ormQb
SB/STHhOURSELF IN, THROW SR/STH/YOURSELP W Throwsb out is often usedin the passive. at sb: And don't bother phoning me!" sh@ threw
+!hem$ o Thesiedfiehita bump and threw meofl @ v+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n + overher shoulder asshe left.
INhNTO STH v +nlpron + adv 4 v+ nlpron +prep
v+nlpron adv+prep
@ v + dpmn+prep

.-.t.h....r..o...w.....e...w....e..r.................................. ........................................3..1 .5.................................*....l..-..................................... I*).....t..i..e....u...p....

,throw sth 'ovrtr(tasbjb)infun~ito) -8th to She threw her a r m up in horror W hand, arm ,tlek sbtsth 'off(BrE)( A M , e W k sblsth 'offl ,tidy sth 'up(mm1to finish sth such as a piece
to put a mark neKt to sth on a list to show that it of written work by dealing with the last details
sbin a casual way:He #Rrewthpaperowr lo merne 5 to make 8th suchasdust or water rise up into hasbeende~twlth:ALtickedo~thenom#qftk wellor correctly:lyylacturestillneedstWy~up.
o Willyou throw over those keys?
theair: Thtmheelsthmup& s h a w o f mudand E E morn, mess, hwse )91M) clear sth up 2 to
You can also use t b sb m r sth and wale,: EEi dufi, mud people who had replied.o Ewrsthing on the l~
hod k e n ticked off o She trcked the point9 ofl on make sure that things are dealt with correctly:
throw sb sth over: Will you throw me o w the @v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv He had to go to Boston 0 trdy up hhis brother's
prrper? o Willyou throw me themper ouer? herfingers.
uffafrs (= after his brother had died).
ev+n/pron+adv v+&4n EEZl polnts, ltnms
~v+niprm+adv v+adv+n
, t h ~~t 'hOver s h t h to quickly place 8th so thrust m~at(!t h ~ r t , ~ h r ~ a ) g v + a d v + n + v+rdpmn+adv

that it covers sbfsth: I threw a blankei over the ,thru& sth a'sldeto refuse to listen to sb's oom- ,tick 'over ( e s m l l y Brm (usually u?& tn the tie /tar/ (ties,tylng,tld,HA)
b o g to keep him warm. oHe threw a mat over progmsszvetenras)1if an engine isticking wgr
Rrsmjamas and ran out into the street" plaints, comments, etc: AII our obj&iuns were
@ Y +nlpmn +prep rhrmt aside. it is running slowly but the vehicle is not mov- ,tie ab 'down 1 ( o h,tle ywrwlf 'dorm) (ta
@v+nlpron+arhr. v+adv*n
,throw 9th 'round:,throw sth 'round s*l = ing: Don? Imve the engine ticking over whileyou sthtbdolng sth)towstrict sb'sactivitiesorfree-
'thrust ssbtsth on sb ( e b'thnwt aWsth upon ore in the shop o (fgumtive) Learning Japnese dom, for example by making them accept par-
THROW STH AROUND,THROW STH AROUND STH sb moreforma0 to form sb to accept sbisth or do keeps my brain rickrng ouer!EEli englne EE) ticular conditions or by keepurg them busy: We
sth that t hey do not want to: Respomibi1ityfor fk
,throw sth 'round sblsth (esmial!yBE) = family uras thrust upon himat an,eurlyage. o She Idle 2 to continue slowly without produc~ngOr managed to tiehimdown to a darefor themeeriw.
THROW STH AROLlNn SBISTH 1 We t h ~ wb h k & was annoyed at having thm exm gum& sud-
round oumiues to keep warm.o She thww her dandythrust uponher achieving much: 'Ry and keep things trcktngowr o She didn't want to be tied down by afufl-time
arms round mermyr~eck. mle, reswmiblllty, change
EEiWT h r u s t sbjsth ontuwn sb Isoften used in whiIeJhaw.mthlngr job, o Idon't want to be tieddown to wming back
,throw sth 'roundsth (Brm +v+adv at a particular trm, o Do you m l l y l v t to tie
+S W U ~ O T H R O WSTH AROUND,THROW STH
,tick ' p a s t =TICK AWAY~BYPAST yourself downot l8wltha husband,ahomeondo

AROUND STH the passive baby? 2 to do sth so that an enemy force 1s kept
busy and has to stay in a particular area:

+,throwsb to'getherto bring people intocontact v +nfpmn+prep ,tide sb 'over;,tide slr 'over sth to help sb Guerrilla acfiuity kept the army tierddown in the
through a difficult period by providing what mounlnim.EEd ml ormops,police
with each other,often casually: Foie hnd t h r o w thumbte~l $t1v+nlpmn+adu
they need: We'wgotenoughmoneylo tideusover
them logether until next monlh. o Our savings should Iide us Zv+adv+n e v+nlpmn+adv
ouer the wt coupleof months. lauaJlmoney,toan
W Throw sb together ioffen used in the ,thumb 'through 5th to turn the pages of a ,tie 'In(with &)to fit or be in agreement with
passive: We were strungem, thrown together by book, a magazine, etc. looking at them quickly: W T i d e sb over is usually used In the infini- Thk new evidence tiaF in with the wftess'ssiate
Sheihumbed through herdiary. tive form. It cannot beu s d in the passive. meni. o That doesn't tie in with what you said
crrcumnce. book,pages LEQUlckthrwgh sth yesterdw.
Q v +prep Q v + nlpmn * adv + v +nlpron +prep +v+adv
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
tick /hk/ tidy /'mail (tfdles, tldylng,Bdled, tidfeded) ,tie 'In(with sth), $18 9th 'In(withsth)telinksth
,throw sth tobether to make or ppmduce sth
roughly or quickIy, offen with things that you orbe linked to sth;to happen orlo arrangefor 9th
can find easlly: I'IIjrrst throw -her a q u r k to happen at the same tlme as sth else: The hook
was lnlended lo tie in with the T V s e r k . o Jack:
supper oCun you throw a repon together by ,tlek a'-, ,tick sfh e ' w y rr a clock ticks ,tidy sth a'way(BrB t e p u t things ina particu- mukln't k tiad In with the mu& o The release
lomorrotu morning? lar place where they cannot be seen so that a
@v+&+n a v+dpmn+adv away or ticks the mrnutes or seconds away,it r m , etc. appears tidy: HUT tom b . ~ti'dying of theirnew album, will be tie$ in with the tou,:
makes wntinuous short l ~ g hrtegularsounds to
,throw "up (also phmw ah 'up less fivquenl) ma& time passing: The clock ticked away in the owcry hbpapersintheofiw. .4)v+adv * v+Wpmn+adv + v+adv+n
(inform0 to bring food you have eaten back out silem. o We woited mthe clock ticked owcy the t 'tlaln n I (BrE)a product such as a book or a
of your mouth: Thesmell made me want lothrow IS3elmr away,clear sth sway
up.o He ate t h e m t a d immediately ihrewifa11 Inslfeur m n d s o f theold mrlhnium.
e v + a d v + v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv &v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adu
UP.
,$lck a ' w a y l ' b y ~ ' p a s t(of t h e ) to pass, espe- ,tidy a\h ' O M (BrEjto make a mom, a cupboard, toy that ia sold in close connection with a
EZ@ brlw sth up;vomlt,vomit w* cially when you feel ~tis passing too quickly or
too slowly: The sewn& ticked by as I tried to etc tidy by removing thingsyou do not want and film(movie, television programme, etc: i'elevi-
Q v+adv 4 v+adu+n + v+nlpmn+adu
think of something to say. o Ruo long rninuw arranging the rest neatly. It'stimto tidy out the swn.@Im tie4n.o tie-in hMtoyslsa[es 2 ( e s p
, t h sb~isth 'up to lift sblsth and make them
trckedmt. IEUIminutes,sncondm, t h e kitchen cupboards. cially AmE) a link or a relationship with s t k rr
move upwards into the air by moving yourhand ev+adv EEi cupboard, dmwpr, roomlBE) clear ath fre-intothe m i n s u b j e t
quickly The bohy hued being ihmmn up tndo
,trek sb 'off I (for s t h h r dohg ah)( B E , War- aut ,tle 8th 'offto putaknot inthe end of sth;to close
th'?afr.0 man to speak angrily to sb, eswially a child, Q v + s d v + n r v+rdpron+adv
sth with string, thread, etc: to tie 4ff a ropelon
+v+n/pron+adr because they have done d h wrong: I was ticked Pldy 'up;,tldy sth ' u p ( ~ p x i n l l y B r E t)ornakea
olf for forgettmg my h X s . tell sb off; room, a group of thmgs, etc. tidy by arranging artery
,throw sth ' M p l toplPducesth: toshowormake scold s b (morefommb) 2 EiWormal, espedally thingsneatly In the correctplaces: Don'tforgetto +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
people notice sth Her m r c h has thmrun up AmB to annoy s b This type of thing m I I y ticks tidy up when y o u ' u e f i n M . o The whole place
some interesting frcfs. o The competition ihrew me off- hack sboff(Br@ naeds tidying up. o I'uejrrstmt rr biz of tidy- rap $ie 'up:,We sth 'up1to attach a h a t to a Axed
upsomepromisingplayeis.EQ p b l s m s , qu- Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n to do. o I'd betterttdy my desk up. point witha rope:T h e h r g e t k i u p a t t h e q w y 0
Bmtiedt~bwtup(1ndjunnpedarhore.2to~
tlom, Ideas, h e r s 2 (&A', r ~ r m a nto leave b ,ticked 'off ad] (infbrmal, especirrIly E B clear up,clear ath up or fasten sthwith aknot: t o k closed or fastened
annoyed I w really ttckdof abut it. @v+& + vfnlpmntadv + v+&+n in this- Jhsofatmy bathrobewon't lkuplo
your job suddenly and aften unexpectedly: He totieupa$arh~~
threw up a hrghb paid job to tmwl round the b ,tlcklng 'off(for sthlfor dolng 9th) n [sing.](old- ,tidy sb up: ,tldyyourself 'up(especiallyBrB e v + a d v * v+nlpron+advr v+adv+n
world. JobEE5 chuck sM Inlup(BrE, iqfor- fashioned, BrE, h f o r m I ) the act of speakingto to make sblyourself look cleaner and smarter:
m 0 ,give sth up (infoma0 3to build sth sud- somebody angrily because they have done sth How a b u t tidyingyovourseIf up u bit w o r n wego ,tie sb 'up 1to tie sb's armsand legs tightly sa
denly or quickly. and often carelassty: These wrong:Hegaue me a licking off for being l n m r out? that they cannot move a r escape: Thegang tied
buildings were thrown up hurriediyafter the W E cIars. &v+nipmn+adv + v+adv+n
W bulldlngs 4 if you throw u p your arms or up~hesecurityguamlaImdputagaginhismoutk
hands, you raise them quickly in the air: He 2 to keep sb so busy that they have no time for
threw up his hands toprotect hisfom as hefell. 0 other things: I'm tied In a meting until thtee.

t..l..e....u..p........-......1.1.. ...............-......-....11.11. 316 7 "..* tom awa,.y.-.

"

,top 'out(at 8th)no stop i n m s i n g afterreaching

-" warning about 5th which will affect them and berget ,weed"up (In sth).(BrE,informonto a high level: Your annual m m will lop out at
which they should know about especially sth
@v+nlpmn+adv v+actu*n bewearing clothesfor a particularacfivitymocca- eseventyshomnd ddEaK
Illegal:Thepoiice weret i p H off atrout thebank sion.Hego! togged up in a suit anditefor the inter. v+adv
,We sth 'up 1 to make sth secum by putting robbe0 view. o Wewerealltoggedouimour k t clothes.
string, rope,etc, around it, or attaching it to sth ,top sb 'up(Brmto $1sb'sglassor cupby adding
else: He tied theptcel up with a ribbon, o He tied Em pollca ~Mget+v+adv somemoreliquid: Con Ilopyou up?
thedo~upoulside2. (with sth)toconnector link Qv+nlpron+advr v+adv+n
sth to sth else: Her behaviotrr is tkcl up with her e v + a d v + n v+pmn*adv + v+n*adu(kss
b 'topup n (BrE)an amount of liquid that you
feelings @ guilt. o Do you think these two inci- fres~t)
denlsamtkd up7W Tie8thup isusually used b Wblpoff n (informu0a piece of useful or secret add to some alreadyin a glass,cup or other con-
information that sb gives, for example to the $031 (at sth) to work extremely hard at sth tainer: CanIgiveyou a lopup?
in the passweIn this meaning. 3(In sth)to invest pol~cet,o warn them about a n illegal or mex- difficult or boring: He toiled army at his home- +See a1.W TOP-UPat TOP STH UP
money so that it is not errslly available for use: peckd activity: Thepoltce tewived an anonym- wrkoll theevening.
Most of our mpltal is tied up m properg ous tip@ about the attuck. @v+adv ,top sth 'up (espechl[yBrE) T (with ath) to add
monty, capltal, resourerts, asseta ,sr*, loek some more liqu~dto somealready in a glass, cup
,tip 'over:,tip 8th 'overto becomeunstable and
sth up Tie sth up is often used in the pas- tone / t ~ ~ m ~ t ~ t or other container in order to fill it: Can I top
sive in t h ~ smeanlng. 4 to deal with all the f d over; to make sth do this: The bottle tipped yourglass up? o Wes h u M lop the car up with 012
over and all fhm t e r spiil[eol out. o Watch you ,tone9th 'dawn T tomake sth such asa d , a n wore weset OR glass, cup 2 t o mcreme the
remaining details of sth:lo tie up a d w l o We're don't tzp thejugover
hoping to tie up alS tlre loose mrds us quidrly as oplnlon, etc. less oflensive, critical or harsh than amount of sth, especially money, to the level you
overturn,overturnah (momformal) ~twas originally: He hod 0 torte down hi. article want or need: She reIles on lips lo lop up her
possible. deal, loomen& 5 to bring sth to a wore it was published. 2 to make sth, especially wuges.EEl Income,penslon
stop, to prevent sb f h m doln~s:th or usfna sth: Q v+adv v+nlprm+adv * v+adv+n yourclothcs.icss bright,colourfulandnot~wable: +v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv

The nnke ti& up lpi-cduetrk for a &k. o ,tip 'up;,tipsth 'upto become unsteady and fall Shetomi dourn her style of dress when she started repupn ( B E )a sumof money that isadded to

Hauen't youfinlshpdye17 You'oek n yl eup the forwards,backwardsOF sideways;to makesthdo her new job. 3 lo make a colour less bnght: We what you already have in order to increase it to
toneddown the yeilow paint with a little while. o the amount that you need: a snlary lop-up 4a
phonefor hours! this: One after another the canoes lipped up. o topup loan o fopup@s [= extra money that uni-
Pelm usedmudertotorte down her rosycheeks.
@v+nlpmsl+adr * v+adv+n The pile of bwks on the end of tk hebie nearly versity students must pay, in addition to the
@ v + a d v + nr v+pron+adv + v*n+adv(iess
b ' t f w p n 1 Ewbh sblsth)(BrE)a n merit tipped it up.
between twocompanies tojoin together:T w ' m Q v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n frepuent) money that they alreadypay, inorder to provide

negottalinga lieup with Ford, 2(betwwn A and ,tip sth 'up to changethe angle of sth so that it ,tone 'In(with ah)(BrB to match or At with the the university with the money itneeds1
B) ( B r a a connection between two or more leans to one side: She tip& her g h s up and colour or style of sth else: The cwhi~nstom in
things: a tie-up betmeenpoliticsand mmim 3 d m i d id. o He tipped hrsface up towards the well with the -1. o The new brrdge dmm't -b s e e a h w ~ - u ~TaOtP SB U P
(espwial1yAna.E)a situation in which sth, espe i1,qht. toneIn with the buildings around it. b 'topup card na card that you buy for a mobile
ciaUy traffic,slops movlng: A tie-upon the high- nhone that enables you to make callsto the value
Qv+adv i f the card

way mused m j o r delays. ,bone'up;,tonesth u p tomake yourmusclesor topple / ' t u p l ; ~ r n ~ ' t a q l l
a part of your body firmer,stronger, and health-
,tlgMen 'up;,tighten sth 'up 1to b m e or 'tire of ~b/sth';tlm d dolng 8th to become ler: It's timItoned up and slimmeddown, o This ,topple 'orerto become unsteady and fall over:
bored w!th sWsth or begin to enjoy thewit less: exercise will tone upyour s 0 m h rnuscIes. T ~LWP wobbld and then loppledover
lo make 6th tight or tighter: H i s f m rnuscIps T W m n tired of the b w h and wenipra walk.
ti~hlanedup In ongm o to tighten up o m w t BSJ body, muscles Qv+adv
+v+paev
wheeUmuxle nghten and tightenskhcan @ v + a d v v+adv+n + v+pron+a& hrr
alsobe used w ~ t hthis meaning2 to k o m e more never tire oi dolng sth to do sth a lot, espe-
cially ~ nwaay that annoysmple: J&trawIIerd v+n+adv (lessfreqmt)

careful o r strlct about sth; to make 5th more all owr tk mrld when he was a s t m h t , as he tool /tu:l/ ,toss 8th a'round ( a h ,tom sth .'hut w e -
ciullyBrE) to discuss ideas in a casualor general

strict: haws on gambling haw rightenmi up neuer tirep of tellang us. ,tool 'up;,tool t h 'up [for stMo do 8th)( B E , way: Wesatand lossedaround afew suggestiom.
recenrl~ol The police are 1I~htenirrgup on techmice0 to get or provide sblsth with the equip- o This is a problem that has k e n lossed oround
,tire sb ' O N ,tlm youmetf 'Out to make ment,machines, etc. necessatyto do or produce for more than a century
drinkdriviw. o Ku ttghten up latuslmleslkgisla- sWyourseEf feel very tired: I t m k the c h i M m to
the bwch lo trre them out. o Try not 10 tireyour- 8th: It took seuemI months 50 ZDOI up to produce ,arH, throw stk araund
ttontsecwity sehf out toosoon in the rarcp. thenew model. o AnewplantinScvflandishIng +v+nlpmn+adv v+a&+n
e v + a d u + v+adv+n v+pmn*adv + v+n+adv

(kfWr@~O w a r sb@mr+etf out (wfth 8th) tooled up toproduce fhsescmws ,toss sth a'side1to put 5th quickly to oneside
because you are angry or in a hurry:He lossed
v + nlpmn +adv 4 v +adv+ n (lessfreqwnl) +v+adv + v+adv+n * v+pron+adv +

b ,tlW 'out ndj very tired: Wefinally reached v+n+adv[mw) aside the newspapw angrily and stood up. o Ifie-

,thker a ' m n d (also ,tlnker a'bout mpeciolly home l i d out. F ,tooled 'upadj (slang)Ihaving the equipment umtive)Whenhe'shred withpwpkhejut.tmossps
necessaryfor a particular job 2(BrE)carrying a them as&.
Brm Iwlth sth) to make small changes to slh in cast sth aside (lbrman,throw
order to repalror improve it, espec~allyin a way
toddlep t d ;A ~ ~E d l j gun sth sslcte 2 to reject sth such as an attitude, an

that may not be helpfhl: He'soutside tinkerhg Coddle Wf WrX, i ? & m l , Rwnorom)toleave; to Idea, a way of llfe. etc: The Idea of buying a new
around with his brke. o Thw hnwn't made any depart: If'slate- it's timeyou W M u t lo bed.
car was guickly tossedaside. )6YH) cast sth aside
-realchanges t~ Yksystem they'vejusl been lin- 6 v+adv
,top sth 'off (wlth srh) to complete sth in a s u c VormaD.thmw sth aslde
kming amurrda btt cessful w pleasantway, espxially by adding one Qv+n/pmn+adv4 v+adv+n
final thing: Jane wus wring o uery mlollrful ,toss5tha'weyto throw sfhawaycarelessly: She
Q v+adv finished her drink and tossed the mn a w . o VIP

oulfit, ioppedoff wilhadrnmntlchrrt. umtive)He's t o s s e d a w s omany opparfunfttes.

Top sth off is often used ln the passive.

Qv+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n (3v+adv+n 4 v+ntpm+adv

toss back ............................................ ........3.

,toss #th 'back (also,tors sth thdormIpssj+e- ESJplans, alrclrff, hellcopterIXYE? Iand B ,toughen sth 'upto make sth such as a law or a ,trace ' a u t t o draw a shapeora mark clearly:
q m t )to drink 5th very q u i c k l ~especially.alalop , rule mare strict; The legislalion on this hrrde
hol: She tossed baEk glass ctfter glass of take off 2 (inrugby) ta smre polnts (a try) by I mrcwf out our mule on the mop o flgwrrtiw3
putting the ball on the ground behind Ule other needsbo~~ougmw.
champa@. o H e ~ h c k I h e m l ~ h i s & i n k team's goal line: Wllicfms louched down in the g v + a d v + n r v+nlpron+adv Shetrmedouthow workingpatlerns had c h a m
and walked out. drlnk,whlaky, wlne, etc. 2 first6w minulesof thegame.
to move sth,especially your head, qulcklyback- @ v + a h tout ,taut, in tkh t M W E .
g v t dpron+adv + v+adv+n

wards, especially when you are angry or impa- b 'touchrkrmn 1the moment when a plane o r a ,tout sth a'mund;,toutsth a'roundsth(BrE ,track sbMh 'down(mrow)toAnd sWthaftera
tient: Sam lossed back his head in d e h w . o She spacect* lands 2 (in rugby) an act of scoring a h ,tautsth 'mund,.toutsth 'mundsth)to take long and difficult search:WefznallytmcM Solan
toss& back her harr and smiled. EQ halr,head sth to many differentplaces or mmpanles in the
wints by putting the ball down on the area or down to his mrents' how.o It has taken ten
Qv+adv+n v+dpmn+adv hope of selling it: He's been touti?w hi^ MWI
ground behind the other team's goal line 3 (in yean Lo tmck down the-wreckageof theplarte.
'toss for sth: 'toss sb for ath (wpscially&E) American fmtball) an act of 9Corlng points by amundpublfshersfor years. &v+ntprcn+adv v+adv+n
+v+nlpmn+adv + v*adv+n r v+nlpmn+prap
W E a h ,.toss 'up (for sth)) IAmE o h 'Alp for crossing the other team's goal line while carry-

sth, ?lipsb lor tth) to makea decisionabout 6th ing the baI1, o r receiving the ball when you are

by spinn~nga cotn in the air and seeing which over the other team's god line 'tout for sth (especially B r m to try to get busi- trade itred!
side 1s on top when it lands: We can't borhgo, so ness, work, etc. by asking pwple d k ~ t l y c: nb
why don't we tossfor itPo There'sonly one ticket "touchsb for Sth(BrE, iICforml)topersuade sb drivers routingjbr business at the heatrpfl ,trade down (to sth) Ito spend less money on
left -HI tossyoufor it. togiveor lend yournoney:HalrIedtoOwhmfir things than youused to:Pmpkareldingdown
-B seealso FLIPFOR STA +E Z i business,trade,custom and buying chmperfowl. 2 to sell 5th large o r
+v+prep v+nlpmn+pmp twenfypounds. V*P=P expensiveand buy sthsmaller or less expensive:
They traded down to a home wlth fewer bed-
,toss 'off,,toss sb 'oft;,toss yeu*self 'off Qv+nlpmn+prep *OW /tau;dmEtou/
fBrE, A,skry.)to glue youpself sexualpleasure mm. E B trade up (to sth)
,touch sth 'offto make sth begin,especially an ,?owd h a'way (from 8th) to remove sth,esp-
by rubbingyoursex organs;to givesb else sexual e q l w i o n or a violent or dimcult situation: The cially a veh~clef,roma place, by pulliigit behind ev+adv
pleasure In thisway another one: They'll tow your car clwy you
exphion was towhedoffby asingksmpark o His ,track sth 'In(for nth) to give sth that you have
@"+a& v+ntpmn*abv + v+adv+n arrest t o r n o f a riot. pork it here. used to sbyouambuylngsthnewkm~~paorft
Qv+adv+n r v+pmn+advr v+n+adv(ram) +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n your payment: He tmded his motorbike infor a
,toss sth M foffesp~~ihBlrlEy ) to do sth quickly, new mn.
'touch onlllpon H h to mention or d e d briefly
easily and often with little care or effort: He with a topic, a problem, etc: He towhed on t h ,towera'-? aver sbMh Ito be much higher +r+niprcn+adv *v+%dv+n
tossed this now1Q@ in hwJmonths. needfir increusedfundlng, o Someof tWhues or taller than other things or people that are near:
&v+nlpron+adv r v+edv+n m m touchedon in Chapter Z The ww O It o m nbove the rest of the town. o F x d e - I n n a method of buying something by
Em subject, p l n t , issue Amy towersover her mother 2 to be much better, giving a used item as part d the w e n t for a
more famous,etc. than other people or things He new one;theu s d itemthatyou give: the trade-in
,toss 'Up(fM ~ t h()BrE) = TOSS W R STH, TOSS 60 Touch owupon sth can be used in the v ~ l wof a cor oDo you havea t h i n ?
lourersaboveaI1oiherpoetsof htsgenemtion.
FOR ST11 They Gassed ~ ~ f wh ft Sb4 R L passive. @ v+prep ,tradeath ' d ( a g r m s t s t h ) to balance twothings
or situations that areopposed toeach other: The
+v+adv @V+PWP toy It311 gowrnment w r e a m p t l n g 50 trrrdem in&tioion
against unemployment o TRay wre willing to
b 'toss-up n [sing.](i?@rurOa situation where ,touch ab 'up (BrE, InformnO to touch sb in an trade olf information tokeep the hostages aIrue(=
I t i s d f i c u l t to decide between two things, or unpleasant sexual way to give informat1011in exchangefortheir Ilves).
where there are two possible results: I t IJJUS a Qv+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
loss.up betweenspendingthe night in the mn and 'toy wlth 8th 4 to considersth but not very ser- @ v + & + n v+pmn+adv4 v+n+adv(Iess
walking ten milesfir heIp. ,touch sth 'upto improve slh by making small
iously orfor very long: HehadtoyedwithtIheidw Steqrnt)
tot /tnt&lslEtaA/(.4t-) changes or additions: He hud to touch up the
palntluark tarover thesmrches. 9Thephotohad of Irving in Germany E!Qi the Idea of 2 to play c W a d d ( k w m n a t h a n d s t h ) n t h e a c tof bal-
$d Mh. 'up (i&~meslp,ecinlly BE) to add k e n touched up.

e v + a d v + n * v+pmn+adv 4 v+n+adv(&

together severalnumbers oramountsin order to muent1 with 5th; to move sth around carelessly without ancing two t h i n g that you need or want but
get a total: C M w u lotup how much loweyou? 'touch upon eth =TOUCH QN/UWN STH really thinking about it: Stop toyrng with your which are oppwed to each other: a f w d

lE3 flgures,thenumber of sth nddsth up f n d ! o Vigumtiue) He &the younr: mon of &ween inflation andanempbyment o There isa
@ v+adv+n r v+pmn+advr r+n+adu(less
toying wllh hisdaughterr'saflec1rons. hrrde-ofl ktellwen the &?@its of the drug and the
fWrnt1
,tough sth ' a tto stay &manddeteminedin a IEE) dallywith sthlsb risk of sideeffecIS.

difficult situation:He deciakdnotro mign,but& W Toy with sth c m be used i n the p a s s l ~ : Ira& on sth (ah'trada upDn ath momfoml,
Th~possabilidyhed been toy& mith but ? ~ k ~ l e d . less frequent) IdisuppmuinK) to unfaMy make
stayand tough ft out. Q v + prep
,tdal 'UP (to 8th)to reach a particular total: The e v + n + a d v v+pmn+advr v+adv+n(less use of sth for your own advantage: He fmdeal on

wslshlalup toowra millfon. f~uenl) hrsfather 3 name toget h i m r a job.
Qv+adv
,avH, explolt nth
.total ~ t h'up to add amounts together to get a toughenl ' t ~ h / ,trace sth 'back (to sth) to 6nd the origin or
cameof sth by following duesor evidenoe back- O "+prep
kotal:Ut$total up what rw'uesflenb. ,toughen 'up; ,twghen sb u p to become wards from the present time: Many difewnt ,trade 'up(to 9th)to sell 8th small or not expen-
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv stronger and better able to deal with dimcult chiidhood illnesses can be lmGedbock to certain
s ~ v ein orderto buy sth largerormoreexpensive:
touchI ~ A ~ J , slturrtlons; to make sb stronger in this way: He f&&. o&ton h a s o largeiwpuhtlon thut P a m Hetraded upfoahgercm
had towhened up during military w u h . o His trs mots back to Ireland. o She can traceh rfam-
,touch 'down1(of a plane, a spacecraft,etc) to wren&sent him a w y to boarding school to ily buck asf a r m the 13thcentury. )I)PP) tmcb down (to sthF
land: Theplnne touched down safe@ a t Efennedy +v+a&
lowhen him up ES4 rcmts,orlglns,hlsbty
gv+dpmn+advr v+adv+n 'tradeupon st41=TRADE ON STH

Airportnt a h u trnwj o (&urative)A tor& Q v + a d v r v+nlpmn+adv r r+adv+n

touchid down in Colomdo, iRiurtng Jfiwpeople.

traffic I'!mefikr' (&-) fmt while they are walking or running:Itrip@ you: I slurnbkd a h g in the dark, i , i n g to
up a s l m n m s s the mm.o Shetrip& him up luck tofind the rightdoor
'traffic In sth to buy and sell sth, especially ,Mck sb 'Into sth: ,trick sb 'Into dolng sth
drugs or weapons, illegally: He was accused of to manageto get sb to dosthbydeceivlngthem or with her stick. 2 to make a mistake;to deliber- emluck
tmff!ckingin stokn mrooriisof art. ately make sb do this:I knew I had lo think care- v + prep
not telling them the truth: She felt she'd been fully in t ?in~tervieworJmrght trip up. o She tuas
E%ZI drugs, weapons trying to rrrp me up with her quesIi0m. 'trustsbwithsblsthtogiwsWsthtoapersonto
trrcked rnto mrrioge. o He trick& me i n h lend- take care of because you believe they will be
@v+adv a v+nlpm+adv+ v+adv+n caremwith themlit:Wouldyoutrust herwith the
@v+P~~P ing him EIllO. chiIdren?oI'd trust hrm wllh my 1?7-&
trot /tmt:AmEtm;t/ (-tt-1 Q v + dpmn+prep
trail Trick sb into sthAnto doing sth is omen
used in the passive.

,traila'wayfoff if sb'sspeechtrailsawayloff, it Q Y +nlpron+prep ,trot'offto go somewhere,walkingquite quickly:
gradually becomes quieter and then stops: ,trick sb 'owlo f sth to takesthawayfhmsbby
she trottd off to s c h d happily with her new
Mark 3 mice hniledaway lo a w h f s ~o~'rIon[y dcceivlng them: An 81Lw old W Q wa~s
hope...' She tmiMofl Iunch $ox. ,try 'back;,try sb 'back MmE) to telephonesb
drickedoutof herlifesavings.
& v +nlpron + adv +prep
DS2lwlce @v+adv agaln when you have already telephoned them

train jtreml ,trfekre 'down(especially of money)to spread , a t 8th 'out (irtformtrl,disapprovirap)to say or but havenot managedto speakto them:Can you
repeat 8thsuchasan excuse, anexplanation,etE. fry back laterPoShe's ml there. J'II have Fo t q
Wain d h onnrpon sblirth (Torma0to point sth from rich to pwr people through the ewnomic without thinkinga b u t it or beingsincere about her back afler lumh.
it: The airline trotted out the $amold e x c m to IEBphone back,phone sb hackE e ~ ~ ~ t n ! b
suchasagun, am e n ,a light,etc. atsblsth:The system of a country:lf the m l t h y pay Iess lax, mplatn the dehys. oHe's just I m t f i n ~out the BrE), call back,mll sb back
@ v+adv r v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+n
mike markmen trained their m p m OR the the benefitsshould trickledown mpwpkon Iowr pony lineagoin(= inpolitics).
&v+adv+n + v+prmi+adv(lessfr@@wnO 'tryfor ath(mpeciallyB r a tomake an attempt to
building. o She tmined the camem on the brtde incomes.
get or win sth:Areyougoingto hyforZhntjob?o
andgmm o He kepi his emm m ~ o thne road .(4v+adw trump ~trnmpl They've km tryingfor a h b y for s e w 1 y a m

ahead. b 'trickle dmvn n the thmrythat i f the rich- now (= the woman has k n t r y h g to become

t33gun, camam, eyar estpeopleinsocielykeamericher this willhave ,hump 8th 'upto make up a false stow about PIpgMtr
sblsth, especially accusing them of doing sth E E a baby
This phrasalverb L usedmainly in written a g o d eflect on poorer pwpIe as well, for wmng: Several of his wEhgues tnunped UP a
awnplaint toget him mnwvwlfrom thejob. 0 She O v + prep
English. exampleby rreatingmorejobs w m arrestedon frwnm-rrpcharges.
,try it 'on(wlthsb)(irllormal.dIslrppmuing,ape
6 v+ nlpmn +prep EZQ c h a W s )
ciaflyBrm to behwe badly towardssb or try to
,train sb 'upto make sb ready to do a job or an trifle~'traffll +v+adv+n + v+pran+adv+ v+n+adv(mm) get sth from them just to see what you can do
before they become angry or stop you: The klds
activity by teaching them the skills they n& 'Mfle wlth s h t h (used esmiallv in nemtlue trundle tmndll sometimesfry iron with a new brrbysitter
-GWe need lo troh up extra s W @ r the Christmas s e n t e m ) to treat sbtsth without
period. as ff
e v + a d v + n+ v+n(pnxl+a&
they arenot very important:He is nota ~ I Mtobe flznaan$an oBr Winrg tmobehave
t r w with. o H e mas e m n who tmd wlth
d, hopingthat noonewLUstopyou
traipseI ~ M ~ S I , t ~ n d l . ~ t lhout (dlsappmutn~@, S W ~ ~ IBYrm
to mention sblsth or do sth that you have onen ,trysth 'ontoputonapiewof d o t h i n g t o ~ i fit
,traipse #round: ,traipse a'rouad sth ( B ~ E trim t t r r m / ( + ~ fitsand how it looks:Onn I tyu on the blue onelo
also ,tlhpae 'round,,traipse Vomund sth)(infor- mentioned or done beofmorec:lTkhmegloovjeurnsmliftiIrun- If you Iike it, why don'tyou try It an?
+v+aclv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
ma0 to walk from place tu place slowly because ,trimath a'way~ofltocutoffa smallpartof 8th mtwm
you are tired and unw~lllng:I've been tmipsing becauseft is not needed:My hair i s tm long rwur
amundallday wtlhJenny tryinglo buy a matfor Canyou trim ofl ahuttwo centimem? e v + a d v + n v+dpmn+&
her 0 We spent the afternwn tmipsing amund @v+a&+n + v+ntprm+adv
,try 'out(krsth){especUIIyAmE)tocompetefor a
the town. ,Wm 'down;,trim sth Vldwnn to become, or to
make sth, smaller In size:He's trimmed down ,truss sWsth 'up (OM-fashioned)to tie a person place m a sports team, a part in a play, dc: He
&u+adv * v+prap or an animal up vwy tightly so that they cannot tried out for the s c h 1 h n d . oIt's a pretty good
moveor escape:The victim had been C r d up teamIlhinkl'lllryout.
tramplertrrernpl/ from 90 kihs to 70.0 The muie was frimmed with rope end beaten.
down lo25 hours. -Truss sWsth up is often used in the Qv+&
b 'lry-out n (AmE) a test, ete. to choose players
trample onlover s h t h to Ignm sb's feelings E@slim down;dlm down. sllm am down passlve. for a team, actors b r ap w etc: The&urn is bid-
Cjv+nlpmn+adu+ v*edv+n
or rights and treat them as if they are not Qv+adv + v+adv+n+ v+dpron+adv ing try-autsthlnis Thumday.o Rid you h u e a try-
trust ltrnstl
important: The government b trumpling on the outfor the schoolpla~?

vlews of ordinar), people. o WnZ let Jack tram +S ~ ~ U ~ T R Y - OatUTRTY SBlSTH OUT (ON SB)

ple all overyou! ,tdp 'mr:,trip 'over sblsth to fall or almost ,try sbisth 'out{onab) to test sWsth to see how
&v+m
fall because you have awldentally hit your foot 'trust In sbtsth ~ r m a Oto have confidencein good and useful they are or how suitable for a
sWsth: to rely on sb completely: I was =red
treat1 ~ 3 1 against sth while you are walking or running:I particular tssk or purpse W o r e you decide to
trip@ o w the rug a d fill hmvlljt o He kept before iRe operation, but I trusted in the skill of usethemlit:We'vebeen tryingoutsomenewmmi-
the doctorsandnums. o He urgedthem towustin cmnsfor our band. o He couldn't wait to by out
'treat sb to sth to entertain sbwith sthspecial: tripping o w o mumtiue) He Pip@ over hls
Vuilors will be treated lo a sprfaculrrr shorn o mrds8nhisexcitemen!. God. hrsnew inwnllon. o l'uegotan IdeaI'dItkemfry
(rronic)We roere W l e d to (= we had to d r ) rr Qv+adv + v+prep out on you. o The drug has not beeA tried out on
m God

tmhour kture. ,trip 'up:,Mp sb 'up I(espaclallyBrE) to faU or & v +prep humnswt.
'trust to sblsthto leavethe resultor gmgress of m t e a a h out (on sb!sth)
EillTreat sb toathisonen used inthe pmssive. almost fall because you have accidentally hit events to be decided by luck, chance, e k , @v+nlpmn+Etdv + v+adv+n
Qv+ru'pmn+m
your footagainst sth while walking or running;
because there is nothing or no one else to help
to make sb fall or almost fall b y catching their

tuck ..... .................... _ _1.m.1-....... . .-.....-,,,,.-,m,<<-,,.....-....................................................................=.3..2.3............................- turn d d o
.........................,.A.................... 322 ,.....XI............._......_...I..~......,......II1...................l* ,,,,,,,,,_._
.A.............I.....*
_. _ll

F wy-mtn an act of testinghowgcd orsuitable turnble,wnmbi/ ,tune 'upwhen an orchesm tun- up, the play- against me, o W h ~ hcas ??m&them turn agaIrPsl
sWsth is More you decide to use themlit: The ers adjust the instrumentsso that they can play
,tumble'downlofallsuddenlytothe groundina togethec We mu[d hear the orcheslm tuningup. +thegownment7
pIuyhndanoutdf-townbry-outin w o r d . v+prep + v+dpmn+pmp
a h TRY-OUTatTRY OUT (FOR STH) dramatic way: Onepush and t b LWII aune turn
bling down. oHer Iong dark hafrturnbkd down o The gunnet tuned up andbegun lop[ny. ,turna'mund(BrEelso ,turn'mund)if sb turns
arourwI her Jbw. o VFguratiue) She felt hersew
tuck {MI +v+adv around and d m 8th. they do sth un-edly
tumblingdown intothe hoie.
,tuck sth away Ibs fuckd away to be in a 'turf/ t j % ~ m ~ k r f / and d e n unfairly: What will uw 40 if he t u r n
@v+adv
around and saysit luas a11ourfault?
b 'WmMedmn adJ [usually before n m a
quietor hidden placewhere not many peoplego: tumbledown building is old and in a vwy bad ,turf sblath 'aW%,tursfbrsthbut&ofathalso &v+actv
cond~t~ownr,th parts fallingdown: He lived in a
The h o w is lucked away right at the and of a small,tumbIedown hut. ,tud sb 'off, ,tud sb 'Wf sth) (BrE,IdormO to ,turna'round:,turnsb~stha'round(grEalso

rough trackkEQhlde sth away Be ,tumble 'over to fall to the ground: SheRnacked force sWsth to leave a particular place or an #turn'round, ,turn sbhth 'round) to move your
the shtueand it trunbledom
tucked aww is usually followed by a phrase organization: We need ta turf the JIernOaDtlc head and shoulders or your whole body so that
&v*adv
with a preposition: The N e was tucked nluaj. in porw out. o Sewmifarniites havebwn tudedout you face in the oppositedirection;to make sblsth
Yumble to sblsth (BrE, i&=maf) to suddenly
the basement. 2 (in sth) to put sth in a safe place, of their homes.o The boys shmld haue been change position in this way: She turned around
realize, understand, or become mare of what
especially sth valuable: She tucked the photos sWsth k really like: l'w turnbIed to Isabel now.o tuMed o r the bus. tostarecat the m a behtnrI h o He walked away
away in her wller. o We've got mme mow I'wlumbMlawhathishy~nglo&.
IEE)kloksb oul,kkk sbaut of sth:throW withaul turning round. o I t u r d the h t t f e
@ v+ prep
tucked away @r mergeflck EDi) stash sth +sblsth out,thmw sblsth out of nth mundtolookatthelukl. 4 Tfunuxseturnedhlrn
v+ nlpmn + adv + v + adv+ n ( l m f w m f ) around loface the wzndolu
away S(BrE,inlormat)to eatalot of food:Hecan v+ nlpmn+adv+ prep + v+ rdpmn+prep
+s e e 0 . b TURN ABOUT
+~ertainlyluck it away! put nth away e v t a d v + v+rdpron*adv + v + a d v + n ( h
P b+v+adv
2,3 v+nlpm+achr + v+adv+n @;turf sth 'oul(BrE,iMomd)to get rid of sth you
do not want: Theshop kfull of beaurifulc l o ~ Irepu@nt)
,tuck 'In:,tuck 'into 8th ( i d o m l ,e s p ~ h l l y tuneltiwn:A ~ tuEnl
thtpeople hnw tuMed out. t 'turnaround (BrEalso 'turnround) n ~ U S U ~
BrKj to eat food, especially qufcWy or with
a ) v t a d v + n 4 v+nlpmn+adu sing.]P the amount of time it takes to unload a

enthusiasm: We tckked in hungrily. o He was ,harm"n(to nth), ,tune'Into sth 1to turn on the plane or ship at the end of a Journeyand load i t

tucking into a huge plateful of pasta. o Tuck in. radio or television in order to listen or watch a Zurn1 t j ~ ; m t 7 : m / ready for the nextone2 the amountof time that
particular programmeor channel: We tunedin60 it takes to doa piwe ol work that you haw been
euerybody!
glven and return ~t5 a complete change in sb's
E 3 dlg in:dl@Into rth luarch the football. Q 5 % ~ into (= watch) next -- a m 325 -df opimon,plans,behwlour,etc.
aga~nst -B s * U h TURNAROUND at TURN AROUND, TURN
@r+adv +v*prep week's ercifing episwIet 2 to be aware of or -on
-I- around -onb ST11 AROUND
,tuck sb 'iWup to cover sb, especially a thud, understand other people's thoughts, feeThgs or as~ds
comfortably h klby pullingthe coversaround -wt,wtd ,turn a'round; ,turn sth a'rwnd (BrE also
them: WlI you mme and tuck rn in, Mummy? o n&s: You must tuneinto the timi3of t h e m p l e 324 -away ,turn'round, ,turnsth 'round) if a businessoran
The chrIdrenwere olltmkd UP in bzd by 80m. -away fmm 326 -over b economy turns araund,or s b h u n s It around,
you love. it becomes successful after it has been unwc-
@v+adv + v+pmp --back -327 - ~ cessfulfor a t [me:Theeconomy ~5sbmly tUtnlttg
d0vm mud around. o His job IS&I hy lo turn the mmpany
@v+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n ,tune stb 'inf to adjust the controlsona radio or -in around.
-to
,tuck sth 'in;,tuck sth 'Inb sth 1to push or television so that you can hear w see a partlcu- -In on
fold the Imse end of a piece of clothing,a sheet, Iar programme or channel clearly: The mdw q UP
-inside out
rope, hair,etc., Insth, tomakeit tldy or hold~itn i s n ' l p r o ~ ~tluyned in. o Ikwp themdiot W in --upon
to the BBC WorldService. 2 2Am.K) to turn on the -into ups~dedown
posit~on:Tom,tuck YOW shirt inlo Why don't radioor televisionin orderto listen to or watch a
part~cularprogramme: ? h e m our TV special Qv+nlpmn+& 4 v+adu+n
you t ~ y u u r t r o ~inrlsoyouraks?o Tuck the
lInpqf the enwhpe in. shlrt 2 to pull a part tonight at nine. ',turn a" (mpecklIy B r a to turn m u n d b rumaround ( B E also turnround) n LC, usu-
of your body inwards,especiallyby makingyour ally sing.]a suddenimprovementin a business,
muscles tight: Stond up stmight und tuck your +v*a&hr+n 4 v+n/prm+adv quickly so as to face in the opposite direction: an economy, etc: The predictmi m m L turn-
amundJaifed to happen.
She turnedaboutand mtinto the kttchen.
+seealsoTURNAROUP~Dat TURN AROUNTDUR,N
bottomsIn! o Keepyourchrn tucked in, be ,tunedVn(to sth); be ,tune(l 'fnhsthtobe + W ~ ~ S O T U R NAROUND,TURN SBESTH AROUND;
SBESTHAROUFlD
+v+nrpron+adv 4 v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn*pm~ aware of or understand sth, especially other +TURN AROUND, TURN STH AROUND
v+adv
,tuek ab 'up=TUCK SB INIUP p p l e ' s feelings: Parenis should be tuned in to F a,but-'tumn(BTE) 1anact of turningaround ,turn sth a'ro~n(dB r E a h ,turn sth 'round)to

,tuck ath 'upto move or put sth in a small space, the n& of their child. o fm tuned in to what I quicklyso astoface in theoppositedirection:He deliberately understand sth that sh says 1n the
especially to hlde it or W p it safe or comfort- have to do.
able: Shc kidred ofl her shws arrd tucked herf& drd a m p H about-turnwhen he saw mond went wrong way,especially for your own advantage:
up under her *Q be+v+adv be+v+prep
back imide. 2 a complete change of opinion, You turn evgythingIsqy aroundto makeme I w k
,tune 'out; ,tune sbl8th 'out (informl, e s p
plan or behaviour Houn hter the -tU stuprd.
m legs,t& curllyAmF) to stop listening to sblsth;to Ignore
didan a b u t - t u r n a n d ~ 0 0 u r ~ n d0s0. +v+ntpnm*adv + v+adv+n
Tuck sth up is &n u& in the passim sblsth: Whetl Lee slarkd &!Ring abut her pb,
Timjust tuned oul. dramaticabout-turnin governmentmlky ,turna'slde to change direction and go to one
She sot wrth her legs I w M up uradex he^
+v+n/pron*adv + v+a&+n &v+adv + v*n/pm+adv 4 v+adv+n c 'hrrnaboutn [sing.]1an a d of turn~ngaround side, especially in order to avoid sbkth: He
qulckly so as to face in the oppositedirection 2 a turnedasldein amhrmwnmt.
'tune sth to sth to adjust the controlsof a mdlo
suddenand mplete change inatt~tudeoropinion Qv+edv
or telw~sionso that you can listen to or watch a
,turn a'galnst sb/ath; ,turn sb awlnst ,turn sblsth a'slde to make sbhth move to one
'tug Mhto givesth a quick,strongpull:h n i e l particular programme:AII the TVs in the store skist41 to stop, or to make sb stop, being side, especially in order to avoid sth dmdt Or
dangerous:As he bent to kiss her she t u r d her
tug& at my s k e w +were tuned lothe somechannel. fr~endlytowardssb; tostop,or to make sb stom
v + nlpron+prep supporting sblsth: Her o l d p i e d mre turning hwd aside. 0 Cfgumtiw] He cl@wdyturned all
EEi sb%arm,sb'a halt, aVa sl- IEfB pull at against h~ o He's trying to turn his farnrly herqmlionsaside (= he did not answerthem).

sth

QV+PP @ v+niprDn+adv + v+adv+n(lessf"eqrrent)



.. .. ..t.u...r..n.....o...u...t.......................* ......_..............* ....................,...........3.2..6........ ................... .........................................,.,.....................,.- .......+..............................IXI turn up---s--.t.d.-.e....d...o...w....n...

couldn't have gone mywax as 51 turn& out. o turned Adam o wonm his buck. o Turnthepan- maghlxmaking itvery untidy: His room had been cessfuk Thetmm3mmp[nyer tarried up trumps
ThechiIdrenhaw turnedout well inspileof their coke wer when one side is muked. o Vigumlive) twned o w by t h p o l k . W Turn ~ t ohver is and scmpd t h m gwls. o Thot was a wond@~l
upbn'ngiw. 3So be diswvered to be;to prove to Thesmellmademystomcrch turn ouer often used in the passive in thls meaning. mealJYou'w tumed up trumps again.
be:It turned out thut she wasaj7iendof my sis- b rumup n [sing.] (ErE, i?$ormul, A m u s )
v + a h v +nipton+a& + v+ adv + n(Iess Q 1,3,4,5v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
ier o MY decision turned out to haw h e n a mis- something surprising or unexpected that hap
frequent) Zv+abu+n + v+prwr+adv
take. o Ruth's i l d m turned out not to he serlourr b "turnorarn a small piece o f pastry fillpd with pns:Nick's handed his luork m on lime?Thot'sa
after all. c 'turnover n IC,uaually sing.] KIl the total turn-upfor the books!
fruit orjam, folded over and baked amount of goodsand servicessold bya company
&v+adv +S ~ ~ U T~USRNOOVER at TURN OVER,TURN STH +S~J?O~SOTURN-UPat TURN STH UP
during a part~cuIarpried of time: a n annuul b 'upturn n an improvement or an increase in
b 'turnoutn [C,usually sing.] IU11the number OVER; TURNOVER at TURN STH OVER turnouerof twenty million sth:on ugiurn in theemnomy
of peoplewho to take gart in at+watch an ,turn 'mr;,turn 8th ' m r 1(of an engine) to
~ ~ L F O T U R N W E Rat TURN OVER,TUSABENSTH
activlt~:Therew~ugoodi~mUforthemncert. -steadi]yatalowspeed;tosM:Ftw&th
OVRR:TURNOVER at TURN OVER,TURN STH OVER ,turn 'up;,turn 8th 'upto point, or to make sth
2 the n-kr w p l e who vote in a particular
RW and t h engine t u r d over guiet~pohe ,turn 'overto 8th:,turnsth Movertosth if an point, upwards: Her nose turns up at t h end. 0
election: a hdghllowlmr turnout area, a factory, etc. turns over or sb turns it She turned herf m up tom& him,
e n g h was turnmg over mofisst.W tlck aver wet to sth, ~tstartsto be used Tor sth different: 23!0 turn clorm;turn sth down
,turn'out:,turnd h 'mUtto point, ortomakesth Thewholeamhas turnadowrlo rtEepduclion. +v+adv + v+nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n
- a2 {to 5th)(&E) to change to a different channel
point, outwards: Hisfeet turn out as he waZis, o when watching television: Can I lurn ouer to F 'Wrnedup adj [only Wore noun) pinting
She turnsher ioes out whenshe w a l k upwards:a turned-up nose
+v+adv * u+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n Chnnnel Four?o This is boring. Let's turn it we,: o Thefactury ~ u atsu r d o u ~iro t h e p m i ~ t z o nof
aircmftpnrts. b 'upturned adj [only before nounl painting or
W change owr {to sth): swltch over (tosth) & v + adv +prep + v +nlpron+a* +prep
faclng upwards: a n u p t u d nose o upturned
,turnsb 'out(fmm ath), ,turns b 'outof sth to switch sth (to sth) 3 to move a page or ,turn'roundlBrEj=TURN AROUND
faces
force sbtoleaveor go out of a place: The hndlord piece of paper so that you can seethe other side: ,,turn'round,turnsbMh "mund (BrE) =TURN
turnedthem o u t d their hollsejur WoretheNew Turnouer ( t h e m e )for more m i l s . lmilTurn +S W ~UPITU~RNED TURN STH UPSIDE DOWN

Ywr:o Youmn't turn usout in thhstorm! or turn sth is used more frequently m this AROUND, TURN SBISTH A R O U N D

EZ)chuck sbout, chuck sb out of sth: kkk meaning: I t u r d the m e quickh. o Turn lo ,turnsth 'upI to adjust the controls of a pieceof
,turn 'round;,turn 8th 'round (BrD = TURN electrical equipment in order to increase the
sb out, klck sboul of sth:hlrlsbout. tuH sb page 23 4 to sell goods and replace them; to be

out of sth (BrE,informal) sold and replaced: Large supermrkets turn over AROUND,TURN STH A R O U N D heat, noise,etc:TurnIheTVup,Imn't hear what

v + nlpron +adv r v+nlpron+adv+pp their stock m y rupidlj. o This brand turns over ,turnsth 'round(Bra=TURN STHAROUND she'ssaying, o Let3 furnthehenlingup,l'mfreez~

,turn M l s b 'outto produce sthlsb: Thefitoty twice asfmt as the others. Yurn to sb 1to move your heador body so as to ing. o The m m k was turnad up loud. E3El hmt-
turns out 9W cum a m k . o This school has face sb:He t u r d lo me adsmiled, 2 (Cr sthEto
turn&out seuemi well-knownwimm. &v+adv + v+nlpmn+sdv v+adu+n approach sb for help, syrnwthy or advice: Sue Ing, mualc. r u d i o h t w l s l o n t~urn ath
@ v + a h+n + v +nlpron+ adr I& fwuent) turns lo herfrrendsfor support rather thun her
Zurn over a new 'leaf to change your way of farnib. o You'ret k only person I can turn &for dowi 2to make a piece of clothing, or part of a
,turnsth ' O u t 1 toswitchoff sthsuchasalfghtor Ilfe to h m e a better, more responsible person udvice,o She hasnobodyshe caniurn lo. piwe of clothing, shorter by fold~ngit backand
b 'hrrnwern [sing.] q the rate at which employ- sewing it: ThesIeeves were too long and had lo b8
a source of heat:Remnaber io turn out the heights. ees leave a company and arereplaced by others &V+PP turned up. o Wiiigoulurnthe hem upfor me?m
a h g h turnoverof s W 2 the rate at which goods hemEE3 1ststh down 3to discoversth, such as
IE37 only Ilght, gas BY@swltch 8th off= are sold in a shoptstore and are replaced by 'hrmto sth to startto become involved in sthor ~nformationor sth hidden: Their enquiries
others: afast turnoverof slack turned up a nurnher of m-ing fncls. o Our
turn sth on +seealso T ~ R NSTH O F F2 (ttrE)to +s-eecrlsaru~~oavt T~U~R N DVER,TURSBNESTH start to do sth,especially sth illegal or harmful,
oflen because you are in a diPIIcultsituation: He +eflomlo trucehim turned up mthlng.
clean a mom, a cupboard, etc. thornughIy by 0VER;TURNOVEA at TURN STH OVBR l,Zv+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n
removing the mntents and organizing them wasforced to turn io crime lo pay off his debts. o Bv+adv+n + v+n/pmn+adv
,turn shsth 'aver(to SMto)deliver sblsthto
again:She turnedthekitchenc u p h e outatthe Peogle o f i n mpe with stressby turning t o f d J 3 r Yumvpn(SrQthebottomdthelegof apair
beginningof theyeuz o I'm going to turn out my thecontrol and care of gb Inauthority especially mm$ort. of trousersrpants that has k e n folded over on
the w l ~ c e :He was turnad over to the Be[- theoutside: Turn-upsseemtobewrning~kIn10
bedroomduring the holidays. EE)char sth out police at the hr&r ey+vrep
@v*nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n foshron.
3 to remove the contents of sth; to empty s t h 'Cumto sth; 'turnsth to 8thtoturnyouratten-
completely: I turned oulo21the drawers looking tion, your thoughts. etc, to a new subjed: O w 4 w a b TUAH-UP at TURN UP
for my keys. o Turn out your pockets. o She m n u @ r s o t i o n m n t u d 5 0 t h e k i n d o f rnwC1Rat
weliked o Lal's turn ourattentian tonext week's 'tUm U r n ~ t (JhkiTlUfi =TURN ON STH
t u r d the rice out of thepacketinta a $owl. EED ,turn5th 'wer 1(tosb) togivetheres~nsibility cofleremr
'turn ~ t Uhpon ~ b l ~=tTUhRN STH ON SBlSTH
empty sth for sth important to sb else: He hod h turn over

ev+adv+n+v*nm+abv some of h u dutm tohhls assbtmt.o She'sphn-

be ,turned 'out[+ advtprepl to dress sb/yourself ning lo turn the business o m lo her dnlsghtm IZIattention ,turn upslde 'dwvn;,tumath upslde ' d m
with special care or ef€ort: The chfIdren were EE)b n d w r t o ~ b , h a M s t h o v w t o s b P Iaf
aituoys bmat&Ily fumed out. 0 She wmfmh- business turns over a particular amount of Qv+prep + v+nlpm+pr%p to move 5th so that the bottom is faclngupwards:
ionably turned out in cream trousers and a red money, it deals with that amount i n a particular
smtez period of ttme: The company turned aver a mzl- ,turn 'up 1 (of a person) to arrive: He finally Thecashit a wall,turnedupsuledown.andended
RI3W This phrasal verb is always used in the turned up at threeo'chk. o Theiini didn't turn
passive. Zion m u m 3 in itsfirslywl: 3 to think about sth up so we walked. BE!l show up (i@rmcrfE 2 to up in afield. o I t u r d the box upside down and
carefully: Diam t u r d over lohat Jams had euerything fellout.
@h+v+adw said in her mind o He Iay in the dark, turning be found, especially by chance, aRer being lost: @v+adu+adv + v+ntpm+adv+adv
over the day's exlmordinary evenis. ZEB chew
,turn 'mr:,turn s b l ~ t h'we?to change your sth over;mull 5th orar 4 (BrE,shng)to enter a The missing letter turn& up in t h h e t e bnskel. ,turn sth upslde ' d mItomakeaplacevery

position, or the position of sblsth, so that the place illegally and steal valuable things h m it: 3(ofan opportunity)to happen,especiallyunex- untidy whlle youaresearchingfor sth:Thebum-
other side is fachg outwards or upwards: He
turmdoueronlo his back. o Thevanskidddond The burglars had turnad the how over pectedly: I haven't got a job at the moment, but lam turned t h e a t upsrde down. 2to make large
turned o w o Jack was dn'ving loo fist and Turn sthoverisoftenused inthe passive in this
turned tfw mr o m on the h R d . o The nurse meaning. 5 EBrE) to search a place very thor- I'm surethatsomethingwillturn ufl o Rgerenm changes and confusion In sb's life: The diwrce

lo Irlrina turn up in m n y of hispwm. turned his whok world upside down.

Qv+adv +EI9 lurn sblsth Insldeout
v +nlpmn+adv + adv
turn up(come up Yrurnps to do more than

p p l e expect and so make a situation v w y suc-

b 'upturned &j [only before noun] !umd urge~ d 3A:d a & /
upside d m : u p t u r d chairso We sat on an
,urge sWMh 'on(to sthm do nth) to encourage
wtured b x .
+ S W O ~ O U P T ' U R N E D ~ ~ T U R NUP,TURN STH UP sb,to support sb so that they can do sth better
The s u p p o r n wereurging the I w m on. o Urged
twist ,MI on hy thePrim Minisfer thepolice tried toend the
strike o The driver urgedthe h o w on.
, W s t ~ t 'ohff;,twist sth 'off sthtomwesth
or break sth off by turning and pulling it with BE)encourage sblsth
your hand: He twick? off the IM and looked +v+nlpron+adv + v+adr+n
mi&.o She tw&d the cap off the bottle and
took a mouthfulof w a r n ,use nth 'upto use allof sth untilno more is left:
&v+mEpmn+adv v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+mp
I've wed up all the milk. o These eggs need lo be
typeltarpl LLSL?ZI up quickly. o Thisprogym will use u p a lot
,type sth 'in:,type sth 'hbc 8th to put data of m r y on theharddisk.

into a document using a computer or a type- (av+nlpmn+adv. v*adv*n
writer: Type in rhefik name then press Mum. o
Typethereiewont detaik into the boxespmvlded. usherI ' A J ~

EED kny sth In,key sth Into sth ,usher sth 'In (formar)to mark or be the startof
@ v+adv*n + r+nlpmn+adv * v+dpron+prep sth new:TheelscSionsushered in amwperiodof
,type sth 'OuW'upto produce a wpy of sth on a change in the counim o Rwmrk displays
computer(or word prcrcessor) or a typewriter: u.~hereSin theNew Year
m psrlod.era EED herald.(hVormalE
I'mtyp~nguptherepwtlhismorning. oItzOokme +v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv
ages Eo &p@myno& out.
ev+adu+n + v+ntpron+i&

.......................................-.............-.......... +. .............5..3.1.......*.....................-.........................+...............................w....u....c...h..

o u t o f o f f i o e a t t ~ ~ e I e r l i n r n o ~ l a a t l v i ~ ~Vh dOoU C ~ I V ~ W ~

6f mh7d was 'Ihe 'vouchfor sWdh1to saythatyouknowsb,that
Board. you believe they have a good character and that
2;: ~ ~ ~ JFmgwernmed, plty
vyhgfor t h S e a c k ' s a16eraiiono The Wswere
mavote fiout and wte sb mt ofiof~stham
,veer 'off;,veer 'off sth ( a h, m r a'way Ifrwn wfngwith m h other toimpmht*:o Theretwre often used in the passive. youch (or him.o You shou[d give the hem4f
several msfaumnls vying with each other for
sth)) 1 to suddenly change direction: The tor 6 v+nlprnn+adv + v+adu+n + two pmple who nur much for your honesfy and
CUStUmerS.
suddenly veered OJYtothe kft.o Thetruck u d v+nlpron+adv+pp r v+rdpfCm+prep reIinblli&.o 1I oanuollfor h f w t thut ha b a
'9'"' corn* (wsth sb/sth) (for sth)
ofl the heand cmshed into a tree, o Thephne -You can also use vte to do sth:The boys mm,wtesth 'thmughbapprovesthorbfigapm- mgood ~ l l o a~n-r for ath 2 to m y that
was going stmight towards t h mountain, but
were$oway at the last minufe.2 (of a conversa- ewerewlng bimpr~ssher pasal, etc. into force W mhg for it: you know sth is true because you have seen It
tion or a way of behaving or thinking) to change V*PBP yourself.f wasin bed withflu. My lavecanwuch
voEed the bill through without a dew&
f i r thatlme, o Icun'i muchfor this hole8 (= I have
bill, proposak

in the way ~t develop: The mnwrxstion veered visit ~'rwtl WpassivVeo. te sth through is often Used in the dnoqfpueIrfsomnmdthe.expbreorciehnucreeo. f ~ t b)ut it looked luon-

ORinlom o m ~ m n nml atters. o Throughout hts Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adr+n =Vouch for sbkth can be used in the
passlve: I had ta k vouchedfor by a mmnsible
mreer he's veered atuay from jazz into other 'Visitwith SbOLmE,infom1)to spendtime with
areas. person.
sb talking in an inforanal and casual way: I
&v+adu + v+prep 0 v +prep
ulsited with my neighbur while the kidP were

veg/veal hma-, wglng, wgged,vesged) playlng.
Q v + prep

=Although these forms are spelt with gg-, be 'vlslted on s b t h ( a hbe k k W upDn
they are all pronounced (ved3-/.
sbtsth) (old-fash&m&,f i r m 0 to be punished
,veg 'out (spoken,i n f o r m 0 to relax and do very with sth: He listed the horrors uisiled upon the

httle: Allshedws is uegout infront@ the telly, W o n during the m ~ f r kot Each new lndim~ty

laze aboutlaround; loungea b u U a m n d visited on her tlms worse than the~re~iousonc.
@ be+v+ prep
6 v+adv

voteNaut;~ m e v w t i

'venture Intoton sth (also hntum upon rth ,v;ote 8-h 'downto reject or defeat a mndi-

moreformaD to dare to do sth that could be dan- dateora proposal by voting:TheSemlehas mred

gerous or involve risk: As mn as he arrived in down Qo& lo mise tar& o f l Mr Smith

the county, he vemured on a Pip up theAmazun. de-7 too mwh, the uaioras wfll uoie h ~ m

o This is thefirst time the mmpany laas mtured down.

into mouieprodwtiora. Qv*n/pmn+adv r v+adv+n

U~V+P~P ,vote sb 'In;.votesb 'IntoPentosthto.c.h..n.o.c.p.
sb Tor a particularposition by voting: I r w s u o t d
'vergeon sth(also'verge upon sthmreSormal) in as treasurer o When was this government
to be very closeor simnarto anextreme state or wtBd into oficelo Whowled her onlo the Bmrd
condition: I ~ v a streated with swpiclon that of Couermrs'
vereed on hostiliw. o Her hair wns dark bmwn, e W sb (to8thth)ImorefomT)
wrg1ng on black. WiH Vote sb inand vote sb IntoEmta 8th are
IEE) border on sth often used in thepassive.
* v * a d v + n + v+pron+adv + v + n + a d v ( m ) +
e v+preo
v+n l p m +prep
vest /vestf
, w e sb 'off sth = VOTE SBOUT, VOTE SB OUT OF/

OFF STH

'veststh In sb/sth:'wrst sb with s t h ( f m 0 'vote on ath to makea dedsion about sthby vot-
I to omclally or legally g~vesb the power or mg: The mmmitlw b uolimg on the p r o w l
authority to do 5th:It rs unwise a, uest abmiute tontght o Workemhaw begun voting mwhether
Pourer In a single instrtvtion. o Themurlis med to holdaseriesof o~edcsysfr~km.
with certain ugh&.2 to makesb the legal owner
of land or property Vest 8th insblathand E E i prownrl, resolutbn,Issue
vest sbwlth sthareoften usedIn the passive. Vote on sth can be used in the mssive:The

v * nlpmn+prep proposal w m uotedon and agreed.

vie /v@ (vhs,vyinw I ' w q / v l e d ,wid) 0V+PMP

,Vote ~b 'ofit0d h = WYrE Ss IN, VOTE SB INTO!

ONTO STB

'vle with sblsth(for Mth)todo sth), ' v kfor nth ,vote sb 'out,,vote sb 'out offoff sth to
(form0lofin lrseri in the progre9sive tenses)to decide asa gmupto r e m m sb &om a particular

compete strongly with sblsth: There?! bea Iot of pasition by voting: T h e g w e r n m t m a y be wled

w p l e wingfor thosewls.o The chiklren uwm

....................................... ..,.............*................................*...........8..3..3..........................................................................................w....a....l.l...I.n..

that the mmml wrld must k wnserwd. o The ~ I T sHm 2 Who'swalkedoLfw i l h w p e n ? oThat
hospituls have woken up to She value of wi- dog'sjust walked of with our bail!

cnced nurses.o He hasn'tget ruoken UP to the ser- ,walk 1( o h ,walk 'out d sth) to -1 a
meeting, a performance, etc. suddenlybefore the
w a d e /wer@ wusm of the situation,
end, because you do not like It or are angry:S?@
on them hahand amdyiwi (= doing everythingfar +v+adw+prep
emf students um1W out of the debate Wow the
,wade 'in; ,wale 'Intosth (infirmar) to get them, like a servant). 3(AIPnE) to m e custom-
ers in a shoflstore: Is onybot$v uxritingon y o u l o walk l w ~ k l vole. o Some of the audience rwlked out tn dw-
involved in a discussion,an argument,a difffcult There is nn one in thefurniturn d e p o m t to
situation, etc. in a forcefuland not verysensitive ,walk a'way(mnblsth)1to leave a aficult or gust. 2 (of workers) to stop working and go on
way: She wa&d in with an atwck on rnmmny waitanme. strike: The c a m m e n have ~ v o l k doui over
unpleasant situation in orderto avoid it, instead working conditions. 3 (on sblsth) (iMormn0 to
mliq o The&- luaded intoa WmargumenK @ v+prep leavesb you have a close relationship with and a
of staying to deal with it: to walk crmylmm a responsibility for He walkedout on h h wifeimnr-
+over de$mcespnding 'wait on sbkth (Wrmal,m p x i ~ l l yArm) to riage rlfferEyeass.
v + adv v+prep wait until sb arrives or until sth is available: situotlonldeal o You can't jusl wafk a m from +v+advl alsov+a&+m
t 'walkovt n 1a sudden strike by workers: The
,wade 'Into Sb(Worm0to attack sbphysically Jlldd l~.oshteandshewasskkof miring on him. tthheinpgro-blhemisj.oohHheijsuhsotmweaalnkdadhiusw$awrnfirlyo.m2 every- smff smged a one-day walkout. 2 a protest in
if you which you leaveameeting,a performance, etc,to
orwithwords:Marbysurrsh~-hjmtded o I'mstlIl m i t i w o n themull of the M d lest. 4 show your anger or disappmval
SherwswaitinRon my decision. walk away from a n accident, etc. you are not
into the skmhmds without a thought. o She ,walk 'wet sb(ir@rmn 1to treat sb badly and
rvaded stmight into her m'timwith h r opening In British English, wait (for nblath)is usu- seriously injured: Bofh d r i v m walkad away not consrder their wishes or feelha: We're not
prepnred lolet t h e m n a g e m t walk all overus.
remrks, ally used. with mrmr cudsand b r u h " a He m l k e d away 2 to defeat sb easlly in a competktion: Thw'll
launch lnto sb;altack sb( m f o r m a ~ walk alf overyou on S o l u r d ~
QV + P ~ P unhllrr. Walk away is usually used wlth Walk over sb can be used in the passiw:

QV+P~P 'wait on sth(especiallyA ~ E=W) AIT ON SB 1 an adjectiveora phrasebeginningwith a prepos- -Dnn't letyourselus h?w l k & o ~ ~
ition Inthis meanmg.
Av+oreo
,wade 'through stb to spend a lot of time and ,wit Sth 'outto stay in a plam until sth dimcult ev4adw rm

effort read~ng8th or dealing with sth I Isad to or unpleasant has passed or finished: We shel- ,walka'wayhff with sthl to whsthveryeas- b 'walkover n (Infonnafi an easy victory in a
uwdethroughpages mdpagesof statisth. te& in a d o o w lo m i t out the storm. o It lues ily. The team walked awqy with the Fhnmpion- game or competition; a situation in which you
dilficult lo wait out the hours until I couldphone
B E l pages EE)ploughthrough sth ship. 2 to steal sth; to take sth without the
owner's permission: The thkf walkedawy with
Q v +prep her lo hear t k news. o Their stratem has been lo
+jewellery worth M4 OW.
wait the m e n out. v+adv*prep

@ v + & + n v+r&mn+&

,waffle (abaut fib) (irtformnl, aperially ,wait 'UP1(for sb) to not ga to bed untu sbmm- ,walk 'In on s h t h to go lnto a r w m and see

to talkorwrite a lot about sthwithout giving any home or arrives: Wlr'l wait u p w m e ) ,Imay k what sb Is d o ~ n gwhen the^ did not expect you are considered to have won a game although you

useflrl iofomat,on: He onforwm aht la*. E m Mar UP 2 (inlbrml, especial& AAmE) and did not want anyone to see them: & r m I did not in fact play: Therace was no twZkovet (=

hisficlrden. uSedto tell sb to stop so that you can reach them didn't m n to walk in on you. o I'd obuwuslu it was not easy to wink o The other team dtdnS

and talk tothem or gowith them: Woitup!I'lIbe walk& in om a wry seriousmnversatwn. turn up so w had a walkover Intothefinal.
+v+adv on *)' On *h) +r i ~ htht em. o H.wguys, mit up, h.ng on
v+adv +v+adv+prep ,walk 'through 9th (especiallyA m 1to prac-

wait /W&/ ,walk 'Into s h t h to crash into sblsthwhL\eyou tise or perform a play in a simpleway just using
'WitUpon sb =WAlT ON SB 2 are walking. Look whem you're going! YOU basic moves and positions 2to practise a televi-

, m l t a'round(BrEoLw, w a s~'bout)(for ~blm) walked stmight intom. o Hekeeps bumping Into sion programme without the cameras

to stay In a place without doing anything, wait- things and walking Into w a l k @ v+prep
Q v + prep b Walk-thmughn [usually sing] 1a pmcticeof
lng for sth to happen or for sb to arrive: I
,walk 'into sth (informal)1 tobecome caught in a play without costumes or the objects you need,
wouldnl bodher waiting around for hfm.o She ,wake'up:,wakesb 'up;,wake yournelf "up esgeeMy to practise basic moves and posit~ons2 a pmc-
sth that you are not e-ing,
drdn'l wail about to hwrhis wply. 1to stop sleeping: to make sb stop sleeping:How because you are not careful: He realized he'd tice of a television programme without the

,1YH, h a w arnund many t r m d m t h e h h y m k e u p in thennght?~ walked into amp. T to succeed in gettlng a job cameras

&bv+adv Ilssualiy makeupearly an thesummer o You look wlthout having to make an effort: She walked ,walk sb 'through sth 0to showor tell sb

,wait be'hlnd(especially BrB tostay &other as rf you've onlyjrrst luoken upEo Canyou woke straight into ajob ingrsblishing. how to do sth by carefully explainingar showing

p ~ o p l ehaw gone,especially m orderto speak to me up at 8?o He was w o h n up by the sound of c4v + prep each part separately: S k walked me through the

sb prrvately: Heasked hertowaif bthindqfzerthe bmkityr glass. Wake and wake sb can ,walk 'OW,walk 'off sth to leave a place or a complmreddwumnt. o He'll walk you thmugh
meetinn. also kused w~ththls meaning, but usually only person suddenly because you areangryor Upset: Iheprocedure.
+She furnedandwalked off without a mrd.o Xh@ W talk sb through
&v+adu in mow forrnaI language. Wake uu and wake

,wait 'In(for sWm) (BrBto stay at home-use sb/yourself up are much mom common than restof the teom walkedofl thefild inprolestlest v + nlpmn +prep

youare sb toaMveortelephone: -~IBWB& sb, m k e n l a w ~ b n sb and @v+ab,* v+prep ,walk 'up(toswsth) toapproach sWsth inaconfi-
wkenlwaksn sb, which are formal and uaually
g o f ~ w o i ~ i n f o r t ~ T 0VSh~ew~aiterd ~ ~ only used in writing. 2tobecome, or tomakesb, ,walksth'&togohrawakinordertogetridof dent way:She walked stmight rrp lo the desk and
more I~velyand interested. You need lo woke ua the feeling that you h a w eaten too much or a n nsked to see the manager
mallahyinc~4ehemlled.
,,A b. m A 0 and start m i n g attentiun. o Wake up! I don't emotlon such as anger E need to walk ofl that Q v + a d v
m n r lo have to mpmt all this, o The c W i - ~ &
'wait on r b f ( a hwait on #Iesmbl1yrrlnt.g to Iunch. 0 It'll do fur@ m walksllmeof her &tern-

bring food and drink to people a t a table, usually waking up. wr 08: wall 1wa:ll
in a restaurant: My dnughferw M w i t on us this +v+adY v+nlpmn+adv v+adu+n
euening!~When I started, I didn't kraow any. WaIk sth offisnotused in thepassive. ,wallsth 'Into put a wall or a barrier around sth:
thingebwt walftngon t&m. o Wem m i t e d b 'wakwp udj [only Wore noun] that L @ v+adv+n v+dpmn+& Apartment blocks walkd fn thepIqyground corn

intended to wake you up: What rime m l d you ,walk 'off with ~ t (hi n f o F ~ 01 =WALK AWAY/ pletely
on bya ue!ypoliteyoung man. 2(also'witupon likeyour wakeup mI1(=for example, in a hotel)?
sbmorelormnOtobringsbeverythlngthey want OFF WITHSTH 1They've m l k e d f l with mOSt Q f & v + a & + n + v+nlpron+edv
ornee& ShasmiIed thechitdren, always matilng ,wake'upto sthto becomeawareof sth:to rea- thefilm aw~rds2. (hamrrrous) =WALK AWAY~OFF
i m sth:People orepmlly m k l n g up m thef(~ct

1....................... ..*, _ _ _<*,,....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.............,,,,,,,,* 335 ................. wa--s-h-..u..p........

,well Sth 'off to build a wall or a barrier around ,want 'out,,wad'outof sth I l w r m u l )tono w..a-.r.n- - ,Iw3m..AmEwaml frequent washing: Waphed-vuiJmm were very
an area to separate it from another area:Pnrt of longer want to be involved m sth, especially a J&shiona& at that time.
,warn sbrsth a'wayto tell a person, a ship, an +s e e u h WASHED OUT at WASH sa OUT; wnsHEn
lheylsrdhud hen wolledofl business deal: I wnnt out W o r e we ,yet inm di@- amraft, etc. not to come near a place because it OUT at WASH STH OUT
W Wall sth offis of€enused inthe passive. cuities. o 1 want out of this ma^. EEB want In is dangerous: The male birds slng to wurn other
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+arfv (on sth), w m l Into sth 2 ( i n f o m l , especially malesalutry.oAn rlectricfeme luarmdalarryany- ,wash ah 'out to m&e sb very tired: That long
one whommetmcEose. walkhas washed meout.
,wall s b 'uptokeepsbasaprisonerhapLace8~~ AmE) to want to go out of a place: I wont out of
rounded by walls: a mry of 0 woman who was hew. EB wanl In Q v+n/pmn+aclvr v+adv+n +v+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n
Qv+adv+ v+a&+pmp c .washed 'out ad.(of a person)tired and pale:
walIed up in a smaUnmm and L$t todie ,warns b 'off;,warnsb 'off sbfsth;,warn sb You look washed out -@and rest.

EElH Wall sb up isonen Elsedin the passlve. ward IWXCI; A ~ E W X I Y I I 'off dolng sth 1to tell sb to leave or not to +S?@a h W A S H E DOUT at WASH OUT, WASH STH
v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv come near a place, oflen in a threatening way:

,wall sth 'upto block aspacewith bricksorawall ,ward sbMh 'otfto prevent sbMh dangemuso r Thefirmer mrned rrs off his land when we tried OUT,WASH STH OUT OF STHW; ASHED OUT at WASH
unvleassnt from w i n g or harming you: She
sothat ~tcannolongerbeusedT: hewtmnwhad lo comp them. 2 to advise sb not to do sth or to STH OUT
put UP a hnnd to ward off the blows. oI'm laking stop doing sU1: He war w a r d off smoking qfter ,washs b ~ s t h'out(to...),,washsbmth'out of
been walled up inthe 17thcentury uilornin C lo wurd of a mld o He keeps dogs to hisfimi haartattack. o S h warned him off a mr- sth (of water, a wave, etc.) to carry sblsth away
eer in act~ngo. We rwre warned o n renting the from thelrEltsoriginalposition:Vyou'dfezknin
Wall 8th up ISoRen usedin thepassive. ward ofl unwunled visitors. you wauld have been w a s M out to sea.
L E evll, Mows,c ~ l c l s md,anger +apartment. v+ nlpmn+adv + v +nlpron + adv +prep
e v + a d v + n v+ntpron+adv Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+& v +nlpron + adv r v+n l m +prep
,w-a-s-h- d- h 'out1(wkh nth) towashthe insideof a
'wallow In 5th (@n dIsopproving) to enjoy 5th warm /mm;A r n E m l wash IWDJ;A& WCJ, WJI contamer in order to remove dirt, etc: He mre-
that givesyou pleasure, especially when it is sth
unpleasant and you do it in a way that makes 'warm to s b t o s t a r t t o l i k e a p e r s o n : ~ m ~ t o fully washed the bottksout with disinfmnt 2 if
other people think you enjoy being unhappy or the !meherimmediately , w a s h sblsth a-y If water, a wave, etc. rain washes out a sports game,an event, etc. it
want sympathy from them: Stop wadlowing in washes sWsth sway, it removes or carrles makes it end early or prevents it *om starting:
sewpi@. o She milows in nostulgiafor t h e p t , ev +prep themlit away to another place: A f m k wave The game urns m h e d out. 3 ylmE,forma0 to
E E i seff-plty, nostalgia w h e d t h two children away. o The bridge luos end sth: Bolttmre wa~hedout fh I n d i a n s ' s h
'warm to 8th to M i n e more interested in or wushedotvny by lheflwds.
ev + prep enthusiastic about sth: Thesgerrker m w r m - game win streak with en 8 3 win.
ingtoh~sthePnemw Q v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
waltz/ w a : l s ; ~ mw~aits{ EEJ theme, task. I- @.1,3v+nlpmn+adv + r+adv+n
0V + P ~ P Pv+&+n * v*nlpmn+adv
, w a b 'df(wlth stb) (hforma0to leave a person ,washsth a'waytouse water to removea mark.
or place in an annoying way, often taking sth ,warm 'up 1(of the weather, the earth, e k ) to
without the owner's permission: The terrnnk become warmer R w r c h shows t h t the sw i s dirt.etc. fmm 9th: S h e ~ r ~ t o u r l r s h n w sqoyme of b ,washed 'out udj [only before noun] flwded;
luaI&d ofl with half our possess&ns. o He just warming up. o When spring row the mrfh
begins to m r m up 2 to do gentle exercise or the dirt and blood from the b o y ' s f m . o m u m - damagedby floods:Washedout lownrarewwl-
unrlrzed of and W me! gractlce to prepare Tor an athletic activity or a
performance: I'm a l m y s N u l lo m r m yp trve)Ahot bath soon w M m y tiredmouray. ingfor help.
EEL) walk awaylofi (with szh) More Igojogm'ng. o P e w was warming up with
ev+adv u fiw mles.E l l Ilmbr up (for 6th) 3 (of a +v+a&+n + v+nlpron+adv -B seeakowAsHsn OUT at WASH SB OUT;WASHED
machine. anenglne, etc.)tm run for a short time
,wander 'offta'way:,wander 'fromtoff sth inorder t o m c h the temperature at which it will ,wash 8th "dwv 1 ((wlth ah)to dean sth by OUT WASH OUT, WASH STH OUT,WASH STH OUT
to leave the place where you ought to be, or the operate well: T ~ KcoSmputer Sakm a long time lo
person or group of people you are with, without using a large quantity of water: I washed the car OF STR
thinking about it: Don't mndm o f f andget lost. +wurm up down with a hose. 2 (with 8th) to drink sth &r,
o ThechlM hQd ruanded awayfmm her mother v+adv or at the same time as, eat~ngfood: We washed b washout n (in$orman 1an event that stops
o Wehad tmndmedoffthepath. early or does not happen, because of rain: The
b 'warm-up n [usually sing1 a s e r i o~f gentle our lunch down with i& tea. o He had rr huge game was a roashout. 2 an event that is a tam-
+v+adv v*pmp exercises or a short practice to prepare for an plateof pasta wushpddown withseueral bttles of pletefallure:Theparty m a loialwashout.
athletic activity or a p&ormmoe: What do you
do as a tunm-up?o wurrn-w exerdpes k e r 3(of a river, a flood, etc.) to w r y sth down- ,wash'oversb1(also.wash mroughrb)to sud-

wards away from its original position: Tons of denly affect sb very strongly: A moue of guilt

earth had M n washeddown by thestorm. wushed over her 2 (inforormall to happen all

+v+nlpron+adv 4 v+adw+n aroundsb without f i e c t ~ ntghem: All their m'ti-

,wash'off;,wash sth 'oW,washsth 'off sth crsmseemro wash owrhrrn.
to be removed from the swface of sth or from a Q v +prep

fabric by washmg; to remove 5th in this way: ,wash 'up(AmE) to wash your hands and face: I

want lwnnt: AmEwant, mmt/ ,warm 'up;,warmSbmth ' u p 1 to become,orto onHourewr hard you tub, an mk stain w n ' t w m h uwni tothe men'sm mto wash up.

make sbor a part of sb's body feelwarmer Come o W& of the dirt with soap and wulel: 0 @ v+adv
and warm up by the fire. o They stumpxi their
'want for sih-0 (usually with amga- Wash Ihemudaflyour h t s Wornyougo in. ,wash'up;, w s h 8th 'upI (BrE)to wash dirty
tiue wdjto suffer becauseyou donot have sth:I Imt to w a r n them up. T to become, or to make plates,glasses,etc. aftera meal: It'syour turn lo
work hard so that my c h i k n rwntfor nothing. sblsth, more lively or enthusiastic: By midn&ht @ v + & 4 v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n *
rmle,nothing t h e m was onlyjust worming up, o HISmle IS wmh up c.Don'tforget to wash up I h e g h s as
0 v+ PWP v +nlpron +prep
lo warm up i h e o u d m Worethe mafn e m f
,wash'out,,washsth 'out:,wash8th 'out of well. 2 to be carried along in the water and then

9th to be removed from a fabric, hair, etc. by left on land;to carrysth alongand Ieaveit inthis

,want 'in (on &I) 1 (also ,want 'kto 8th)(infor- Qv+adv * v+ntprm+actv * v+adv+n washing; toremovesth in this way: T h e h i r m b way:A number of dmddolphsnshnve washed up

mnl, esmlelly AmE) to want to be Involved in ,Warm sfh 'up 1 to make sth become warmer our lsnY permanent. It mill wash out in a few on the shore. o His M y w ~ usroshd up on the
sth. =ially a business deal:Doyou want in (on The$relaMtbegunlow a r m t k r m myp 2 toheat
thrs pmject)?~Does Jadr want into the club? 2 weeks o Takecare60w m h a12 theshampw oui of h c h twodaysbter
Itnfbrml,esperiullyAmE)towanttowme inside cooked foodagain before you eat it: Thesoupjust
needsw ming up. your hair +v+adv + v+nlpron+adu w v+&*n
apiace:Themt wantsin. Crmyouomthedwr? I E 9 heal ath up
I E 3 want nut.want out of sth & v+nlpron + adv + v + a&+ n +v+adu + v+dpron+adv r v+a&+n r b ,washed 'upad] ( i M r m 1 ,espectal[yAm9 to

@ v+adv 1alwv+pmp v +nlwn+prep be no longer successful and unlikely to succeed

b awaahed'outadj (of fabric, clothesor w l m ) again ~nthe future: rr umshpd-upcuhrei s t g e r

no longer brightly coloured, often as a result of b ,washing-'up n [UjIBrE) 1theact o f washing

dirty d~shm,glasses, etc, afIer a meak Don't

-4,-*..t..o...................... e............. -......*.I...... 338

-.

fwget to do tfte wushing-UPWTy&ou go out. o W Water 8th down is often used in the gruldually o It can k a i m m l y d w u l t do lwan arp& allwrysssern to -out quick& o I wore
woshfng-upliquld2thedirtydishes, @ametc,. passive. childrm o f f j u n b w out twopaiff of bwls on the wuIiirw trip o (fig-

thathavetobewash~~~amea~:asmkfil~ogfv+adv*n + v+pmn+& r v+n+adv(mm) +v+n/m+prep wxrtrw)Hmptiemflnnlly wore out.
washing-up b .watered 'down 1 made weaker because
+v+sdv *v+advtn *v+rdpmn+adv

waste lwe~stl water h a been added: watetddown hebeer 3 .Wear /wea(r);AmE werl khmwola ,mrn'out badly damaged and no longer
madeless strongorcriticalin ordernot to offend useful because it has been used a lot: mrnirut
Iw3:(r.l,lworn .1 w a : n : A m E w ~ ~ n l )
,waste a'way (of a pmon, part of the my,ate.) peoPte: lLvrlereddownl m M e It' a clothes/quipm%nl
down t ~ ~ ~ofi tohonrkinul ~r~msaI. , w r a'waY Iw-E if time away, it
to grow thin or in an unhmlthy way: He +seeahw o R O~UT at SSfiOu RSELP OUT
Wavelwml
was clearly toaPtInga w . o The m w k in her passea very s h l y : The @ermn um wring ,,,,( STHI

arm had wasdedawa+! awy. ,wear sb/yourself 'out {with sth) to make
m,wave8th a'rourtd(BrEah-, sth a'bout)if
PWbY sblyourself extremelytired: It's m g d m r l n g

you wave your arms, hands,etc, around in the 6 v+adv yourself out by working so la&. o The kids haw
worn me out today.
air, you move hem violently about, offen m ,weara'way , w a r sth a'- to become,or to
make sth become thinner, smoother, etc by con-
tinually uslng or rubblng it: Thepiclum on the
win had m r n a m y . o Theslaps hnd been Wrn
m'watch for sbMh -1to look and waSt for sth to tire sb out;WMIIS~ ~ b ( m o w f o r m a n

happen orfor sbto mme:Mypamts r ntuaieh- Q Y + n l p m n + sdv
~ n fgor me wming off the plane, o Watchfor the
Sen, 2 = WATCH OUT FOR SBlSTH 1 T k R CtreSeV- ,worn "nut udj [not usually before nwnl

eralpofntsb m t d l f i z
order f o attrad attention: She ran out into the away by thelet@ F h O ~ n d s o fvisrtors extremely tired: I went 0 bedfeeling lvorn out
yard wauinleherarmahut o Slop wauingihnt
&v+adv+ v+adv+n *v+pmn+adv+ the b u g w k . o YOUb k w r n u u t ! H~ e
knifearound! v +n+adv(mm)
eU + P ~ ~ P +v+nlpmn+edv dieda luornou! mano m m e by the injwi&esof

,wave ~ t ha"lde/a'way to not accept sth

h a w you thrnk it ia not important or n- , w a r a'way at sbmth to slowly and gradually [Ve.

,watch 'out ( s p o h )uatd to warn sb about sth sary: Their pmlests were waved aside. o He make sth thinner o r smmther: rr drop of wrrler 3$?#?ahWORN OUT at WEAR OUT, WEAR STH OUT
dangerous: Walch wl, them's a mr wmlng!o w a d o w y my gumtlon without trying Eo
He"Il@ m a l @ r ~ b l e m ~ h e ~ ' t m s c h o u at n. sweri ~ . wmring awoy at a stone o (fgurabiw)Slmcan

E E j 1-k out EZEi objadon, m t B W kusb ath wlda; maratmyatyour abiligtoIhinkstmighL

b v+adv dismiss stf~(moreform@ EGl stone E 3 d e sth ( m w f o r m n

,watch 'out for rblsth 1 (o1.w 'vvlltck for +v+n/pmn+adv v+adv+n Qvtadv+prep 'wearyof sbtsth; 'weary of dolng nth(liter-

sblsth) to be quick to notice or be aware of lWawab'sth "downtoswtosblsthtosbop,4v ,wear'down:,wearsth 'downto bewme or to ary) to lose your interest in or enthusiasm for
make sth become, gradually smaller,thinner, sblsth As rhedny wen! on, tusw r i e d of iRe long
sb,sth, especlel,y sWsth waving your hand: We wailed while Rkhurd etc. by ccontinuoudY using or rubb~ngit: The ] O U ? q t
trouble: The smff w m asked to wlch outyfoour waved down a tart. o The wlim had set up a tym had worn right dowa. o Thepath hQs k e n IEE) tlm d sblsth, Hm d do1yl .(h (less

lowed hnkmh. 0 Watchoutfor thetrstrik;he
muldmupeusallmtsof problems.2to beready

+ et o m sWsth new or interestmg: Watchout for a

newfeature in nmi mrmnfh's magazine.

lookout for ublsth
~*~~~~~~ f ~ &wveo+rmn dcbowmn0 ivn+palad~cve*snlo b~va+rnerlpomc~kn. +& ~ f ~forma~r) -
V*"'Pmn+m
,wear s b l ~ t h' d m to make 8Wsth weaker or v +prep
,wavesb 'offto wawgaodbye toabas theyleave:
I waved the chlMrm off lo s c h d and went back less d c t e m ~ d ,esgedaZly by oonthuously

@v+adu+pmp + v+prep imrde. attacking or putting pressure on themlit over a 'ou~,W; BBS'OolId Of sth ( i M m l ,
period of time: C o m m t l y being critic.&&
,watch ' M r sblsth ( f o m r j Ito take WE of 4 v + n l p m + a d v v+&+n mrjw her down. -r dourn sb'sm t m di=ppmuiw, @peciaIAmmE)to avoid keepinga
sblsth, by king near them; to protect or guard ,wave *lath 'on to dgnd to sWth to go for- promlse, doing your du& etc: Whnl I did was
resisSance
Emsblsth: The child needed lo k uraldred wer 24 wards, by wavbng your hand or arm: Thepoiice wrong and PshouId bepunishd, I7n not going to
grlndsbdorm
hours a @ o He believed his mother w m still w u e d the hewW on,o We stopped, but t k mb m a-@ ~ t a d v + ~ + v + p m n + a d v + ~ + n + a d v ( r a r e )
fE:ml.~ ' ~ a n d - l o u t . o H e ~ t r ~ i n g t o j i g u ~ o u ~
watching o w him, ewn though she had died drruer mwd us on. ,wear sth '1. to wear WSor.s b s for a
~a~~~~+O~
when he U K ~ Svery young. protect sWsth &v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n short ~eriodof time until they W m e comfort-
- - .w..e-e-d lwi:d,
(morefomb2to watchsblsthcarefully to make ,wave sblsth 'thmugh; ,ww s b M h able: T h m booes so tW didn't ,
'thmugh sth to signal to sb to continue for-
sure that everything is done or happens cor- wards through a gate or a barrier, by waving need td k rwrninat all. tweedsblsth ' a dto removeor get rid of s b M h

rectly: There rs a commitlee to m t c h o w each bob,shoes m k rlh In

dflemt arm qf government policy. a u p s ~ your hand or arm: Themld~rgaveus back our ev+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n that you do not want from a w u p of people or

vlse ablsth (momformi') p2Ssp3re.5 and waw us through. ,weer 'off if a feeung or off, it things: a plan intended to weed out POW teachers
0* vw+ea&k+o~r s i cv+k nal~~m~n+~sld.svwddou!.
l5llWatch over sblsth can be used in the pas- Qv+dpron+a& v+adv+n + v+n/pmn+prep gradually dhp-: T?M of the m i h e

sive: Idon't ltke being w a 1 F M m like a child weantwin! slowly u o r e f l o Chrldren love new log$, but the

Qv+prep muelry swn rwon ofl

be ' w a n d am ~ t tho have learnea about or Qv+adu welgh 1we1t

experienced 9th h m mearly age: I wcrs w n e d ,wear'on(wrltten)whemtime w e a r s o a , i t w s ,weigh a'galnstsbrsth (Sormal)tomakesbless
,water sth 'dom1to make a liquid weaker by on a regukrdacf H o I C y W fa- In a way that seemss1ow:As the eveningm m on, likely to achlcve sth or to be successrul: T h w
adding water The bsm had hen ma&& &wn gbe+v+prep she became moreand more nervous. tho! he's hadfiw jobs in two gears will wrgh
h r B3dllute d h (more form0 2 to
Wean sblyoursel 6ffmOm sth to make +v+adu wornst his aappwliclnatsiostnb.
change sth such as a qeec& a piece of writin&
sWy~UrSelfgradually stopdoing 8thoruslngsth ,wearb m t : , m rsth 'odtobewme,ortomake @ '+PmP
etc.ta make it lessstrongandless llkelytooffend that is bad or harmful: The AospilaI managed to sth become, thin or no longer able to be used,
people: The ffittclsms had k e n wnlered down to usually teause it has been used too much: Our
lwan her off the d ~o T.he pntch enables
aoord grunng @m.Empmposal EX)d l l w mkem to wwrn t h 1 u e p o r c i g a m wry

sth (mrefornan0

_ _,l.,..... ...............,,,,...-~..... 339 +. .....- . ......-w....l.n....o..-.u.-t-...

,wfgh sth awgainst sthto considertheimport- Italy this yeat: o It's i m m t m m i g h up all h l l e d a m u n d 50 scraamat Mlles. o He wheeled whittling away their s u v i n g ~o Our (= in a
ance or the advantages of sth compared to sth
else: Potential ben&is need to belwighedagainsl possdbkmursa~ofaction. his horsemundand sbnWfor home. sportsmm~itionf.or example) was beinggmd-
unlbwhittd @my.
theobvious risks. g v + adv + n + v + pmn+adv + v +n+adv (mm) E% spin around,spin SWSMamund @v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adu

E B a& sth againststh ' ~ i g Uhpon s b t h =WEIGH ON SBISTH --A u + n d v r v + n l n m- n + a- &- ,whittleab/sth' d mto reducethesizeornum-
ber of sblsth gradually:T h g o w r m ' s m 1 o r -
X' 7 ityhesbeen whitfIeddowntoeighL
IEE) reduce sWsth
v +nlpron +prep weight /wert/ ,wheel s m t h 'out WE,i @ m l ) to produce Q v+adv +n 4 v +nlpron +adv

sb 'down(wfth ah)to make sb feel anx- " 8th 'down (mah)to add a weight to sblsth and use them to help you do sth, w e n
ious or depressed: The rnwn.sibi[[&s of thejob
are weighing her down, H~ wighd down $th that ftfwlsvery heavy,bendsdown, sznks, though they have offen 'been used before: Ha
with Brief etc. Themnoas sheet was~wigh&down toston it
="weigh sb down is often used in the blowmng rrruay. o MymkeLs &re wekhled ddwn wheelsout the sameold clrguments every time he
wrth Iotsof smallmins.
pas~ive. EEW3Weight sth down i s often used in the makes a speech o Thecompany wheeledoursom
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adw v + n + a b r ( m ) passive
bigguns (= very important people) lo hunch KW
,weigh sbMh 'down (m8th)to put a heavy 6v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(mm) new C(EK
welght on sWsth so that it is difficult for them to * v + n l p ~ n + a d ~ v+adv+n
move easily: We were weigh.& down with Lmgs of welch/welv, we1$/
s h o ~ ~ f nogT. he smw was weighing down the 'through sth to do. read sth, etc, very
branches of thefirtrees. "feh on s h t h =WELSH ON SB~STH
quickly: She whizz& through the herk and w

,while sth a'way if you while m a y a period of $nisRed Lyforelunch.
tlme, you spend it in a pleasant, lazy way: Them O v + p r e p

were plenty of c@Z- in which to while a m y a

,8Y", tarden sb (withah) pleasant evening.o We whiled away t h time at

-Weigh sb down is often used in the weld l ~ i a t theairport rwdingmagazines. ,whoop It u p ( w o m k ) 1 to enjoy yourself in a
,weld sblsth 'Into 8th; ,weld sb/ah +v*adv+n + v+pmn+adv 4 v+n+sdv(mml noisy and excited way: I"vebeen d i n g h r d
pass~ve.

vt adv+n v+vmn+adv v+n+adv(mm) to'gdher to unite sblsth into effective while you'w been luhmping tt up in Berlin. 2
whole: ThemgerhusweI&thepfoyem into a
,weigh 'In 1 (at ah)to have your weight meas- (AmE) to try to make p?op1e excited or enthusi-
strong Zeam. o The crisis helped to weld the m m -
urcd,epecially beforearace, acornpetition, etc: munrty togethet ,whip d h 'out;,whip sth 'out of sth to take asticabout sbfsth
Q v+nbmn +pmp + v+ nlpmn+a& sthout quicklyand suddenly: He whippdout his BEY IivQltup
Both boxers wethed in a t several pounds k l o w
mmem andsfurted lakingpholos. + Whoop itupmnnotbe used lnthepassive.
their Urnit.o Baby SaRn uwrghed in a t 4 klbs. 2 u+lt+adv
(with sth) (Wormal) to join in a discussion, an &v+nlpron+adv * v+adw+n

armment, etc. by sayingsth important or doing well {well v+ dpmn +a&+ prep wig ,w/

sth to help: We ail miuhed with W f u i ,usll .up.lP a liquid un rk tothe sUr- ,whip 'through sth (Wiormao to do sth very ,wig 'out;,wig ub 'out( A d ,slang) to become,

+suggestions. faceand startsto flow: Tearswedledupinhiswes. quickly: She tuhi& through the mutinepaw- or tomake sb,veryexcited orveryanxiousabout
1v+adv 6th; to go, or to make sb,crw oRen 88a result of
2v+adw r v+adv+=h o ~poiosf blood began to W ZuIp on her skin.2 *wrk.
v + prep the &ect of c h g s
b ,wslgblnn the occasion when the weight of a IlnAnsldesb) if an emotion wells up. you start to ,whip sb~sth'up to deliberately make sb feel +v+adv + v+dpmn+&
feel it very strongly: Shefelt anger mlling up
sports such as a boxer is measured just strong emotions or get excited about or inter-

before a fight, a raceceetc: TheEAnmpion orriM ested in 9th: The studloaudiellceu m whtpwd up

fiuemlnutes latefor the muh-in &v+adv into afrenzy, o Trhey'rehying to whtp up support

'welgh on sbrsth ( a h"Iyh msbblsthmow welShlweljj (alsowelch) for tkzr candidate. ,wimp 'out (on sMth) ( I ~ ldfm, pprwriw)
JorrrmO to make sbfeel worrred or depressed; to to decide not to do sth you had intended to do
bc a dificultdutyor taskfor sblsth:Therespomi- 'welsh on sblsth(hformI,dhppmuing)tonot ESTi crowd,support,reslshnca nmrO .Hr Msth
bilities are clearly weighig k v i l y on his do 8th that you have p m i w d to do, for example up;rousesblsth(mowformab) k c a m you are toofrlghtened:Didyou wimpout
to not pay money that you owe a person: 'I'm not ~ v + n l p r o n + a d v v+adv+n on any of the hetsstsPoDave wimped out and
shoulders. o The d b t burden weighs heaualy on in thehabitof we6shingondmls,'saidwn
b v * ore0 ,whip 5th 'up1 to prepare a meal or some food ~ & l o d i v e o ~ t h e l o p b o n m t .
thegouernmnt.
very quickly: J mn m i & whip up an omelette. IEO bottle out,bottleout of sth,b& out of
burden sblsth
Isr*,put sth together; thmw sth bogether doingsth; chlckenout,chlckenout of Slh,
QV+P~P
whale /wed/ (nqhrmnt) 2 if the wind whim up dust, waves, chicken out of dolng sth
,weigh sth 'outto measure a quantity of sth by
weight. Weigh out all the kgmiients kforeyou etc. it makes itnhem rise quickly: The t u r d Qv+adv
start making themke.
+ v + a d v + n + v + m + a d v v+n+arhr(mre) 'whale lnt- sb ( A M ,Worman to attack sb whipppedupthesand ingust?.. EEZlwlnd

,weigh sb 'upto form an opinion of sb by watch- by h~ttingthem againand againwith great force: 6 wtadv+n *v+pmn+advr v+n+adu(EesP@- win 1-1 ( W I M I ~ ~ ,-, IWA~I)
ing them o r talking to them: She M a t him,
rwtghing him up. o Thetwo women,werpkedmch Jo really whaled on Sleue and urns surprised fw qwnt) , d n sblsth 'back to get again by your own
other upfor ofem moments, o He's cerminfv got
was still standdng a&&. o I rvassoa m I whisk Iwlskl efforts sblsth that you had before: Ihr hoping to
Jefl werghed un minbeckmyplao?inrheteammn,oJ&hd
simp@ whaled into him. o mumlive) S k
+v+adv+n r v+pmn+a& v + n + a d v ( m )
whaled inlomefor Wnghteogain. ,whlrt s h t h a'wayroffto m o v e sblsthfmm tried elwrything to win Martha k k . o You do
a place very quickly: Thegreskht whisked h w n chamto winyour m o w back.
4v * prep

wheel away by his M y g u a r d s . o Thefaod was whkked +v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n

,wigh sth 'Up (against ah)to think carefully ,wheela'round:,wheel sbMh a'round(BE away&@re we hadfinshad. ,win 'out(over sW$th)(informan if sthw I n s oat,
about a situation before you dedde what to do: I Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n ~t i s stronger or more successftd than other
wrgM up the pros and cuns (= the advantages also .whwrl 'mund, ,wheel sWsth 'round) (liter-
and disadvantages) of giving up my joh o We ary) to turn around very quickly to face the whittleI ' ~ I things: I! Isnotclaar if yhearchaeologisFswillwin
have to wigA up whether we can afforda trip to opposite direction; to make sblsth do this: I out over the buildeAandsclvethetempk.
,whittle sth a'wayto gradually reducethe slze, ,srw, prevail (moreformal)
importance or value of sth: I m t w n hm k n @v+adv

wln ovw ......11.1 . . ...................1.111 MO

.......-...I-

,winsb ' w e r ( B r E a h , w l n=b'mund)ltoah).%o ,wind sb 'up (Em,irITorrno0 1 to deliberately ppesth '&,,wipe sth 'ofi I h l toremove wire pwam(r)/
gain sb'ssupport or approvaI.espec~aUyby per- make sb very angryor annoyed: Areycru deliber-
suading them that you are right. My dad's ately winding me up? o I m r e them. Thq'mjust sthfrorna swfacew~thacloth: M ~ q f f a aSywr- ,wire s W h 'up (to sth)ta connect swath to a
pius glue with a rag wore it dries. o Tam hrrd piece of electrical equipment by vsw electrical
againstthe ~dw,butI'msvreIcanwin h l m o v e ~o trying tu wind you up. EE) annoy sb (morefor- mMulIy w i p d hkfingerprinboff theglass 2 to
Jenny 'sparentsw e r e m n won over by Anthony's ma0 2 ta tell sb 6th that is not true in order to removesth that has been recorded on a tape or a wires: You will be wired up to a machine whkh
easy charm. make a joke: Come ORit,you're windrng me up! videotape:He wiped theconversationflh M p . w i l l r e w ~ g o w h m r t b w to. Thepolicesugge.Tred
I should k wired up (= to rewrd the conversa-
W bring sb roundtmmund(to 8th) B l 3 tease sb 3 to reduce the value of sth, especially shares:
m r S 5 billion was wipedofJ'sham vaiuesluorId- tion) before I met the dealer 0 Theh n $ k iwtru-
@ v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n ev+nlpron+a& + v+&+n menls were all wlrad up for sound. o The

,wJn 'throughto A n a l l y s u M a f t e r ~ g w r y b 'wInd-up n ( B E , inforrnl)sth that sb says or wide today. microphone M n ' t been w i d uppmperI$
hard: Wearefacedwitha Iotof problembut we'll does in order to annoy sb or to make a joke: It Q v+ ntpron+adv + v +adv +n + v +nlpron+ prep Wire sblsthup isoffen used in the passive.
win through in the end. o U n i w won through to sounded so crazy I thought it luas o wind-up.
r w i w 'out (on a h ) (hformcrl,espeinl¶y AmE, &v+adv+n v+dpmn+adv
thefino1in an acrtfnggmne. ,wlnd 8th 'up1to close a business, a company,
etc: The mmpaw was w u n d up lasr pa,: @g spofl to fall or crash in a sport,especially lo fall
@v+adv burlneas, company 2 to close a car window, from a hard (aswthard) when you are siding
mak~ngit move upwards, by turning a handle,
wind{warndl(wound, wound lwaundl). presslng a button, etc: I mund up the window the waves: I mughl o huge wave but then rut@ ,wise 'up (to to)(irIfbrmal, ~ h l l Ay m to
out on the mat. understand sth better; to -me mare of the
,wfnd 'down1torekx, after a period of stressor ond locked thedwr: EEZl car wlndow wind unpleasant truth about a situation: ISmp.Wm
@v+adv shuid wlse up h u t how the i n d m works. o
excitement: It takes o whikfor me to wind down sth down
qfkr w r k . EYB unwlnd 2 if a machine winds b 'wlpe-out n (WOrmal,mpeckzlly AmE, sport)a You&iomtseu~mdhe~~thnt~5nevwcw~
down, it goes sIowlyand then stops: TheoIdclack @ v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv fall or a crash, especially a fall from a board la ing h c k . o Wiseup! Try and see herfor what she
had wound right dotun. 3 if a business winds su-) when you aretiding on waves: Ihad reallyrs. o Youd a,wise up to how serious this
down,it gradually reduces the amount of work b ,wlndinWoupn the act of officially closbg a so many bad wipwrrts whik I was learning lo
it does until it closes completely: N a f week the business, a company,etc: a voluntlr~uinding-up situatwm is.
mill winds downfor0 summer b m k . of the mmmny o a ~uindlng-uoprdertptiition surf
&v+adv
rwlpe sb 'Out1(ln@rmal)to defeat sbeasily in a
sportscomwtition: TheWelshside was wipdout

(bv+adv 24-3. 2 (informal, osp~chllyAmm to make sb

,wind sth 'down 1 to bring a business or an 'wink at sthto pretend that you have not noticed vcry tired: All lhnt rmuelling wi@ her out. 3 ,wish s h t h a'way to i r y to & rid of 8th by
(slung)to murder sb wishing it did not exist; towish thatsb was some-
activlw gradually to an end over a perid of sth, especially sth bad or illegal: Theauthorities ev+nlpron+adv + v*adv+n where else: T M mmplimtwm mn't jusl h
time: The g o w r m t is winding down its havechosen m wink at the illegal trade. b ,wl@ 'out odj inat before noun](imrma0 w~shedaumx you know. o Don't wish your lire
very tired away (= said to sb who spends a lot of time look-
nucIearprogmmme. E T bmlness, pmgrarnma ~ V + P " P ing forward to sth that is gomg to happen in the
:wlw sbtsth 'outtokill large numbersof people ruture).
Isr*l.mduce sth EEB expand 5th 2 to make the or animals: The whole vrlhge rnw i p d out by @v+nlpmn+sdv + v+adr+n
t h e f l d . o Pollution Ras wipLd out hull the s p
window of car open and KO downwards bv mov- ciesaffrsh in the riwr 'wish sb/sth an sb (also'wlrh swsth upon ab
more forman (used tn negniive sen&-, e s p
ing a handle, pushing a button, etc: She h u n d ,winkle s h t h 'od; ,winkle shsth 'out of W Wipe sbisth out is often used in the cia[&wzth wouIdn't)to hope very much thatsth
down the driver's window and mlkd to him.
car wlndow IER) open sth EEB wlnd sth up Sth (Rr.57 toget sblsthout of somewhere slowly *passive unpleasant will happen to sb or that they w ~ l l
and with dimculty: The bird uses its sharp beak have to dealwith sb unpleasant: I loouMn't wrrrh
+v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n to winkle insects out of tree tmnb, o The termr- Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv thu p l i n on my uroM m y . o I wouldn't wLph
isLshnue been wiinkkdout of their hidingplace. o
,whd 'up;,wlnd 'up dalng sth (infoman to ',wipe 8th 'out 1to deslmy 8th completely: The my daughter on rrnyone of Ihe moment - she's
find yourself alter a long ttme m a particular Lerla hod k n workinl: in thelibmryalithe Lwek, d m e has been virtuaflywiped out. o TheEOP
ver)r dificull!
place or situat~onI: always mid she m u l d wind so wesent Tim lo wrnkIeherout, ernmentis wing tu w i p e o u t d r u g m m i n g . EZl
up injail. o BiII wound up mrryimg thegirl next Q v+ nlpron+ adr r v+ sdv+ n + +v+nlpmn+prep
memory 2 to remove information from a wm-
d o o r l o r ha isn't more careful, he'll wind trp v+nlpron+adv+pmp puter, writing froma hard, etc: The virus muId
wipe out yuw hard dwk. o (figumtiw) I'll never
dwd. ,winkle sth 'out ,wlnkle 5th 'outof sb ( B ~ E )
k able to w w out the memory of that dax !EEl wither I~WIWT)!
LavsO end up,end up dolng s t h flnish up,flnlsh to get 5th such as information, mone): etc. from dlseass 3 to r e m m or deal with a debt com-
sb wrth difficulty:She's v e r y g d a t winhlmgout
up doing 8th secrets o He wouldn't teli you? Don? worry, I'll pletely: He sacured a loan to wipe out the clubb ,wither a'way to W e l e s or &, e s w
dehb. o T h i r lead wus wiped out (= destmyed) cially before d i s a p m completely: All our
In this meaning, wind up is nearly always winkle itoutof him.
uspd with ellher an adjective, a phrase beg~n-
nmi: with a prepmition, or doing sih. @v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n +
Q v+adv
v+rdpmn+adv + prep
,Wind 'up;,windsth 'up1tobringsthsuchasa by four goals h len minutfs o Thisyar's losm hopesjust withe& away. o Thqv predkbd that
haw w i p d out lnsr war's profits. ESd pmRts, the had schools wo~tldwitheramy
speech, a meeting or a discussion to an end:
debts ev+athr
B&reIwindup,l'd lik~tomkeonefimIpointo. ,wipe sth a'wayto move sth, such as dirt or
tears,w ~ t ha cloth or your hand: Wpeaway mud . Qv+adv+n r+nlpmn+adv
If rw all a~reek. t's wind up the d k u s s b n . 2 to splasheswith a tuetchth. o He wiped away a tear:
make sth mechanical wark by turning a handle ,wipe 'up;, w l p sth 'up(EWE,IrtfimnuD to dry wolf /wlf/
several times: Does this clock have o b a t w or FZlI tear
does it wind up9 o This is a g m t Iittk my. You Qv+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv dishes witha cloth: You wash andI'll wlpeup. ,wolf 'down (iqformao to eat ath very
just wind i t w andoffi i g m !
,Wipe sth 'downto cleanasurface with a cloth: dry up, dry 8 f i up;dry. dry sth quickly,especially in large quantities:He m v e d
4 v+adv r r+adv+n + v+nlprcm+adu I'll just wipe the tobk down hJom you put your
books Ihere. +v+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n down his b r w ~ m t a n rdushed out of the h o w .
b 'wlntl.up adj [only before noun] a wind-up @v+ntpmn+adw + v+adv+n
mechanism is one that you operate by turning a ,wipe 8th 'up to clean a substance+especially a ,sr*,gobble sth d m t u p

handleseveral times: a wind-uptIackmy liquid, fmm a surface with a cloth: Keep a cloth Wolf 9th is also sornetlmm used with this

handy lv Wlp? upany mess" mean!nE wo(ling tea andMW

Qv+adv+n v+dpmn+& +v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv



w.....o...r..k....u...p................................. ...............

,work 8th 'up1to gradually developor increase ,wrap 'up(in dh),,wrap sb ' U P ( s~th), ,wrap wrestling with his mtlscimm and the?&finally paper o Workem were hnlading out s c ~ b~al-~ k
sth untll you have enough: Wejogged up the hill yourself 'up (Innth) to put warm clothes,etc decIdedlo resign.o He wreslk-dwith the reinsas lotswith theird i d a l e ' s name written in.
to w r k up an appetite. o 1 mn'i w r k up much ev+nlpmn+adv v+sdv+n
enthwiasmfor5hlssubjmt. o S h m n w r k d u p on yourseWsb: Wrap np warm-it's m l l y cold rhe horsegaIlo& towardsthe cliff edge.
a s m f .2 Ilnta 9th)to spend time and effort on a b 'mfteln LIClj (AmEja vote Eor sbwho tsnot an
outs& o l wmpped the twins up before iett~ng m+ grapplewlth nth official candidate In an election, in which you
piece o f work in order to unprove or complete it: them go out. o We were aI1 we12 wmppw' up v+ adv + prep write the~nrame on your voting paper: Heqlmli-
The idw needs a bt 4f urorking up. o You wuId ragainst the rueathet o wrap& myser up
w r k up thw idea intu a story o Some of the wriggle~ n g l l j k d us o write-in in 15 stoies. o a write-in mndr-
against themld. dolelwre
sketches werew r k d up intopointings. bundle up, h n d b sb up (laa h ) ,wriggle 'out of sth;,wiggle ' a t of doing
,write sbrsth 'In:,mlQsbEsth 'Into sth to
e v + a d v v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n sth (snfbrmaoto avoid doing sth unpleasant or add a characteror a scene toaplay, a W r n w i e ,
sth that you do not want to do by making clever a regular series,etc:Why drd you write t&pIoM
+v+adv+n 4 v+n/pron+adv ,wrapsth 'up 1{In 8th)to cover sth in a layer d excuses:%i wriggle out of yaur mponsibililies o
I've got on apmrnhnenl I can't wrig[e out of o crash ~ n ? 1o8 was ihefirdtime a disabLed child
,work 'up to sth 1 to gradually prepare for and paper or other material, either to protect it ar W n ' tlet Tomwrrg~leout oJ helpingyou. had been rmim into a T V m p o He wmle him-
move towards sth that is more excfting or because you are giving it to sb as a present: I wlf info the hfstorgbwksby becoming thefirst
extreme:Hesmiedshwlyand worked up .to mn- wrapped the vase up in fissuepam o It look all +v+adv+prep player towin thedmmp~altshrpfivtei w .
ning fen mihs a day o Thetension works up toa the evening to wmp up the Irm'ChrIstmaspres-
c!imm towords the end of thefilm 2 to prepare efta o Ifgurutiw) There's a simple e x p I n ~ t w ~
yourseIf to d o sth difficult ar unpleasant: I wrap@ up in all tho* long wrds E?9do sth +)o wdte sblsth out,WMe sblsth out of sth
haven'ttold himyefBut I'mwork~nguplorE. IEQ up (Insth) W Wrap8th is aftenused with t h ~ s v +nlpion+ adv + v + adv+n v+nlpron+prep
bulld up(to sth) ,'wring~ t fhrwn &=WRING STH OUT O F ~ F R O MSB ,write sth 'In;,write 8th 'Into sth to include
meaning.2tocompletesthinasatlsfactory way:
Q v adv + prep
Thedmus~ionsshould fwwrupped up by fii&y. ,wring sth 'out to remove water or other liquid sth suchasa special rule ora conditioninadocu-

worm /w3:m;~ n m ~ w r m { o WdI. I Ihrnk Ihnt jusl about w m p s It up for from R cloth, etc. b y twisting it tightly and ment,a contract,an agreement etc:A M Y uisid
squeezing it:Rinsetheclothand wring ri out loell. lo Imlh familk? wrrs written into their w r l o g e
my.

,worm your waymumelf 'Into sth (iMor- +v+nlpmn+sdv v+adu+n o My clofhosgot so wet I could wring the water mntruci.
ma!,disappmurng)to gradually make sb like w
trust you, m i a l l y in order to gain an advan- b 'mapup rn @speciadly AmEI 1 a short sum- 'out +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n r v + n l p r o n + m
tagefor yourselt Somehow hemano@ io worm gv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
his way fnto hercorlfidence. mary of what has gone before,especiallyat the ,write 'offla'way(to sb) (for &)I to write to an
end of a news broadcast:And lo close, here is a W n g sth o d oftfromsbtoobtainsthh m sb organization or acornpanx askingthem to e n d
+EX confidence,affectlom. hw*t wmpup of m a y ' s deurrlopmts. 2 the Anal
v + nlpron+ prep actions that complete sth: the wrapup of the w ~ t dhifficulty,especiallyby putting pressure on you sth:She wroteoff toan w e n q f i r adulce.
them. She eumtuully wrung an apology out of EX3 &endoff ( f o r ~ t h ) . s daway (forsth)
cammrgn
him.o A few concessions ~verewrung from the 6 v+adv
be ,wrapped 'up in s h t h to bew involved in
,worm sth 'out of sb (tnformal)to manage to a person or an activity that yon do not notice government. ,write s h t h 'off(as 8th)to consider that sWsth
obtain ~nformationfrom sb, offen by asklng other people ar what is happening around you: &P v +nlpmn+prep isa milureor not important:Don't m f t e a h noff
them questions In adever way for a long period He wasso wrap@ up in his b w k rhut he didn't
of time. It took me days lo wrrn the heth out of Write part/ (mote /raut/wmtsnI'rrtnl) trmm n -he may surpriseyou! o I wm&o f fmy
n o t h me leaving. o JulIa LS mrnp/eteIy tumpped symptomas tiredness.
myduught~r
Q v + nlpron +adv +prep +up in her children. ,write 9-y (W sb) (for sth) =WRl'lT OFF~AWAYI @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
be+v+adv+prep wroteawy lo the compunyfora~sampie.
b M a o f f n [sing.]E; infirmal) a failure:s time

wrench / w ~ J / ,write 'back(to 5b)to write inreply tosb'sletter: when you do not achieve anything: Todrry has
Iwroteandamhgized but henever wro&h c b . 0
The school wrote back to me saying that all the $een a w r i m f f asfaras w r k ismncerd.
3seealso WRITE-OFFat WRITESTH OFF

'worryat sth(oflen&in thepromsiw unm) ,wrench sth '@ , m n c h sth 'off sth to m u m s rwrefull. ,writesth 'off1(business)to canoeladebt:tom-
1 if an anlmal such as a dog worries at sth, it
removesth from sth by force witha sl~ongtwist- Qv+& o g n m that sth is a fa~lureh,as no d u e ,etc:All

holds it in its teeth and shakes it about:a dog ing movement: The ttg of the rope m r l y ,write sth W n Ilnlon sth) 1 to write sth on ouEslanding Third World debts should now h
wremhed my arm OR0He wwnched thepinure
wrrying at a bone o Ifigumtiue)She worried at offEhe walland threwit to theground. paper so that you do not forget it: I wmle her witten o f l 2 (BrE)to damage a vehicle rn badly
the knot in the string (= with her fingers). 2 to
thlnk or talka lot about a problem andtry to find +v+ri/pron+adv v+adv+n + v+nIpmn+prep address down in my notebook, o Themisa hand- that i t is not worth spending money to repair lt:
out soyou tmdn't write all thts down. take That 'sthethirdcark's wsrttenoffthisyear

a solution:He lay awuke all night, worrying at sth down 2 ( b i n e s s )to M u c e the value o f Qv*n/pmn+adv r v+adv+n
whata companyowns whenstating It inthe com-
Yheproblem pany's accounts: A12 s i ~ okver six months o[d t M e - n f l n 1 (business)an act of cancelling a
was written down lo 50%. debt and accepting that it will never be paid: a
(B V + P ~ ~ P 'wrest fh from sb,sth V-0 1to take sth f4.9 brll~ondebt write-off2 (BrE, inform0 a
such as power or control fhom sWsth with great @v+rdpmn+adv r v+adv+n vehicle that is so badly darnaged that it is not

,wrap sth a'round abtsth 1BrE also .wrap sth effort:Therebelstried lo wrest controlof the town b 'wrltwbwn n ( b w i m )a reduction in the considered worth repairing:Thgr dwilh
fmrngwernment&rces,2 to take6thh m sb that value of what a companyowns,etc.
'roundsblstk) toput sthfirm1ymundsthlsb:He they d o not want to glve, s u d d d y or violently: minor injuries but the van masa write-od
The o&?m m w e d lo wrest the gunlrom his
wmpped his arms tightly around my mlst. oA ,write 'in (tosbEsth) to write a letter to an organ- -B $ & ? a hWRITE-OFF Bt WRITE S B ~ S T HOFF (AS STH)
+g m p . ization to state an opinion or to ask a question:
tong scarf was wrapped round her neck. v +nlpron+prep Wn'te in lo the pmgromme and tef1w your own , m l W shsih 'oUt,,write sksth 'out of sth
opinion on this. o 5W viewers wrote in lo mm- to remove a character, a scene,etc. h m a p l a ~a
Q v +nlpron+prep phin a b u t theadvertisement. filmhnwI@,aregularseries,etc:Hegot bored and
Q v+adv asked to be writik-n out of the s@rkso. Thecensor
,Wrap 'up; ,wrap It 'up (slang)used to tell sb wrestle I ' W S ~ I demanded lhnl the mne k wrrtiun out.
rudely to stop talklng and be quiet: Oh romp up ,writea m 'In(Amh')to add an extm nametoa
and kt s o m e h d y e l s e ~syomething! Wrestle d h sthtomggletodedwith sthdif- llst o f candidates in an electionso that you can &%3h e sb/sth In,wrltmsblsth Into sth
ficult: Farmers are wrestlingwith the problem of Qv+dpmn+ah. + v+actv+n
Qv+adv r v+rt+adv the wet weathet o He spent several mare weeks vote for them:She wrote C a m irn on the bdlol
v+nlpron+adv +prep

W..-.r-l-b--O--ut ............................................... .346

......................................II,,.....,.....................................~~...........

,write sth 'OMto write sth on p a w c l m 1 ~ 1 yank n = ~ k ~
includingall the details: Usesymbols and abbre-
viations ~llsdwdofwritiw thin$sout infull. 0 I 'yank at ath to pull at ath hard and quickly:
wrote our t h e m in my best handrmlt@, o 1
watched hrm wrile out a chequeforfiveIhomnd *Somneyankedat my hair
v + prep
mundsfor her
EW3In informal spokenlanguagewrlte sb out ,yanksth 'oft ,yanksth 'Msth toremowsth
6th ISalso used:He wroteheroul acheqrre. by pullingit quickly and hard:Heyankdog his
+v+adv+n + r+nlpmn+adv s b . o Sheyankad the lidoff the #in.
@ v+ adv+ n * v +nlpron+adv 4 v + nlpmn+prep
,mite Ska 'up WmEj to repart sb in writing
because they have done sth illegal:He wrote me ,yanksblsth 'out;,yank s M h ' o d d sth
upfor r!legaZ~rkiw. (rnfnrmfi to remove sWsth from somewhere by

ev+nlpron+a& h, v+adv+n pulling hard and quickly:He wasyanked out of
the h o w and bundIed !nloa car
,write Sth 'Up 1to write sth in a complete and Q v + nlpmn+adv 4 v +n l p m +a& +prep
final form, especially h r n notes that you have
made: She writes her k t u m mtes up mry n ~ h t 'yearn for a b t h (litmmy)to want sblsth very
befort go* out. BBi notns, research, tlaperi- much. especially when this is difficult to get:
ment 2 to write a rw~ewof a play, a concert, a Mraymrnedfora child.
book, etc. for a newspaper or magazine. She
longfor sWsth
wmfethemovie up Inglowing terms.
ev +prep
&v*nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
b 'wrfte-upnareview of awncert,a plag:abwg ,yeif 'out;,yellsth 'outtoauddenlyshout 8th in
a loud voice: She was yelling out in Wmt:o He
etc. in a newspaperor magazine: Thecvnwtgot yeliedout thenamesof #hewinners.
a good w r i t ~ uipn allthepapers.
+v+adv * v+arhr+n + v+nlpron+adv +

v +a& +speech

yield ~jvldr

'ylebd to sth ( f o r m 0 to be replaced by sth:

Barges yieldad lo rmd vehiclesfor Itonrportlng

goods.
ev+prep

'yield sth 'up (formal) 1to allow sb else to take
sth that you own and feel b very important for

you:H~SUIOheWulouId neveryield up the~ylstkto
f k EngI~sh2. to reveal sth that has been hidden:
A thororrghsearchof tksiteyieIded up only afew
ancien2corm.

&v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu

ZerO I'marau;A&'-, 'zk-j(-, mb IGUIDE t o the PAK1 ILCtb
ing, zeroed,zumed)
,zmm 'inrout (on sblsth) If a camera zooms Introduction
,zero 'In on sb/s?h4 to aim weapons at s b t h : iwout, it shows the objed that is being photo-
graphed h r n closerKurther aww by using a This Guide deals with the main categories of meaning of the particles that occur most
Thw rewed in on the Drget. o (figurative)Chre spectallens(a mom lens): Thew mzwmedin
z e d in onCmig(= went to talk to him) assoon on her beautiful eyes. frequently in the verbs In this dictionary. Knowing something about the different
ashe enlend the m m .2 to 5x all your attention meanlngs of particle can help you learn and understand how phrasal verbs or
on sblsth: Wasting no Eimp she z e d in on the +v+adv
combinations of verbs and particles are formed and help you understand new ones
main lopic. ,zoom 'off (W-0 to hurry may:He jumwd
Q v + adv +prep intohis car andzoomedofl when you meet them.

@v+adw When you look at verbs used with a particular particle, you can see that one particle

zip 'through Sth to do, reas, etc, sth very can have several different meanings. The most obvious starting point is the basic or
quickly: Couid you zip through my remri an$ ltteral meaning of the particle since thls often combines with verbs t o produce a
chmk it 3 OK? meaning that you can eas~lyrecognize. For example, the basic meaning of the particle
down invotvm movement from a higher posltlon to a lower position. It can be used
v+prep in combination with a verb as a preposition: 'He climbed down the mountoin.', or as
an adverb: 'Whot are you doing up there? Come down at onref''Put the book down
,tlp 'up: @p sbmth 'up to be fastened with a there.' This meaning of down can help you t o understand its more f~gurativeuse in
other verbs. For example, down can also be used to express the related ideas of
zlphipper I= a dwice consistingof two raws of
metal or plastic teeth that you can pull together maktng something lower, or reducing something, (for example Turn down thot radio),
or pull apart);tofastensth with a zlpl'ripper: The keeping something low (to keep down the rate of ~nflotron)o, r removing somebody or
something from a powerful pos~tian(for example, to bring down thegowrnment.)
sku; zips up at the side. o Will you zip me up (=
my dress),pIwse? o ImnY Pip myjacket up! What this also shows is that there is a system to the way phrasal verbs are formed. In
other words, the combination of particles and verbs is to a large extent systematic and
Qv+adv 4 v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n not totally random. It also explains how new phrasal verbs come to be created and can

b 'zlpup d j [only before noun] fastenedwith a be easily understood by everybody. For example, the phrasal verb to ruksomething in,
meaning t o ~ncludesomething, is a relatively new expression which you might hear. It
ziplzipw azipupjacket was created In contrast to the phrasal verb to rule somethrng out, meaning to exclude

,zone h 'off (fw ah)to keepan areaof land to sorneth~ng.Both these phrasal verbs are related to the meaning of their particles, out
be u s d for a a i n r l a r purpcse: The c f wc@nlrp suggesting excluding and in suggestinginclud~ng(.You can find more about new
has beenzoned o f f f o r W t r i o n s .
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv verbs on page 520 - 21.)

pDne 'OM IAlplE, slang) to stop thinking or As this last example shows, particfeswhich have opposite meanings, such as up and
noticingwhatis goingon aroundyou:Relaxyour down , in and out, on and o f f , can form phrasal verbs which haveopposlte
meanlngs as well. For example, the opposite of to turn on is to turn off.However, there
rn&> take a deep btmfh, and mne outfor a are exceptions. The opposite of to put on your clothes is to toke ojj yourclorh~sT. he
particles on and off are opposlte i n meaning, but combine with d~fferenvt erbs to
while.
1 produce phrasal verbs with opposlte meanings.
,8'N, spmca out, sb outfshng)
The meanlngs of particles that you will find in this Guide are only the main meaningr,
Ov+adv usually figurative. that accur In groups of verbs. After the explanation of the meaning,
some verbs belonging to the group are given, h n t the ones that appear i n the
b 'zoneout n a time when you stop UlJnking or examples, and then a few other important verbs, arranged i n alphabetical order. The
examples that have been chosen t o illustrate each meaning show you the most
noticingwhat is goingonamundyou frequent contexts. You will find that xlmetimes one phra-l verb appears i n more than
one category, for example, build up in 'Increasing and 'Creating and constructing',
b ,zoned 'out udj ( A d , lnforrnak) unable to reflecting two different senses of the verb. For more information on how each verb i n
the lists IS used, you should look the verb up in the dictionary.
think or to notice what is going on amund you

becauseof the effectsof drug or ~ I c D ~ o ~

zonk but; wnk sb 'out (shng, esperinlb
Am@ to fall asleep, become unconscious or
unable to think, either b e c a w you are very
tired or because of the e r w t s of d r u s or

alcohol;to make sb do this: He zonked out aJter

the b g m o Iluual~yronkoutaboutIlpm.

&v+adv v+dwn+adv
b ,wnked 'outadj (slnng,esparialb AmE) sleep
ing, unconscious, or unable to think. especially

from the efFects af drugs or alcohol:Ifee! totally
zonked out after thednv's4.

Ahut is used rn approximately 120 verbs 2 We spent the afternoon mooching about bdng d i n g Round can also be used with these verbs.
(2%) in this drdionary, as an adverb and a
pceposit~on.It is often used to show the the town and looking in shop windows. hround can be used i n verbs that suggest Being don d i n g
connect~onbetween the verb and ~ t osbjed, 3 Stop mm'ng about and start dolng your that you are spending your time i n a lazy Amund IS used as a preposlt~onwith some
for example talk about something, worry way. Other verbs refer t o a silly way of
obout something. In some of the verbs,the homework. behavlng. Example verbs are. verbs to suggest the Idea of something
partlcl6 around and, espec~allyin British having a partlcvlar idea, object, etc. as its
English, round can be uwd instead of Around and round can usually be used hang around fool around mess around centre or focus. Example verbs are:
about without changtng the meaning. The 1 They spend their time hanging omund
most common categories of meanrng are: with the same meaning. You can also add centre around revolve oround pivot around
abaut to a variety of other verbs to make a the streets.
Maving in d i m dim&ons -2 You can't take her seriously because she 1 Her whole life is centred around her
s~mllarmeaning: for examp'le,fuff about,
About can be used to indicate that you are is alwaysfooljng around. research.
rnovlng here and thew or rnak~ngrough or muck about. potter obout. '3 Stop mmrng around and find wmething
violent movements The verb shows what 2 Their social life revolws around gorng ta
kind of movement it is. Example verbs are: Making something happen useful to do.
About 1s used wrth some verbs to indicate parlies.
run about c r d about thrm obout something happening or somebody makrng About can also be used with these wrbs.
something happen. Example verbs are: Ming
1 The kids love running abaut in the park. Sumnrndingand enclosing Around with verbs can be used to indicate
2 1 can hear mmeone crashing about come about bring about set about that you are avoiding something.
go about see obout Around can be used wrth some verbs to
upstairs. suggat surrounding someone or mmething. skirt around get around skate round
1 More and more people are deciding to
3 She got wry angry and started throwing retire early. How has this come a h u p crowd around throw around cluster omund rmrk around
th~ngsobout the room.
2 What do you t h ~ n khas brought about 1 Peoplecrowded amund the entrance 1 He skirted around the iaues without
Amund and round can usually be used
with the same meaning. You can also add this change in publlc oprnion7 waiting for her to come out. dixussing any of them in depth.
about to a vanety of other verbs to make a
sim~larmeanrng: for exarnple,jump about, 3 In the afternoon he set about cleaning 2 She rushed up to him and threw her 2 We'll have to find a way of minx amund
scatter obout. arms oround his neck.
the kitchen. the problem.
Wmg nothing
kmounding and enclosing At 1s a preposition used In 87 verbs (I 'A%) told her the news.
About is used w ~ t hmany verbs that suggest in t h ~ sd~ctronaryIt 1s a common word In
you are spendtng your time in a lazy way. About can be used with some verbs to give English and !r often used to show where 4 He rolked at us rather than involve us in
Other verbs refer to a silly way of behavlng. the Idea of something going around sornething or somebody is i n space or what he was saying.
something and surrounding or enclosing it. time. It has two maln meanings In verb
hang-abwt mrnder about mess ubout and particle combinat~ons: A-king, milring and Wing
throw about hedge abwt
1 Groups of youths were hanging obout the Aiming and d i d n g At can be used with verbs to give the idea
1 She threw her arms obout me and of trying to attack, h ~otr hold mrneone or
shopping centre with nothing to do. At 1s used w ~ t hmany verbs t o give the idea mmething. Example verbs are:
hugged me tightly. of aimlng or directing something at
2 Empioyment rs hedgeda b u t with more someone or sorneth~ng.Example verbs are: strike at lly at grab ot get oi

and more laws. laugh at look at store Itt talk at 1 He struck at me several times with a
aim at nag ot wonder at
Around and mund am more common with knife but missed.
1 I felt everybody was laughing at me so I
this meaning. 2 She lost her temper and flew at them,
left the room.
Around rs used in approx~mately280 verbs many drfferent placm. Example verbs are: 2 When I entered the room she was punching and kicking.
(5%) In this dictionary, as an adverb and a 3 Shegrabbed at my coat and pulled me
preposition. Its basic meaning is of run oround bwtk around shop around looking at the painting.
movement i n a circle or curve to face in the The plawrnund was full of children 3 She stored ot me in amazement when I back from the edge of the cl~ff.
opposite direction or t o arrive at the other 4 My parents are always w i n g of me
srde of someth~ng,for example,spin oround, running around and shouting.
I=critic~zingme) for not finishing my
turn around, go around. Round is often -2 He was bustfingbusily a m n d the room
hummin-ga mne. college course.
usedinsteadofamnd,espec~allyrnlBritish
English. A h t is also sometlms used. In 3 ~ouhavetoshopamundif~uwantto Away IS ured in 210 verbs (3%) !n th15 movement, for example, go away, mn
verb plus particle combinat~ons,the most dict~onary,as an adverb. The basic meaning awoy, hurryaway, drive awoy. O f fcan be
common categories of meaningare: find the bst prductr at the lowest prices. of away indicates movement to a different used insteadof away with a similar
~~~~d and abut be used inthese
M n g in diffemnd~i m c k ~ ~ s verbs except shop around. Amund can be place and it can be used with most verbs of meaning. Away often combines with

Around Ir used w ~ t hsome verbs to indicate used with many other verbs with a similar
movement ~ndifferent d~rectionsor to meaning: blunderaround, dancearound,
rush oround, crash around, etc.

350 351

another particle, particularly fmrn, for 3 We need t o do a w y with old and The other most common uses are: ploy bark ga bark over
example runoway fmm, walk owayfrom, do outdated 1aw. rend back call/phone batk
owuy with. The m a t common uses of the W m i n g smmihing
Di~ppscrring Back can be used to convey the idea of 1 Can you ploy bock the recordingonce
particle with verbs are as follow.: givrng or taking something back t o the more? 1 mrssed part of it.
Away IS used with some verbs to give the place it came from. It can alx, mean
a d no) dohg something idea of someth~ngdisappear~nggradually reading or replyingt o someone in a similar 2 1 think we need to go bock over it so that
way to the way they have aaed or spoken.
Away 1s used with some verbs to show that die mvoy fade awny wmie away all the details are clear In our minds.
somebody is avoiding a person, a place or a wear away pars away pine owoy take b a ~ k uive batk write bock 3 Can you read that h r k t o me? I want to
sltuatron or is stopp~ngbelng involved In tall/ring bock fight bntk
sorneth~ngE. xample verbs are: f The shouts and cheers gradually died be sure that you wrote it down correctly.
away as the President stood up to speak 1 I took the clock back to the shop because
kaep m y look owoy bock m a y it broke after a few days. Rqoining
2 The excitement of the day began to fade
work m y from shrink army stay awoy 2 Haveyougiven backall themoney you b c k in combinations can be used with the
awuy as nrght fell. borrowed from him?
3 Keep away from the edge of the cliff - idea of getting again samething that was
3 The animal was wasting oway through 3 You must write bock and thank her for lost or of recoveringfrom something.
you might fall.
illness and lack of food. her letter. win bark p t buck bounca back claw back
2 I looked at her but she lookedaway. 4 The rock had been worn o w y by the em back grow batk snap back
3 He moved towards her and she bocked M n g batkwardr: bsing M i n d or
action of the sea. 1 We were very lucky. We won bock alF the
oway In alarm. 5 She passed away (= died) peacefully i n ol a dishnca money we had lost.
4 You can't just wolk awoy from every
her sleep. Back can be used with verbs t o give the 2 1 don't think I will werget bockall those
d~fficulst ituation. Idea of mwing away from the front or edge books 1 lent him.
Sroring and hiding of something or of 'being at a drstance from
Sspammng Away can be used w ~ t hsome verbs to something. Example verbs are: 3 She's feeling a bit down at the moment,
Away is used with some verbs giving the convey the Idea of putting something in a but she'rl s w n bounce h c k .
meaning of becoming separated from place either to keep ~tsafe or to stop fall back stund batk keep back
somethlng or from a group of people or of puH bark push batk Being u& conl*d
makrng this happen. people f~ndingit. Example verbs are:
1 The British runner tried to catch up, but Back In combinations often means reducing
r m e mvay break m y tall away put away file awoy tidy away fell back and f~nishedfilth. something or keepingsomething such as an
hide m y tlsar nwoy latk m y emotion under control. Exampleverbs are:
peel away sheer owmy strip army 2 Pleasestand buck and let the people get
1 Put away your books- you won't need off the train. cut bock an force bock choke back
them for the rest of the lesmn.
7 The handle of the bagcome awoy i n my 3 Keep back! The bomb may explode at bite batk hold bark
2 All the records retating to the case h a w
hand. beenflled oway. anv moment. 1 You need to cut back on the number of
ciaarettes vou smoke.
2 They broke away from the rest of the 3 Canyou ti&owywerythingontheflmr. No) making prmgmss
group and started t o explore the area en 4 The letter was hidden away where no 2 H; tried t i force buck the urge to punch
their own Back in some cornbinations suggests being
one would f ~ n dit. kept or held in a position without making him on the nose.
3 The doctor was culled awuy fmm the any progress. Example verbs are:
Working had or rontiinwusfy 3 She hoked bock the tears as she told us
rneetlng to attend to a patient. hold bark w bark keep'batk
Away can be used to indicate that vou an= what had happened.
MW d o ~ n gsomething, especially~ o r k l nh' a~rd 1 I feel I'm being held back in class. I want
Away 15used with some verbs to give the or doing something drfficult or boring, for a Looking at the pa&
idea of removing samething from a long period of time. Exampleverbs are: to m o w faster.
~ a c ckan be used to talk about the past.
particular place because you no longer s 1 m~ y mrk w a y slave m y 2 The fire at the office set the p r o j M back
bang pld away date bntk go tokeb t k
want or need it, or of destroying wmething. 1 I've been sloggingoway at this for dm several months.
Imobkack 'Iiink bark
and I still haven't hished. -Pam
nwvthrow aw frighten do my 1 This castle dates back to the 72th century.
2 He spent hours working away at the Back can be used i n verbs that express the
blastaway drive give owDy idea of dolng something agaln. 2 lohn and I are a-reat friends. We ~o bock
nroblem.
1 This is all rubb~sh.Please throw it away. 3 5he has been slaving away at the report a long way.
3 This music tokes me back to the yean 1
2 He is so rude and aggressive that he all day.
lived ~nParrr.

frjghtens customers awuy.

Back is an adverb and is used In 175 verbs you were before or to an earlier time. Many Down is used In about 310 verbs (7%)In th~s posit~onf,or example, climb down, bend
(3%) in this dictionav. The basic meaning of verbs of rnwement use back with this d~rt~onarryn,arnly as an adverb It often has down, fall down. Many combinations of a
this particle IS returning to the place where meaning, for example walk bmk,drive bock. rneanlngsthat are the opposite of up. The verb and down refer to somebody putting
literal meaning 1s movement in a downwards
d~redionm, ov~ngfrom a h~ghetro a luwer somethrngon a surface, for eumple, bang
down, lay down. It IS alx, used to express

352 353

figurative ideas related to downward 3 The teacher said he would come down 3 I'llnotedot down the things we have to do keep down stay down wmh dorm
movement, such as decreasing, beiog reduced hard on anyone he caught cheating.
or falling. As an adverb rt combines with some before Sunday. wolf dorm
preposit~ontro make three-word verbs such as
get down to, louk down on, come down with. hfadng lalkrg 1 She was in such a hurry she had to gulp
The most common uses of down are down her coffee.
Down can be used to express the idea of Down is used with some verbs to describe o ~ h ii ssdelicious; he =id as he
Falling a d m n g defeating someone or something or being way; of eating or drinking. Examplewrbs are:
down another piece of cake.
Th~suse of the particle 1s most closely defeated in an argument, a competition, gulp down gobble down Loll down
connected to the l~teraml eanlng of down,
and suggests somethingor somebody tailtng etc. For is a prepos~tlon,used in about 115 Important thrng in my life.
verbs (2%)In th~sdlctlonary It 1s one of the 4 iVc're makingfor Edinburgh and hope to
to the ground and being destroyed or bring d m pu! dwrn vote down most common words in English. It often
combines with verbs to link the verb and its be there by tonlght.
sufferingdamage. EKamples of verbs are: bock down shout down stare dorm object, for example, ask for something, pay
jor something. It has hva common and gaions in ddm k
pull down burn down teur down T The aim of the rebels i s to bring down the meanings when used with verbs:
knock dwrn run down beat down government other*
Aims and purpom
1 The builders were i n the process of 2 The rebellion was quickly put down by For can be used with some verbs to show
pullfng down a wall. troops loyal to The pres~dent. For can be used to refer to the aim or haw you feel about sornebdy or samething,
purpose of an action or to where you are or to show how you are deal~ngwith a person
2 The whole forest was burnt down. 3 Her proposal for str~desr fety measures going. Example verbs are: or a situation Fxampleverbs are:
3 The protesters tore down the barriers. was voted down.
4 He was knocked down/run down by apply for press fw lire fw feel for foll fw fear for
4 The government bocked down over the make for head for root for cars for stand up for
a car.
idea of increas~ngtaxes. 1 I've appliedfor mow than twenty jobs In 1 I reallyfedfor her. She has lost all her
Reducing the past month.
Failing fam~lyrn the past year.
Down is used in many verbs that expres 2 We'repressingforachange in theway
the rdea of something decreasing in Down can be used to expresr the idea of animals are transportedto markets. 2 Ifell for her the moment Isaw her and
amount, strength, speed, cost, importance, sornethrngstopping, falling or not working two years later we were married.
etc., or of somebody making romething do properly Examples of verbs are: 3 1 ltvefor my children. They are the most
this. Examples of verbs are: 3. When we heard the sound of gunf~rewe
breok d m close d m turn down all feared for our IrvK.
lurn dorm bring down colm d m come down
plny down cut down die down narrow down let down wind d m 4 Good luck, we'll be motingfor you.
put down run down slow down wsor down
1 The lrar brokedownon theway to the man.
1 Can you turn the rnuslc down, please? 2 The company was maklng huge loss-
It" deafening.
and in the end was forced to close down.
2 We have to bring down our costs in order 3 !he applied for the job but was turned down.
4 My PC hasnwer let medown.
t o remain competitive.
Fnxh
3 Please wltn down -there's no need to
Down can be used with the idea of fixing In is used ~nabout 380 verbs (6Yz%) ~nthis w~thoutanyone noticing.
get so excited about ~ t . somethingf~rrnlyto something else. Example dlb~onarya, s an adverb and a preposltlon.
4 Fortunately his temperature is starting to verbs are. The baslc meaning is (being) conta~ned 3 That'll be Stuart at the door. Can you let
him 17
come down. tie d m mall d m strap down
5 The government are trying to ploydown
banen down screw dorm stick down
the importance of the meeting.
1 Make sure you tie everything down w ~nsidesomething or somewhere, or Mng
krpprwsing that the wind dwsn't blow ~taway. In can be used i n verb plus particle
movement from outsrde to insrde. It IS combinations that refer to a person, a
Down a n be used with verbs t o express 2 This floorboard needs nailing down before vehicle, etc. arriving at a partrcular place.
the Idea of Peeping somebody or often the opposlte of out. The preposition
something under control or ending it caures an accident. into can alxl be used with verbs of dock in check in pull in
something, often uslng authority or force 3 Everythingon the boat was strappeddown drm in f l ~ idn
Examples of verbs are: movement (Plmsc~ome in. She mme into
so it wouldn't be lost in a storm. the room in a hurry.) The most common
keep d m damp d m come d m on
break down crack d m pin dorm R&~ng in d n g uses are:

1 The government is trying to k ~ dopwn Dawn is used with verbs meaning writing or Edng 1 What time do you have to clock in in the
wage demands. In IS used with many verbs with the literal
copylng to gnve the idea of recording 2 Our flight is delayed w there i s no hurry to
2 The police are going to damp down on something In writing Examples of verbs are: meaning of entering somewhere, for check do.
rnotorlsts who break the speed lirnrt. example,go in, come in, walk in, inviic in.
miterdorm g e t d m n o t e d m 3 We arrived at the station just as the train
(Into has similar uses). pulled in.
jot dorm copy down put down
breok in get in let in ask in
rat dwrn
hraeze in drop in squeoze in
1 Could you write it down for me, please? 1 Thieves broke in and stole all the paintin@. A b M i *
2 He was speaking too fast for me toget ~t In can be used with certain verbs to give
Z I'll never understand how they got in
down on paper.

I 355

the idea of absorbing something. 1 They gathered in the grapes ready for maw in block in lotk in
makingwine.
take in sink in drink in box in fence in hem in DInal5maginIgn,cdomsWbinnagti,ons thkaWt mn egan
2 It's starting to rain. I'd betterget the
breoths in soak in 1 No planes are flying out today. We are damag~ngor destroy~ngthings, especially
1 We had to try and toke in a lot of wash~ngin. by makingthem fall inwards. Other verbs
3 The band have been pulling in the crowds completely snowed in. their refer to things falling inwards.
information In a very short period of time 2 bok at that! Someonehas
2 It was only after a few rnlnutes that the wherever they perform. smashin kirk in mva in
car so close t o mine and blocked me in.
awful truth started to sink In. Filling and compleling 1 The car door was completely smashedin.
3 For the f~rsftew minutes I drunk in the 3 %me prisoners are locked in for twenty Z The police kicked i n the door and
In 4s uswl rn some combrnation~that refer
atmosphereof the place. three hours a day. entered the aparEment.
to frlling a drawing, a shape, a hole etc. Thewhole bullding is going to cave at
lneluding w ~ t hsomething and completing it. Other 5tuying ins*
In can he used with some verbs that give rim~lavrerbs refer to writ~ngsomething any
the idea of adding or mixing something i n samewhere In can be used in cornhinations that mean
something else, or of includ~ngsomething
colour in fill in pencil in rernain~ng~nsideor at home instead of
w ~ t hsometh~ngelse. Example verbs are: hlotk in ink in shade in
going out somewhere. The particle out can
1 Linen, children. When you have finished
Ibe used with the =me verbs with the -ing dh9 dng
your drawing you can colour 11in.
stir in throw in take in 2 I'd like you to fill in this form opparite meaning. In is alw u x d with In is used in combination with someverbs
3 I'll peml in next Wednesday for a meeting. inbed later
blend in fold in verbsmeaninthgat you that mean stopping Wing to resist
something or giving up something such as
1 Stir in the ~ngredienhgraduallyuntil all of than p u usually do. Example verbs are:
them have heen used. wur Exampleverbs are:
stay in eat in sleep in lie in stop in
2 If you buy the car I'IF throw in the radio givB thrm In in in
7 We dec~dedto stoy in and watch a film
for free. Taking p* on Zelevis~on. 1 We will never giw En to threats of violence.
2 I sometimes feel like throwing it all in
3 While we're in London we could toke in a In is, used w ~ t hmany verbs to suggest the 2 why don't we wt in tonight instead of
Idea of joinrng an activity and be~ng going out for a meal? and looking for a job abroad.
v~sito the theatre or the opera. involved in something. Sometirnfi the
involvement of the person is not welcome. 3 t was so tired Islept in until 11.
Puning inside or b
ioin in g~ in for a l l in
In can be used with some verbs, giving the
Idea of one thrng be~ngput Into or going interfwe in jump in pitch in
into another. Example verbs are:
want in Out of is often used with simitar verbs as an
plug in put in key in lay in lnto 1sa preposrtlan and ~t15used In 260 opposite, for example@out of,hcherk out oj
1 Why don't you join in and have w m e verbs (4%)in this d~b~onarTyh. e literal
pump in punch in type in meaningof inta is movement from the Puning in, goiw in
fun7 Everybody's dancing. outside of something to the inside, so it is lnto is used in many combinations referring
1 First you have to plug it in and then you
sw~tchit on. 2 She decided to go rn for the competition uwd with many verbs that give the idea of t o puttingor going in or inside something.
of entering mmethlng, for example, He
2 I'd lrketoputsomemonpyin my bank because she had a good chance of walked into the room. It is often used in the plug info tuck into pay into
bora intP dip into
account. winning. same verbs and with the same meaningsa5
1 You can plug the TV into the socket in
3 1 need someone to key in all thls 3 The police were culled in to investigate the adverb in, for example, burst in (on sb),
burst Into (a place). The partlcle can also be the wall.
information on my computer. the robbery.
4 1 don't i~keyouinterfexingin my affairs. used in verbs that expms metaphorical 2 She never wears her blouse tucked into
meanings, for example, changing or being
Bsgirming: inhwludng-ing mm 1-pt;na transformed. The most common uses are: her skirt.
3 1 need t o pay some money into my bank
In can be used In verbs that gave the idea In can be used with verbs to expressthe Ewing
idea of someone interrupting a account.
of something start~ngor of wrnebody conversation or a meeting when the knto is used in many combinations meanlng
interruptron is not wanted or welcome. CamMnimg
introducing something new. to enter somewhere. Example verbs are:
cut in barge in break in
sat in bring in phase in break lnto get inm thstk into Into 4s used in combinations that mean
1 She cut m while Iwas talking in order to mlxing one substance into another m that
trsep in usher in make her own suggestions. crawd into invite into they become one. Example verbs are:
3 The cold weather has started t o w in.
2 The government wants to bring in 2 We were talking quretly in the kitchen f Burglafi brokeinto my house last night bland into shade- into mix into
when he borged in and said he wanted a and stole all my video equipment.
stricter laws to protect the environment. drink. fade inta fold into
3 The new product~onscheme will be 2 He got into the car and d r w e off.
3 'I'm sorry, but I simply can? agree with 3 We checked into the hotel. 1 Blerrd the cream into the sauce.
phased in gradually. that,' he broke in. 4 Everybody cmwded into the room to 2 The xarlet of the bird's win@shades

CmlMng Limiting liq..tp-n to the Min~stesrneak. into pink at the tips.
In can be used i n combinations that refer 5 She invited us into her'room.
In can be used in combinations that refer
to collecting things* Example verbs are. to wmebody be~ngprevented fmm leaving
a place. Example verbs are:
gather in get in pull in
fetch in pork in

56 357

T m n k i n g dchanging W i n g and meding Oft is used In about 520 verbs (85%)In t h ~ s finish OH pay off sell off go off
Into can be used with verbs that dexribe d~dionary,as an adverb and a preposition
lnto can be uwd to dexribe th~ngsthat objects hitting one another, and to describe It has a wide variew of meanings. It IS often polish off round off work off
change or are transformd. Exampleverbs are: used with verbs of movement to indicate
people meeting by accident. movement away fmm a place, for example, 1 I'd lrke to finish off what I'm doing
turn into grow into make into change into run off, dash off, hurry off, march off, where before I go home
bong into run into bump into
1 The discuss~onsoon turned into an the verb shows how wrnebody departs. Off 2 Our aim 1s to poy off all our debts by the
argument about politics. 1 He didn't put the light on and bunged can xlmetlmes be replaced by away in this end of the year.
into a chair. meaning. The most common uses are:
2 She grew info a very loving person. 3 They decided to sell ofltheir entire stock
2 I ran into Steve (=met him by chance) Thc particle off can be used to give the idea
Persuading and fweing the other day. He hasn't changed at all. and Invest in a new range of pmduds.
lnto is used with some verbs to convey the of somebody starting a journey or leaving a
Inwdigdng 4 The demonstration went oflquietly
idea of persuading or maklng someone do place or of mak~ngwmebody or mrnethrng without any serious incidents.
something that they do not really want to Ento can be used with some verbs that give
do. The verb d e ~ r i b e sthe way you try to do this. hample verbs are: w i n g bss
persuade somebodp Example verbs are: the idea of investigating something i n Off can be used with some verbs to express
detarl In order to discover the truth. off off see make off
talk into press into frighten inio the idea of something gradually decreasing
go imta Iwk into delve into dig into
forte into shame into storve into in strength or effect. Example verbs are:
1 She tolked me into going on holiday with 1 The third chaprerof the b o o k p s i n t o
the subject In great detail. deor off blort off hwd off stori off Wear off level off (001 off fall off
her.
2 1 was p r e d into giving a speech at her 2 The police are looking into the matter. 1 We set off at four in the morning to die off ease off tail off

farewell dinner. start;ng climb the mountain. 1 The pain started to return when the
3 He wasfrightmed into confming the Many combinations with into suggest
startlng doing something, often suddenly. 2 What times does the plane toke oJP effect of the drugs began to w a r oJJ.
crime. burst into plunge into rush into get into 3 He came to see us oflat the airporl.
1 She burst into tears. 4 The robber, made ofl in a blue car. 2 The rate of inflation was rising
Out of is often used with these verbs with 2 The aircraft burst into flames. dramatically but now it has started to
the opposite meaning: tolksomcbody out oJ 3 The country was plunged into recession. *dng
something. Off i n combinations can alsa suggest that level n-f,f,
wmethrng is beginning. Example verbs are: 3 Weneed time tocooloff(= become Im
Of is a preposktion It occurs In 55 verbs Ctmmckirirlies and qualilies
(almost 1%) In t h ~ s d ~ d ~ o n aWr yhe. n 11IS Of can be used with verbs to show the start off spark off kick off hot) and have a shower before lunch.
used in verb plus particle combinations i t charader~st~cosr qual~t!esof someone or
shows the relationship between the verb mrnething, or what something contains. lead off touch off bierlingor dismissiq
and mmebody or something that IS Off IS used with some verbs to suggest the
smell of remind of make of consist OF 1 The day started offwell, but gradually
~nvolvedin the artlon. The different kinds got worse. idea of relecting, dismissing or trying t o
of relat~onsh~apre shown below: 1 Th~ssoap smells of spring flowers. ignore somebody or something. ZKarnple
2 The plece of music r~mtodsme of 2 Small things can xlmetimes spark offa
row between people. verbs are:
holidays in Greece.
3 It's made of cheese and potatoes. Ending: mot happening mite of! loy off shrug off

Some verbs can be used wlth off 10 give the laugh off. b-ru..rh off shake off

idea of wrnething ending or being 1 iknow he hasn't k e n playing very well

Communidng and intmpdng cancelld. Example verbs are: recently, but we can't write hlm oJI.
M with some verbs shows that a particular
b ~ offk ring OH put df call off 2 The company has had to lay off several
prece of information or knowledge is being hundred workers.
communicated t o or interpreted by R d n g , lacking cvt off log off switch off
somebody Example verbs are: Of can be used wrth some verbs to indicate 3 It's onlv a cold. I'llsoon shrug it off.
something is being removed from someone 1 The unions have dec~dedto break ofJ 4 She t r i k to lough offthe while matter,
hear of know of make of
or something or that they do not have their negotiations with management. but I knew that ~tworried her terribly.
samethlng. Example verbs are:
2 I'm afraid he fang off before I had a wdng
remind of speak of rob of starve of deprive-of
chance to ask him what his name w a r wm, verbs usingthe patticle oft indicate
that you trying stopsomething
3 We've put ofithe meet~ngtill the end of
happening or trying to protm romebody or
1 I'm sorry, I've never hwrd of him. dispose- of strip of next week. from something harmful or
2 1 know of the place but I t e never been
7 They robbed me ofeverything Iwas rinishing unpleasant. Example verbs are:
there.
carrying w ~ t hme. Off can be used wlth some verbs to fight off hold off word off b e d off
3 What do you makeof her most recent emphasize that mmethlng is c o m ~ l e t e f ~ fend off keep off stove off warn off
2 She was starved of affection during her fln~shed.Often these are verbs that can also
paintings? be used on their own with a similar, but 1 I am doing everything I can lo fight off
childhood. weaker, meaning. Example verbs are: another attack of flu,

2 we ,nut hold ofithe enemy much longer.

3 He put up his hand to wardoffthe blows.

3%

Off is used with some verbs to give the idea or makes it easy to see. Exampleverbs are: combination with verbs of movement, where WAng
of removlng something from mrnewhere, the preposition onto is atso mrnetimes used, On can be used i n verbs that talk about
for example by cuttkng or chopping. Some show Pff set off sound off mouth off for exampleg& on tk bus, get onto the bus.
combinations of verbs have the Idea of starting an activity or making a machlne
removing mrneone from your respons~bility. 1 Ignore him. He\ just showing off i n front
of the girls. With some of thew verbs ~tis the oppositeof begin to work. Example verbs are:
cut off moss off taka off
2 1 think the white background is ideal for off, for examplegton the bus,@ ooffthe bring on sign on turn on
selting off the rich coloursd the painting. bus.The most common uses of the pan~cle
switch an put on
Using on are as follows. 1 The dust in the air brought on an attack
Off can be used with some verbs ta talk
p l m off on bump off rub off about things that are used, such as money, Continuing of cough~ngand sneezing.
food, etc. Emmple wrbs are:
1 I had to cut a bit off the top of the photo. The particle on can be used with many 2 He had to sign on at the u n e r n p l ~ m e n t
2 I think we can cmsr them offour list. I'm live off feed off run off work off verbs to show that wmething continues
and does not stop. For example, if wrneone office.
sure they won't come to the party. T Although he's nearly thirty he still Iiva decides t o continue driving instead of 3 She turned on the radio.
3 Take off thase dirty boots before you off his parents.
4 He put on the kettle to make a cup of tea.
come ~ n t othe house. 2 The birdsf e d offthe meat that has been
stopping, we can say the person d m on. It Off is d e n used with the xlme of these wbs
4 Don't pulm your visitors oj7 on me -you left behind by the lions.
3 You can run the CD player off a battery. can also mean that you stop for a short with the opposite meaning For emmpte: She
should entertain them yourself.
On can also be used with these verbs with a time and then continue: We spent a f w t u r d on the rodio.5hc turned ofJ the radio.

Dividing and sapamting similar meaning. days in Seattle and thenflew on to LA. It Hdding ond c o n d n g
can also be used In thts way to e x p m the
In there combinations off indicates that Exproding
one area is d~videdor separated from This group of verbs is used for things such idea of continuing to do someth~ngdifficult On can be used in combinations to express
another, for example with a barrier, t o stop as weapons, that explode or are fired.
somebody or something going into it. or unpleasant, for exarnptefight on, stru~lt? the Idea of holdingsometh~ngtightly. Other
sai off fflmt off go oft Ie! off firs off
block nR fence d seul off on, bank on, soldier on. In other cases ~t verbs dexri be how t h i n g are wnnected or
1 The bomb was set ofl by someone using
curtain off divide off shut oft suggeststhat something is continuing for attached to each other. Example verbs are:
a remote contml device.
1 The police blockedthe road off t o too long, for example dragon, drone on, hnng on hold on strap on latch on
2 The rocket blasted offtowards space.
prevent anyone from enterrng the city. ramble on. Other commonly used verbs are: cling on hsten on strew on stirk on
3 The gun went off before he was ready.
2 The field was fenced off to stop animals carry on hurry an move nn 1 Hang on t o this rope and don't let go.
eatlng the crops. CMng 2 Can you holdon (= saidon the phone)
Off is used with some verbs to indicate that 1 Many people tried to interrupt him but
3 The area has k e n mled ojf to stop the mmething is done dishonestly or w ~ t hthe he kept en talking while I find the information you need?
spread of contamination. intention of cheating someone. 3 The luggage was strappedan to the car
rip off fob off polm oft pass off as 2 We liked the town so much we decided
Buingabsenthinwoukorschool to stay on another month. roof.
Off can be used with some verbs to talk 1 We were ripped offby the taxi driver. He 4 People are latching on t o the idea very
about not going to work or school or 3 He p a u d , then went on as if nothing
leavingearly. Example verbs are: charged more than double the normal qulcklp
price. had happened.
toke off skive off slip OR bunk off 2 When I said I wanted to buy a good hrsing;
watch he tried to fob me off with a
1 She took three weeks off(work) to be cheap plastic thing. bveloping and cbnrging On can be used with different wrbs to talk
with her s~ckmother. On can be used with some verbs to talk about ways of getting dressed,

2 As a teenager he was always skiving off about the way things are progressing or put on try on pull on slip on
xhool. changing. Example verbs are: 1 r put on my best clothes for the interview.
2 1 trkd on several jackets 'beforechoosing
get on come on move on
one.

Off occurs in combination with came verbs 1 She is getting on wry well at ~ h o o l . Hsoamvienhginagnefktonsomsanem
that Indicatethat mmmne is drawing 2 How is your new novel coming on?
attention to themselves or their opin~onsin 3 Technology has moved on and made the On IS often used as a prepositionwith verbs
mme way. Other combinations dmclbe how to talk a k u t what ~ m e b d dyoes to a
mmethrng draws attention to sorneth~ngelse world a different place. person or a thing, or the effect that = m e w

On 1s uwd edn 380 verbs (about 6%)in this thing above or on top of another or resting Encwmging or somethinghas Example verbs are:
d~ctionary,as an adverb and a preposltlon. Its on mmething. For example: Heput the lid on On in combination with some wrbs giws the
basic meanlng de~rlbetshe posit~onof one thegot. He put the lid on. It is afso used in idea of supportingsomebody or encouraging doteon imprerson d a m o n hwt on
someoneto do wmething. Example verbs are dwend on elnbomte on spy on work on
1 He absolutely dotes on her and gives her
lnge on coma on egg on spur on
1 The team captain urged them on to g~ftsall the time.
2 I want to impress on you the importan@
produce their best performance.
2 Come on! I know you can do it if you try! of these new safety r u l s .
3 I t suddenly dawnedon me why she was
3 They e& him on, telling him to steal
so angry.
the apples.

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