G-6 Science and Technology

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ky| d ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&*

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;dGjo tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' 'g cg'/fw] 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg] ;'´fjx¿nfO{
sG] b| xflbs{ :jfut ub5{ .

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Pjd\ tflss{ lzNksf dfWodn] ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L j}1flgs cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df
ko| fu] ug{] bIftf clejl[ 4 klg ljzi] f kIfsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f gl} tstf, cgz' f;g, ;fdflhs
/ dfgjdN" o afw] tyf rfl/lqs / gful/s u0' f tyf afw] uDo efiffsf] ljsf; Pjd\ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f
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:j:Yos/ hLjgzn} L, hLjgofk] ofu] L l;k, k;] f / >dkl| t ;Ddfg tyf Jojxf/sz' n l;k ljsf;
ug{ ;Sgk' 5{ . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] g]kfnL snf, ;flxTo / ;+:sl[ tsf] ;+/If0f u/L l;hg{ fTds k|of]u ug{
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b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ lzNk klg ljsf; xg' cfjZos 5 . o; kIfnfO{
b[li6ut u/L /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ cg';f/ ljsf; ePsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md
-sIff ^–*_ cg;' f/ b]zsf ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f;d]tsf cfwf/df of]
kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] nv] g >L lrGtfdl0f kGyL / >L ufk] LrGb| kf8} ]naf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{
o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfod{ f o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb{]zs >L c0fk;| fb Gofk} fg], k"j{ dxflgbz{] s
>L sz] jk|;fb bfxfn / 8f= n]vgfy kf}8]n, kf| = 8f= /hgL /fhe08f/L, >L pdfgfy nD;fn,
>L s]z/axfb'/ vn' fn, >L bj] /fh u?' ª, >L dgd' fof e6\6/fO,{ >L ki' k/fh 9sfn, >L kl| dnf
avtL, >L hoks| fz >Ljf:tj, >L ls/0f zdf{, >L of]Uo/fh k|;fO,{‘ >L ldgf >]i7 / >L /lagf
dxh{gnufotsf of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L u0fz] k|;fb e6\6/fO{ / lrgfsd' f/L
lg/fn} faf6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg >L oj' /fh clwsf/L / >L lvn gf/fo0f >]i7af6,
lrqfªs\ g >L bj] sf]OdL / n]cfp6 l8hfOg >L v8f]; ;'g'jf/af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\ok:' tssf]
ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sfo{df ;n+ Ug ;Dk"0fk{ l| t sG] b| xflb{s s[t1tf ks| 6 ub{5 .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxìjk0" f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] ko| fu] af6
kf7o\ jm| dåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xofu] kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{
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kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;dt] dxìjk0" f{ el" dsf
/xg] xbF' f ;Da4 ;as} f] /rgfTds ;e' mfjsf nflu kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b| xflbs{ cg/' fw] ub5{ .

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PsfO 1 j1} flgs l;sfO

(Scientific Learning)

1.1 j1} flgs l;sfOsf] kl/ro (Introduction to scientific learning)

lj1fg s] xf] < o;sf] cWoog lsg / s;/L ul/G5 < s] lj1fgsf] l;sfO cGo
ljifosf] eGbf km/s xG' 5 < 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ / lgisifn{ fO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

lj1fgn] s'g} j:t,' ljifo tyf 36gfsf] Jojl:yt cWoognfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . lj1fgsf]
cWoog ug{ j}1flgs kl| jm| ofut l;kx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . cjnf]sg ug'{ (observing),
juLs{ /0f ug'{ (classifying), dfkg ug'{ (measuring), eljiojf0fL ug{' (predicting), ;~rf/
ug'{ (communicating), lgisif{ lgsfNg' (concluding) cflb j}1flgs k|lj|mofut l;kx¿
xg' \ . cfkmn" ] bv] s] f, ;'gs] f / cg'ej u/s] f ljifoj:t'x¿sf] j|mdj4 cWoog ug{' j1} flgs
cWoog xf] . o; cGtu{t cjnf]sg ug],{ lh1f;f /fVg], cg'dfg ug{,] k|ofu] ug]{, k|ofu] sf]
glthf ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] cflb sfo{x¿ kb5{ g\ . ;/ cfOHofs Go6' gn] :ofp
v;]sf] b]v]/ u'?Tjan kQf nufP . hD] ;jf6n] kfgLsf] afkmn] lsTnLsf] lasf]{ prfn]sf]
b]v/] l:6d OlGhg agfP . oL cflj:sf/x¿ j1} flgs cWoogaf6 g} ;Dej ePsf xg' \ .
nfdf] ;do;Dd wo} t{ fsf ;fy j}1flgs cWoog ubf{ xfdL klg gofF vf]h ug{ ;S5f}‘ .

lrq g= 1.1

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 1

j1} flgs l;sfO kl| jm| of (Scientific learning process)

ljm| ofsnfk 1.1
cfFk, s]/f, ;'Gtnf, :ofp, sfutL, cgf/, cª\u/' , cdnf, sfFjm| f], gl/an, cfv] /, dj] f cflb
kmnkmn" x¿ hDdf ugx{' f;] \ .
oL kmnkm"nx¿nfO{ x/] /] , 5fd]/, ;F3' ]/ / rfv/] cjnfs] g ugx{' f];\ . oL kmnkm"nx¿nfO{
cfsf/, /ª, :jfb, s8fkg cflbsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{'xf];\ M

tflnsf g= 1.1
cfsf/ ldNg]
/ª ldNg]
:jfb ldNg]
s8fkg ldNg]

tflnsfsf cfwf/df ljm| ofsnfksf] lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \ M
h:t} M 1. kmnkm"n cldnf], ul' nof]nufot ljleGg :jfbsf xG' 5g\ .

2.

3.

lj|mofsnfk 1.2

tkfO‘s{ f] jl/kl/ kfOg] sf7sf 6j' |mf, ;fgf] 9ª' \uf, Knfl:6ssf 6'j|mf, O/]h/, /a/sf] :6k/,
a/km, kmnfdsf] sfF6L, sfkLsf kfgf, 86k]gsf] lasf]{, ?vsf kft, sk8fsf 6j' m| f, l:6nsf]
rDrf, O6F fsf] 6'j|mf, rfdn / bfnsf bfgf cflb hDdf kfg{x' f];\ . tLdWo] sg' sg' j:t'
kfgLdf 8A' 5g\ / s'g s'g 8'Ab}gg,\ cg'dfg u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf eg'{xf;] \ M

tflnsf g= 1.2

jm| =;= j:ts' f] gfd kfgLdf 8A' 5 ls 8A' b}g <
1. sf7sf 6'jm| f
cg'dfg k/LIf0fsf] glthf

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

2

2. 9ª' u\ f
3. =================
4. =================

tkfO{‘n] ss] f cfwf/df 8A' g] / g8'Ag] j:t' cgd' fg uge'{ of,] ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
cgd' fg u/]kl5 Pp6f aflN6gdf kfgL lngx' f;] \ . dflysf j:tn' fO{ Ps Ps u/L pSt
aflN6gsf] kfgLdf /fVgx' f;] \ . ca s'g s'g j:t' kfgLdf 8a' ] / sg' s'g 8'a]gg,\ k/LIf0fsf]
glthf dflysf] tflnsfdf eg{'xf;] \ M

1. tkfO‘s{ f] cgd' fg / k/LIf0fsf] glthf ldNof]÷ldn]g t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .
2. dflysf ;a} j:t' kfgLdf lsg 8'a]gg\ <
3. s] tkfO{‘ o:t} k|sf/sf cGo 8'Ag] / tl} /g] j:t'sf] gfd atfpg ;Sg'xG' 5 <
4. o; lj|mofsnfksf] lgisif{ s] xf]nf <
o;/L jl/kl/sf j:t' jf 36gfsf] cjnf]sg, cgd' fg, k/LIf0f, 5nkmn, JofVof u/L
lgisif{ lgsfNg] / k|ltj]bg agfO{ ;~rf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ j1} flgs l;sfO kl| jm| of elgG5 .

j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf r/0fx¿ (Steps of scientific learning process)

j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofdf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿ jm| dzM cjnDag ug]{ ul/G5 M

1. jl/kl/sf j:t' jf 36gfsf] cWoog ug]{
jl/kl/ bv] ]sf, ;'gs] f jf cg'ej u/]sf ljleGg j:t' jf 36gfsf] cWoogaf6 g}
j1} flgs l;sfO k|lj|mof ;'? x'G5 . ljm| ofsnfk 1.2 df cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf ljleGg
j:ts' f] ;ªs\ ng ug'{ of] r/0fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . ?vaf6 kmn v;]sf], lxpF kUns] f]
jf cGo 36gf b]Vg,' hf8f] ofddf lr;f] cg'ej xg' ' cflb 36gf klg j}1flgs l;sfO
kl| jm| ofsf] klxnf] r/0fdf kb{5g\ .

2. j:t' jf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg ug{]
j}1flgs l;sfO kl| j|mofsf] bf];f| ] r/0f eg]sf] k|Zg ;fW] g' xf] . lj|mofsnfk 1.2 df
;ª\sng u/]sf j:t' kfgLdf 8A' 5g\ ls 8A' bg} g\ eg/] lh1f;f /fVg' o;sf] pbfx/0f

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 3

xf] . To;} u/L Go'6gn] ?vaf6 :ofp lsg v:of] eg/] lh1f;f /fVg,' hD] ;jf6n] kfgL
ttfpbF f lsTnLsf] lasf{] lsg prflnof] eg/] lh1f;f /fVg' klg kZ| g ;fw] fO xg' \ .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
1. Go6' gsf cufl8 :ofp v:g' s] ;;+ f/sf nflu klxnf] 36gf lyof] <
2. lsg Go'6gn] g} o; 36gfsf] oyfy{ kQf nufpg ;kmn eP <

3. k|Zgx¿sf] ;Defljt pQ/sf] cg'dfg ug{]
of] r/0fdf k|Zg jf 36gfsf] ;Defljt pQ/ / sf/0fx¿sf] vfh] L ul/G5 . o;n] ubf{
36gfsf] tYo kQf nufpg ;xh xG' 5 . lj|mofsnfk 1.2 df ;ªs\ lnt j:t' kfgLdf
8A' g] jf g8A' g] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0fkj" { cgd' fg ug'{ of] r/0fsf] pbfx/0f xf] .

cgd' fg ug'x{ f];\ M
1. Pp6f a/kmsf] 6'j|mfnfO{ kufNbf o;sf] cfotgdf s:tf] kl/jt{g xG' 5 xfn] f <
2. xl/of] la?jfnfO{ ks| fz gl5g{] u/L 5f]k]/ s]xL lbg;Dd /fVbf s] xG' 5 xfn] f <
3. cG8fnfO{ legu] / jf sfutLsf] /;df 8'afP/ /fVbf s] x'G5 xfn] f <

4. k/LIf0f ug{]
o; r/0fdf cfkm" n] u/s] f] cgd' fgnfO{ pkoS' t ljlw ckgfO{ k/LIf0f ul/G5 . k/LIf0faf6
jf:tljs tYo kQf nufOg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf dxìjk"0f{ r/0f dflgG5, h:t} M
lj|mofsnfk 1.2 df ;ªs\ lnt j:tn' fO{ Ps Ps u/L aflN6gsf] kfgLdf /fv/] k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .

5. k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYofª\ssf] ;ªs\ ng ug{]
k/LIf0faf6 cfPsf] glthfnfO{ l6kf]6 ul/G5 . ljm| ofsnfk 1.2 df ;ª\slnt j:t'dWo]
sg' j:t' kfgLdf 8A' of] / s'g j:t' kfgLdf 8a' g] eg/] k/LIf0faf6 cfPsf] glthfnfO{
tflnsfdf el/Psf] lyof] .

6. tYofªs\ sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg]
k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYoªs\ sf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . lj|mofsnfk
1.2 af6 kmnfdsf] sfF6L, 9ª' u\ f, O6F fsf 6j' |mf, l:6nsf] rDrf, /a/sf] ssn{ ufotsf

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

4

kfgLeGbf vFlbnf j:tx' ¿ kfgLdf 8'A5g\ . sfuhsf kfgf, ?vsf kft, Knfl:6ssf
6'j|mf, a/km h:tf kfgLeGbf sd vlF bnf j:tx' ¿ kfgLdf plqG5g\ egL lgisif{ lgsfNg
;lsG5 .

7. lgisifn{ fO{ kl| tjb] g agfO{ k|:t't ug]{
of] j}1flgs kl| jm| ofsf] clGtd r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf tYoªs\ sf] ljZn]if0f u/L
lgsfns] f] lgisif{nfO{ dfl} vs tyf lnlvt ¿kdf k:| tt' ul/G5 .

j}1flgs l;sfO ljlwsf] cEof; u/fF} M

ljm| ofsnfk 1.3
– j/k/ pknAw sx] L j:tx' ¿ ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] ,\ h:t} M sDkf;, Hofldlt aS;, snd,

kl] G;n, Hofs6] df xg' ] wfts' f] rg] , 6fsF , kmnfdsf] lsnf, PlNdlgodsf] kftf cflb .
– hDdf kf/s] f j:t' sg' sg' rD' asLo xg' \ / sg' sg' xfO] gg,\ cgd' fg u/L tflnsfdf egx{' f;] \ .
– r'Dassf] ;xfotfn] sg' sg' rD' asLo j:t' x'g\, 5'6\ofpg'xf;] \ .
– cgd' fg u//] el/Psf] tflnsf / k/LIf0fkl5 el/Psf] tflnsfsf] tn' gf ugx{' f;] \ .
– k/LIf0fsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
– k/" f u/s] f sfdx¿nfO{ j1} flgs kl| jm| ofsf r/0f;uF ;DalGwt u/L JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 1.4
– tkfOs‘{ f] 3/ j/k/ kfOg] ljleGg k|sf/sf af6] la?jfsf lap hDdf ug'{xf];\, h:t} M ds},

ux,'F hfF}, rgf, s]/fp cflb .
– oL lapx¿ sg' sg' PsbnLo / sg' sg' bO' b{ nLo xfn] fg,\ cgd' fg u/L l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ .
– ca kT| os] lapsf] kmSn]6f 56' \ofO{ PsbnLo jf bO' {bnLo s] xg' \, k/LIf0f ug'x{ f];\ .
– k/LIf0fsf] glthf l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
– s] cgd' fg / k/LIf0fsf] glthflar leGgtf kfpge' of] <
– cfkm" n] u/]sf sfdnfO{ j}1flgs l;sfO k|ljm| ofsf cfwf/df kl| tj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf

k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 5

1.2 gfk / PsfO (Measurement and unit) lrq g= 1.2

lj|mofsnfk 1.5
6]a'n slt nfdf] 5 <
tkfOs{‘ f] sIffdf ePsf] 6a] n' laQfn] gfKgx' f];\ .
dfgf}F tkfO{‘sf] 6a] n' 4 laQf nfdf] /x5] . oxfF
tkfO{n‘ ] laQfsf] nDafO;uF 6]an' sf] nDafO t'ngf
ug'{eof] . 6a] n' sf] nDafO laQfsf] nDafOeGbf 4
u0' ff w/] } /x5] , eGg] yfxf kfpge' of] . tkfO‘n{ ]
bl} gs hLjgdf s] s] gfk lng] ug'e{ Psf]
5 < 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 1.6

lunf;df slt kfgL 5 <
Ps lunf; kfgL / Pp6f d]hl/ª l;lnG8/
lng'xf];\ . lunf;sf] kfgLnfO{ la:tf/}
dh] l/ª l;lnG8/df vGofpg'xf;] \ . kfgL slt
ldlnln6/ (ml) /x]5, xg] {x' f;] \ .

lrq g= 1.3

lunf;sf] kfgLsf] cfotg ;'?df yfxf lyPg . d]hl/ª l;lnG8/ t/nsf] cfotg gfKg]
pks/0f xf] . o;df /flvPsf] kfgLsf] ;tx x/] ]/ pSt kfgLsf] cfotgsf] dfqf yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 . dh] l/ª l;lnG8/n] :6fG88{ cfotg b]vfp5F . o; lj|mofsnfkdf lunf;sf]
kfgLsf] cfotg dh] l/ª l;lnG8/df vGofP/ tn' gf ul/of] . cfotg Ps ef}lts kl/df0f
(physical quantity) xf] . gfk]/ ul0ftLo ¿kdf JoSt ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0fnfO{ ef}lts
kl/df0f elGfG5 .

o;/L dfqf yfxf gePsf] efl} ts kl/df0f -pbfx/0fsf nflu lunf;sf] kfgLsf] cfotg_
nfO{ p:t} lsl;dsf] k|dfl0fs kl/df0f -dh] l/ª l;lnG8/df bv] fpg] cfotg_ ;uF t'ngf

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

6

ug{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ gfk elgG5 . ef}lts kl/df0f gfKg k|of]u ul/g] kd| fl0fs kl/df0fnfO{ PsfO
elgG5 . km/s km/s efl} ts kl/df0fnfO{ km/s km/s PsfOn] gflkG5, h:t} M nDafO gfKg
ld6/, lk08 gfKg lsnfu] |fd, ;do gfKg ;]s]G8, tfkj|md gfKg l8u|L ;l] N;o; k|of]u ul/G5 .
ef}lts kl/df0fsf] dfqfnfO{ ;ªV\ of / PsfO Ps;fy nv] ]/ hgfOG5, h:t} M s'g} j:ts' f]
nDafO 4 m nl] vG5 . oxfF efl} ts kl/df0f nDafO xf] . m n] PsfO hgfp5F / 4 n] j:t'
PsfO nDafOeGbf 4 u'0ff nfdf] 5 eGg] cy{ nfU5 .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
ljm| ofsnfk 1.5 / 1.6 df k|of]u ePsf PsfOx¿lar s] leGgtf 5 < s'g lsl;dsf]
gfk a9L lj:jf;gLo x'G5 xf]nf <

gfksf] cfjZostf lsg kb5{ <

lbOPsf] lrqdf sg' /v] f nfdf] xf]nf <

gfk glnO{sg eGg'xf];\ . ca ?n/sf]

;xfotfn] gfk/] xg] '{xf;] \ . s] tkfO‘{n]

u/]sf] cg'dfg l7s eof] < ;fob

ePg xf]nf . olQs} x]//] cg'dfg lrq g= 1.4
u/]sf] ef}lts kl/df0fsf] dfqf ;wF}

;xL gxg' ;S5 . j}1flgs l;sfO k|lj|mofsf dxìjk0" f{ r/0f k/LIf0f xf] . k|foM h;f] k/LIf0f

ubf{ gfk lng] ul/G5 . olb gfk ;xL ePg eg] k/LIf0fsf] lgisif{ klg unt xG' 5 . t;y{

j1} flgs cWoogsf nflu gfksf] dxìjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .

xfdLn] lbgxF' ljleGg sfo{ ub5{ f}F . k;naf6 rfdn, bfn, lrgL, t]n, l3p cflb lsG5fF} .
tL sfo{ ubf{ ljleGg j:ts' f] gfk lngk' b5{ . 3/df lrof ksfpbF f lrgL, lrofkQL, bw' /
kfgL slt /fVg] eg/] lglZrt ugk'{ 5{ . vfgf agfpFbf, t/sf/Ldf gg' d;nf /fVbf dfqf
ldnfpgk' 5{ . xfdLn] z/L/sf] gfk glnO{ sk8f l;nfpbF f z/L/df ldNb}g . To;n} ] b}lgs
hLjgdf gfk dxìjk0" f{ x'G5 . j:ts' f] ;xL kl/df0f yfxf kfpg gfksf] cfjZostf k5{ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 7

1.3 gfksf :yfgLo / kd| fl0fs PsfOx¿ (Local and standard units

of measurement)

xft lrq g= 1.5 laQf kt} fnf (foot)

km/s km/s :yfgdf cfcfˆg} tl/sfn] gfKg] ul/G5 . nDafO gfKgsf nflu xft, laQf,
kfOnf, cª\un' cflbnfO{ PsfOsf ¿kdf w/] } 7fpdF f k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

lrq g= 1.6

o;} u/L xfdf| ] bz] df cGg, u8] fu'8L, l3p, t]n gfKg dfgfkfyL / d'/Lsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . cGg
kmNg] jf sfd ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d'/L, xn jf /f]kgL PsfOdf vt] sf] Ifq] kmn gfKg]
k|rng clxn;] Dd klg /x]sf] 5 . oL gfkx¿df ko| f]u ePsf PsfOx¿ k|dfl0fs PsfO
xfO] gg\ . :yfgLo ¿kdf gfKgsf nflu ko| fu] x'g] o:tf PsfOx¿nfO{ :yfgLo PsfO elgG5 .
ljleGg 7fpFdf s]xL :yfgLo PsfOx¿ cem} klg ko| fu] xg' ] u/s] f] e]l6G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 1.7
tkfO+{x‘ ¿sf] ;d'bfodf nDafO, lk08, ;do, Ifq] kmn, cfotg cflb kl/df0fx¿ gfKg sg'
sg' PsfO ko| fu] ul/G5 < 5nkmn u/L tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ nV] g'xf];\ M

kl/df0f nDafO lk08 ;do If]qkmn cfotg
PsfO

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

8

lj|mofsnfk 1.8
sIffsf7] fdf ePsf] Pp6f 8]S; jf 6a] 'nsf] nDafO tkfOs‘{ f] laQf k|of]u u/L gfKgx' f];\ /
slt eof] nV] g'xf;] \ . ca kfn}kfnf] c¿ ;fyLsf] laQfn] klg gfKgx' f;] \ . glthf a/fa/
cfof] ls cfPg < cfPg eg] lsg km/s cfPsf] xf]nf, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

k|foM :yfgLo PsfOx¿ kd| fl0fs gxg' ] ePsfn] o;sf cfwf/df ul/g] ljleGg 7fpFsf] dfkgdf

Ps¿ktf x'Fbg} . o;n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o ¿kdf Jofkf/ ug{ ;d:of k5{ . pSt ;d:of

;dfwfg u/L gfknfO{ ljZj;gLo / ;+;f/e/ dfGotf k|fKt agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;;'

x'g yfNof] . o;} jm| ddf ;g\ 1960 df k|mfG;df j1} flgsx¿sf] cGt/f{li6o« en] fn] gfksf
kd| fl0fs PsfOx¿ lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf] lyof] . ljZje/ dfGotf kf| Kt oL gfksf PsfOx¿nfO{

P;\= cfO{= PsfO (SI unit) elgG5 . P;=\ cfO={ PsfOsf sx] L pbfx/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f

5g\ M
tflnsf g= 1.3 M P;\= cfO{= PsfO

j|m=;= Effl} ts kl/df0f PsfO PsfOsf] ;ªs\ t]

1. nDafO ld6/ (metre) m

2. lk08 lsnf]uf| d (kilogram) kg

3. ;do ;]s]G8 (second) s

4. Tffkjm| d sl] Neg (kelvin) K

5. ljBt' w\ f/f PlDko/ (ampere) A

6. If]qkmn jul{ d6/ (square metre) m2

7. cfotg 3gld6/ (cubic metre) m3

8. Afn Go'6g (newton) N
9. zlSt hn' (joule) J

10. ;fdYo{ Jff6 (watt) W

11. ju] ÷ult ld6/ k|lt;]sG] 8 (metre per second) m/s

;g\ 1960 df j1} flgsx¿sf] ;Ddn] gaf6 ljsf; ePsf] gfksf] k|0ffnL g} P;\= cfO={ k|0ffnL
xf] . P;=\ cfO{= k0| ffnLcGtut{ sf gfksf PsfOx¿nfO{ P;\= cfO{= PsfO elgG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 9

ljm| ofsnfk 1.9
Ps ln6/ gfKg] efF8f / Pp6f kfyL lngx' f;] \ . Ps kfyL kfgL gfk/] Pp6f efF8fdf
/fVg'xf];\ . pSt kfgLnfO{ ln6/ gfKg] ef8F fdf vGofpgx' f];\ . Ps kfyLdf slt ln6/ eof],
kQf nufpgx' f;] \ . Ps dfgfdf slt ldlnln6/ x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
s] ;a} dfgf / kfyLsf] gfkfa] f6 Pp6} glthf cfpnf <

ljm| ofsnfk 1.10
sfkLdf Ps OGr nfdf] /]vf sf]g{'xf;] \ . pSt /v] fnfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df gfKg'xf;] \ . Ps OGr
a/fa/ slt ;]lG6ld6/ x'g] /x]5 <

lj|mofsnfk 1.8 / 1.9 df h:t} u/L ljleGg efl} ts kl/df0fsf] :yfgLo PsfO / P;=\ cfO={
PsfOlar tn' gf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L tn' gf u/L k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] :yfgLo
PsfOnfO{ P;\= cfO{= PsfOdf JoSt ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;a} :yfgLo PsfOnfO{ olsgsf
;fy P;\= cfO{= PsfOdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ eg] ;lsFb}g, h:t} M Ps xft nDafOdf slt
;l] G6ld6/ x'G5 olsgsf ;fy eGg ;lsFbg} lsgls dfG5]lkR5] xftsf] nDafO km/s km/s
x'g ;S5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
/f]kgL, x]S6/, cfgf, s6\7fnufot hUufsf] If]qkmn gfKg ko| f]u ul/g] :yfgLo PsfOx¿nfO{
P;=\ cfO={ PsfOdf s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] /] jf OG6/g6] df
vf]hL u/L lgDgfg;' f/ vfnL 7fpF egx'{ f;] \ .

1 /fk] gL Ö ============ m2
1 xS] 6/ Ö ============ m2
1 cfgf Ö ============ m2
1 s67\ f Ö ============ m2

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

10

dflysf lj|mofsnfk / 5nkmnsf cfwf/df :yfgLo / P;\= cfO={ PsfOlar leGgtf k:| tt'

ug{ lgDgfg';f/ cjwf/0ff tflnsf (Conceptual grid) tof/ ug'{xf];\ M

tflnsf 1.4

leGgtfsf] cfwf/ :yfgLo PsfO P;=\ cfO{= PsfO

ljZj;gLotf (reliability)

oyfyk{ /stf (accuracy)

Ps¿ktf (uniformity)

j1} flgs l;sfOdf k|ofu] sf nflu pkoS' t

1.4 7n' f tyf ;fgf PsfOx¿ (Multiple and submultiple units)

dfgf}F tkfO‘n{ fO{ k[YjLbl] v ;"o;{ Ddsf] b'/L, sg' } rp/sf] nDafO / sndsf] nDafO gfKgk' g]{
5 . s] tkfO‘{ oL ;a} kl/df0fx¿nfO{ ld6/ PsfOdf gfKg ;Sgx' G' 5, lsg <
dflysf tLgcf]6} gfkdf efl} ts kl/df0f Pp6} -nDafO_ eP klg dfqfdf w]/} cGt/ bl] vG5 .
rp/sf] nDafOnfO{ ld6/df JoSt ug{' plrt b]lvG5 t/ kY[ jLbl] v ;"o{;Ddsf] b/' L gfKg
ld6/eGbf 7n' f] PsfO / sndsf] nDafO gfKg ld6/eGbf ;fgf] PsfO cfjZos xG' 5 .
To;n} ] Pp6} efl} ts kl/df0fsf] w]/} dfqfnfO{ 7n' f] PsfOdf / yf]/} dfqfnfO{ ;fgf] PsfOdf
JoSt ug]{ ul/G5 . gfksf ;fwg tyf PsfO 7'nf / ;fgf eP klg ltgLx¿ Pscfk;df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ eg] ;lsG5 .

lrq g= 1.7 nDafO gfKg k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fx¿

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 11

ljm| ofsnfk 1.11
nDafO gfKg] ljleGg ks| f/sf pks/0fx¿ ;ª\sng ug'{xf;] \ . tL pks/0fx¿ sg' sg'
sfddf ko| f]u ul/G5, tnsf] tflnsf agfO{ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

tflnsf 1.5

jm| =;= pks/0fsf] gfd pkofl] utf

1. Hofldlt aS;sf] 15 ;l] G6ld6/ nfdf] :s]n
2. sk8f k;ndf kfOg] kmnfdsf] 1 ld6/ nfdf] :s]n
3. 2 ld6/ nfdf] kmnfdsf] 6]k
4. 50 jf 100 ld6/ nfdf] sk8f jf Knfl:6ssf] 6k]

5. 150 ;l] G6ld6/ nfdf] Knfl:6ssf] 6k]

pks/0fsf] agf]6cg;' f/ o;sf] k|of]u klg km/s xG' 5 . 5f6] f] nDafO gfKg 5f]6f] ?n/ k|of]u
ul/G5 . nfdf] nDafO gfKg nfdf] 6k] k|of]u ul/G5 . nfdf] 6]knfO{ a/] /] afS] g ldNg] agfOPsf]
xG' 5 . Hofldlt aS;sf] ;fgf] / b/f] :sn] sf] dbtn] l;wf /v] fx¿ sf]l/G5 . sk8f k;ndf
b/f] kmnfdsf] :sn] n] sk8f gfKg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

nDafOsf] PsfO (Unit of length)

tkfO{s‘ f] 3/af6 ljBfno slt 6f9f 5 < tkfO{‘sf] z/L/sf] prfO slt 5 < aG] r slt nfdf]

5 < oL kZ| gx¿n] ljleGg j:t'sf] nDafOnfO{ ;ª\st] ub{5g\ . s'g} bO' c{ f]6f laGbx' ¿larsf]

b/' LnfO{ nDafO elgG5, h:t} M dflg;sf] prfO eGgfn] 6fpsfsf] dflyNnf] efub]lv

kt} fnf;Ddsf] b'/L xf] .

nDafO gfKg] P;=\ cfO{= PsfO ld6/ xf] . ld6/eGbf ;fgf jf 7n' f PsfO klg xG' 5g\ .

ld6/eGbf ;fgf tyf 7n' f PsfO / ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

10 ldlnld6/ (mm) = 1 ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) 10 cm = 1 8l] ;ld6/ (dm)

100 cm = 1 ld6/ (m) 1000 m = 1 lsnfl] d6/ (km)

pbfx/0f
1. 2 m 50 cm df slt cm x'G5 <
oxfF, 2m 50cm = (2 × 100 + 50) cm

= 250 cm

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

12

2. 506 cm nfO{ m PsfOdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{x' f];\ M

oxf,F 506 cm = 506 m = 5.06 m
100

lk08sf] PsfO (Unit of mass)

lj|mofsnfk 1.12

Pp6f lunf; / aflN6g lngx' f;] \ . bj' d} f kfgL egx'{ f;] \ . kfgL;lxtsf] lunf; / aflN6g
kfn}kfnf] prfNg'xf];\ . sg' rflx‘ prfNg ufxf| ] eof], lsg < ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

s'g} j:t'df /x]sf] kbfy{sf] dfqfnfO{ To; j:t'sf] lk08 elgG5 .

Ps aflN6g kfgLsf] lk08eGbf Ps lunf; kfgLsf] lk08 sd

xG' 5 . lk08 a9L ePsf] kbfy{ uxf| }F / lk08 sd ePsf] kbfy{

xn'ªu\ f] xG' 5 . oxL sf/0fn] aflN6gsf] kfgL prfNgeGbf

lunf;sf] kfgL prfNg ;lhnf] ePsf] xf] . lrq g= 1.8 efl} ts t/fh'

;a} kbfy{x¿sf lk08 x'G5g\ . df6f,] 9'ª\uf, sf7, sfuh, kfgL, xfjf cflb ;a} kbfy{ x'g\ .
lk08 gfKg efl} ts t/fhs' f] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

lk08sf] P;=\ cfO={ PsfO lsnf]uf| d xf] . lsnfu] |fdeGbf ;fgf jf 7n' f PsfO klg xG' 5g\ .
ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw o;k|sf/ /xs] f] 5 .

1000 ldlnuf| d (mg) = 1 uf| d (g)

1000 g = 1 lsnfu] |fd (kg)

100 kg = 1 lSjG6n lrq g= 1.9 ljleGg gfksf 9sx¿
1000 kg = 1 6g

lj|mofsnfk 1.13

Pp6f ef}lts t/fh' / ljleGg lk08 ePsf 9sx¿ lngx' f];\ . t/fh'sf] Psftkm{ sg' } j:t'
/fVgx' f];\ . t/fh' ;Gt'ng gcfpGhn] csf]l{ t/ 9sx¿ yk 36 ug'x{ f;] \ . t/fhs' f ;Gt'ng
ePsf] cj:yfdf 9ssf] lk08 hlt 5 Tolt g} ;f] j:ts' f] lk08 xf] .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 13

pbfx/0f
1. 5 kg 200 g df slt g xG' 5 <
oxf,F 5 kg 200 g = (5 × 1000 + 200) g

= 5200 g

2. 1550 g df slt kg x'G5 <

oxfF, 1550 g = 1550 kg = 1.55 kg xG' 5 .
1000

;dosf] PsfO (Unit of time)

kG] 8'nd 38L leQ] 38L 6a] n' 38L gf8L 38L l8lh6n 38L
lrq g= 1.10

tkfO{‘ 3/af6 ljBfno cfOk'Ug slt ;do nfU5 <

l7s ;do yfxf kfpg gfKg' kb{5 . 3/af6 lg:sg' Pp6f 36gf xf] . ljBfno kU' g' csf]{
36gf xf] . tL b'O{ 36gflarsf] cjlw g} ljBfno k'Ug nfUg] ;do xf] . s'g} bO' c{ f]6f
36gfx¿larsf] cjlwnfO{ ;do elgG5 .

;do gfKgsf nflu ljleGg ks| f/sf 38Lx¿ k|of]u ul/G5, h:t} M ;fwf/0f 38L, c6fd] l] 6s

38L, l8lh6n 38L, 6a] 'n 38L, leQ] 38L cflb . ;dosf] P;=\ cfO={ PsfO ;s] ]G8 xf] .

ldg6] , 306f, lbg, xKtf, dlxgf, jif,{ bzs, ztfAbL cflb ;a} ;dosf ;]s]G8eGbf 7'nf

PsfOx¿ x'g\ .

60 ;]sG] 8 = 1 ldg6]
60 ldg]6 = 1 306f
24 306f = 1 lbg
7 lbg = 1 xKtf
12 dlxgf = 1 jif{
365 lbg = 1 jif{ -clws jifd{ f 366 lbg x'G5 ._

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

14

pbfx/0f

1. 1 lbgdf slt ;s] G] 8 (s) xG' 5, lx;fa u/L x/] fF} M
1 lbg = 24 306f = 24 × 60 ldg]6 = (24 × 60 × 60) ;]s]G8 = 86,400 s
o;sf/0f 1 lbg = 86,400 s x'G5 .

tfkjm| dsf] PsfO (Unit of temperature)

a/km lr;f] xG' 5 eg] ttfPsf] kfgL tftf] xG' 5 . a/kmsf] lr;f]kgf / ttfPsf] kfgLsf]
tftf]kgfn] jm| dzM ltgLx¿sf] tfkjm| d hgfp5F . tfkjm| dsf] P;\= cfO{= PsfO sl] Neg (K)
xf] . bl} gs hLjgdf o;nfO{ l8u|L ;l] N;o; (oc) / l8uL| km/g] xfO6 (oF) PsfOdf klg gfKg]
ul/G5 .

yd{n ug lSnlgsn ydf{l] d6/ l8lh6n ydf]{ld6/

k|of]uzfnf ydfl{] d6/
lrq g= 1.11

tkfOx‘{ ¿n] Hj/f] cfPsf] an] f dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkj|md gfks] f] b]Vg'ePsf] 5, sn] ] gflkG5 <

tfkj|md gfKg ydf{l] d6/ k|ofu] ul/G5 . ydf{]ld6/ ljleGg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . k|of]uzfnfdf
tfkjm| d gfKg ;fwf/0f ydfl{] d6/ k|of]u ul/G5 . dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d gfKg lSnlgsn
ydf]{ld6/ k|of]u ul/G5 . ;dG' bL| ;txdf z'4 kfgLsf] klUn/x]sf] a/kmsf] tfkjm| d 0oC /
plDn/xs] f] kfgLsf] tfkjm| d 100oC x'G5 . log} tfkjm| d;uF t'ngf u/L cGo j:t'sf] tfkj|md
gflkG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 1.14
Pp6f l8lh6n ydfl]{ d6/ lngx' f];\ / o;sf ;xfotfn] cfˆgf] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d gfKg'xf];\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 15

Ifq] kmnsf] PsfO (Unit of area)

lj|mofsnfk 1.15
Pp6f l;SsfnfO{ sfkLdf /fvL To;sf] rf/l} t/af6 l;;fsndn] 3]/f nufpg'xf;] \ . ca
Tof] l;SsfnfO{ p7fO{ l;Ssfn] slt 7fpF lnPsf] /x5] , x]gx{' f;] \ .

l;Ssfn] sfkLdf cfu] 6s] f] 7fpFnfO{ To;sf] If]qkmn elgG5 . To;} u/L xfdLn] hldgdf 6]Sbf
xfd|f] kt} fnfn] hlt 7fpF lnG5, To;nfO{ k}tfnfsf] Ifq] kmn elgG5 . j:t'sf] ;txn] 9fs]sf]
7fpFnfO{ To;sf] If]qkmn elgG5 . If]qkmnsf] P;\= cfO{= PsfO ju{ld6/ (m2) xf] .

l

b A=l×b

lrq g= 1.12
xfd|f] jl/kl/ /x]sf 7f]; j:t'x¿dWo] sx] L lglZrt HofldtLo cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{
lgoldt j:t' elgG5 . lstfa, sfkLx¿ cfotfsf/ j:t' x'g\ . o:tf lgoldt cfsf/sf
j:tn' ] cf]u6]sf] ;dtn ;txsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg ljleGg ;"qx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfotfsf/ j:ts' f] Ifq] kmn = nDafO (l) × rf8} fO (b) xG' 5 .

hUufsf] Ifq] kmn gfKbf o;nfO{ ;;fgf lqeh' x¿df ljefhg u/L tL lqeh' x¿sf] If]qkmnsf]
of]ukmnaf6 lgsfNg] ul/G5 .

pbfx/0f
1. Pp6f cfotfsf/ sf7] fsf] nDafO 5 m / rf8} fO 3 m 5 eg] To; sf7] fsf] Ifq] kmn

slt xfn] f <

oxf,F sf7] fsf] nDafO (l) = 5 m

rf}8fO (b) = 3 m

Ifq] kmn (A) = ?

;q" fg;' f/, A = l × b

= 5 m × 3 m = 15 m2

∴ sf7] fsf] If]qkmn 15 m2 /x5] .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

16

2. 1 m2 a/fa/ slt cm2 x'G5 <

1 m2 = 1 m × 1m = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10,000 cm2

3. 1 km2 a/fa/ slt m2 xG' 5 <
1 km2 = 1 km × 1 km = 1000 m × 1000 m = 10,00,000 m2
lj|mofsnfk 1.16
cfˆgf] ælj1fg tyf kl| jlwÆ lstfasf] aflx/L k[i7sf] If]qkmn ;q" ko| fu] u/L lgsfNg'xf];\ .
tkfO‘s{ f] sIffsf]7fsf] nDafO / rf}8fO gfkL To;sf] Ifq] kmn klg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

cfotgsf] PsfO (Unit of volume)

xfdLnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf b'w, dl6tn] , k6] «f]n, l8hn] cflb t/n kbfyx{ ¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . oL t/n kbfy{x¿ s;/L gflkG5g\ < tkfO‘{ tn] jf dl6tn] lsGgsf nflu k;ndf
hfg'ePsf] 5 < k;nn] ] tkfO{n‘ fO{ sg' ef‘8fn] gfk]/ oL kbfyx{ ¿ lbG5g\ < klxn] klxn]
o:tf t/n kbfy{ dfgf kfyLn] gflkGYof] t/ cfhef]ln ln6/sf] k|of]u ul/G5, lsg xf]nf <

ljleGg ks| f/sf d]hl/ª l;lnG8/x¿
lrq g= 1.13

gfKg] ef8F fdf t/n kbfy{ /fVbf To;n] 7fp‘ cfu] 6\5 . j:tn' ] cf]u6]sf] 7fpFnfO{ To; j:ts' f]
cfotg elgG5 . ;a} kbfy{sf] cfotg x'G5 . 7f;] / t/n kbfy{sf] cfotg lglZrt x'G5
eg] UofF;sf] cfotg lglZrt x'bF }g . P;\= cfO{= k|0ffnLdf cfotgnfO{ 3gld6/ (m3)
PsfOdf gflkG5 . t/n kbfys{ f] cfotg ln6/ (l) PsfOdf gflkG5 .

1m3 = 1000 l
1 l = 1000 ldlnln6/ (ml)
1 l = 1000 cm3
∴ 1 ml = 1 cm3
cm3 nfO{ Cubic Centimetre sf] 5f6] f] ¿k cc klg n]Vg] u/s] f] kfOG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 17

pbfx/0f

1. 1 m3 a/fa/ slt cm3 x'G5 <

1 m3 = 1 m × 1 m × 1 m
= 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm
= 1000000 cm3

lj1fg ko| fu] zfnfdf dh] l/ª l;lnG8/ (measuring cylinder) af6 t/n kbfys{ f] cfotg
gfKg] ul/G5 . 10 ml, 25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml / 1000 ml Ifdtfsf d]hl/ª
l;lnG8/x¿ pknAw xG' 5g\ . tkfO‘{sf] ljBfnodf klg dh] l/ª l;lnG8/x¿ kSs} 5g\ xf]nf .
ldlnln6/ gfKg] ;;fgf PsfOx¿ b]lvg] u/L tL pks/0fx¿sf] /]vfª\sg ug'{xf;] \ .

;f/f+z

ef}lts kl/df0fsf] ;xL lsg < s] xf] < :6o\ fG88{ kl/df0f;uF
dfqf kQf nufpg gfk t'ngf ug{] kl| j|mof

gfKgsf nflu s] rlxG5 <

gfKg] pks/0f gfksf PsfO s] xf] < ef}lts kl/df0fsf]
pbfx/0f k|dfl0fs dfqf
ks| f/

lk08 gfKg efl} ts t/fh,'

t/nsf] cfotg gfKg :yfgLo PsfOx¿ kd| fl0fs PsfOx¿

d]hl/ª l;lnG8/, nDafO ljz]iftf

gfKg :s]nx¿, ;do gfKg :yfgLo Ifq] df k|of]u x'g,] gfkf]df ljZjJofkL dfGotf kfPsf],
38L cflb .
Ps¿ktf gxg' ], oyfy{ dfkg gfkf]df Ps¿ktf xg' ],

ug{ g;lsg,] j1} flgs l;sfOdf oyfy{ dfkg ug{ ;lsg],

ko| f]u ug{ pkoS' t gx'g] j}1flgs l;sfOdf k|ofu]

pbfx/0f ug{ pko'St x'g]
pbfx/0f

nDafO gfKg xft, laQf cflbÙ lk08 nDafOsf] m, lk08sf] kg, ;dosf]

gfKg wfgL{, ;/] cflbÙ hUufsf] If]qkmn s, tfkj|mdsf] K, If]qkmnsf] m2,

gfKg /f]kgL, la3f cflb . cfotgsf] m3 cflb .

Concept map 1

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

18

cEof; gfk jul{ d6/ lgisif{

1. lbOPsf vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb eg'x{ f];\ M
Ifq] kmn cfotg nDafO ;do

-s_ j:t'sf] ;xL kl/df0f yfxf kfpg lngk' b{5 .
-v_ bO' { 36gflarsf] cjlwnfO{ elgG5 .
-u_ s'g} b'O{ laGb'larsf] b'/LnfO{ elgG5 .
-3_ If]qkmnsf] P;= cfO={ PsfO xf] .
-ª_ d]hl/ª l;lnG8/n] t/n kbfy{sf]
-r_ tYofª\ssf] ljZni] f0f u/L gflkG5 .
lgsflnG5 .

2. ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ Ps 306fdf slt ;]s]G8 xG' 5 <

-c_ 3,600 s -cf_ 4,800 s -O_ 2,400 s -O{_ 6,000 s

-v_ lk08sf] SI PsfO sg' xf] <

-c_ kfpG8 -cf_ wfgL{ -O_ lsnf]uf| d -O{_ 6g

-u_ SI k0| ffnLcg';f/ ljB't\ wf/fsf] PsfO s] xf] <

-c_ efN] 6 -cf_ cf]xd -O_ jf6 -O_{ PlDko/

3. hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

nDafO lsnfu] |fd

lk08 ;]s]G8

;do ld6/

Ifq] kmn 3gld6/

cfotg ju{ld6/

PlDko/
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^
19

4. lgDgfg';f/ ¿kfGt/0f ug{x' f;] \ M
-s_ 2 306fnfO{ s df
-v_ 15 kg nfO{ g df
-u_ 2 m2 nfO{ cm2 df
-3_ 4 m3 nfO{ cm3 df

5. tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ gfk eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ SI PsfO eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ SI k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; lsg eof] <
-3_ cfotg s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-ª_ gfk k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; gePsf] eP s:tf ;d:ofx¿ kg{ ;Sy] xfn] fg\ <
-r_ :yfgLo / k|dfl0fs PsfOdf km/s nV] g'xf;] \ .
-5_ kd| fl0fs PsfOsf] lgdf{0faf6 gfk k|0ffnLdf s] s] ;'wf/ eof], n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-h_ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ pgsf aa' fn] ahf/af6 uGhL / kfOG6 lsg/] NofOlbge' P5 .
ljBfyL{n] nufpbF f uGhL nfdf] eof] eg] kfOG6sf] sDd/ ;fgf] eO{ nufpg
ldng] . o:tf] ;d:of cfpg'sf] sf/0f vfh] L u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-em_ j1} flgs l;sfOsf r/0fx¿nfO{ ˆnfr] f6{df bv] fpgx' f;] \ . pSt rf6{df k|Tos]
r/0fsf d'Vo ljz]iftf;d]t pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .

zAbfy{
k|dfl0fs M dfGotf k|fKt
lj1fgsf kl| jm| ofut l;k M cjnfs] g ug],{ dfkg ug]{, tn' gf ug],{ k/LIf0f ug{,] lgisif{

lgsfNg,] ;~rf/ ugn{] ufot j1} flgs l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos l;kx¿

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

20

PsfO 2 ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw

(Information and
Communication Technology)

2.1 kl| jlw (Technology)

b}lgs hLjgdf xfdL vfgf ksfpg], v]taf/Lsf] sfd ugn{] ufotsf w/] } ljm| ofsnfk u5fF} .
tkfO‘s{ f] 3/ jf l5d]sdf s] s:tf sfd eO/x]sf xG' 5g,\ tL sfdx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
oL sfdx¿ ubf{ s] s:tf kl| jlw tyf pks/0f k|ofu] ul/G5g\ < s] tL ;a} sfdx¿
k|ljlw tyf pks/0flagf ug{ ;Dej 5g\ < tL pks/0fx¿ agfpbF f / ko| f]u ubf{ s] s:tf]
kl| jlwx¿sf] ko| fu] eO/xs] f] 5, 5nkmn u/fF} .

:yfgLo kl| jlw (Local technology)

lrq g= 2.1

dflysf lrqdf s] s:tf sfdx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ < oL sfdx¿ ubf{ ko| fu] eO/xs] f
pks/0fx¿sf] gfd s] s] x'g\, 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ .

xfdL xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf ;fgf 7n' f pks/0fx¿ ko| f]u u//] y'k}| sfd ub{5fF}, h:t} M xlF ;ofn]
3f;F sf6\g,] rn' ];Ln] t/sf/L sf6\g,] nf]xf/] f] l;nf}6fn] ] d;nf lkGg,] aGr/fn] bfp/f sf6g\ ,]
xnfn] vt] hf]Tg,] an] gf / rf}sLsf] ;xfotfn] /f]6L agfpg] cflb . oxfF xlF ;of, r'n;] L,

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 21

nfx] f]/f] l;nf}6f,] xnf], s6' f], sf]bfnf], aGr/f] cflb :yfgLo pks/0f xg' \ . o:tf pk/0fx¿sf]
lgdf0{ f / pkofu] ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] k/Dk/fut 1fg / l;knfO{ :yfgLo k|ljlw elgG5 .
:yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; dflg;sf] k/Dk/fut 1fg / l;kaf6 ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf] kl| jlwn]
xfd|f] b}lgs sfdnfO{ l56f,] 5l/tf] / ;lhnf] agfp5F . ctM xfdf| ] sfdnfO{ l56f], ;lhnf] /
cf/fdbfoL agfpg k|ofu] ul/g] k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / o;af6 ags] f pks/0fnfO{ :yfgLo
k|ljlw elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.1

tn :yfgLo k|ljlwsf s]xL pks/0fx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf cleefjs, ;fyLefO,
cfkmGt, l5d]sL cflbsf] ;xofu] df oL / o:tf kl| jlwx¿ s'g s'g sfdsf nflu k|of]u
x'G5g\ < tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

vn, hftF f,] cf]bfg, k/Dk/fut rn' f,] tf]/L jf lrp/L k]Ng] sf7sf] sf]n, sfutL k]Ng] sf]n,

sfO] nfaf6 tfTg] cfO/g, dxL kfg]{ dbfgL, 7s] L, df6fsf 36} f, kfgL 36\6, lbof,] 6'sL

cflb .

tflnsf 2.1

j|m=;= pks/0fsf] gfd pks/0fsf] ko| fu]

1. 8f]sf], gfDnf] 3f;F , bfp/f, ;/;fdfg cflb af]Sg . slxns] fxLF df]6/af6f]
gePsf 7fpdF f la/fdL af]Sg cflb .
2.
3.

gk] fn k/Dk/fut l;k / kl| jlwdf wgL 5 . oxfsF f] efu} f]lns / ;fd'bflos ljljwtfn] ubf{
:yfgLo ¿kdf ljsl;t k|ljlwdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . sl[ if tyf kz'kfng, vfB tyf ko] kbfy{
lgdf0{ f, wfuf] tyf sk8f pTkfbg, pmhf{ pTkfbg, kfgL Joj:yfkg, jf:ts' nf, ef}lts lgdf{0f
cflb Ifq] df :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

22

cfwl' gs k|ljlw (Modern technology)

tnsf lrqdf s] s:tf sfd ePsf] bV] g'xG' 5 < pSt sfdsf nflu s] s:tf pks/0fx¿
ko| fu] ePsf 5g\ < 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ .

lrq g= 2.2
j1} flgs ljsf;;uF } k/Dk/fut kl| jlwsf cfwf/df cfwl' gs kl| jlwx¿ ljsf; eO/xs] f 5g\ .
sf7] f tyf clkm; tftf] agfpg ?d lx6/, Po/ slG8;g cflbsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . t/sf/L,
kmnkmn" cflb tfhf /fVg /l] km| h/] 6] /sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf nflu :df6{ kmfg] ,
sDKo6' / cflbsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . oftfoftsf nflu :s6' /, sf/, lhk, a;, /n] , hxfh cflbsf]
ko| fu] ul/G5 . oL ;a} pks/0fx¿sf] lgdf0{ f tyf ko| fu] j1} flgs 1fg tyf l;kaf6 ePsf] xf] .
o; kl| jlwnfO{ cfwl' gs kl| jlw elgG5 . cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] sfd l56f,] u0' f:t/Lo /
Ps} k6sdf w/] } dfqfdf j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kl| jlwsf sx] L pks/0fx¿ oflGqs
zlStaf6 ;~rfng xG' 5g\ eg] sx] L ljBt' Lo zlStaf6 ;~rfng xG' 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 2.2

tkfO‘{sf] 3/ tyf j/k/ cfwl' gs k|ljlwaf6 s] s] sfd eO/xs] f 5g\ < cjnf]sg
ug{'xf;] \ . ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn u/L tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ugx{' f;] \ .

tflnsf 2.2

pks/0fsf] gfd pks/0fsf] k|of]u

ljB'tLo cfO/g sk8f cfO/g ug{

6\ØfS6/ vt] af/L hfT] g, dfn;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{ cflbdf k|ofu] ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 23

sl[ if Ifq] df :yfgLo tyf cfwl' gs k|ljlwsf] k|ofu]

lrq g= 2.3
lrqdf lbOPsf lj|mofsnfkdf s] leGgtf bV] g'x'G5 < 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
v]taf/L vghft] ug{ ko| fu] xg' ] s'6f], sf]bfnf], xnf] cflb :yfgLo k|ljlw xg' \ eg] 6\ØfS6/,
y|l] ;ª dl] ;g, 3fF; sf6g\ ] d]l;g] cfwl' gs k|ljlw x'g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.3
tkfOs‘{ f] 3/, l5ds] jf jl/kl/ v]tL ls;fgL u/]sf] cjnfs] g u/]/ jf sl[ if sfo{;DaGwL
l6=eL, lel8of] jf cGo >Job[Zo ;fduL| cjnf]sg u/L lgDg kZ| gdf 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ M
1. cfhefl] n v]taf/L hfT] gsf nflu xnfs] f] ;6\6f s] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 <
2. s[lif sfo{df s] s] pks/0fx¿ ko| fu] ul/G5g\ <
3. oLdWo] s'g :yfgLo / sg' cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf pks/0f xg' ,\ lsg <

s'6fgL lk;fgL / k]Ng] sfo{df :yfgLo tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ko| f]u

lrq g= 2.4
dflysf lrqdf s] s] sfd u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 < oL lrqdf s'g :yfgLo k|ljlw xg' \ / sg' cfwl' gs
k|ljlw xg' \, 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

24

l9sL, hfFtf,] cf]vn, kfgL 36\6, sfutL÷tf/] L k]Ng] sfn] cflb s6' fgL lk;fgLdf k|of]u xg' ]
k/Dk/fut k|ljlw xg' \ eg] wfg s6' g\ ] ldn, lk7f] lk:g] ldn, tf/] L kN] g] ldn cflb cfwl' gs
kl| jlw xg' \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 2.4
cleefjs, cfkmGt, l5d]sL, ;fyLefO{ cflb;Fu ;f]wk'5 u//] tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ vfh] L
sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ M
-c_ :yfgLo / cfw'lgs k|ljlw ko| f]u u/L s;/L h8La6' L, xn]bf], v';fg{ L, cn‘r} L, lh/f,

n;g' cflb lk:g ;lsG5 <
-cf_ lkmN6/ k|ofu] x'ge' Gbf klxn] :yfgLo kl| jlwsf] k|of]u u/L dflg;x¿n] s;/L kfgL

z4' Ls/0f uy]{ <
-O_ :yfgLo k|ljlw k|ofu] u/L crf/, uG' b'|s, dfx] L, 5k' L,{ d:of/} f, lrp/f cflb s;/L

agfOG5 < s] oL vfB kbfy{ agfpg] cfw'lgs k|ljlw klg ljsf; ePsf 5g\ <
-O_{ :yfgLo k|ljlw k|ofu] u/L s'6f], sf]bfnf], xlF ;of cflb s;/L agfOG5\ <

kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfOFs{ f] 6f]ndf k|rlnt :yfgLo / cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg dfWodaf6 vfh]

ug'x{ f;] \ . k|fKt tYofª\snfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k:| tt' u/L ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

tflnsf 2.3

sfo{ :yfgLo k|ljlw cfw'lgs kl| jlw

/f6] L agfpg] a]ngf rfs} Lsf] ko| fu] /f]6L ds] /sf] ko| fu]

wfg s'6g\ ] vn, l9sL cflbsf] ko| f]u /fO; ldnx¿sf] k|ofu]

ux'F, hf,} ds}, sfb] f], kmfk/sf] hftF f] / kfgL 36\6sf] cfwl' gs ldnx¿sf] ko| f]u

lk7f] agfpg] ko| fu]

vfgf ksfpbF f ko| f]u ul/g] rn' f]
/ OGwg
3/df d;nf lk:g]
tf]/L jf lrp/Lsf] bfgfaf6 t]n
jf l3p lgsfNg]

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 25

vt] vGg] jf hf]Tg]
3/ jf sf]7f Gofgf] kfg{]
sk8f cfO/g ug{]
b'w, bxL dy/] l3p lgsfNg]
udL{df kfgL lr;f] /fVg]
vfn] f] jf gbL kf/ ug{]
la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn;Dd k¥' ofpg]
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpdF f ;dfrf/
k¥' ofpg]
af6f3] f6f] agfpg]
/S;L agfpg]
s6' f,] sfb] fnf], xFl;of cflb
agfpg]

:yfgLo l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] w]/} klxnfbl] v xb'F } cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf; / cfwl' gsLs/0faf6
cfhsf] cfwl' gs kl| jlw ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfwl' gs kl| jlwdf sDKo6' /sf] k|ofu] tLj| ultdf
ePsf] kfOG5 . sDKo6' /sf] ko| f]u u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf :jrflnt pks/0fx¿ ljsf; /
k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo k|ljlweGbf cfwl' gs kl| jlwaf6 sfd l56f,] 5l/tf,] ;xh / sd
vlr{nf] x'G5 . ;x/df dflg;n] cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] a9L u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfnsf
w/] }h;f] :yfgdf cem} klg b}lgs ultljlwdf :yfgLo k|ljlw ko| f]u u/s] f] kfOG5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf :yfgLo / cfw'lgs pks/0fx¿ sg' sg' j1} flgs l;4fGtx¿sf
cfwf/df sfd u5g{ \ xfn] f < vfh] L u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

26

;f/fz+

sfd ug{] tl/sf s] xf] < kl| jlw lsg < sfdnfO{ l56f,] ;lhnf]
/ pks/0f
ks| f/ / sd an ko| f]u u/L
sfo{ ug{

;/n agfj6 kl/efiff :yfgLo cfw'lgs kl/efiff hl6n agfj6
ePsf kl| jlw ePsf k|ljlw
k|ljlw k|ljlw

pbfx/0f pbfx/0f

xFl;of, rn' ;] L, rSs', vs' '/L, nfx] f/] f] lx6/, OG8S;g r'nf,] /]lkm| h]/6] /,
l;nf}6f,] cfv] n, xnf], s6' f], sf]bfnf,] d;nf lkGg] ldSr/, dfa] fOn,

aGr/f] cflb . sDKo6' / cflb .

Concept map 2

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb eg{x' f;] \ M :yfgLo ;xh gofF
cfw'lgs lskmfotL k'/fgf]

-s_ xnf] =============== kl| jlwsf] pks/0f xf] .

-v_ /]lkm| h]/]6/ =============== k|ljlwsf] pks/0f xf] .

-u_ :yfgLo kl| jlw cfw'lgs kl| jlweGbf=========== kl| jlw xf] .

-3_ cfw'lgs kl| jlw :yfgLo kl| jlweGbf=========== / ==============x'G5 .

@= tn lbOPsf dWo]af6 ;xL ljsNk 5fGg'xf];\ M
-s_ tn lbOPsf dWo] sg' cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf] pbfx/0f xf] <

-c_ xlF ;of -cf_ 6\ofs6/

-O_ xnf] -O{_ 8fs] f]

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 27

-v_ Po/ slG8;g, OG8S;g rn' f], /]lkm| h]/]6/ cflb cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf pbfx/0f xg' ,\
lsg <
-c_ logsf] ;/+ rgf hl6n 5 .
-cf_ logsf] ;/+ rgf ;fdfGo 5 .
-O_ logsf] ;~rfngdf ljB'tLo zlSt cfjZos k5{ .
-O{_ c / O b'j}

-u_ xFl;of, rn' ];L, xnf,] nfx] f/] f,] l;nf}6f] sg' kl| jlwsf pks/0f x'g\ <
-c_ cfwl' gs kl| jlw
-cf_ :yfgLo k|ljlw
-O_ cfw'lgs / :yfgLo b'j}
-O{_ l8lh6n kl| jlw

-3_ s'6f]nfO{ :yfgLo kl| jlw eGg'sf] sf/0f ;DaGwdf tnsf egfO cWoog u/L

;xL ljsNk 5fGg'xf;] \ .

i. k/Dk/fut ks| f/sf] sfd ug{] ePsfn]

ii. kmnfd ttfP/ agfpg] ePsfn]

iii. ;fdfGo agf]6 ePsfn]

iv. rnfpg ;lhnf] ePsfn]

-c_ (i) / (iv) l7s -cf_ (i) / (ii) l7s

-O_ (i), (ii) / (iv) l7s -O{_ ;a} l7s

#= km/s n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ :yfgLo k|ljlw / cfw'lgs kl| jlw
-v_ sf]Onf cfO/g / ljB'tLo cfO/g

$= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ kl| jlw eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] ko| fu] lsg ul/G5 <
-v_ :yfgLo / cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf sg' } rf/ rf/cf]6f pks/0fsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

28

-u_ sl[ if Ifq] df :yfgLo / cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ko| f]usf] t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ tnsf lrq lrg/] gfd, k|ofu] / kl| jlwsf] ks| f/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-ª_ xnf] / 6Ø\ fS6/n] Ps} k|sf/sf] sfd u5g{ \ t/ xnf] xF'bfx'bF } 6\ØfS6/sf] ljsf;
lsg eof] < ts{ lbg'xf;] \ .

-r_ lrq x]/L tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ .

-c_ lrq lrg]/ gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ oL pks/0fx¿ sg' s'g k|ljlwaf6 ags] f xg' \ <
-O_ k|of]usf cfwf/df oL pks/0fx¿df s] ;dfgtf kfOG5 <
-O_{ oL pks/0fx¿sf ljsf;jm| d atfpg'xf;] \ .
-p_ oL pks/0fx¿sf] ljsf;eGbf klxn] s:tf pks/0f lyP xf]nfg\ < cfˆgf

cgd' flgt ts{ nV] g'xf];\ .
-h_ æxfnsf] cfwl' gs ;dodf klg :yfgLo kl| jlwx¿ dxìjk0" f{ dflgG5g\ .Æ

ts;{ lxt kl' i6 ug'{xf];\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 29

2.2 b}lgs hLjgdf dfa] fOnkmf]g / sDKo'6/sf] ko| fu] (Use of mobile

phone and computer in our daily life)

df]afOnkmf]g / sDKo'6/sf] ko| fu] s] s] sfdsf nflu ul/G5, 5nkmn u/fF} .

cfhsf] ou' df df]afOnkmfg] / sDKo6' /sf] k|of]u sg' } gfn} f] ljifo xfO] g . oL pks/0f xfdf|
nflu cTofjZos eO;ss] f 5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, dgf/] ~hg, Jofkf/ Joj;fo cflbdf
dfa] fOnkmfg] / sDKo6' /sf] k|of]u a9g\ yfns] f] 5 . oL pks/0fn] ubf{ cfhsf] ljZj Pp6f
;fgf] ufpF h:tf] ePsf] 5 . oL pks/0flagf xfd|f] bl} gsL cw'/f] / ck'/f] h:tf] nfUg yfns] f]
5.

lrq g= 2.5 df]afOnkmfg] / sDKo'6/sf] ko| f]u

bl} gs hLjgdf :df6k{ mfg] sf] ko| fu] (Use of smart phone in our daily life)

ljm| ofsnfk 2.5

tkfO{s+‘ f 3/df ss;n] :df6k{ mfg] sf] ko| f]u ug{'xG' 5 < pxfFx¿ s] s] sfdsf nflu o;sf]

k|of]u ug{'x'G5 < ;f]w/] tnsf] h:t} ;r" L tof/ ug{x' f];\ M

j|m=;= kl/jf/sf ;b:o tflnsf 2.4
:df6{kmf]gsf] ko| fu]

1. a'af s/' fsfgL ug{, lx;falstfa ug,{ kmf6] f] lvRg, Odn]

ug{ / xg] ,{ ;dfrf/ k9g\ / ;G' g, kmf6] f] ;]o/ ug{ cflb

2. cfdf

1. s] tkfO‘{ :df6k{ mf]gsf] ko| f]u ug'{xG' 5 <
2. tkfO{‘ s] s] sfdsf nflu :df6{kmf]gsf] ko| f]u ugx{' 'G5 <
3. tkfOn‘{ ] / tkfOs‘{ f 3/sf ;b:on] ug{] :df6k{ mfg] sf] ko| fu] df s] cGt/ 5 <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

30

sx] L jif{ klxn];Dd df]afOnkmf]g sj] n ;r" gf

cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf dfq k|of]u xg' ]

uYof]{ . To; a]nfsf dfa] fOnkmf]gdf aflx/L lsKof8,

l:ks/ / 6rn{ fO6afxs] vf;} cGo ;'ljwf

xF'bg} Yof] . k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;dosf] dfu ;+Fu;+uF }

Sofd/] f, OG6/g]6nufot y'k}| ;l' jwfx¿ ;lxtsf

:df6k{ mf]gsf] ljsf; eof] . :df6k{ mfg] df w/] } ks| f/sf

kf| ]u|fd ylkP . o;sf] k|of]usf] Jofkstf a9/] uof] .

;"rgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, dgf/] ~hg, Jofkf/ cflbdf

:df6k{ mfg] sf] k|of]u clgjfo{ h:t} x'g yfn]sf] 5 . xfdLn]

:df6k{ mfg] af6 s'/fsfgL ug,{] lx;falstfa ug,]{ kmf]6f] lrq g= 2.6
lvRg,] lel8of] lvRg,] Odn] x]g]{ / k7fpg] u5fF} . ;fy}

;dfrf/ k9\g] / ;G' g] h:t} M km];a's, d];G] h/, efOa/, Odf], xj\ f6\;ck rnfpg] cflb

sfdsf nflu klg o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . olt dfq geP/ cgnfOg ;lkª, dfa] fOn

a}ªl\ sª cflbsf] klg Jofks ko| fu] eO/x]sf] 5 .

bl} gs hLjgdf sDKo'6/sf] k|ofu] (Use of computer in daily life)

ljm| ofsnfk 2.6

s] tkfOs+‘{ f 3/df sDKo6' / 5 < tkfO+‘{ sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu] s] s] sfdsf nflu ugx{' G' 5 < tkfOs+‘{ f

3/df sf] sf] sDKo6' /df sfd ugx{' G' 5 < pxfxF ¿ sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu] s] s] sfdsf nflu

ugx{' G' 5 < ;fw] /] tnsf] h:t} ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ M

j|m=;= kl/jf/sf ;b:o tflnsf 2.5
sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu]

1. a'af clkm;sf 8s'dG] 6 agfpg, 3/fo;L lx;falstfa /fVg, Odn]

xg] { / k7fpg, ;dfrf/ k9g\ / ;'Gg, kmf]6f] / 8s'd]G6 ;o] / ug,{

;r{ OlGhgaf6 ljleGg ljifoj:t' vf]Hg cflb

2. cfdf

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 31

1. s] tkfO{‘n] ljBfnodf sDKo'6/sf] ko| fu] ug{'ePsf] 5 <
2. s] s] sfdsf nflu tkfO{‘+n] sDKo6' /sf] ko| f]u ug{e' Psf] 5 <
3. tkfOs+‘{ f] ljBfnodf sg' sg' sfddf sDKo'6/ k|ofu] xg' ] u/]sf] 5 <
4. s] s:tf k|ofh] gsf nflu 3/, sfof{no, c:ktfn, Jofkf/ cflb If]qdf sDKo6' /sf]

k|of]u ul/G5 xfn] f <

sDKo'6/n] ljZj;gLo 9ª\un] bt'| ultdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5 . o;n] ubf{ sDKo'6/nfO{
3/, ljBfno, sfofn{ o, a}ªs\ , c:ktfn, ;'/Iff lgsfo, dgf]/~hg tyf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{] Ifq] df Jofks ko| fu] ul/G5 . cfhsf] ;dodf sDKo6' /sf] ko| fu] gx'g] Ifq] e]l6Fb}g . lzIff
If]qdf sDKo6' / ko| f]un] k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnL cfw'lgs lzIff k0| ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f xbF' }
uPsf] 5 . lzIf0f l;sfO z}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . cgnfOg dfWodaf6 klg l;sfOsf
cEof;x¿ xg' ] u/]sf 5g\ .

c:ktfn

sfof{no ljBfno

sDKo'6/sf]
3/ ko| fu] a}ª\s

Jofkf/

lrq g= 2.7
sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

32

:df6k{ mf]g / sDKo'6/ k|ofu] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ kIfx¿ (Things to remember

while using smart phone and computer)

:df6{kmfg] / sDKo6' / clt pkof]uL ;fwg xg' \ . oBlk logsf] k|of]u l7s tl/sfn] ul/Pg
eg] xfdLnfO{ a]kmfObf klg xg' ;S5 . nuftf/ :df6{kmf]g / sDKo'6/df sfd ubf{ lr8lr8fkg
x'g,] lgbf| sd cfpg,] 6fpsf] bV' g,] cfvF fdf ;'Svfkg cfpg,] cfvF f /ftf x'g], kf]Ng,] bV' g]
cflb x'g ;S5 . o; sf/0f :df6k{ mf]g / sDKo6' /sf] ko| f]u ubf{ larlardf lj>fd lng' /fd|f]
xG' 5 . ;T' g] ;dodf, vfgf vfg] ;dodf, rfhd{ f hf]8]sf] ;dodf :df6k{ mf]g ko| f]u ugx{' F'bg} .
;fgf] l:jm| g, dw'/f] k|sfz / ;fgf] kmG6 ;fOhdf sDKo'6/df sfd ug'{ /fdf| ] x'bF }g . o;n] xfd|f
cfFvfdf c;/ k¥' ofp5F . nfdf] ;do l:jm| gdf xg] f{n] afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
ljsf;df gsf/fTds ke| fj kfb{5 .

5nkmnsf nflu kZ| g
1. Ps hgf ljBfyL{ bl} gs ¿kdf nfdf] ;do;Dd dfa] fOndf sf6g'{ x]g]{

u5{g\ eg] pgn] s] s] ;d:of efU] g' knf{ <
2. /f]zgLsf a'afn] w]/}h;f] ;do sDKo6' /df a;/] sfd ug{k' g{] /x5] . sDKo'6/sf

gsf/fTds c;/af6 aRg tkfO{‘+ pxfnF fO{ s:tf] ;'emfj lbgx' G' 5 <

sDKo6' / (Computer)

sDKo'6/ zAbsf] pTklQ Nofl6g efiffsf] computare zAbaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{
lx;fa ug]{ oGq (calculator) eGg] a'lemG5 . Jofks cy{df sDKo'6/nfO{ o;/L kl/eflift
ug{ ;lsG5, ko| fu] stfa{ f6 kfPsf] 8f6f / lgb{z] gsf cfwf/df pknAw x'g] kf| ]u|fdsf] dbtn]
tL 8f6fnfO{ k|zfw] g u/L pkofu] L glthf k|bfg ug]{ ljBt' Lo ;fwgnfO{ sDKo6' / elgG5 .

lrq g= 2.8

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 33

sDKo'6/sf cjojx¿ (Components of a Computer)
xf8j{ o] / (hardware) / ;ˆ6j]o/ (software) sDKo6' /sf cjoj xg' \ . efl} ts ¿kn] 5g'
/ b]Vg ;lsg] Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor cflb xf8j{ o] / x'g\ . xf8j{ ]o/ cfkm}nF ] s]xL
sfd ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] tL xf8j{ ]o/nfO{ sfd ug{ lgbz]{ g lbg] k|fu] |fdx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ .
xf8{jo] /nfO{ sfo{ ug{ lgb{]zg lbg] k|f]u|fdsf] ;ª\sngnfO{ ;ˆ6j]o/ elgG5 . windows
operating system, microsoft word, media player ;ˆ6jo] / xg' \ .

sDKo'6/sf] sfd ug]{ l;4fGt (Working principle of computer)
sDKo'6/n] OGk'6 (Input), kz| f]wg (Processing) tyf cfp6k6' (Output) cyf{t\ IPO
l;4fGtaf6 sfd u5{ .

lrq g= 2.9
-s_ OGk'6 (Input) M k|of]ustf{n] sDKo6' /nfO{ 8f6f (data) jf lgb{]zg (instruction)

lbg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ OGk'6 elgG5 . OGk'6 ljleGg pks/0faf6 lbOG5, h:tM} keyboard,
mouse, microphone, scanner cflb o:tf pks/0f xg' \ .
-v_ kz| fw] g (Processing) M sDKo'6/nfO{ lbOPsf] 8f6f Central Processing Unit
(CPU) df kz| f]wg x'G5 .
-u_ cfp6k6' (Output) M kz| fw] gkZrft\ kf| Kt xg' ] kl/0ffd cfp6k'6 pks/0fsf
dfWodaf6 ko| fu] stfn{ ] kfpF5g,\ h:t} M monitor, speaker, printer cflb cfp6k'6
pks/0fsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

34

ljm| ofsnfk 2.7
1. sDKo'6/sf] dfOj|mf;] km\6 j8{ (Microsoft Word)

kf| u] f| d vfN] gx' f];\ . keyboard df ljleGg cIf/

nl] vPsf a6g lyRg'xf;] \ . Psl5gd} cIf/ sDKo'6/sf] lrq g= 2.10
l:j|mgdf bl] vG5g\ .

2. sDKo6' /sf OGk'6 l8efO;, cfp6k6' l8efO;, k|f;] ]l;ª l8efO; / :6f/] ]h l8efO;

cjnfs] g / klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ .

dflysf ljm| ofsnfkdf lbOPsfafx]s sDKo6' /df yk s] s:tf pks/0f hf]8g\ ;lsG5,
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ . tLdWo] k|of]ustf{n] sa] f6 sDKo'6/sf] leq lgb{]zg lbG5g\ / sa] f6

kl/0ffd k|fKt u5{g\, 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ .

e08f/ pks/0f (Storage device)

u/s] f sfdnfO{ jf cGo 7fpaF f6 sDKo6' /df NofPsf
ljifoj:tn' fO{ sDKo6' /df e08f/ ul/G5 . o;/L
e08f/ u/s] f pkofu] L ljifoj:tn' fO{ eljiodf kg' M

ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . pkofu] L ljifoj:t' e08f/

ugn{' fO{ :6f/] h] (storage) elgG5 . sDKo6' /df lrq g= 2.11
e08f/ ug{ ko| fu] ul/g] pks/0f xf8{ l8:s (Hard

disk) xf] . To:t} cGo e08f/sf nflu ko| fu] xg' ] :6f/] h] l8efO;x¿ Pen drive, Optical

disc (CD, DVD), blu ray disc cflb xg' \ . xfdLn] ko| fu] ug{] ljleGg ks| f/sf sDKo6' /

kf| u] f| dx¿ o6' a' , km;] as' , Odn] cflb ;;+ f/sf ljleGg 7fpdF f /fvs] f 7n' f 7n' f Cloud

storage cflbdf e08f/ ePsf xG' 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 2.8

sDKo6' /df Microsoft Word kf| u] f| d vfN] gx' f];\ . pSt Word document df tkfOs{+‘ f]

gfd, pd]/, sIff / tkfOn+‘{ ] cWoog ug{] ljBfnosf] gfd 6fOk ugx'{ f;] \ . tkfO+n‘{ ] 6fOk

u/]sf] word document nfO{ sg' } gfd lbP/ save ugx'{ f;] \ . pSt Word file nfO{

aGb ug{x' f];\ / k'gM vfN] g'xf];\ .

1. tkfOn+‘{ ] sfd ul//xs] f] sDKo6' /df xf8j{ o] / / ;ˆ6jo] / sg' sg' xg' ,\ atfpgx' f;] \ .

2. tkfO+‘n{ ] nv] ]sf s/' f olb save gu/]sf] eP s] xG' Yof], atfpgx' f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 35

sDKo6' /sf ks| f/ (Types of computer)

lj|mofsnfk 2.9
>JobZ[ o, lrq jf kT| oIf ¿kdf 8:] s6k sDKo6' /, Nofk6k, 6\ofan]6, cfOKof8, :df6{kmfg] sf]
cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ . logLx¿df s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leGgtf 5g\, 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ . s] oL
;as} f] sfo{ ug{] tl/sf sDKo6' /sf] sfo{ ug{] tl/sf cyf{t\ OGk6' (Input), kz| fw] g
(processing) tyf cfp6k'6 (output) ;Fu ldN5 ls ldNbg} , 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

s]xL jif{ klxn] ko| fu] x'g] k'/fgf sDKo'6/ kf| oM 8:] s6k sDKo'6/ x'Gy] . sDKo'6/ kl| jlwsf]
ljsf;n] dflg;nfO{ xftd} af]Sg ;Sg] / ;lhn} Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fp;F Dd n}hfg ;Sg]
;;fgf sDKo6' / agfof] . lognfO{ xfdL Nofk6k, 6\ofan]6, cfOKof8, :df6k{ mf]g cflb eG5fF} .
oL ;a} pks/0fx¿ sDKo6' /sf] sfo{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g} rN5g\ . To;n} ] logLx¿
;an} fO{ sDKo6' /cGtut{ g} /flvG5 . logLx¿sf] agfj6 / lognfO{ ;~rfng ug{ k|ofu]
x'g] k|fu] |fddf eg] leGgtf x'g ;S5 .

ggkf6] a{] n sDKo'6/ kf6] a{] n sDKo'6/ dfa] fOn sDKo6' / (Mobile
computer): 6o\ fan6] ,
(Nonportable (Portable computers):
cfOKo8, :df6k{ mf]g
computers) : 8]:s6k Nofk6k, gf6] as'

sDKo6' /

lrq g= 2.12

j8{ kf| ];;] /sf] ko| fu] (Use of word processor)

j8{ kf| ;] ;] / (Word processor- WP) Pp6f ;ˆ6jo] / xf] . o;sf] ko| fu] u//] xfdL 8sd' G] 6
(document) tof/ ug,{] ;Dkfbg ug{] / lkG| 6 ug{] ub5{ fF} . oxL ;ˆ6jo] / ko| fu] af6 cfˆgf
8sd' G] 6nfO{ OnS] 6f« l] gs ¿kdf sDKo6' /sf] xf8l{ 8:sdf e08f/g ug{ / l:jm| gdf kb| zg{ ug{
;lsG5 . sDKo6' /df o;sf] ko| fu] cTolws xG' 5 . ljZjdf ljleGg sDKo6' / sDkgLx¿n]
Joj;fosf nflu j8{ kf| ;] ;] / ;ˆ6jo] / tof/ kf/s] f 5g\ . Microsoft Word, Libre
Writer, Google Docs cflb ljZjdf kr| lnt sx] L j8{ kf| ;] ;] /x¿ xg' \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

36

Microsoft Word k|of]usf cfwf/e"t sfox{ ¿

s;/L vfN] g] <

1. sDKo6' / ;~rfng u/L 8:] s6k (desktop) sf] tNnf]
afofF s'gfdf /x]sf] :6f6{ a6g - _ df lSns ug{'xf;] \ jf
lsaf]8d{ f /xs] f ljG8f]h a6g - _ lyRg'xf];\ .

2. lsaf]8{af6 ‘word' zAb 6fOk ug{x' f;] \ . tkfO‘+{ sDKo'6/
l:jm| gsf] bfofFlt/ vfh] s] f] ;ˆ6jo] / j8{ (word) sf]
cfOsg (icon) bV] g'xg' ] 5 . pSt cfOsgdf Ps k6s
dfp;sf] afofF a6gn] lSns ug'{xf];\ .

3. ;?' df j8{ vN' ‍bf tkfO{‘+n] klxn] vfn] ]sf kmfOnsf] ;"rL
6D] Kn6] x¿ (templates) sf] ;dx" lbOg] 5 . tLdWo]
vfnL 8sd' ]G6 (blank document) df bO' { k6s lSns
(double click) ug'{xf;] \ . To;kl5 Pp6f vfnL k[i7
b]lvG5 . pSt k[i7df cfkm" n] nV] g rfxs] f s/' f lsaf]8{ k|of]u
u/L 6fOk ug{x' f];\ .

s;/L save ug]{ <

4. cfˆgf] kmfOnnfO{ kl5 k|of]u ug{sf nflu sDKo6' /sf]
xf8{l8:sdf e08f/ (save) ug'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu l:j|mgsf] dfly afofFkl6\6 kmfOn a6g
(file) df lSns ug'x{ f];\ . ca kmfOnsf]
;]e Ph (save as) df lSns ugx'{ f];\ .
To;kl5 lrqdf bv] fOPh:t} csf{] l:jm| g
b]vf kb5{ . pSt l:j|mgdf
klxn] …sDKo'6/Ú df lSns
ug{x' f];\ / To;kl5 …a|fphÚ
df lSns ugx{' f;] \ .

5. To;kl5 tnsf] h:t} gofF
ljG8f] (window) b]lvg]

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 37

5 . o; aS;sf] afofkF l6\6 sg' 7fpdF f kmfOnnfO{ e08f/ ug]{ eGg]af/] Pp6f ;r" L
b]Vgx' g' ] 5 . ;lhnfsf nflu 8:] s6k (desktop) 5fGgx' f];\ .
ljG8f]sf] tNnf] efudf tkfO{‘sf] kmfOnsf] gfd /fVgsf nflu kmfOn gfd (file name)
ePsf] ;fgf] aS; b]Vgx' 'g] 5 . o;df kmfOnsf] gfd (h:tM} ‘my file') egL 6fOk ug{x' f;] \ .
cGtdf ;e] (save) a6gdf lSns ug{x' f;] \ . o;/L sDKo6' /sf] 8]:s6kdf tkfO{s+‘ f] 'my
file' gfdsf] kmfOn el] 6g] 5 . pSt kmfOndf bO' { k6s dfp;n] lSns (double click)
ubf{ kmfOn vN' 5 / k'gM To;df sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

kmG6sf] 9frF f (Font formatting) / cnfOgdG] 6 (Alignment) s;/L ldnfpg] <
cfˆgf] 8sd' G] 6sf] k[i7df
ePsf cIf/x¿sf] kmG6 / kmG6
;fOh kl/jtg{ u/L cfsifs{
agfpg ;lsG5 . kmG6 kl/jt{g
ugk{' g]{ zAb, jfSo jf cgR' 5b] nfO{
5fGg'xf;] \ . o;sf nlu 5fGgk' g{]
efusf] ;'?df dfp;n] lSns u/L
dfp;nfO{ la:tf/} 5fGgk' g{] lbzflt/
8Ø« fu (drag) ug'{xf];\ . o;/L
8Ø« fu ubf{ zAbx¿ c¿eGbf k:| 6
(highlighted) b]lvG5g\ . cfk"mn]

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

38

rfxs] f] :yfg;Dd 5flg;s]kl5 dfp;sf] a6g 5f8] g\ x' f];\ . dfp;sf] a6g 5f8] g\ l] alQs}
5]pdf b]vfOPsf] h:tf] aS; bl] vG5 . pSt aS;af6 pkoS' t kmG6 5fGgx' f;] \ . o;} aS;df
kmG6sf] ;fOh / /ª klg 5fGg ;lsG5 . nv] ]sf cIf/nfO{ uf9f (bold), O6flns l:jm| K6sf]
(italic) / /]vfªl\ st (underline) klg ug{ ;Sgx' g' ] 5 .

dflysf sfo{ dfOjm| f];ˆ6 j8{ l/ag (Microsoft word ribbon) sf] k|ofu] u//] klg ug{
;lsG5 . vfnL k[i7sf] zLif{sdf tn lrqdf b]vfOP h:tf] l/ag (ribbon) b]Vg'x'g] 5 .
ToxfF File, Home, Insert cflb d]g' a6g b]Vg'xg' ] 5 . 5flgPsf] a6g c¿eGbf k|:6
b]lvG5 .

lj|mofsnfk 2.10
sDKo'6/df dfOjm| f;] ˆ6 j8{ (Microsoft word) vf]nL Pp6f kmfOn agfpg'xf];\ . pSt
kmfOndf My school zLif{sdf bz nfOgsf] cªu\ h|] L efiffdf cgR' 5b] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
ca tn bv] fOPsf] 9fFrfcg;' f/ 8s'd]G6 ldnfpgx' f;] \ .

zLifs{ M -kmG6 Arial Black size 14, Bold

Date:………(italic)

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–––––––––––––cgR' 5b] M kmG6M Times new roman (size 14), regular––––––––

j8{ 8sd' ]G6df cut, copy / paste ug{]

slxns] fxLF tkfO+‘s{ f] 8s'd]G6df 6fOk u/]sf zAbsf] :yfg kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ xG' 5 . o;sf
nflu rf8F f] / ;lhnf] tl/sf eg]sf] s6 (cut) / k:] 6 (paste) a6g k|ofu] ug{' xf] . o;sf
nflu x6fpgk' g{] s/' fnfO{ 5gf6] (select) ug'{xf;] \ . tn bv] fOP h:t} dfOj|mf];ˆ6 l/agsf]

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 39

xfd] a6gleq s6 cfOsg (cut icon) df lSns ug{x' f];\ jf lsaf]8a{ f6 l;w} ctrl / X a6g
;uF } lyRgx' f];\ . To;kl5 j8{ 8sd' G] 6sf] s'g 7fpFdf nu]/ /fVgk' g{] xf,] ToxfF lSns ugx'{ f;] \ .
ca km] l/ klxn]s} l/agdf s6sf] 5p] df ePsf] k:] 6 (paste) cfOsg (icon) df lSns
ugx'{ f];\ jf lsaf]8{ (keyboard) af6 l;w} ctrl / V a6g ;Fu} lyRgx' f;] \ .

j8{ 8sd' ]G6df sfd ubf{ sltko 7fpFdf Pp6} ljifoj:t' b'O{ jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L 7fpFdf
/fVgk' g{] x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu skL (copy) u/L k]:6 (paste) ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{
5fgs] f] zAb klxns] f] :yfgdf / gofF :yfg u/L bj' } :yfgdf /xG5 . o;sf nflu csf]{ 7fpdF f
klg /fVgk' g]{ ljifoj:tn' fO{ xfOnfO6 (highlight) ugx{' f;] \ . dfly b]vfOP h:t} dfOjm| f];ˆ6
l/agsf] xf]d a6gleq skL (copy) cfOsgdf lSns ug'x{ f];\ jf lsaf8] { (keyboard)
af6 l;w} ctrl / C a6g ;uF } lyRg'xf;] \ . To;kl5 j8{ 8sd' ]G6sf] sg' 7fpFdf nu/] /fVgk' g{]
xf,] ToxfF lSns ug{'xf];\ / k:] 6 (paste) ugx'{ f;] \ .

Microsoft Word df tflnsf;DaGwL sfo{

1. Pp6f gofF j8{ kmfOn l;hg{ f ugx'{ f];\ .
2. vfnL k[i7sf] l/agsf] dflysf] OG;6{ (insert) 6\ofadf

lSns ug'x{ f];\ .
3. To;kl5 6a] n (table) cfOsg (icon) df lSns ugx'{ f;] \

/ vfnL 6a] n ePsf] lu8| kkck (grid popup) bl] vg]
5 . dflysf] afofF sf7] fdf dfp;sf] kfO] G6/ (pointer)
/fVgx' f;] \ . kfO] G6/ bfofF / tnlt/ ;f//] 6a] ndf rflxg] hlt
sf7] f 5fGgx' f;] \ . tkfOs+‘{ f] ki[ 7df a/fa/ ;fOhsf sf7] f ePsf]
6a] n OG;6{ xg' ] 5 .
6a] nsf 7f8f] sf7] fsf] ;d"xnfO{ sf]nd
(column) / t;] f{] sf]7fsf] ;d"xnfO{ /f]

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

40

(row) elgG5 . row / column sfl6Psf
7fpnF fO{ sf7] f jf ;]n (cell) elgG5 . ca
tflnsfsf ;n] (cell) x¿df lsaf8] a{ f6 6fOk
ub{} cfjZos hfgsf/L cyft{ \ 8f6f (data)
eg{x' f];\ . Pp6f ;]naf6 csf{] ;n] df ;g{
lsaf8] a{ f6 lbzf b]vfpg] af0f lrxg\ -
arrow_ sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 cyjf tkfO{+‘
dfp;n] cfjZos ;n] df lSns (click) klg
ug{ ;Sgx' g' ] 5 .

-c_ 6]an (table), /f] (row), sf]nd (column) / sf]7f (cell) 5fGg] tl/sf

1. l;ªu\ f] 6a] n 5fGgsf nflu 6]anleq sg' } Ps sf7] fdf lSns
ugx'{ f;] \ . o;f] ubf{ 6a] nsf] afofF sg' fdf Pp6f rf/dv' ] af0f
lrx\g (four head arrow) b]Vgx' 'g] 5 . pSt P/f] (arrow)
df dfp; kf]OG6/ (pointer) /fVbf kf]OG6/ rf/d'v] x'G5 .
pSt 7fpFdf lSns (click) u/L l;ªu\ f] 6a] n 5fGg ;lsG5 .
pSt P/fd] f lSns u/L dfp;nfO{ otfptf 8Ø« fu ubf{ l;ª\uf]
6a] n ;5{ .

2. Pp6f /f] (row) 5fGgsf nflu 5fGgk' g{] /fs] f] l7s cufl8
dfp;sf] kf]OG6/ n}hfFbf kfO] G6/ pN6f] kms]{/ cfsf/ kl/jt{g
xG' 5 . pSt 7fpdF f lSns ubf{ Pp6f l;ª\uf] /f] 5flgG5 .

3. Pp6f sf]nd (column) 5fGgsf nflu 5fGgk' g]{ sf]ndsf]
l7s dfly dfp;sf] kf]OG6/ n}hfFbf kf]OG6/ pN6f] kms]{/ cfsf/
kl/jt{g xG' 5 . pSt 7fpFdf lSns ubf{ Pp6f l;ª\uf] sf]nd
5flgG5 .

4. Pp6f sf7] f (cell) 5fGgsf nflu 5fGgk' g{] sf]7fsf] l7s
cufl8 dfp;sf] kf]OG6/ nh} fFbf kfO] G6/ pN6f] kms/{] cfsf/
kl/jt{g x'G5 . pSt 7fpFdf lSns ubf{ Pp6f sf7] f 5flgG5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 41

-cf_ 6]an 6N' ;sf] k|of]u (Use of table tools)
1. tkfO+{n‘ ] vf]Ng'ePsf] Word document

df Pp6f csf{] 6a] n insert ug'{xf];\ .
cfk"mn] OG;6{ u/]sf] 6a] ndf lSns u/L
pSt ki[ 7sf] l/agdf l8hfOg (design)
6\ofadf lSns ug{'xf];\ . tkfO{‘+ ToxfF ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnsfsf agfj6 b]Vg'xg' ]
5 . cfjZos agf6] df uO{ dfp;n] lSns ug'x{ f];\ .
2. tkfOs+‘{ f] ki[ 7df insert ePsf 6a] nsf sf7] fsf] cfsf/ 7n' f] ;fgf] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf
nflu cfkm" n] OG;6{ u/s] f] 6a] ndf lSns u/L pSt ki[ 7sf] l/agdf nc] fp6 (layout)
6o\ fadf lSns ugx{' f;] \ . ;n] dflhg{ (cell margins) cfOsg (icon) df lSns u/L
6a] nsf] sf7] fsf] rf/l} t/sf] vfnL 7fpF a9fpg jf 36fpg ;lsG5 . cnfOlgª 8f6f
(aligning data) cfOsgsf] ko| fu] u/L 6a] nsf] sf7] fdf cIf/x¿ tNnf] efu, dflyNnf]
efu, afofF sg' f, bfofF sg' f jf lardf nV] g ;lsG5 . Pp6f sf7] fnfO{ bO' { sf7] fdf
6j' m| Ø\ fpg sg' } Ps sf7] f 5fGgx' f;] \ / l:Kn6 ;n] (split cell) cfOsgdf lSns ugx{' f;] \ .
To;kl5 cfpg] ljG8f] (window) df bO' { (column) / Ps (row) 5fGgx' f;] \ . olb
bO' c{ f6] f sf7] fnfO{ Pp6f agfpg rfxgx' G' 5 eg] klxn] bO' c{ f6] f sf7] fnfO{ dfp; 8Ø« fu
(drag) u//] 5fGgx' f;] \ . ca dh{ ;n] (merge cell) cfOsgdf lSns ugx{' f;] \ . bO' c{ f6] f
sf7] f Ps ePsf] kfpgx' g' ] 5 .

6a] ndf sfd ubf{ slxns] fxLF /f] (row) jf sfn] d (column) sf lardf yk /f] jf sfn] d
yKgk' g{] xG' 5 . lardf /f] yKgsf nflu sxflF g/ yKgk' g{] xf,] pSt /fn] fO{ klxn] 5fGgx' f;] \ . ca
OG;6{ cafe] (insert above) jf OG;6{ lanf] (insert below) cfOsgdf lSns ugx{' f;] \ .
To:t} 6a] nsf] lardf sfn] d yKg sg' } Pp6f sfn] d 5fGgx' f;] \ . ca OG;6{ nˆ] 6 (insert left)
jf OG;6{ /fO6 (insert right) df lSns ugx{' f;] \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

42

lj|mofsnfk 2.11

sDKo'6/df dfOjm| f;] ˆ6 j8{ vf]nL tnsf] h:t} 6]an (table) agfO{ /f] (row) / sfn] d
(column) / sf]7f (cell) agfpg'xf;] \ . cell, row / column x¿ merge, split /
insert ug{] cEof; ugx{' f;] \ .

tflnsf 2.6

lj|mofsnfk 2.12

sDKo6' /df dfOjm| f];ˆ6 j8{ vfN] g'xf];\ . j8{ 8sd' ]G6df lj1fg tyf k|ljlwaf/] Ps

cgR' 5b] l;hg{ f ug'{xf];\ . pSt 8sd' G] 6 k[i7df tn lbOPsf] h:t} tflnsf OG;6{ u/L

cfˆgf] sIffsf s'g} kfFr hgf ;fyLsf] ljj/0f egx{' f;] \ . tkfOn+{‘ ] agfPsf] 8sd' ]G6nfO{ d]/f]

sIff (my class) gfdsf] jf cGo sg' } kmfOn agfO{ 8S] ;6kdf ;]e (save) ugx'{ f];\ .

tflnsf 2.7

Logo SHREE SCHOOL Class:

Students' Record-2077

Section :

S.N. Name of the Father's Mother's Address Contact

student name name Temp. Per. no.

1.

2.

kl/ofh] gf sfo{
sDKo6' /sf] j8{ kf| ];];/af6 6]an agfO{ tkfOs+‘{ f 3/df ePsf ;a} ;b:osf] gfd, lnª\u,
pd/] / k];f egx{' f];\ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 43

dlN6ldl8ofsf] k|ofu] (Use of multimedia)

xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf l6eL, sDKo'6/,

:df6{kmfg] cflbsf] k|of]u ;fdfGo aGb}

uPsf] 5 . slxns] fxLF l6eLdf lj1fkg

x]bf{ zAb tyf lrqnfO{ snfTds ¿kdf

rfndf NofP/ cl8of] / lel8of] ;uF }

k|bzg{ u/s] f] bV] g'ePsf] xfn] f . o:tf] lrq g= 2.13
lj1fkg x]bf{ b]vfpg vfh] s] f] s/' fnfO{

bzs{ n] k:| 6 ¿kn] a'e\mg] ub{5g\ . To:t} sDKo'6/, kf| ]hS] 6/, l:ks/, kbf{ cflb ko| fu] u/L

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwsf] sIffdf To; lsl;dsf kf7o\ j:t' ;dfj]z ePsf lel8of] x]g{ ;lsG5 .

b}lgs hLjgdf bV] g] / ;'Gg] u/s] f zAb, lrq, Wjlg, Plgd;] g / lel8of]sf] ;+of]hg g}

dlN6ldl8of xf] . ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf ljifoj:t' a'emfpg o;sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .

lrq g= 2.14
kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] dlN6ldl8ofsf] Jofks ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . lzIff, dgf]/~hg, Jofkf/ cflb
If]qdf o;sf] cTolws k|of]u eO/xs] f] 5 . lzIff Ifq] df k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu
dlN6ldl8ofsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . k|f/lDes sIffdf cIf/, ;ªV\ of, syf, sljtf, uLt cflbnfO{
dlN6ldl8ofsf ¿kdf k|bz{g ul/G5 . o;/L k|bzg{ ul/Psf ;fduL| l;sfOsf nflu a9L
ke| fjsf/L x'G5g\ . dlN6ldl8ofdf cIf/ tyf lrqnfO{ snfTds rfn lbg / cl8of]
tyf lel8of] ldnfpg ;ˆ6jo] / (software) sf] cfjZostf k5{ . sIffsf] k|ofh] gsf
nflu dfOj|mf];ˆ6 kfj/kf]OG6 (Microsoft Powerpoint) ko| fu] u/L dlN6ldl8of;lxtsf
ljifoj:t' (multimedia content) tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . cgnfOg dfWoddf dlN6ldl8of
k|:tt' Ls/0fsf nflu Google slide sf] klg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

44