G-6 Science and Technology

lj|mofsnfk 7.19

Pp6f sf7sf] n6\7Lsf] ;xfotfn] ;g8fon agfpg'xf;] \ . pSt ;g8fonnfO{ 3fd nfUg]
7fpdF f /fVgx' f];\ . ;g8fonaf6 aGg] 5fofsf] nDafO / 5fofsf] lbzf lrxg\ nufO{ ;do
kQf nufpgx' f];\ .

lrq g= 7.14
1. lbgsf] s'g ;dosf] 5fof nfdf] / s'g ;dosf] 5fof 5f]6f] x'G5 <

2. o; ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df laxfg, lbpF;f] / an] s' f xfd|f] 5fofsf] lbzf tyf ;fOh
km]l/g'sf sf/0f atfpgx' f];\ .

3. cFWof/fdf /flvPsf j:t'sf jl/kl/ aQL 3d' fpFbf j:t'sf] 5fofdf s] kl/jt{g xG' 5 <
j:t' / aQLsf] b'/L abNbf s] x'G5, cWoog ug'x{ f;] \ .

;f/f+z

1. ks| fz zlStsf] Ps ¿k xf,] h;n] j:tx' ¿ b]Vg dbt u5{ .
2. ks| fz Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{ 7fpFdf l;wf hfG5 .
3. ls/0fk'~hsf] ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] c+znfO{ ls/0f elgG5 .
4. k|sfz l;wf hfG5 eGg] l;4fGtdf lkgxfn] Sofd]/f agfOG5 .
5. lkgxfn] Sofd/] f sg' } nG] ;sf] ko| fu] lagf dl;gf] Kjfnaf6 ks| fz k7fO{ 6]l« ;ª

kk] /df cfs[lt agfpg] lgs} ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] Sofd]/f xf] .
6. ckf/bz{s j:t'af6 k|sfz gl5g{] ePsfn] To;sf] 5fof aGb5 .
7. 5fof ;3g 5fof / lj/n 5fof u/L bO' { ks| f/sf x'G5g\ .
8. 5fofsf] cfsf/ j:t' / k|sfzsf] ;f| t] sf] b'/Ldf e/ kb5{ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 145

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb eg{'xf];\ M
ls/0f l;wf 5fof kbf{ 58\s]

-s_ ks| fz s]jn /]vfdf dfq hfG5 .

-v_ ls/0fk'~hsf] ;fgf] cz+ nfO{ elgG5 .

-u_ ckf/bz{ s j:ta' f6 k|sfz gl5g]{ ePsfn] To;sf] k5fl8 b]lvG5 .

-3_ lkgxfn] Sofd]/fdf 6]l« ;ª k]k/n] sf] sfd ub{5 .

2. lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ks| fzsf] k;| f/0f s;/L xG' 5 <

-c_ afªu\ f ] -cf_ l;wf -O_ 58s\ ] -O_{ afªu\ f] / l;wf bj' }

-v_ 5fof aGg lgDglnlvtdWo] sg' cfjZos 5}g <

-c_ ks| fz -cf_ kbf{ -O_ kf/bzs{ j:t' -O{_ ckf/bz{s j:t'

-u_ k|sfzsf] ;fgf] cz+ nfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ ls/0f -cf_ ls/0f k'~h -O_ 5fof -O{_ cfsl[ t

-3_ lkgxf]n Sofd/] fdf j:t'sf] cfs[lt s:tf] bl] vG5 <

-c_ ;N' 6f ] -cf_ pN6f ] -O_ 7f8f ] -O{_ t;] f{]

-ª_ 5fofsf] ;fOh sg' cj:yfdf 7'nf] agfpg ;lsG5 <
-c_ ;|ft] nfO{ j:ts' f] glhs nu]/
-cf_ j:tn' fO{ ;f| ]tsf] glhs nu/]
-O_ kbfn{ fO{ j:ts' f] glhs nu]/
-O{_ …cÚ / …cfÚ b'j}

3. km/s 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ls/0f / ls/0f k~' h
-v_ ;3g 5fof / lj/n 5fof

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

146

4. tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ 5fof egs] f] s] xf] < 5fof slt k|sf/sf] x'G5 < ;feF m / lbpF;f] 5fofsf] nDafO
lsg km/s kb5{ <

-v_ k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf dfq k;| f/0f x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ lrq;lxt JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ s] xfdL lagf nG] ; klg Sofd]/f agfpg ;S5f}F < o; Sofd]/fsf] gfd s] xf] <
-3_ k|sfz l;wf /v] fdf dfq k|;f/0f xG' 5 eg] lkgxf]n Sofd]/fdf j:t'sf] cfsl[ t

lsg pN6f] bl] vG5 <
-ª_ aNa afNbf o;sf] rf/} lbzfdf pHofnf] xG' 5 . ks| fz l;wf /v] fdf dfq k;| f/0f

x'G5 eGg] tYosf cfwf/df of] s;/L ;Dej eof] < ljrf/ k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .
-r_ vfnL afs;df ldNg] s/' f nv] L rf6{ k"/f ugx'{ f];\ M

1.

5fof s;/L aG5 <

s] xf] < lsg rflxG5 <

2. k|sfz 3.

s:tf] /]vfdf k;| f/0f x'G5 <

4.

kd| fl0ft ug{ sg' lj|mofsnfk ug{] <

5.

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 147

7.4 Wjlg (Sound)

Wjlg s] xf] < Wjlg s;/L pTkGg x'G5 < of] xfdf| ] sfg;Dd s;/L k'U5, 5nkmn u/fF} .
Wjlg Ps k|sf/sf] zlSt xf] . of] j:t'sf] sDkgaf6 t/ª\usf ¿kdf pTkGg x'G5 . pSt
t/ªu\ xfd|f] sfg;Dd k'U5 . xfdL b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf Wjlg ;'G5fF} . oLdWo] sx] L
Wjlg xfdLnfO{ cfjZos k5g{ \ eg] s]xL cgfjZos xG' 5g\ . sx] L Wjlg xfdLnfO{ dg k5g{ \
eg] s]xL xfdLnfO{ dg kb}g{ g\ .

t/ª\u (Wave)
lj|mofsnfk 7.20
Pp6f nfdf] 8f/] LnfO{ bO' { hgf ;fyL ldn]/ tGsfpg'xf];\ . pSt 8f/] Lsf] Ps 5]paf6 la:tf/}
em6s\ f//] cjnf]sg ug{'xf;] \ .

lrq g= 7.15
1. 8f]/Lsf] Ps 5p] af6 la:tf/} em6s\ fbf{ s] bl] vG5 <
zfGt kfgLdf 9'ª\uf ˆofsF k] l5 kfgLsf] ;txdf tn / dfly ub{} lsgf/lt/ lxFl8/xs] f h:t}
u/L 5fn bl] vG5g\, o;nfO{ xfdL t/ªu\ eGb5f}F . oL t/ª\u rf/}lt/ k}mlnPsf] bl] vG5 .
t/ª\u kml} nbF } hfbF f kfgL eg] hxfFsf] txLF /lx/xG5 . o;} ks| f/n] tGs]sf] 8f/] Lsf] Ps
5]paf6 em6\sfbf{ klg t/ª\u pTkGg xG' 5 . pSt t/ª\u jm| da4 ¿kdf tndfly xF'b} csf{]

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

148

5p] ;Dd k;| f/0f ePsf] bl] vG5 . o;k|sf/ s'g} j:t' sDkg xFb' f dfWoddf zlSt k|;f/0f x'g]
k|lj|mofnfO{ t/ªu\ elgG5 .

Wjlgsf ;f| t] (Sources of sound) lrq g= 7.16

lj|mofsnfk 7.21
Pp6f l:6nsf] yfn / rDrf Nofpgx' f];\ . rDrfn] yfnnfO{ la:tf/}
lxsfP{ / cjnfs] g ug{x' f];\ .

1. s] rDrfn] lxsf{pFbf yfndf sDkg pTkGg x'G5 <
2. s] yfndf sDkg pTkGg ePkl5 cfjfh cfp5F <
3. pSt yfnnfO{ xftn] 5Fb' f sDkg cfpF5 ls /f]lsG5 <
4. s] o:t} ks| f/sf lj|mofsnfk dfbn, lutf/, 3G6L cflbdf

klg ug{ ;lsG5 <

dflysf ljm| ofsnfkaf6 hfgsf/L kf| Kt xG' 5 ls yfnsf] sDkgaf6 xfjfdf t/ª\u pTkGg
xG' 5 . pSt t/ª\u Wjlgsf ¿kdf xfjfaf6 xfd|f] sfg;Dd cfOkU' 5 . o;sf/0f Wjlgsf
nflu rflxg] dV' o lrh eg]sf] j:t'sf] sDkg xf] . Wjlg 7f];, t/n / Uof;F tLg} dfWoddf
k|zf/0f xG' 5 . pSt Wjlg t/ªu\ sf ¿kdf 7f];, t/n jf UofF;sf dfWodaf6 Ps 7fpFaf6
csf{] 7fpF;Dd kU' 5 . h'g j:ta' f6 Wjlg pTkGg xG' 5, pSt j:tn' fO{ Wjlgsf ;|f]t elgG5 .
dfbn, lutf/, 3G6L, af;F /' L cflb Wjlgsf ;f| t] x'g\ .

af;F /' L 3G6L dfbn lutf/
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ lrq g= 7.17

149

Wjlg t/ªu\ sf] pTklQ (Origin of sound wave)

yfndf sDkg xFb' f o;n] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf] xfjfnfO{ cufl8 k5fl8 (to and fro) wsn] /]
t/ª\u pTkGg u5{ eGg] s/' f dflysf] ljm| ofsnfk 7.21 af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . of] t/ªu\
xfjfsf] Pp6f s0faf6 csf{] s0f x'Fb} xfd|f sfg;Dd cfOkU' 5 / xfdL Wjlgsf ¿kdf ;G' 5fF} .
To;sf/0f Wjlg t/ª\u pTkGg x'g j:td' f sDkg / j:t'sf] jl/kl/ dfWod x'g cfjZos
k5{ . j:td' f sDkg t eof] t/ jl/kl/ sg' } dfWod 5}g eg] klg Wjlg t/ªu\ pTkGg xFb' g}
/ xfdL klg ;'Gb}gf}F .

Wjlg t/ª\usf] k;| f/0f (Propagation of sound wave)
lj|mofsnfk 7.22
Pp6f nfdf] l:k|ª Nofpg'xf;] \ . pSt l:k|ªnfO{ tGsfP/ bO' { hgfn] bj' } 5p] df ;dfTg'xf;] \ .
l:k|ªsf] Ps5p] af6 la:tf/} lxsfP{ / cjnf]sg ug{x' f];\ .
1. s] Ps 5p] af6 lxsfp{ bF f l:kª| df t/ªu\ pTkGg x'G5 <
2. s] pSt t/ªu\ Ps 5]paf6 csf{] 5p] ;Dd k'U5 <
3. o;/L t/ªu\ k|;f/0f xbF' f l:kª| sf rSsflarsf] b/' L s:tf] bl] vG5 <

vfFlbPsf] kms' ]sf]

lrq g= 7.18
dflysf ljm| ofsnfkdf l:kª| sf] Ps 5]paf6 lxsf{pFbf l:k|ªsf rSsf bfofFafofF u/L sDkg
pTkGg u5{g\ . pSt sDkg Ps 5]paf6 csf]{ 5]p;Dd kU' 5 / k/fjtg{ kl5 zlSt k'gM kms{]/
klxns] f] 5]plt/ cfpF5 . o;/L sDkg x'bF f l:kª| sf rSsf s]xL 7fpFdf vfFlbPsf / s]xL
7fpFdf kms' s] f bl] vG5g\ . l:k|ªdf sDkg x'bF f sDkg k;| f/0fsf] lbzf / rSsfsf] sDkgsf]

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

150

lbzf Pp6} xG' 5 . o:tf] ks| f/sf] t/ª\unfO{ nª\luRol' 8gn t/ª\u (longitudinal wave)
elgG5 .

dflysf ljm| ofsnfk h:t} Wjlg t/ª\u klg 7f];, t/n / UofF;sf c0fa' f6 Ps 7fpFb]lv
csf]{ 7fpF;Dd k'U5 . o; k|lj|mofnfO{ Wjlg t/ª\usf] k;| f/0f elgG5 . Wjlg t/ªu\ klg
nª\luRol' 8gn t/ªu\ ePsfn] dfWodsf s0fsf] sDkgsf] lbzf / Wjlg t/ªu\ sf] k|;f/0fsf]
lbzf Pp6} x'G5 . Wjlg t/ªu\ klg Wjlg ;|ft] sf] rf/}lt/ k|;f/0f x'G5 .

Wjlg t/ª\u k;| f/0fsf] kl| jm| of (Process of sound wave propagation)

Wjlg k;| f/0f x'g 7f;] , t/n jf Uof;F dfWodsf] cfjZostf k5{ . s'g} kbfy{ gePsf]
z"Go 7fpaF f6 Wjlg k|;f/0f xg' ;Sbg} . 7f];, t/n jf Uof;F kbfy{sf c0f' nx/} ldn/]
/xs] f x'G5g\ . ha sg' } j:t'df sDkg x'G5, o;n] glhssf] dfWodsf] c0f'nfO{ ws]N5 /
To; c0fn' ] csf{] c0f'nfO{ wsN] 5 . o;/L Psn] csfn{ fO{ wsN] bf dfWodsf c0f'x¿ slxn]
cufl8 a95\ g\ eg] slxn] k5fl8 x6\5g\ . cufl8 / k5fl8 ubf{ c0f' vflF bg] / km' Sg] ljm| of
xG' 5 . o;/L dfWodsf c0f' slxn] vflF bg] / slxn] k'mSg] xb'F } Wjlg t/ª\usf] k|;f/0f x'G5 .

lrq g= 7.19
ljleGg dfWoddf Wjlg t/ª\usf] k|;f/0f (Propagation of sound wave

in different media)

Wjlg k|;f/0f x'g 7f];, t/n jf Uof;F dfWodsf] cfjZostf k5{ t/ ljleGg dfWoddf
Wjlgsf] ju] km/s km/s x'G5 .

7f;] dfWoddf Wjlgsf] k;| f/0f (Propagation of sound wave in solid medium)

7f;] j:t'df c0f'x¿ Pscsf;{ Fu w]/} glhs xG' 5g\ . olb s'g} j:t'df sDkg eof] eg] pSt
sDkgn] 7f;] j:t'sf] c0fn' fO{ wSsf lbG5 . pSt c0f'n] cfˆgf] j/k/sf ;a} c0f'nfO{ wSsf

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 151

lbG5 . To;n} ] t/ªu\ l566\ } Pp6f c0f'af6 csf]{ c0f'df k|;f/0f xG' 5 . ctM 7f;] j:t'df
Wjlgsf] k;| f/0f ;ae} Gbf l56f] xG' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 7.23
leQfsf] Ps 5p] df Ps hgfn] sfg c8\ofpg'xf;] \ . csf{] 5]paf6 csf{] JolStn] la:tf/}
sg' } j:tn' ] sf]g{'xf];\ . ca Wjlg ;l' gG5 ls ;l' gFbg} , 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 xfdLnfO{ yfxf xG' 5 ls
7f;] j:t'af6 Wjlg k;| f/0f x'G5 .
1. dflysf lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df 3/leq

a:g] dflg;n] 3/aflx/sf] cfjfh ;G' 5g\
ls ;G' bg} g,\ 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

lrq g= 7.20

t/n dfWoddf Wjlg t/ªu\ sf] k|;f/0f (Propagation of sound wave

in liquid medium)

t/n kbfy{df c0f'x¿ s]xL vs' 'nf xG' 5g\ . v's'nf x'g] ePsfn] Pp6f c0f'nfO{ wSsf lbbF f
;f] c0f' csf{] c0f'df 7fl] Ssg sx] L ;do nfU5 . To;sf/0fn] Wjlgsf] kz| f/0f 7f]; dfWoddf
eGbf t/n dfWoddf l9nf] x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk 7.24
Ps aflN6g kfgL, Pp6f l:6nsf] yfn / Pp6f rDrf Nofpg'xf];\ . kfgLsf] aflN6gleq
yfnnfO{ rDrfn] la:tf/} lxsf{P/ aflx/ cfjfh ;'Ggx' f;] \ . Wjlg aflx/ ;'lgG5 ls ;l' gbF }g,
5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .
1. dflysf ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df kfgLleq a:g]

hgfj/n] aflx/sf] cfjfh ;'G5g\ ls ;G' bg} g\, 5nkmn
ugx'{ f];\ .

lrq g= 7.21
sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

152

UofF; dfWoddf Wjlg t/ª\usf] k|;f/0f (Propagation of sound wave

in gas medium)

UofF; kbfy{sf c0fx' ¿ w]/} vs' 'nf xG' 5g\ . v'sn' f x'g] ePsfn] Pp6f c0fn' fO{ wSsf lbbF f
;f] c0f' csf{] c0f'df 7fl] Ssg 7f;] / t/n dfWoddf eGbf w]/} ;do nfU5 . To;sf/0fn]
Wjlgsf] k|;f/0f 7f]; / t/n dfWoddf eGbf UofF; dfWoddf lgs} l9nf] x'G5 .

s] tkfO‘{n+ fO{ yfxf 5 <
l:6ndf Wjlgsf] j]u nueu 5200 m/s xG' 5, kfgLdf Wjlgsf] ju] nueu 1500 m/s xG' 5
eg] xfjfdf Wjlgsf] ju] nueu 332 m/s xG' 5 .

s] zG" o jf xfjf gePsf 7fpFdf Wjlg k;| f/0f xG' 5 <

Wjlg k|;f/0f x'g 7f];, t/n jf UofF; dfWodsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . ;"o{ / k[YjLlarsf] 7n' f]
7fpFdf zG" otf ePsfn] ;"od{ f x'g] 7'nf 7n' f lj:kmf]6sf cfjfh xfdLsxfF cfOk'Ubg} g\ . o:t}
k|sf/n] rGb|dfsf] ;txdf xfjf gePsfn] s/' fsfgL ug{ ljz]if ks| f/sf] pks/0flagf ;Dej
xb'F g} .

;f/fz+

1. sg' } j:t' sDkg xbF' f dfWoddf zlSt k|zf/0f x'g] k|ljm| ofnfO{ t/ª\u elgG5 .
2. Wjlg pTkGg ug{] j:tn' fO{ Wjlgsf] ;|f]t elgG5 .
3. Wjlg t/ª\u 7f];, t/n / Uof;F dfWodsf c0fa' f6 Ps 7fpFb]lv csf]{ 7fpF;Dd k'Ug]

k|ljm| ofnfO{ Wjlg t/ª\usf] k;| f/0f elgG5 .
4. Wjlg k|;f/0f x'g 7f;] , t/n jf UofF; dfWodsf] cfjZostf kb5{ t/ ljleGg

dfWoddf Wjlgsf] k;| f/0f b/ km/s km/s xG' 5 .
5. 7f]; j:td' f Wjlgsf] k|;f/0f ;a}eGbf l56f] xG' 5 . Wjlgsf] kz| f/0f 7f]; dfWoddf eGbf

t/n dfWoddf 9nf] xG' 5 . o;} u/L Wjlgsf] kz| f/0f 7f;] / t/n dfWoddf eGbf UofF;
dfWoddf lgs} l9nf] xG' 5 .
6. zG" o 7fpdF f Wjlg k|;f/0f xF'b}g .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 153

cEof; Wjlg t/n

1. vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb egx'{ f;] \ M
7f]; z"Go Wjlgsf ;|ft]

-s_ j:t'df sDkg xF'bf dfWoddf pTkGg xG' 5 .

-v_ Wjlg dfWoddf ;ae} Gbf l56f] k;| f/0f xG' 5 .

-u_ Wjlg 7fpFdf k|;f/0f xF'b}g .

-3_ Wjlg pTkGg ug{] j:t'nfO{ elgG5 .

2. tn lbOPsf dWo]af6 ;xL ljsNk 5fGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ lbOPsf dWo] sg' 7fpdF f Wjlgsf] ju] ;ae} Gbf w/] } x'G5 <

-c_ 7f]; -cf_ t/n

-O_ Uof;F -O{_ 7f]; / Uof;F

-v_ Wjlgsf] ult xfjfdf slt xG' 5 < -cf_ nueu 5200 m/s
-c_ nueu 332 m/s -O{_ nueu 1000 m/s
-O_ nueu 1500 m/s

-u_ Wjlg pTkGg ug]{ j:tn' fO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ Wjlgsf] ¿k -cf_ Wjlgsf] dfWod

-O_ Wjlgsf] cj:yf -O{_ Wjlgsf] ;|f]t

-3_ Wjlg k;| f/0fsf] ultsf nflu s'g jm| d ;xL xf] <

-c_ t/n > 7f]; > Uof;F -cf_ Uof;F > 7f]; > t/n

-O_ t/n > Uof;F > 7f]; -O{_ 7f;] > t/n > UofF;

3. sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ rGbd| fdf ;fyL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ ljzi] f ks| f/sf pks/0f k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

-v_ Wjlgsf] ju] 7f];df ;ae} Gbf a9L xG' 5 .

-u_ Wjlgsf] ju] Uof;F df ;ae} Gbf sd x'G5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

154

4. tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ t/ª\u eg]sf] s] xf] < of] s;/L pTkGg x'G5 <
-v_ Wjlg t/ªu\ sf] pTklQ / k|;f/0f k|lj|mofnfO{ lrq;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ 7f;] , t/n / Uof;F dfWoddf Wjlg k;| f/0f xF'bf s] s:tf ;dfgtf / leGgtf
kfpg ;lsG5 <
-3_ xfdLn] cfsfzdf lahn' L rDs]sf] sx] La/] kl5 dfq u8o\ fªu8' 'ª ;G' 5fF} . o;f]
x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-ª_ olb tkfOn{‘ ] sIffsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] leQfsf] Ps 5]pdf sfg yfKg'eof] / csf]{
5]pdf tkfO{s‘ f] ;fyLn] sfF6Ln] la:tf/} leQfdf lxsfp{ ge' of] . ;fy} csf]{ k6s
leQfdf sfg g/fvL cfjfh ;G' g] k|of; ug{'eof] eg] oL bj' } lj|mofsnfksf]
sg' cj:yfdf cfjfh ;l' gG5 xf]nf / lsg < Wjlg k|;f/0fsf cfwf/df JofVof
ugx'{ f];\ .
-r_ vfnL sf7] f k"/f ugx'{ f;] \ M

1.

s] xf] <

2. ;|f]t Wjlg kz| f/0f xg' ] 3.
dfWodx¿

k|zf/0f kl| j|mof

4.

zAbfy{

¿kfGt/0f M kl/jtg{
;/+ If0f ug{' M hfu] fpg'
9'ªu\ |f ] M b'j}tkm{ v'nf ePsf] an] gfsf/ vf]j|mf] j:t'
6]l« ;ª k]k/ M gS;f jf lrq sf]g]{ kf/bzL{ sfuh
sDkg M ysf{O
zG" o M 7f;] , t/n jf UofF; s'g} dfWod gePsf] cj:yf

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 155

PsfO 8 ljBt' \ / r'DasTj

(Electricity and Magnetism)

s:tf] j:t'nfO{ xfdL rD' as eG5f}F < sg' } j:t' r'Das xf] jf xfO] g, s;/L kQf nufpg
;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/f}F .

kmnfdsf] w'nf], lsnf jf lkgx¿nfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGg] j:tn' fO{ r'Das elgG5 . rD' asdf
Ps k|sf/sf] cfsif0{ f ug{] zlSt x'G5, h;nfO{ r'DasLo zlSt elgG5 . r'DasLo zlStsf
sf/0fn] g} o;n] sltko j:tn' fO{ cfkm" lt/ cfsif{0f ub5{ . o;/L r'Dasn] cfkm" lt/
cfsif0{ f ug{] j:t'nfO{ rD' asLo j:t' elgG5 . /]l8of,] 6l] nkmf]g, ljBt' \ df6] /, 6«flGh:6/,
dfOjm| f]kmfg] , kª\vf, l:ks/, h]g]/]6/ cflbdf rD' assf] ko| f]u x'G5 .

U cfsf/sf] r'Das 58 r'Das r'DasLo sDkf;
lrq g= 8.1

36gf k9fF} / hfgf}F

w]/} jif{ klxn] DofUg]; gfdsf] e8] fuf]7fnf kmnfdsf] sfF6L ePsf h'Qf nufP/ e8] f r/fpg
uPsf lyP . lxF8\b} hfFbf cs:dft\ pgsf] h'Qf e'OdF f 6fFl;of] . w]/} an nufP klg hQ' f
lgsfNg ;s]gg\ . cflv/ lsg o:tf] eof] eg/] vfh] L ub}{ hfFbf pSt 7fpFdf r'Das ePsf
sf/0fn] pSt h'Qf 6flF ;Psf] /x5] . o;/L r'Das kQf nfUof] h;n] rD' asLo j:t' -kmnfd_
nfO{ cfsif0{ f ubf]{ /x5] eGg] s'/f klg kQf nfus] f] lyof] .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

156

rD' asLo If]q (Magnetic field)

lj|mofsnfk 8.1 lrq g= 8.2
Pp6f 58 rD' as, kmnfdsf] wn' f] / Pp6f ;]tf] k]k/
Nofpg'xf;] \ . rD' asnfO{ kk] /dl' g l7slar efudf
/fv/] kk] /dfly kmnfdsf] w'nf] 5sg{ 'xf];\ . ca
r'Dasn] sxf;F Dd /x]sf] kmnfdsf] w'nf] cfkml" t/
tfG5 < cjnfs] g ugx'{ f];\ .

1. r'Dassf] sg' efudf kmnfdsf] wn' f] w/] }
hDdf ePsf] bl] vG5 <

2. rD' asn] kmnfdsf] ;a} wn' f] cfkml" t/ tfGg ;Sof] t <

;a} rD' assf] r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ tfGg] cfcfˆgf] Ifdtf x'G5 . lglZrt Ifq] eGbf aflx/
rD' assf] zlStsf] k|efj x'bF g} . rD' assf] jl/kl/ hlt Ifq] ;Dd r'Dasn] kmnfdsf] w'nf] jf
rD' asLo j:t'nfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGg ;S5, ToxfF;Ddsf] If]qnfO{ r'DasLo If]q elgG5 . ctM
sg' } r'Dassf] jl/kl/sf] If]q hxfF;Dd r'Dassf] c;/ cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 pSt Ifq] nfO{
r'DasLo If]q elgG5 . zlStzfnL r'Dassf] rD' asLo If]q 6f9f;Dd x'G5 eg] sdhf]/
r'Dassf] r'DasLo Ifq] glhs;Dd dfq x'G5 .

r'DasLo w|'jx¿ (Magnetic poles)

lj|mofsnfk 8.1 sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ cjnfs] g ubf{ Pp6} r'Dassf]

klg ljleGg 7fpdF f zlSt cnu cnu x'G5 eGg] s/' f yfxf

x'G5 . dflysf] ljm| ofsnfk ubf{ olb rD' asnfO{ kmnfdsf] wn' f] lrq g= 8.3
glhs lng] xf] eg] rD' assf b'j} 5]plt/ kmnfdsf] w'nf] w/] }

hDdf ePsf] bl] vG5 t/ lar efudf sd hDdf ePsf] bl] vG5 . To;sf/0f rD' assf] lar

efudf eGbf bj' } 5]plt/ r'DasLo zlSt w/] } xG' 5 . o;nfO{ wj'| elgG5 . r'Dasdf pQ/L /

blIf0fL u/L b'O{ w|'jx¿ x'G5g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 157

ljm| ofsnfk 8.2
ljm| ofsnfk 8.1 / dfly plNnlvt sfon{ fO{ kg' M bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ / rD' assf] r'DasLo
zlSt lardf eGbf w'j| df w/] } xG' 5 eGg] s/' f bv] fpg] lrq sfg] {x' f;] \ .

rD' as agfpg] ljlwx¿ (Methods of making magnet)
rD' as agfpg] w/] } ljlw 5g\ . rD' as agfpg r'DasLo j:t'x¿nfO{ dfq k|ofu] ul/G5 .
crD' asLo j:t'nfO{ rD' as agfpg ;lsbF g} . ljleGg k|sf/sf r'DasLo j:td' Wo] kmnfd
/ O:kftnfO{ w]/} h;f] r'Das agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;/L aGg] rD' asnfO{ s[lqd r'Das
elgG5 . r'DasLo j:ta' f6 sl[ qd rD' as agfpg] sx] L ljlw lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ /u8g\ ] ljlw (Stroking method)
-v_ ljBt' Lo ljlw (Electrical method)

/u8\g] ljlw (Stroking method)
r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ :yfoL rD' asn] /u8/] rD' as agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L r'Das agfpg]
ljlw klg w]/} ks| f/sf 5g\ . tLdWo] :yfoL rD' asn] r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ Psfx] f/] f] lbzfdf
/u8]/ r'Das agfpg] ljlw tn lbOPsf] 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 8.3
Pp6f r'DasLo j:t' -kmnfdsf] kftf jf lsnf_ nfO{ 6]a'ndfly /fVgx' f];\ . Pp6f :yfoL
58 r'Dassf] pQ/L w|'jn] pSt rD' asLo j:tn' fO{ Ps 5]paf6 :kz{ u//] csf{] 5p] ;Dd
k'¥ofpgx' f];\ . csf]{ 5]pdf k'uk] l5 rD' asnfO{ p7fO{ klxn]s} 7fpFdf /fv]/ k'gM /u8\g'xf;] \ .
o;/L sx] L a/] /u8]kl5 rD' asLo j:t' rD' as aG5 . r'Dassf] hg' w|'j r'DasLo j:t'sf]
h'g 5p] af6 p7fOG5, Tof] 5p] df ljk/Lt wj|' pTkGg x'G5 .

lrq g= 8.4
1. s] of] ljlw ko| f]u u/L lsnf, lkg, An]8 cflb j:tn' fO{ rD' as agfpg ;lsG5 <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

158

lj|mofsnfk 8.3 af6 xfdLn] yfxf kfp5F f}F ls :yfoL r'Dasn] r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ Psfx] f/] f]
lbzfdf /u8/] r'Das agfpg ;lsG5 .

ljBt' Lo ljlw (Electrical method)

lj|mofsnfk 8.4
Pp6f kmnfdsf] lsnf / nueu Ps ld6/ hlt nfdf] s'rfnsn] 9fs]sf] (insulated)
tfdfsf] tf/ Nofpgx' f;] \ . kmnfdsf] lsnfdf tfdfsf] tf/n] nueu 80 b]lv 100 kmGsf;Dd
Ps} lbzfaf6 a]g'{xf;] \ . o;/L Ps} lbzfaf6 al] /;s]kl5 pSt tf/sf b'O{ 5p] nfO{ ;n] sf
b'O{cf]6f w|j' ;uF hf]8g\ x' f];\ . pSt kmnfdsf] lsnfnfO{ r'DasLo j:t' h:t} kmnfdsf] wn' f],
lkg, lsnf, An]8 cflbsf] glhs nu]/ xg] {x' f;] \ .

lrq g= 8.5
1. s] pSt kmnfdsf] lsnfn] kmnfdsf] w'nf,] lkg, lsnf, cflbnfO{ cfsif{0f u5{ <
2. kmnfdsf] lsnfsf] jl/kl/ al] /Psf] tf/sf] kmGsfsf] ;ª\Vof 36fpFbf jf a9fpbF f

pSt ljBt' \ rD' assf] zlStdf s] kl/jtg{ cfpF5 <
3. lsnfsf] jl/kl/ a]l/Psf] tf/sf] kmGsfsf] ;ª\Vof l:y/ /fvL ljBt' \ ;]nsf]

;ª\Vof a9fpbF f jf 36fpFbf pSt ljBt' \ rD' assf] zlStdf s] kl/jtg{ cfpF5 <
4. a]l/Psf] tf/sf] Pp6f 6K' kfnfO{ ;]naf6 5'6o\ fpFbf pSt ljBt' \ r'Dasdf s]

kl/jt{g cfp5F <

ljB'ts\ f] dbtn] klg rD' as agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f lj|mofsnfk 8.4 af6 yfxf x'G5 .
ljB't\sf] ko| f]u u/L agfOPsf] r'Das nfO{ ljB't\ r'Das elgG5 . o:tf] r'Das c:yfoL
x'G5 . cfjZos k/] ljBt' \ kj| fx u//] ljBt' \ r'Das agfOG5 eg] cfjZos gk/] ljBt' \ k|jfx
/f]s/] ljB't\ r'Dassf] r'DasTj x6fpg ;lsG5 . o;/L rD' as agfpFbf ljB'tsf] ;|f]tsf]
¿kdf 3/df jf ljBfnodf h8fg ul/Psf] nfOgsf] ko| fu] af6 r'Das aGbg} .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 159

ljB't\ rD' assf] Ifdtf kl/jt{g (Change in magnetic strength of

an electromagnet)

ljB't\ r'Dassf] IfdtfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ 36a9 ug{ ;lsG5 . olb tf/sf] kmGsfsf]
;ª\Vof a9fOof] eg] ljB't\ rD' asLo Ifdtf a9\5 eg] kmGsfsf] ;ªV\ of 36fOof] eg]
rD' asLo Ifdtf klg 36\5 . o;} k|sf/n] ;]nsf] ;ª\Vof a9fOof] eg] ljBt' \ rD' assf] Ifdtf
a9\5 eg] ;n] sf] ;ª\Vof 36fOof] eg] ljB't\ rD' asLo Ifdtf 365\ .

ljBt' \ r'Dassf] pkofl] utf (Use of electromagent)

ljm| ofsnfk 8.5
tkfO‘s+{ f] 3/df s] s:tf ljB't\ rD' as k|ofu] ePsf pks/0fx¿ k|ofu] eO/x]sf 5g\,
cfkmF}n] x]/]/, vfh] /] / cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] ]/ ;r" L tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

ljBt' \ r'Dassf] ko| f]u ljB't\ kª\vf, ljBt' \ df6] /, ljBt' \ 3G6L cflbdf xG' 5 .

;f/fz+

rD' asLo w'j| r'DasLo Ifq] rD' asn] cfˆgf]
ke| fj bv] fpg ;Sg]
pQ/L / blIf0fL w'|j rD' as
If]q

rD' as agfpg] ljlw

/u8\g] ljlw ljB'tLo ljlw pkof]u ljB't\ kª\vf, ljBt' \
df6] /, ljB't\ 3G6L
Ifdtf a9fpg s] ug{] <
tf/sf] kmGsfsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg], cflbdf

;n] sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg]

Concept map 12

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

160

8.2 ljB't\ (Electricity)

ljBt' \sf] cfjZostf s] s]df x'G5 < tkfO‘{n] ljB't\af6 rNg] s:tf s:tf pks/0f
bV] g'ePsf] 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ . xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ug{ ljBt' \sf]
cfjZostf kb5{ . vfgf ksfpg, cfO/g ug{, nu' f w'g, sf7] fnfO{ pHofnf] kfg{ lah'nL
aQLsf] cfjZostf k5{ . 6]lnkmfg] , 6]lnlehg, /l] 8of,] sDKo6' /, lx6/, cfO/g, ljB't\ df]6/,
Po/ slG8;g cflb pks/0fx¿ klg ljBt' a\ f6} ;~rfng xG' 5g\ . cfhef]ln w/] } pBfu]
/ sf/vfgf klg ljBt' a\ f6} ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . o;sf/0f cfw'lgs o'udf ljBt' \ clt
cfjZos zlStsf] ;|f]t dflgG5 .

ljB't\sf ;|f]tx¿ (Sources of electricity)

ljB't\ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . tLdWo] ;n] , kmf6] f] ;]n, 8fOgfdf,] h]g/] ]6/
cflb kd| 'v ¿kn] ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{] pks/0f xg' \ . ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{] pks/0fnfO{
ljBt' s\ f ;f| t] elgG5 .

8«fO{ ;n] kmf6] f] ;n] 8fOgfdf ] hg] /] ]6/
lrq g= 8.6

;n] (Cell)

tkfOn+‘{ ] 6rn{ fO6, /l] 8of] cflbdf ;]n k|of]u u/]sf] bV] ge' Psf] 5 < o;n] s;/L sfd u5{
xf]nf, 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ . ;]nn] /f;folgs zlStnfO{ ljB't\ zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f u5{ . pSt
ljB't\ zlStnfO{ pks/0fsf] ;xfotfdf k|sfz, tfk, Wjlg cflb zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 161

;fwf/0f ;n] (Simple Cell)

xfdLn] 8«fO;n] t bv] ]s} 5f}F . o;sf] k|ofu] 6r{nfO6, /]l8of], leQ] 38L cflbdf ul/G5 .
s] tkfO‘n+{ ] ;fwf/0f ;]n bV] ge' Psf] 5 < o;sf] agfj6 s:tf] xG' 5 < o;n] s;/L ljBt' \
pTkfbg u5{, 5nkmn u/fF} .

lj|mofsnfk 8.6
;fjwfgLM ;fwf/0f ;n] df ;Nk\mo'l/s cDn (sulphuric acid) sf] ko| fu] ul/Psfn] lzIfssf]
lgu/fgL / ;xof]u lagf o;df sfd ug'{xb'F }g .

Pp6f las/ jf sfrF sf] lunf;, Pp6f tfdfsf] kftf, Pp6f h:tf kftf, tfdfsf] tf/sf
bO' {cf6] f 6j' |mf, lkmSsf ;Nk\mo'l/s cDn / Pp6f 6rn{ fO6sf] aNa Nofpg'xf];\ . lzIfssf]
lgu/fgL / ;xofu] df las/df cfwfhlt lkmSsf ;Nkm\ ol' /s cDn (dilute sulphuric
acid) /fVgx' f;] \ . ca lkmSsf cDn /flvPsf] las/df

Pp6f tfdfsf] kftf / csf{] h:tfsf] kftf aNj :jLr
8a' fpg'xf];\ . tL kftfnfO{ ;r' fns tf/n]
hf]8/] pSt tf/nfO{ aNa;uF hf8] /] cjnf]sg tfdf + - h:tf
ugx{' f;] \ .
lkmSsf ;Nˆo'l/s cDn
1. s] o;/L ags] f] ;/+ rgfaf6 aNa aN5 < lrq g= 8.7

2. s] o; ;n] af6 nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBt' \
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 <

3. s] pSt ;n] nfO{ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{]
7fp;F Dd nh} fg ;xh 5 <

;fwf/0f ;]nn] /f;folgs zlStnfO{ ljBt' \ zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ljBt' \ pTkfbg u5{ . o;
;n] df ;Nkm\ o'l/s cDn k|ofu] u/]sfn] Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpF nh} fg ;xh xbF' g} . o;af6
w]/} ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFb}g . of] ;]n nfdf] ;do;Dd k|ofu] ug{ klg ;lsFb}g . o;sf/0f
xfdf| ] b}lgs k|of]usf nflu of] ;n] sd pkofu] L 5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

162

lj|mofsnfk 8.7

Pp6f sfutLdf tfdf / h:tfsf] kftf UofNefgfl] d6/
s]xL b'/Ldf uf8\gx' f;] \ . ca tfdfsf] tf/ /

UofNefgfl] d6/nfO{ lrqdf bv] fPh:t} u/L

kftfdf hf]8]/ cjnfs] g ug'x{ f;] \ . lrq g= 8.8
1. s] o;/L ag]sf] ;+/rgfaf6 aNa aN5 <

2. s] :ofp, cfn', efu] 6] cflbaf6 klg ljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsG5 <

ljBt' \ kl/ky (Electric Circuit)

lj|mofsnfk 8.8

lrqdf lbPh:t} Pp6f 8«fO{ ;]n, tfdfsf]
tf/, l:jr / aNanfO{ hf]8\g'xf;] \ . o;/L
ag]sf] ;+/rgfsf] l:jr lyr/] aNa aN5

ls aNbg} , xg] '{xf;] \ . ca l:jrnfO{ v'nf lrq g= 8.9
u/L k'gM aNanfO{ x]gx{' f];\ .
1. l:jr lyRbf aNa aN5 t/ l:jr

v'nf ubf{ aNa aNbg} , lsg <

2. o; ;/+ rgfdf 8f« O;n] , tfdfsf] tf/, l:jr / aNasf] sfd s] xf] <

ljBt' \ Ps ks| f/sf] zlSt xf] . o; zlStnfO{ ks| fz, tfk, Wjlg, rD' as cflb zlStdf
¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . aQL afNg, lx6/ rnfpg, kªv\ f rnfpg, /]l8of,] 6l] nlehg,
sDo6' / ;~rfng ug{ ljBt' \ zlStsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . ljBt' \ kj| fx x'g] af6fnfO{ ljBt' \ kl/ky
elgG5 . ljB't\ kl/kydf ljBt' s\ f] ;f| ]t -;n] _, ;'rfns tf/ / nf]8 -aNa_ xg' 'k5{ . ljBt' \
kj| fx xg' ] u/L ljB't\sf] ;f| ]t, ;'rfns tf/ / nf8] hf8] /] agfOPsf] ljBt' \ k|jfx xg' ] lgoldt
af6fnfO{ ljBt' \ kl/ky elgG5 .

ljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ 8«fO{ ;]n, kmf6] f];n] , 8fOgfdf], hg] ]/]6/ cflb pks/0fnfO{ ljB'ts\ f] ;|ft]
elgG5 . ljBt' s\ f dbtn] ;~rfng xg' ] pks/0fnfO{ ljBt' \ pks/0f cyf{t\ nf]8 elgG5 .
aQL, lx6/, kª\vf, /]l8of], 6l] nlehg cflb ljB't\ nf8] x'g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 163

aGb / v'nf kl/ky (Closed and open circuit)

ljm| ofsnfk 8.8 nfO{ kg' M :d/0f ugx{' f];\ . o;df l:jr cg ubf{ aQL aN5 . ljB'ts\ f] o:tf]
kl/kynfO{ aGb kl/ky elgG5 . dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf l:jr ckm u/s] f] cj:yfdf jf s'g}
:yfgaf6 tf/ 56' s] f] cj:yfdf aQL aNb}g . ljBt' s\ f] o:tf] kl/kynfO{ vn' f kl/ky elgG5 .
nf8] n] sfd ul//x]sf] ljB't\sf] kl/kynfO{ aGb kl/ky elgG5 eg] nf8] n] sfd gu/s] f]
ljBt' s\ f] kl/kynfO{ vn' f kl/ky elgG5 .

ljBt' \ pks/0fx¿sf] ;fª\sl] ts lrx\g (Symbols used in electric circuit)

ljm| ofsnfk 8.8 df bv] fPh:t} ljBt' \ kl/kysf] /v] fª\sg ubf{ pks/0fx¿sf] jf:tljs
cfsf/ / agf6] b]lvg] lrq sf]bf{ emGeml6nf], ufxf| ] / ;do nfUg] x'G5 . To;n} ] ljleGg
pks/0fsf] ;fª\s]lts lrx\g sf]//] ljB't\ kl/kysf] /]vfªs\ g ul/G5 . sx] L dxìjk0" f{
pks/0fsf] gfd / ;fªs\ ]lts lrx\g tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

ljB't\ pks/0f ;fª\sl] ts lrxg\
tf/

ghf]l8Psf tf/x¿

hf]l8Psf tf/x¿

l:jr +-
ljB't\ ;]n
Aof6«L +- +-
cj/fw] -nf]8_
lrd jf aQL

k\moh'

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

164

lj|mofsnfk 8.9
8«fO;n] , ;'rfns tf/, l:jr / aNjnfO{ dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf ;fªs\ l] ts lrx\g
ko| fu] u/L lj|mofsnfk 8.8 df lbOPsf] kl/kynfO{ k'gM agfpg'xf;] \ .
1. lj|mofsnfk 8.8 / 8.9 sf] dWo] s'g kl/kysf] lrq sfg] { ;lhnf] / l56f] eof] <

2. s] cGo pks/0fsf nflu klg o:t} ks| f/sf ;fªs\ l] ts lrxg\ ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 <

2. lj|mofsnfk 8.8 / 8.9 sf lrqlar sg' } bO' { leGgtf atfpg'xf];\ .

Wff/f ljBt' \sf] c;/ (Effect of current electricity)

ljB't\ zlStnfO{ cGo zlStsf ¿kx¿df kl/jt{g u/]/ ljleGg sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{
wf/f ljBt' \sf] c;/ elgG5 . wf/f ljBt' \sf ljleGg c;/ x'G5g\ . h:t}M ks| fz c;/,
tfk c;/, rD' asLo c;/, /f;folgs c;/ cflb . oLdWo] oxfF tfk c;/sf af/d] f xfdL
5nkmn ug]{ 5f}F .

Wff/f ljBt' s\ f] tfk c;/ (Heating effect of current electricity)

ljm| ofsnfk 8.10

;fjwfgL M gfOj|mfd] jf sG:6]G6o\ fgsf] tf/nfO{ xftn] 5g' ' x'Fbg} . gfOjm| fd] tf/nfO{ g89g\ ]

;txdf /flvgk' 5{ .

Pp6f 8«fO{ ;]n, tfdfsf] tf/, l:jr / gfOjm| f]d jf sG:6]G6\ofgsf] tf/nfO{ 6a] 'n jf sf7sf]

kmNofsdfly /fv/] hf8] g\ x' f];\ . o;/L ags] f] ;/+ rgfsf] l:jr cg u/]/ sx] La]/ klvg{ 'xf];\ .

1. sx] La/] kl5 s] gfOj|mfd] jf sG:6G] 6\ofgsf] tf/ tfT5 <

2. o;/L gfOjm| fd] jf sG:6]G6\ofgsf] tf/ tfTg'sf] sf/0f s] xf], 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

3. tkfO‘{s+ f 3/df ePsf ljBt' \ k|of]u Aof6«L
ubf{ tfk lbg] pks/0f lx6/, lsTnL, tfdfsf] tf/ + -
kfgL ttfpg] /8, O:qL cflbnfO{
l:jr

cfˆgf] cleefjssf] lgu/fgL /

;xof]udf ljBt' d\ f hf8] ]/ tfk pTkGg gfOj|mfd] tf/
ePsf] cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ .
lrq g= 8.10

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 165

sg' } sg' } wft'sf SjfOndf ljBt' \ kj| fx ubf{ pSt SjfOn cTolws tft/] tfk pTkGg ub{5 .
o; k|ljm| ofnfO{ ljB'ts\ f] tfk c;/ elgG5 . o;sf] pkof]u sf7] f Gofgf] kfg{] lx6/, vfgf
ksfpg] lx6/, kfgL ttfpg] ljB't\ lsTnL, kfgL ttfpg] Od;{g /8, nu' fdf nufpg] O:qL
cflbdf ul/G5 . oL pks/0fdf ko| f]u ug{] SjfOnnfO{ lxl6ª On]dG] 6 (heating element)
elgG5 .

Onl] S6s« s]6\nL lx6/ cfO/g Od;{g /8
km\ oh' (Fuse) lrq g= 8.11

slxn]sfxLF ljBt' \ kl/kydf To;sf] IfdtfeGbf a9L

ljB't\ k|jfx xg' ;S5 . o;f] ePdf kl/kydf hfl] 8Psf

ljleGg k|sf/sf ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ laug| ;S5g\

/ cfunfuL xg' ;S5 . o; k|sf/sf] b'3{6gfaf6

arfpg ljB't\ kl/kydf ;'/IffTds pkfo ul/Psf]

x'G5 . o:tf] b'36{ gfaf6 aRg km\o'hsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . lrq g= 8.12
kmo\ h' sd tfkjm| ddf klUng] Pp6f tf/sf] 5f6] f] 6'jm| f

xf] . o;nfO{ ljBt' \ kl/kydf hfl] 8G5 . sx] L u/L kl/kydf a9L ljBt' \ kj| fx xg' vf]h]df

pSt tf/ kUn/] ljB't\ kl/ky vn' f xG' 5 / ljBt' \ k|jfx aGb x'G5 . k\mo'htf/nfO{ xf]N8/ /

;s]6df /fv/] k|ofu] ul/G5 . olb pSt tf/ tft/] klUnof] eg] a66\ f lgsfnL csf{] km\ o'h

tf/ xfn/] kg' M ko| f]u ul/G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 8.11
kmnfdsf] tf/sf lardf Pp6f gfOngsf] 8f]/Lsf] ;fgf] 6'jm| f afwF L dg} aQLn] s'g} Pp6f
tf/nfO{ ttfpg'xf];\ . ca s] xG' 5 < cjnfs] g ugx'{ f;] \ .
1. tfksf] k|efjn] s'g 7fpaF f6 8f]/L klxn] 6l' jm| G5 <
2. o;sf] sfo{ljlw / kmo\ h' sf] sfol{ jlwdf s] ;dfgtf 5, cWoog ug{x' f;] \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

166

Pd=\ ;L=aL= (Miniature Circuit Breaker- MCB)

k\moh' sf] tf/ kUn]df tf/ km]g{k' g{] x'G5 . of] sfo{ emGeml6nf] lrq g= 8.13
/ ;a}sf nflu ;xh x'Fb}g . To;}n] Pd\=;L=aL= sf] ljsf;
ePsf] xf] . Pd=\ ;L=aL= k\mo'hsf] ljsl;t ¿k xf] . o;n] klg
cfjZostfeGbf a9L ljBt' \ wf/f (current) k|jfx ePdf
:jtM l:jr ckm (switch off) ul/lbG5 / ljB't\ k|jfxnfO{
/fs] L b3' {6gf x'gaf6 hfu] fp5F . kg' M l:jr cg (switch
on) ugf;{ fy o;n] sfd ug{ yfN5 .

;f/f+z

1. rD' asLo j:t'x¿nfO{ cfsif0{ f ug]{ j:t'nfO{ r'Das elgG5 .
2. sg' } r'Dassf] jl/kl/sf] cfsif0{ f jf ljsif{0f cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] Ifq] nfO{ To;

r'Dassf] r'DasLo If]q elgG5 .
3. ljBt' \sf] ko| f]u u/L agfOPsf] rD' asnfO{ ljB't\ rD' as elgG5 .
4. ;fwf/0f ;n] n] /f;folgs zlStnfO{ ljBt' \ zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ljBt' \ pTkfbg u5{ .
5. ljB't\ lg/Gt/ kj| fx x'g] u/L ljB'ts\ f] ;|f]t, ;'rfns tf/ / nf]8 hf8] ]/ agfOPsf]

lgoldt af6fnfO{ ljB't\ kl/ky elgG5 .
6. nf8] n] sfd ul//xs] f] ljB't\sf] kl/kynfO{ aGb kl/ky elgG5 eg] nf]8n] sfd

gu/]sf] ljBt' \sf] kl/kynfO{ vn' f kl/ky elgG5 .
7. ljB't\ zlStnfO{ tfk zlStdf kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ ljB'ts\ f] tfk c;/ elgG5 .
8. ljB't\ k|jfx ubf{ cTolws tft/] ljBt' \ zlStnfO{ tfk zlStdf kl/jtg{ ug]{ wft'sf]

SjfOnnfO{ lxl6ª On]d]G6 (heating element) elgG5 .
9. km\oh' sd tfkj|mddf klUng] tf/sf] Pp6f 6j' m| f xf] .
10. Pd=\ ;L=aL=n] cfjZostfeGbf a9L ljBt' \ wf/f k|jfx ePdf :jtM l:jr ckm ul/lbG5

/ ljB't\ k|jfxnfO{ /f]sL b'36{ gf x'gaf6 hfu] fpF5 . of] k\mo'hsf] ljsl;t ¿k xf] .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 167

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb egx'{ f];\ M
rD' asLo If]q ljBt' \ r'Das r'DasLo j:t' r'DasLo ljBt' ;Nkm\ ol' /s cDn

-s_ r'Dasn] cfsif0{ f ug]{ j:tn' fO{ elgG5

-v_ ;fwf/0f ;]ndf sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-u_ r'Dasn] cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0f ug]{ jl/kl/sf] If]qnfO{ elgG5 .

2. tn lbOPsf dWoa] f6 ;xL ljsNk 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ oLdWo] s;nfO{ r'Dasn] cfkm" lt/ tfGbg} <

-c_ kmnfdsf] lkg -cf_ kmnfdsf] lsnf

-O_ kmnfdsf] wn' f ] -O_{ 9ª' u\ fsf] w'nf]

-v_ tnsf dWo] ljB't\ pTkfbg gug]{ pks/0f sg' xf] <

-c_ ;fwf/0f ;]n -cf_ 8«fO{ ;]n

-O_ ljBt' \ df6] / -O_{ h]g]/6] /

-u_ ;n] sf] ;fª\sl] ts lrx\g sg' xf] <
-c_ -cf_ -O_ + - + - -O_{

-3_ ;n] sf] sfo{ s] xf] <
-c_ ljBt' \ zlStnfO{ /f;folgs zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{]
-cf_ /f;folgs zlStnfO{ ljBt' \ zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{]
-O_ /f;folgs zlStnfO{ ks| fz zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{
-O_{ /f;folgs zlStnfO{ Wjlg zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{

-ª_ ˆo'hsf] k|of]u lsg ul/G5 <
-c_ kl/kydf ljBt' \ zlStnfO{ a9fpg
-cf_ kl/kydf ljB't\ zlStnfO{ 36fpg
-O_ kl/kydf IfdtfeGbf a9L ljB't\ k|jfx /fS] g
-O{_ kl/kydf ljBt' \ k|jfxsf] lbzf kl/jtg{ ug{

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

168

3. l7s jf a]l7s 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ M
-s_ rD' assf] jl/kl/sf] cfsif0{ f jf ljsif{0f ug{] Ifq] nfO{ rD' asLo w'|j elgG5 .
-v_ ;fwf/0f ;]n agfpFbf ;Nˆol' /s cDnsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
-u_ km\oh' tf/ sd tfkjm| ddf klUnG5 .
-3_ Pd\=;L=aL= km\ oh' sf] ljsl;t ¿k xf] .

4. km/s nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ aGb kl/ky / v'nf kl/ky
-v_ k\moh' tf/ / Pd\=;L=aL=

5. sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ km\ oh' eGbf Pd=\ ;L=aL= sf] k|of]u ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
-v_ km\ o'hnfO{ ;'/IffTds tf/ elgG5 .

6. tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ rD' asLo Ifq] egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ljBt' \ rD' assf] kl/efiff lbg'xf;] \ . kmnfdsf] lsnfnfO{ ljBt' \ rD' as s;/L
agfOG5 < lrq;lxt j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ ljB't\ kl/ky eg]sf] s] xf] < ljB't\ kl/ky agfpgsf nflu Gog" td pks/0fx¿
s] s] rflxG5g\ <
-3_ lxl6ª Ond] ]G6 egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f lbgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;fwf/0f ;]n egs] f] s] xf] < cfna' f6 ;fwf/0f ;n] agfpg] ljlwsf] lrq;lxt
j0fg{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
-r_ tn lbOPsf ;fªs\ ]lts lrxg\ k|ofu] u/L ljB't\ kl/ky agfpg'xf;] \ M



-5_ tkfO{‘+ PSn} ePsf an] f 3/sf] ljB't\sf] kmo\ 'h uof] eg] s] ug{'xG' 5 < cfˆgf]
ljrf/ n]Vgx' f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 169

-h_ /fl] g;sf] 3/sf] ljB't\ kl/kydf ePsf] k\mo'h a]nfa]nf hn]/ k]mgk'{ g{] eof] .
pgsf l5ds] Ln] /fl] g;sf aa' fnfO{ k\mo'hsf ¿kdf Pp6f cln df]6f] tfdfsf]
tf/ /fVbf an] fan] fdf k]mg{ gkg]{ / 9S' s eP/ lah'nL k|of]u ug{ kfOg] s'/f
/fV5g\ . pSt ljrf/kl| t tkfO{s‘ f] k|ltljm| of sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .

-em_ sg' } 3/df ePsf] Pd=\ ;L=aL= a]nf an] fdf tn emg]{ / ljB't\ k|jfx aGb xg' ]
;d:of 5 . o;sf nflu 3/wgLn] sf7sf] 5:] sfn] c8o\ fP/ Pd=\ ;L=aL= tn
gemg]{ agfO{ ljBt' \ ko| f]u ubf{ s] x'G5 < tkfO{n‘ ] lbg] ;e' mfj klg nV] g'xf;] \ .

-`_ jtd{ fg ;dodf ljB't dflg;sf nflu Ps cTofjZos j:t' eO;ss] f] 5 .
o; egfOnfO{ cfkm\gf] ts;{ lxt kl' i6 ug'{xf];\ .

zAbfy{ M
;'rfns M ljB't\ kj| fx xg' ] kbfy{
sr' fns M ljBt' \ kj| fx gxg' ] kbfy{
sG:6]G6o\ fg M tfdf / lgs]naf6 ags] f] ldl>t wft'
gfOj|mfd] M lgsn / jm| fl] dodaf6 ag]sf] ldl>t wft'
lxl6ª On]dG] 6 M ljBt' \ kj| fx xF'bf tfTg] tf/sf] SjfOn

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

170

PsfO 9 kbfy{

(Matter)

xfdf| ] jl/kl/ ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ kfOG5g\ . oL dWo] w/] h} ;f] j:t'sf] cfkmg\ f] tf}n /
cfotg xG' 5 . df6f], g'g, kfgL, sf7, kmnfd, jfo' cflbnfO{ xfdL kbfy{ eGb5fF} . oLdWo] sg' }
kbfy{ z'4 x'G5g\ eg] s'g} kbfy{ cz'4 x'G5g\ . kfgL, gg' , kmnfd, tfdf cflb z'4 kbfy{ x'g\
eg] df6f, bw' , jfo' cflb cz4' kbfy{ x'g\ . cz4' kbfy{nfO{ ld>0f elgG5 .

9.1 ld>0f (Mixture)

xfdLn] cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf df6f], rfdn, b'w, bxL, lrof, xfjf cflb ljleGg ks| f/sf j:t'
b]v]sf 5f}F . s] tL ;a} kbfy{ Ps} k|sf/sf j:t'af6 ag]sf xG' 5g\ cyjf ljleGg k|sf/sf
j:t' ldn]/ ags] f x'G5g\ < lrof ksfpbF f kfgL, b'w, lrofkQL, lrgL cflb ld;fP/ agfOG5 .
wldnf] kfgLdf df6f], afn'jf, kmfx] f/] j:t' cflb ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ . gfO6«fh] g, clS;hg,
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof;F ldn]/ xfjf ags] f] xG' 5 . o;/L b'O{ jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L j:t'
efl} ts ¿kdf ldn]/ ag]sf] kbfy{nfO{ ld>0f elgG5 . hg' j:t'x¿af6 ld>0f ags] f] xG' 5,
ltgLx¿nfO{ ld>0fsf cjoj (components of mixture) elgG5 . lrof Pp6f ld>0f
xf] eg] lrof ksfpFbf ld;fOg] kfgL, b'w, lrofkQL, lrgL cflb o;sf cjoj xg' \ .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
df6f]nfO{ lsg ld>0f elgPsf] xfn] f <

ld>0fsf ks| f/ (Types of mixture)

xfdLn] ljleGg k|sf/sf cjoj ldn/] ld>0f ag]sf] b]v]sf 5f}F . kmfx] f]/ rfdndf 9ª' \uf, O6F f
/ sfrF sf ;;fgf 6'jm| f, wfgsf] laofF, e'; cflb ldl;Psf x'G5g\ . oL cjojnfO{ ;lhn};Fu
lrGg ;lsG5 t/ xfjfdf ePsf] gfO6«f]hg, clS;hg, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof;F nfO{
lrGg ;lsbF g} . o;/L ldl;g] tl/sfsf cfwf/df ld>0fnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/df af8F g\ ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;dfg ld>0f (Homogeneous mixture)
-v_ c;dfg ld>0f (Heterogeneous mixture)

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 171

lj|mofsnfk 9.1
b'O{cf]6f sfFrsf lunf; Nofpgx' f];\ . kT| os] lunf;df cfwf cfwf kfgL /fVgx' f;] \ . Pp6f
lunf;df Ps rDrf gg' / csf]{ lunf;df Ps rDrf afnj' f /fvL rDrf jf sfrF sf] ;fgf]
58sf ;xfotfn] /fd|f];Fu rnfpg'xf];\ . ca bj' } lunf;nfO{ /fdf| ];uF xg] x'{ f;] \ . s] lunf;sf]
kfgLdf g'g jf afn'jf b]Vg ;lsG5 < km]l/ b'j} lunf;nfO{ sx] L ;do l:y/ /fvL s] kl/jtg{
x'G5, x]g{'xf;] \ . g'gkfgLdf 3n' /] ljnLg x'G5 eg] afnj' f kfgLaf6 cnlUuP/ lunf;sf]
lkwF df lyluP| / a:5 .

g'g kfgL afn'jf / kfgLsf] ld>0f

lrq g= 9.1

dflysf] lj|mofsnfkaf6 k|:6 x'G5 ls gg' / kfgL cfk;df ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;G5g\ . oxfF
ldl;Psf cjojnfO{ gfªu\ f] cfFvfn] bV] g / lrGg ;lsFbg} . afnj' f / kfgL cfk;df
;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Fb}gg\ . oxfF ldl;Psf cjojnfO{ gfª\uf] cfFvfn] bV] g / lrGg
;lsG5 . o;ks| f/ ld>0fdf /x]sf ;a} j:t' jf cjoj cfk;df ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Psf
5g\ / cjojnfO{ gfª\uf] cfFvfn] b]Vg / lrGg ;lsFb}g eg] To:tf] ld>0fnfO{ ;dfg
ld>0f elgG5 . gg' kfgLsf] 3f]n, lrgLkfgLsf] 3fn] , ;f]8f kfgL, ljleGg k|sf/sf k]o
kbfy{, jfo' cflb ;dfg ld>0fsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ld>0fdf /xs] f j:t' jf cjoj ;dfg
¿kn] ldl;Psf 5}gg\ / cjojnfO{ gfª\uf] cfvF fn] bV] g / lrGg ;lsG5 eg] To:tf]
ld>0fnfO{ c;dfg ld>0f elgG5 . afnj' f ldl;Psf] kfgL, vf]nfsf] wldnf] kfgL, 9ª' \uf
jf wfgsf] laofF jf e'; ldl;Psf] rfdn cflb c;dfg ld>0fsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
1. ljm| ofsnfk 9.1 df agfOPsf dWo] s'gnfO{ ;dfg ld>0f / s'gnfO{ c;dfg ld>0f

elgG5, lsg <
2. b'wdf lrgL 3fn] ]/ aGg] ld>0f s:tf] ld>0f xf]nf <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

172

ljm| ofsnfk 9.2
ljm| ofsnfk 9.1 df u/] h:t} u/L gg' , lrgL, cNsf]xn, sk/' , sk/ ;Nkm]6, df6f,] rssf]
wn' f] cflb z'4 kbfyn{ fO{ Ps Ps u/L kfgLdf /fv/] ld>0f agfpg'xf;] \ . pSt ld>0f s'g
;dfg ld>0f / sg' c;dfg ld>0f xg' ,\ 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ .

ld>0fsf :j¿kx¿ (Forms of mixture)

ld>0f ljleGg ks| f/sf j:t' ldn/] ag]sf xG' 5g\ . ld>0fsf] cjojsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df
ld>0fsf :j¿kx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ xG' 5g\ M
-s_ 7f]; / 7f]; ldn]/ ag]sf sk/' , df6f,] kmfx] f]/ rfdn cflb ld>0f
-v_ 7f;] / t/n ldn]/ ags] f gg' kfgL, lrgLkfgL cflb ld>0f
-u_ 7f;] / UofF; ldn]/ ag]sf jfod' f w'nfsf s0f cflb ld>0f
-3_ t/n / t/n ldn]/ ags] f b3' / kfgL, dl6tn] / kfgL cflb ld>0f
-ª_ t/n / Uof;F ldn/] ags] f ljleGg ks| f/sf ko] kbfy{ -;f8] f kfgL_ cflb ld>0f
-r_ Uof;F / Uof;F ldn]/ ag]sf xfjf cflb ld>0f
;a} k|sf/sf ld>0fnfO{ Ps} ks| f/sf] ljlwaf6 5'6o\ fpg ;lsbF }g . ld>0fdf ldl;Psf
kbfyx{ ¿sf] u'0fsf cfwf/df ljleGg ljlw ko| f]u u/]/ ld>0fdf ePsf cjoj 5'6\ofOG5 .
5fGg], lyu|fpg], jfikLs/0f ug{,] l8l:6n;] gnufotsf ljljw ljlwx¿af6 klg ld>0f 56' \ofpg
;lsG5 .

ld>0f 5'6o\ fpg] ljlwx¿ (Method of separating mixture)

k|To]s ld>0fdf bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L j:t' jf cjoj ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ . tL ;a} cjoj
cfjZos jf pkof]uL gxg' klg ;S5g\ . o;sf/0f cfjZostfcg';f/ ld>0fdf /x]sf
j:t'nfO{ cnUofpg'kg]{ xG' 5 . rfdndf ldl;Psf 9'ªu\ f, O6F f / sfrF sf ;;fgf 6'j|mf, wfgsf
laofF, e;' cflb cgfjZos cjoj x'g\ . tL cgfjZos cjojx¿ Rffdnaf6 56' \ofP/ z'4
rfdn k|fKt ul/G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 173

jfikLs/0f ljlw (Evaporation) lrq g= 9.2

lj|mofsnfk 9.3
Pp6f s/fO{, tfKs] jf ttfpg] ef8F fdf Ps lunf; hlt g'gkfgL
agfpg'xf;] \ . pSt g'gkfgLnfO{ la:tf/} ttfpbF } hfgx' f];\ . gg' kfgL
tftk] l5 kfgL jfikLs/0f eP/ jfo'd08ndf hfG5 / cGTodf
efF8fdf ;]tf] kfk|f h:tf] g'g afsF L /xG5 .

1. ef8F faf6 ;a} kfgL p8/] lsg g'g dfq afFsL /x\of] <
2. o:t} ks| f/sf] k|ofu] lrgLkfgLdf ubf{ s] x'G5 < u//]

xg] x{' f];\ .

3f]nnfO{ ttfP/ 7f]; 3l' nt kbfyn{ fO{ t/n 3f]ns kbfy{af6 56' \ofpg] ljlwnfO{ jfikLs/0f
elgG5 . o; ljlwdf 3f]nnfO{ la:tf/} ttfOG5 . tftk] l5 3f]ns -kfgL_ p8/] hfG5 / 3l' nt
7f]; ef8F fdf /xG5 . oxL ljlwsf] k|ofu] u/L ;db' L| kfgLaf6 g'g lgsflnG5 .

cf;jg lj|mof (Distillation)

kfgL ttfpbF f Ps lglZrt tfkj|mddf pDn/]

afkm aG5 . ToxL afkm ha lrl;G5, kg' M kfgLdf

kl/0ft xG' 5 . o;/L kfgL ePsf] ld>0faf6

kfgLnfO{ afkmsf ¿kdf 5'6\ofP/ csf{] ef8F fdf

;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf

g'gkfgLsf] ld>0faf6 kfgLnfO{ 5'6\ofpbF f oxL

ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . gg' nfO{ pDng w]/}

tfkjm| d rflxG5 . ld>0fnfO{ ttfpFbf g'geGbf lrq g= 9.3
klxn] g} kfgL afkm aG5 . pSt afkmnfO{ lr:ofP/

kfgLdf kl/0ft ul/G5 . ld>0fdf ePsf] t/n cjojnfO{ jfkmdf kl/jt{g u/L kg' M lr:ofP/

5'6\ofpg] ljlwnfO{ cf;jg ljm| of elgG5 . k|ofu] zfnfdf afkm lr:ofP/ kfgL ;ªs\ ng ug{

Ps ljzi] f lsl;dsf] pks/0f ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ sG8]G;/ elgG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

174

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
kfgL / kfgLeGbf klxn] pDng] csf]{ t/n kbfy{ ldl;P/ ags] f] ld>0fnfO{ cf;jg
ljm| ofaf6 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 xf]nf <

kfgLeGbf sd tfkj|mddf pDng] cGo t/n kbfy{ klg x'G5g\ . kfgLsf] pDng] tfkjm| deGbf
cNsfx] nsf] pDng] tfkjm| d sd xG' 5 . cNsfx] n / kfgLsf] ld>0fnfO{ ttfpbF f kfgLeGbf
klxn] cNsfx] n afkm ag]/ lg:sG5 / ef8F fdf kfgL dfq /xG5 . o:tf] ld>0fnfO{ 56' \ofpg
cf;jg ljm| ofsf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . t/nsf] pDng] tfkj|mdcg;' f/ ld>0faf6 ttfP/
afkmsf ¿kdf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

:yfgLo kl| jlwsf ¿kdf cf;jg lj|mofsf] k|ofu] (Use of distillation as

a local technology)

sx] L ;db' fosf dflg;n] 3/d} /S;L agfpg] u/s] f]

kfOG5 . /S;L agfpg kfgL / drf{ ld;fP/ /flvPsf]

sf]bf] jf cGo cGgsf] ld>0fnfO{ ttfOG5 . o;/L

ttfpFbf ld>0faf6 kfgLeGbf l56f] cNsf]xn afkmdf

kl/0ft x'G5 h;nfO{ lr;f] kfgLsf] ;Dksd{ f NofP/ Ps

5'66\ } ef8F fdf /S;Lsf ¿kdf ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 . tfk

a9b\ } hfbF f kfgLsf] afkm klg ldl;G5, To;n} ] /S;Ldf

z4' cNsf]xn eg] xF'bg} . of] cf;jg ljlwaf6 ld>0fsf lrq g= 9.4
cjojx¿ 56' \ofpg] Ps pbfx/0f xf] . To:t} ljleGg

lsl;dsf la?jfaf6 ;'ulGwt tn] lgsfNg cf;jg ljm| ofsf] k|ofu] ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;d'b| 5p] 5fpsf dflg;n] g'g ldl>t kfgLaf6 z'4 lkpg] kfgL lgsfNgsf nflu cf;jg

lj|mofsf] ko| fu] ub{5g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 175

ljm| ofsnfk 9.4
gg' kfgLsf] 3f]naf6 g'g / kfgL 56' \ofpg] tl/sf
Pp6f km\nf:sdf cfwfhlt gg' / kfgLsf] 3f]n /fVgx' f;] \ . lrqdf b]vfPh:t} km\nf:snfO{
sG8]G;/df hf]8/] lr;f] kfgL aUg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf;] \ . kmn\ f:snfO{ la:tf/} ttfpg'xf;] \ .
tft]kl5 kfgL afkm aG5 . pSt afkm sG8]G;/sf] csf]{ 5p] df /fv]sf] sfl] gsn km\nf:s jf
dh] l/ª l;lnG8/df z'4 kfgLsf ¿kdf hDdf x'G5 .

ydfl]{ d6/

cz'4 kfgL sG8]G;/

l8l:6n;] g
ˆnf:s

tfk

z'4 kfgL

lrq g= 9.5 ;fwf/0f cf;jg ljm| of
1. s] cNsf]xn / kfgLsf] ld>0f 5'6\ofpg klg of] ljlw k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 xfn] f <

j|mf]df6f]uf| kmL (Chromatography)

slxn]sfxLF kmfpG6g] kg] n] nV] bf d;L ;/]/ cIf/ g} glrlgg] ePsf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < /ªx¿sf]
ld>0fdf x'g] kfgLn] ubf{ sfuh, sk8f, rs cflb dfWoddf klg /ªx¿ ;g{ ;S5g\ .
/ªx¿sf] ld>0fnfO{ /ª ;g{ ;Sg] dfWoddf vGofpbF f ltgLx¿ km/s km/s b/n] k|;f/0f
x'G5g\ . sx] L /ªu\ Lg kbfy{ sfuhdf l56f] km} ng] / cGo kbfy{ l9nf] km}ng] x'gfn] /ªx¿
56' \l6G5g\ . o;/L sfuhsf] k|of]u u/L rf8F f] ;g{] /ª / l9nf] ;g]{ /ªnfO{ 5'6o\ fpg] ljlwnfO{
kk] / jm| fd] f6fu] f| kmL ljlw elgG5 . ljleGg /ªu\ Lg kbfyn{ fO{ 5'6\ofpg / klxrfg ug{ kk] /
jm| f]df6f]u|fkmLsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

176

lj|mofsnfk 9.5
Pp6f lkmN6/ k]k/ lng'xf;] \ . To;sf] dWo efudf jQ[ fsf/ x'g] u/L Kjfn kfgx{' f];\ . csf{]
lkmN6/ sfuhnfO{ /f]n ug{'xf];\ / klxns] f] sfuhsf] Kjfnleq l5/fpgx' f;] \ . Kjfn glhs}
Ps yfk] f /ftf] d;L /fVg'xf;] \ / ;'Sg lbg'xf];\ . ca lrqdf h:t} Pp6f kfgL ePsf]
las/df tkfO{+n‘ ] agfPsf] agfj6nfO{ /fVg'xf;] \ . 1-2 306fkl5 cjnf]sg ugx{' f];\ . tkfO+‘{
ld>0fdf ePsf /ª 5'6l\ 6Psf] bV] g'x'g] 5 .

lrq g= 9.6

ljm| ofsnfk 9.6
Pp6f ;fgf] las/ lng'xf];\ . pSt las/df Ps yfk] f lgnf] d;LnfO{ lkmN6/ kk] /sf] 2
;]=ld= dfly kfgLsf] efudf g8A' g] u/L /fVg'xf;] \ . s]xL ;dokl5 cjnf]sg ugx{' f;] \ . tkfO‘{+
lgnf] d;L lkmN6/ kk] /df kml} nPsf] bV] gx' 'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg /ªsf d;Lsf yf]kfx¿
kfgLdf /fvL /ªx¿ 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 .

lrq g= 9.7

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 177

jm| f]df6fu] |fkmLsf] pkof]lutf (Application of Chromatography)

jm| f]df6fu|fkmL ljlwsf] k|of]u c:ktfn, k|of]uzfnf, cg;' Gwfg sG] b| cflbdf x'G5 . o;
ljlwsf pkofl] utf lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
1. ko| fu] zfnf jf cg';Gwfg sG] bd| f jm| fd] f6fu|fkmL ljlwsf] k|ofu] u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf

/;fog 56' \ofP/ klxrfg ul/G5 .
2. jm| fd] f6fuf| kmL ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L c:ktfndf lk;fa tyf /utdf ldl;Psf /;fog

5'6\ofP/ klxrfg ul/G5 .
3. o; ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg ks| f/sf /ªnfO{ ld>0faf6 56' o\ fP/ klxrfg ul/G5 .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{
Pp6f un' fasf] k"mn tyf kft NofO{ vndf lkwF ]/ emfn] lgsfNgx' f];\ . pSt emf]nnfO{ lkmN6/
u/L k]k/ j|mfd] f6fu|fkmL ljlwaf6 /ªx¿ 56' \ofpgx' f];\ .

;l] G6k« \mo'lhª ljlw (Centrifuging)

ljm| ofsnfk 9.7
Pp6f Knfl:6ssf] af]tn Nofpgx' f];\ . pSt af]tndf
afnj' f, rssf] wn' f] / kfgL /fv]/ aft] nsf] dv' aGb
ugx{' f;] \ . af]tnsf] d'vnfO{ 8f/] Ln] afFw/] sf]xL gePsf]
vfnL 7fpdF f s]xL ldg6] ;Dd a];/L 3'dfpg'xf;] \ . ca
aft] nnfO{ /fdf| ;] uF cjnf]sg ug{x' f;] \ . afn'jf ux|f}F
ePsfn] aft] nsf] lkFwlt/ hDdf x'G5 t/ rssf] wn' f]
afn'jfeGbf xn'sf ePsfn] 5'6\l6P/ afn'jfeGbf dfly
a:5 .

lrq g= 9.8

ld>0fdf ljleGg k|sf/sf kbfy{ ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ . oLdWo] s'g} kbfy{ uxf| F} xG' 5g\ eg]
s'g} xns' f x'G5g\ . kfgLdf g3N' g] uxf| F} kbfy{ / xns' f kbfy{sf] ld>0fdf kfgL ld;fP/

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

178

hf]8n] 3d' fpFbf ux|f}F kbfy{ lkwF df / xn'sf kbfy{ dv' lt/
/x]/ 56' \l6G5g\ . o; tl/sfnfO{ ;l] G6«k\mo'lhª ljlw elgG5 .
o; ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L b'w tyf bxLaf6 gfg} L 56' \ofOG5 .
cfwl' gs k|ofu] zfnfdf /ut hfrF ubf{ klg ;]lG6ˆ« o'lhª ljlw
g} ckgfOG5 .

cfhsn k|of]uzfnfdf ljz]if ks| f/sf ;]lG6«k\mo'lhª oGq
ko| fu] ul/G5 . oL oGq 3d' fpgsf nflu ljB't\ df6] / hfl] 8Psf
xG' 5g\ . o:tf oGqnfO{ ;l] G6k« \mo'h (centrifuge) elgG5 . lrq g= 9.9 ;l] G6«ˆo'h
56' o\ fpg'kg{] ld>0fnfO{ k/LIf0f gnL (test tube) df /fvL oGqleq /flvG5 . oGqleq
k/LIf0f gnL /fVg] ljz]if sIf x'G5g\ . ca ;]lG6«k\mo'hnfO{ ljB't\ df]6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 a];/L
3d' fOG5 . 3d' fO;sk] l5 ld>0fdf ePsf uxf| }F kbfy{ k/LIf0f gnLsf] tn / xns' f kbfy{
dfly /x/] 56' \l6G5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 9.8

cfˆgf] 3/, l5d]s jf glhssf] 8]/Laf6

nueu cfwf lsnf]hlt bw' sf] t/ ;ªs\ ng
ug'x{ f;] \ . pSt t/nfO{ Pp6f ulx/f] efF8fdf
/fvL s]xL a/] dYgx' f;] \ . o;/L dYb} hfbF f

gf}gL aG5 . ca ;f]xL ef8F fdf nueu el/g] lrq g= 9.10
u/L kfgL /fVg'xf;] \ . ef8F fdf gf}gL t}/]sf] b]
lvG5 . pSt gf}gLnfO{ dxLaf6 cnu ug'{xf;] \ .

1. gf}gL dxLdfly lsg tl} /of] xf]nf, 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

2. olb pSt efF8fdf lr;f] kfgLsf] ;6\6f pDns] f] kfgL /flvof] eg] s] xG' 5 <

s] tkfOn‘{+ ] ufpF3/df 7]sL / dbfgL k|of]u u/]/ bxL dy]/ gfg} L lgsfns] f] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
b]Vg'ePsf] eP sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ . dYg] ljlw :yfgLo :t/df bxLdf ePsf] l3pnfO{
56' \ofpg] ;a}eGbf ;/n ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf Pp6f 7]sLdf bxL hDdf u/]/ dbfgLsf]
;xfotfdf dYg] sfd ul/G5 . s]xL ;dokl5 gf}gL b]vf k5{ . pSt 7]sLdf kfgL /fv]/

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 179

gf}gL t/} fOG5 . ca xftsf] ;xfotfn] gfg} LnfO{ dbfgL
cnu kfl/G5 . 7f]; gfg} L cnu ePkl5sf] t/n gt] L
kbfy{nfO{ dxL elgG5 . o;ks| f/ ;]lG6«ˆo'lhª
ljlwaf6 7f]; kbfy{nfO{ t/n kbfy{af6 lrq g= 9.11 : dxL kf/s] f]
5'6\ofOG5 . lxhfc] fh ;x/L Ifq] df df]6/ hl8t 7s] L
pks/0faf6 b'w jf bxLnfO{ a;] /L xNnfP/ gf}gL
lgsflnG5 .

;f/f+z

cf;jg lj|mof, k]k/ j|mf]df6f]uf| kmL,
;]lG6«ˆol' hª cflb

5'6o\ fpg] tl/sf

bO' { jf b'O{eGbf a9L s] xf] < ld>0f pbfx/0f df6f], bw' , g'gkfgL,
j:t' efl} ts ¿kdf k|sf/ jfo' cflb
ldn]/ ags] f] kbfy{

g'gkfgL, pbfx/0f ;dfg ld>0f pbfx/0f

c;dfg ld>0f afnj' f

;f8] f kfgL, kl/efiff kl/efiff ldl;Psf]
ljleGg kfgL, wldnf]

k|sf/sf ko] kfgL, 9'ªu\ f jf

kbfy,{ jfo' ld>0fdf /xs] f ;a} j:t' ld>0fdf /x]sf ;a} j:t' wfgsf] laofF jf
cflb jf cjoj cfk;df ;dfg jf cjoj cfk;df ;dfg e'; ldl;Psf]
¿kn] gldl;Psf] ld>0f rfdn cflb
¿kn] ldl;Psf] ld>0f

Concept map 13

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

180

9.2 3fn] , sfn] f]O8 / ;:k]G;g (Solution, colloid and suspension)

tLgcf6] f ljs/ lngx' f;] \ . Pp6fdf g'g kfgL, bf];|fd] f b'w / t];|f]df wldnf] kfgL /fVgx' f];\ .
tLgcf6] } ld>0fx¿sf] cjnf]sg tyf k/LIf0f u/L tnsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \ / lgisif{nfO{
sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

tflnsf g= 9.1

ld>0f gfª\uf] cfFvfn] xftn] G] ;af6 s0fx¿ ks| fz l5g{] lkmN6/ kk] /sf]
gg' kfgL
s0fx¿ bV] g ;lsg] bV] g ;lsg] jf jf gl5g{] < k|ofu] af6 5'6\ofpg

jf g;lsg] < g;lsg] < ;lsg] jf g;lsg] <

b'w

wldnf] kfgL

s0fsf ;fOhsf cfwf/df ld>0fnfO{ 3fn] , sfn] f]O8 / ;:k]G;g u/L tLg ks| f/df 5'6o\ fpg
;lsG5 .

3fn] (Solution)

s] tkfOn{‘+ ] hLjghn lkpg'ePsf] 5 < of] s] s] kbfy{ ld;fP/ agfOPsf] xG' 5 < o;df
ld;fOPsf kbfy{x¿ b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 < sIffdf ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfk 9.9

Pp6f sfrF sf] lunf;df cfwf hlt kfgL Nofpgx' f;] \ . Ps rDrf lrgL
/fvL rDrfn] /fd|f];uF rnfP/ 3f]Ng'xf];\ . ca lunf;nfO{ sx] L ;do
l:y/ /fvL cjnf]sg ug{'xf;] \ .
1. s] ld>0fdf lrgL bV] g'eof] <
2. gg' , lrgL, cNsfx] n, sk'/, sk/ ;Nkm6] h:tf z'4 kbfy{nfO{

cnu cnu kfgLdf ld;fP/ ld>0f agfpg'xf];\ . sg' sg'
ld>0fdf 3f]lnPsf kbfy{ x]//] lrGg ;lsG5, cjnf]sg ugx'{ f];\ . lrq g= 9.12

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 181

bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L kbfy{ ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;P/ ags] f] ld>0fnfO{ 3f]n (solution) elgG5 .
3f]ndf ldl;Psf j:t'nfO{ ;lhn} bV] g / 5'6o\ fpg ;lsbF }g . pbfx/0fsf nflu lrgL /
kfgLsf] 3f]ndf lrgLnfO{ bV] g ;lsbF g} . 3f]ns / 3l' nt kbfy{ ldl;P/ 3fn] aG5 . 3f]ndf
3N' gn] fO{ 3l' nt kbfy{ (solute) / 3fN] g dbt ugn]{ fO{ 3f]ns kbfy{ (solvent) elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu lrgL / kfgLsf] 3f]ndf lrgL 3'lnt kbfy{ xf] eg] kfgL 3f]ns kbfy{
xf] . 3f]n agfpbF f Pp6} 3fn] s kbfyd{ f PseGbf w/] } 3'lnt kbfy{ klg /fVg ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu lrgL, kfgL / sfutLsf] /; ldnfP/ klg 3f]n agfpg ;lsG5 . o;df
kfgL 3fn] s kbfy{ xf] eg] lrgL / sfutLsf] /; 3l' nt kbfy{ x'g\ .

3fn] = 3l' nt kbfy{ ± 3f]ns kbfy{

Solution = Solute + Solvent

3f]n, 3'lnt kbfy{ / 3fn] s kbfys{ f s]xL pbfx/0f

jm| =;= 3fn] 3l' nt kbfy{ 3f]ns kbfy{

1. lrgLkfgLsf] 3f]n lrgL kfgL

2. g'gkfgLsf] 3f]n gg' kfgL

3. /S;L cNsf]xn kfgL

4. sk/ ;Nkm6] sf] 3f]n sk/ ;Nkm6] kfgL

sf]nf]O8 (Colloid)

xfdLn] b'w, ud, /ut cflb bv] s] } 5f}F . logLx¿ Ps ks| f/sf ld>0f xg' \ . lognfO{ sf]nf]O8
elgG5 . 3fn] df 3l' nt kbfy{sf s0fsf] ;fOh cTolws ;fgf] xG' 5 -Jof; 10-7 ;=] ld=eGbf
;fgf_] eg] sfn] fO] 8df 3l' nt kbfy{sf s0fsf] ;fOh sx] L 7n' f] -10-7 ;]=ld= b]lv 10-5
;=] ld=Jof;_ x'G5 . oL s0fx¿ ;fwf/0f lkmN6/ k]k/n] 5fGg ;lsFb}g . aflx/af6 xb] f{ sfn] fO] 8
klg ;dfg ld>0f h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ of] Ps ks| f/sf] c;dfg ld>0f xf] . o;df ePsf
3l' nt kbfys{ f s0fx¿ gfª\uf] cfvF fn] b]Vg ;lsbF g} .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

182

;:kG] ;g (Suspension)

Pp6f ljs/df cfwfhlt kfgL lng'xf;] \ . pSt kfgLdf rssf] wn' f÷] d}bf jf rg' /fv/] sl] xa/]
3f]Ngx' f];\ . ;dfg jf c;dfg s:tf] k|sf/sf] ld>0f aGof] < 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ . ;:k]G;gdf
3'lnt kbfys{ f s0fsf] ;fOh sfn] f]O8sf] eGbf 7'nf] -Jof; 10-5 ;]=ld= eGbf 7n' f]_ xG' 5 .
o;df ePsf 3l' nt kbfys{ f s0fx¿ ;fwf/0f lkmN6/ k]k/n] 5fGg ;lsG5 .

bl} gs hLjgdf 3fn] sf] pkof]lutf (Use of solution in our daily life)

lj|mofsnfk 9.10
tkfO+s{‘ f 3/df s] s:tf 3fn] kbfy{ k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\, x/] ]/ jf cleefjsnfO{ ;f]w]/ ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ . k|To]s 3f]nsf] pkofu] rf6k{ k] /df nv] /] sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

xfdLn] af6] la?jfdf dn /fvs] f] b]vs] } 5f}F xfn] f . s] la?jfn] dnnfO{ xfdLn] eft vfPh:t}
u/L vfG5g\ t < kSs} klg vfFbg} g\ . la?jfn] cfˆgf] kfi] fs tìjnfO{ 3fn] sf ¿kdf
h/fsf] ;xfotfaf6 lnG5g\ . dflg; tyf hgfj/n] klg cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ w/] } kbfy{
3f]nsf ¿kdf lng] u5g{ \ . ;ª\Ifk] df eGg'kbf{ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf 3fn] sf] pkof]lutfnfO{
lgDglnlvt a'bF fdf atfpg ;lsG5 M

1. la?jfn] cfkm\ gf] vfgf agfpg cfjZos kg{] kfgL tyf nj0fx¿ 3fn] sf ¿kdf
hldgaf6 ;f;] ]/ lnG5g\ .

2. xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf tyf cfi} fwL kfrglj|mofkl5 3fn] sf ¿kdf zfi] f0f eO{ /utdf
ldl;G5 .

3. kfgLdf a:g] hgfj/ tyf jg:kltn] kfgLdf 3n' ]/ /x]sf] clS;hg lnP/ Zjf;k|Zjf;
ub5{ g\ .

4. ljleGg k|sf/sf cfi} fwL, k]o kbfy{, h'; cflb klg 3fn] sf ¿kdf kfOG5g\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{
sf7, df6f] jf k]k/ k|ofu] u/L 7]sL / dbfgLsf] gd'gf agfpg'xf;] \ . pSt gd'gfn] s;/L
sfd u5,{ 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 183

;f/fz+

1. bO' { jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L j:t' ldn]/ ag]sf] kbfyn{ fO{ ld>0f elgG5 . xfjf, g'gkfgL 3f]n,
afnj' f / kmnfdsf] w'nf]sf] ld>0f cflb ld>0fsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

2. hg' j:t'x¿af6 ld>0f ags] f] xG' 5, ToxL j:tn' fO{ ld>0fsf cjoj elgG5 .
3. ld>0fdf /xs] f cjojx¿ cfk;df ldl;g] tl/sfsf] cfwf/df ld>0fnfO{ ;dfg ld>0f

/ c;dfg ld>0f u/L b'O{ ks| f/df afF8g\ ;lsG5 .
4. ld>0fdf /x]sf ;a} j:t' jf cjoj cfk;df ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Psf 5g\ eg] To:tf]

ld>0fnfO{ ;dfg ld>0f elgG5 .
5. ld>0fdf /x]sf j:t' jf cjoj ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Psf 5g} g\ eg] To:tf] ld>0fnfO{

c;dfg ld>0f elgG5 .
6. z4' / cfjZos j:t'x¿ k|fKt ug{ ld>0fdf /xs] f cjojnfO{ cnUofpg] ljlwnfO{

ld>0f 56' \ofpg] elgG5 .

7. 3fn] nfO{ ttfP/ 7f;] 3l' nt kbfy{nfO{ t/n 3f]ns kbfy{af6 56' o\ fpg] ljlwnfO{
jfikLs/0f elgG5 .

8. t/n / 7f];sf] ld>0fnfO{ hf8] n] 3d' fP/ To;df /x]sf xns' f / ux|f}F kbfyn{ fO{
56' \ofpg] ljlwnfO{ ;]lG6«km\ ol' hª ljlw elgG5 .

9. ld>0fdf ePsf] t/n kbfy{nfO{ ttfP/ klxn] afkm agfpg] / To;kl5 lr:ofP/ 5'6\6}
;ª\sng ug]{ ljlwnfO{ cf;jg lj|mof elgG5 .

10. sfuh k|of]u u/L rf8F f] ;g{] /ª / l9nf] ;g{] /ªnfO{ 56' o\ fpg] ljlwnfO{ kk] / jm| fd] f6fuf| kmL
ljlw elgG5 . ljleGg /ª\uLg kbfy{nfO{ 56' \ofpg / klxrfg ug{ k]k/ j|mfd] f6fu|fkmLsf]
ko| f]u ul/G5 .

11. b'O{ jf bO' {eGbf a9L kbfy{ ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;P/ ags] f] ld>0fnfO{ 3fn] elgG5 .

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb eg{x' f;] \ M

;dfg cf;jg lkwF jf:kmLs/0f ld>0f cjoj

-s_ b'O{ jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L j:t' ef}lts ¿kdf ldn/] ags] f] kbfy{nfO{ elgG5 .

-v_ ld>0f agfpg] j:tn' fO{ ld>0fsf elgG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

184

-u_ ld>0fdf cjojx¿ ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ .

-3_ ljlw k|of]u u/L ufp3F /df /S;L agfOG5 .

-ª_ ;]lG6k« m\ ol' hª ljlwdf ux|f}F j:t' k/LIf0f gnLsf]=============df hDdf xG' 5 .

2. tn lbOPsf ljsNkdWoa] f6 ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ sg' ld>0fdf cjojx¿ ;dfg ¿kn] ldl;Psf x'G5g\ <

-c_ afnj' f kfgL -cf_ e'; ldl;Psf] rfdn

-O_ g'g kfgL -O_{ wldnf] kfgL

-v_ lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿dWo]af6 c;dfg ld>0f lrGgx' f;] \ M

-c_ lrgL kfgL -cf_ ;f8] f kfgL

-O_ gg' kfgL -O_{ wldnf] kfgL

-u_ bxLaf6 gf}gL lgsfNg sg' ljlwsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 <

-c_ cf;jg -cf_ ;l] G6«k\mo'lhª

-O_ jfikLs/0f -O_{ jm| fd] f6fu|fkmL

-3_ c:ktfndf lk;fa tyf /utdf ldl;Psf /;fogx¿ 5'6\ofP/ klxrfg ug{ sg'

ljlwsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 <

-c_ cf;jg -cf_ ;]lG6k« m\ o'lhª

-O_ dl0feLs/0f -O{_ j|mfd] f6f]u|fkmL

3. l7s jf a]l7s 56' \ofpgx' f];\ M

-s_ jfo' ljleGg Uof;F sf] ld>0f xf] .

-v_ gg' kfgLsf] 3f]nnfO{ c;dfg ld>0f elgG5 .

-u_ ;l] G6«km\ ol' hª ljlwaf6 /ªx¿ 5'6o\ fpg ;lsFbg} .

-3_ cf;jg ljlwaf6 /S;L agfpg ;lsG5 .

-ª_ /Stsf]ifx¿ 5'6\ofpg ;]lG6k« m\ ol' hª ljlw ckgfOG5 .

4. km/s nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;dfg ld>0f / c;dfg ld>0f

-v_ 3fn] s / 3l' nt kbfy{

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 185

5. sf/0f lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ lrgLkfgLsf] 3fn] nfO{ ;dfg ld>0f elgG5 .
-v_ ljleGg k|sf/sf /ªsf] ld>0fnfO{ j|mfd] f6f]uf| kmL ljlwaf6 5'6\ofOG5 .
-u_ t/n / 7f];sf] ld>0fdf ePsf xn'sf / ux|fF} kbfyn{ fO{ 5'6o\ fpg ;]lG6«k\mol' hª
ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 .
-3_ g'gkfgLsf] 3fn] af6 gg' 5'6\ofpg jfikLs/0f ljlw ko| f]u ul/G5 .

6. tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ ld>0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ s:tf] k|sf/sf] ld>0fnfO{ ;dfg ld>0f elgG5 < s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f;lxt
atfpgx' f;] \ .
-u_ vfn] fsf] wldnf] kfgL / gg' kfgLdWo] s;nfO{ c;dfg ld>0f elgG5, ts{ lbgx' f;] \ .
-3_ s:tf] u'0f ePsf ld>0fnfO{ cf;jg ljlwaf6 5'6\ofOG5, n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;]lG6«km\ ol' hª ljlwsf] k|of]u sxfF / lsg ul/G5, atfpg'xf];\ .
-r_ /utdf ePsf ljleGg /;fogx¿ 56' o\ fpg'kbf{ sg' ljlwsf] k|ofu] ug'x{ G' 5,
sf/0f;lxt nV] g'xf];\ .
-5_ xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf 3f]nsf] ko| fu] sxfF sxfF ePsf] kfOG5, rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-h_ olb tkfO{‘nfO{ Pp6f lunf;df g'g kfgL / csf{] lunf;df z4' kfgL lbOPsf]
5 . grfvL oLdWo] s'g z4' kfgL xf] eg]/ 5'6o\ fpg' k¥of] eg] s] ug'{xG' 5 <
ldq0f 5'6\ofpg] ljlwsf cfwf/df nV] g'xf];\ .

zAbfy{
ld>0f Ö bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L j:t' ldn/] ags] f] kbfy{
;]lG6«km\ o'h Ö ;]lG6«k\mo'lhªdf k|of]u xg' ] ljB't\ df6] /hl8t oGq
sG8G] ;/ Ö lr:ofpg] gnL
lkmN6/ k]k/ Ö 5fGg] sfuh

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

186

PsfO 10 bl} gs ko| fu] sf ;fdu|Lx¿

(Materials Used in Daily Life)

lrq x]/fF} / logsf] k|ofu] sg' sg' sfdsf nflu xG' 5, 5nkmn u/f‘} M

lrq g= 10.1
xfdL bl} gs hLjgdf w/] } lsl;dsf ;fduL| ko| f]u u5fF{} . xfdf| ] 3/, efG5fsf7] f tyf :gfg
sIfdf w]/} lsl;dsf efF8fs8F' f xG' 5g\ . To:t} vfgs] '/f ksfpbF f rflxg] gg' , t]n, lh/f,
wlgofF, lrgL, rfdn, bfn cflb klg xG' 5g\ . xfdLn] nu' f w'g ;fag' , l86/h]G6 cflbsf]
ko| f]u u5f{+} . To:t} 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu dflg;x¿ kmnfd tyf PlNdlgodsf] k|of]u u5g{ \ .
3/ ;hfj6sf nflu dfan{ tyf 6fonsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . xfdL zª[ u\ f/sf nflu u/uxgf
nufp5F f}F . oL ;a} kbfy{x¿ xg' \ .

10.1 sx] L pkofu] L /;fogx¿ (Some useful chemicals)

lj|mofsnfk 10.1

sIffsf ;fyLx¿ b'O{ ;dx" df aflF 8gx' f];\ . Pp6f ;d"xn] cfcfˆgf] 3/sf] efG5fdf vfgf
agfpbF f k|ofu] x'g] jf ld;fOg] ljleGg kbfys{ f] gfd ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ . To:t} csf{] ;d"xn]
3/leq tyf 3/aflx/ ;/;kmfOsf nflu k|ofu] x'g] kbfys{ f] gfd ;ªs\ ng ug'{xf;] \ . bj' }
;d"x ldnL tnsf] tflnsfdf egh] :t} ;"rL tof/ u/L agfpgx' f];\ .

tflnsf g= 10.1

efG5fdf vfgf agfpFbf ko| fu] xg' ] jf 3/leq tyf 3/aflx/ ;/;kmfOsf nflu

ld;fOg] kbfy{ ko| f]u xg' ] kbfy{

lrgL, r's cldnf], ;fa'g, xG] 8jf;

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 187

xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf y'k|} lsl;dsf /f;folgs kbfy{ ko| fu] df cfp5F g\ . tLdWo] sx] L
ks| [ltaf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ eg] sx] L dflg;n] tof/ kf/]sf xG' 5g\ . r's jg:kltaf6 k|fKt x'G5,
vfg] ;f8] f vlgh kbfya{ f6 tof/ kfl/G5, l3p ufOe{ };F Lsf] bw' af6 kfOG5 cflb . bftF dfemg\
ko| f]u xg' ] 6y' k]:6, ;/;kmfOsf nflu ko| f]u x'g] ;fag' , vt] af/Ldf /flvg] dn cflb ;a}
/f;folgs kbfy{ xg' \ . oxfF xfdL vfgfdf ld;fOg] /f;folgs kbfy{ tyf ;/;kmfOsf nflu
ko| fu] xg' ] /f;folgs kbfya{ f/] 56' \6f5'66\ } cWoog ug]{ 5fF} M

-c_ vfBkbfys{ f ¿kdf ko| fu] xg' ] /;fogx¿ (Chemicals used as food materials)

ljm| ofsnfk 10.2
tkfOn‘+{ ] ;]n/f]6L, kfp/f]6L, ss] , la:s6' , 8'gf6] cflb vfg' jf b]Vg'ePs} xfn] f . To:t}
t/sf/L, crf/ egk] l5 g'lgnf,] cldnf] / lk/f] eGg] ;Demgf cfp5F xfn] f . ;a{t jf h;'
eg]kl5 ul' nof] eGg] ;Demgf cfp5F xf]nf . o:tf vfgs] '/f agfpbF f s] s:tf /f;folgs
kbfy{sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 < cfˆgf cleefjs, cfkmGt, lzIfs cflbnfO{ ;fw] /] ;r" L tof/
kfg{'xf;] \ .

1. s] v';fg{ Lafxs] c¿ klg lk/f] x'g] vfBkbfy{ tkfO‘{n+ fO{ yfxf 5 <
2. sfutL, OdnL, ef]u6]afxs] c¿ cldnf kbfy{ tkfO{‘+nfO{ yfxf 5 <

;]n/f6] L k'mnfpg rfdnsf] lk7fdf vfg] ;f8] f /flvG5 . of] Ps /f;folgs kbfy{ xf] . To:t}
g'g klg Ps /f;folgs kbfy{ g} xf] . sfutL, ;G' tnf, cdnf cflb vfFbf cfpg] cldnf]
:jfb /f;folgs kbfys{ } sf/0f xf] . lrofdf /flvg] lrgL klg u'lnof] :jfb ePsf] /f;folgs
kbfy{ xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk 10.3 lrq g= 10.2

uxFs' f] lk7f,] vfg] ;f]8f, kfgL / b'Oc{ f6] f srf/} f lngx' f;] \ .
Pp6f srf/} fdf lk7f], kfgL / yf]/} dfqfdf vfg] ;f]8f
/fvL /fd|/L d'5g\ 'xf];\ . To:t} csf]{ srf/} fdf ;f]8flagfsf]
Tolt g} dfqfdf lk7f] d'5\g'xf];\ . bj' } srf}/fnfO{ !@
306f;Dd 5f]k/] /fVg'xf];\ . sg' rflxF lk7fs] f] cfotg
a9L eof], cjnf]sg ugx{' f;] \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

188

xfdLn] slxn]sfxLF kfp/f]6L vfPs} 5fF} xfn] f . of] Psbd} v'sn' f] lsl;dsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{
agfpbF f vfg] ;f8] f k|ofu] u/L v'sn' f] agfOG5 . vfg] ;f8] fsf] k|of]un] vfBkbfy{nfO{ k'mnfpg
dbt u5{ . o;sf] /f;folgs gfd ;f]l8od afOsfaf{g] 6] (sodium bicarbonate) xf] .
of] vlgh kbfy{af6 agfOG5 .

vfg] ;f]8fsf] ko| fu] kfp/f]6L, ss] , la:s6' cflb agfpg ul/G5 . g/d k]o kbfy{ agfpg
klg vfg] ;f8] f ko| f]u xG' 5 . vfg] ;f]8fsf] k|of]u cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf klg ul/G5 . o;n] k]6df
xg' ] Pl;l86L lg/fs/0f u5{ . vfg] ;f]8f ko| f]u ubf{ o;sf] dfqfdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ . vfg] ;f8] f
w/] } k|of]u ul/Pdf k]6 km'Ng,] afGtf x'g,] kvfnf nfUg] h:tf c;/ b]vf k5g{ \ .

vfg] gg' Ps vlgh xf] . of] kf| s[lts ¿kdf lrq g= 10.3
;db' |sf] kfgLaf6 / el" dut e08f/x¿ -r66\ fgL
gg' – l;w] g'g_ af6 kf| Kt xG' 5 . vfg] gg' sf]
/f;folgs gfd ;f]l8od Snf/] fO8 (sodium
chloride) xf] . of] kfgLdf 3N' 5 . xfd|f] z/L/sf
nflu rflxg] ;fl] 8odsf] Ps k|dv' ;f| t] vfg]
gg' xf] .

vfg] gg' vfBkbfyd{ f gl' gnf] :jfbsf nflu k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf vfg
ldNg] df5f, df;' tyf crf/nfO{ laug| glbO{ ;/+ lIft /fVg klg k|of]u ul/G5 . cfB} fl] us
¿kdf ;fag' agfpg, sfuh, /a/, sfFr cflb tof/ kfg{ vfg] gg' k|of]u xG' 5 . gg' sf] k|of]u
;/;kmfO tyf cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf klg ul/G5 .

xfd|f] z/L/sf nflu ;fl] 8od Snf/] fO8 cTofjZos eP klg cTolws dfqfdf k|ofu] ubf{
xflgsf/s xG' 5 . ;fl] 8odsf] dfqf a9\bf JolStnfO{ pRr /Strfk tyf dfgl;s tgfj xg'
;S5 . o;n] ubf{ Åbo /f]u, lduf}{nf /fu] cflb h:tf uDeL/ /fu] nfUg] x'G5 .

s] tkfO{n+‘ fO{ yfxf 5 <

vfg] g'gdf cfofl] 8g ld;fO{ cfof]l8goS' t g'g tof/ kfl/G5 . cfof]l8g cfefjdf unuf8F
b]vf k5{ / afnaflnsfx¿df dfgl;s ;d:of b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfx¿ km' lt{nf x'g tyf
unuf8F af6 aRg z/L/df plrt dfqfdf cfof]l8gsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 189

lrgLsf] :jfb u'lnof] xG' 5 . o;sf] /f;folgs gfd
;j' |mfh] (sucrose) xf] . lrgL pv'sf] /;af6 tof/
kfl/G5 . s/] f, cfFk, cªu\ /' , e'OsF 6x/ h:tf kmnk"mndf
s]xL dfqfdf lrgL kfOG5 .

vfBkbfyd{ f ul' nof] :jfbsf nflu lrgL ko| f]u ul/G5 . lrq g= 10.4
o;sf] k|of]un] tof/L cj:yfdf Koflsª u/L /flvg]

vfBkbfy{ ;+/lIft /xG5g\ . kfgLdf ;lhn} 3N' g] ePsfn] ljleGg ko] kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug{ lrgL

k|of]u ul/G5 .

ufO{ tyf e;}F Lsf] bw' af6 kf| Kt x'g] Ps ks| f/sf] lrNnf] lrq g= 10.5
kbfy{nfO{ l3p elgG5 . jftfj/0fsf] tfkjm| dcg;' f/ l3p
7f]; jf t/n cj:yfdf /xs] f] xG' 5 . hf8f] ofddf of] 7f;]
xG' 5 eg] udL{ ofddf t/n x'G5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf
ld7fO{ tyf :jflbnf efh] g tof/ kfg{ l3psf] ko| f]u
ul/G5 . 5fnfnfO{ ;'Svf xg' af6 hfu] fpg klg l3psf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

jg:kltsf lapx¿ k]n]/ k|fKt xg' ] Ps k|sf/sf] lrNnf] kbfyn{ fO{ tn] elgG5 . tf]/Lsf] tn] ,
e6df;sf] tn] , ;o" {d'vL km" nsf] tn] , cfn;sf] t]n, lrp/Lsf] tn] , cf]lne -h}t'g_ tn]
cflb d'Vo ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] t]n xg' \ . l3p / t]nn] xfdLnfO{ zlSt / tfk lbG5 .

s] tkfO‘n{ fO{ yfxf 5 <
tn] la?jfsf lapaf6 dfq geO{ cGo efuaf6 klg tof/ kfl/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
cf]lne -h}t'g_ t]n kmnaf6 pTkfbg ul/G5 .

-cf_ ;/;kmfOdf pkofu] xg' ] /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ (Chemicals used as cleanser)

ljm| ofsnfk 10.4
tkfOs+{‘ f 3/df ;/;kmfOsf nflu s] s:tf /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|ofu] ePsf] 5, ;r" L tof/
ugx{' f;] \ . oL /f;folgs kbfy{ s] s] sfdsf nflu ko| fu] xG' 5g\ / pSt /f;folgs kbfys{ f]
k|ofu] ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

190

tkfO+{s‘ f 3/df n'uf wb'F f, g'xfpbF f, 3fprf]6 ;kmf ubf{ kSs} klg ;fag' , :ofDk', ;l] g6fOh/
cflbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 xfn] f . cfw'lgsLs/0f;uF } cfhefl] n 3/fo;L ;/;kmfOdf y'k|} lsl;dsf
kbfy{sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . kmfx] f]/ efF8fsF8' f, em\ ofnsf l;;f, uf8Lsf l;;f, zf}rfno cflb
;kmf ug{ ;fag' , l86/hG] 6, km] gf]n, :6]g l/d'e/ (stain remover) h:tf /;fogsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .

lrq g= 10.6

k]mgf]n Pp6f pkof]uL /;fog xf] . lkmgfn] sL6f0f' gfzssf ​¿​ kdf k|ofu] ul/G5 . 3/ ;kmf
ug{ klg km]gf]n ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;n] bu' {Gw x6fpF5 / lemF ufnfO{ eufp5F . of] kfgLdf ;lhn}
3'N5 . of] cTolws ljiffSt x'G5 . cfvF fnfO{ lkmgf]nsf] ;Dks{af6 hf]ufpg'k5{ . To:t}
lkmgf]nn] 5fnfnfO{ klg kf]N5 . o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ kGhf nufpg'k5{ .

PlG6;]lK6so'St /;fog zNolrlsT;f tyf sL6f0f' gfzssf ¿kdf ko| fu] x'g] kbfy{ xf] .
of] kfgLdf 3N' 5 . o;n] 5fnfnfO{ sL6f0f'/lxt agfp5F .

lj|mofsnfk 10.5

PlG6;]lK6soS' t ;fag' n] aRrfx¿nfO{ g'xfpg] ul/G5 . aRrfsf nu' f w'bF f klg kfgLdf sx] L
yf]kf PlG6;l] K6s /fvL ;kmf ul/G5 . cfˆgf cleefjs jf lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] L o;sf] sf/0f
yfxf kfpg'xf;] \ .

;/;kmfOsf nflu ko| fu] xg' ] ;fag' Ps 7f;] /f;folgs kbfy{ xf] . gx' fpg tyf nu' f wg'
56' 6\ f56' 6\ } lsl;dsf ;fag' sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . ;fag' kfgLdf 3N' bf lkmhF pTkGg xG' 5 .

nu' f wg' ko| fu] xg' ] kfp8/ jf t/n /f;folgs kbfy{nfO{ l86/hG] 6 elgG5 . of] ;fa'geGbf
a9L 3n' gzLn x'G5 . To;}n] l86/h]G6n] ;kmf u/s] f] n'uf ;fag' n] ;kmf u/s] f] eGbf a9L
;kmf bl] vG5 . ;fag' / l86/hG] 6df ePsf] ;fl] 8od tìjn] kmfx] f]/ ;kmf u5{ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 191

ljm| ofsnfk 10.6
Pp6f aflN6gdf kfgL, tLgcf]6f ;;fgf af6f, n'uf w'g] ;fa'g, l86/hG] 6 / :6]g l/d'e/
Nofpgx' f];\ . tLgcf6] f ;t] f] /ªsf ;fgf ?dfndf ljleGg /ª -kG] 6_ jf luh| sf bfu
nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿ tLgcf6] f ;dx" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \ . klxnf] ;d"xn] ?dfnnfO{
;fa'gn] ;kmf ug'x{ f;] \ . bf];|f] ;dx" n] csf{] ?dfnnfO{ l86/h]G6n] ;kmf ug{'xf;] \ . clGtd
;dx" n] ?dfnnfO{ :6g] l/de' /n] ;kmf ugx'{ f;] \ . sg' /f;folgs kbfyn{ ] ;kmf ubf{ ;kmfO
/fdf| ] eof], cjnf]sg ugx{' f;] \ .

ljrf/0fLo k|ZgM 6]a'n, sfFr, gªsf] kfln;, df]afOn jf sDKo6' /sf] l:jm| g cflb ;kmf ug{
s'g sg' /;fog k|ofu] x'G5 <

:6g] l/d'e/ bfu x6fpg ;kmf ug{ ko| f]u x'g] /f;folgs kbfy{ xf] . slxns] fxLF xfd|f n'uf,
la5\of}gf, eO' Fdf la5o\ fPsf] sfk6{] , gªsf] kfln; cflbdf ;fdfGo ¿kn] ;kmf ubf{ gx6g\ ]
bfu nfU5g\ . To:tf bfunfO{ ;lhn} x6fpg :6g] l/de' / ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]
kmf]xf]/nfO{ 3n' fP/ ;kmf u5{ . :6]g l/d'e/ kfp8/ tyf emfn] bj' } cj:yfdf kfOG5 .

;f/f+z

sx] L /f;folgs
kbfy{

gg' , pbfx/0f vfgfsf] ;/;kmfOsf] pbfx/0f ;fag' ,
¿kdf ¿kdf k|of]u xg' ]
vfg]t]n, lrgL,
k|ofu] xg' ] /f;folgs kbfy{ l86/h]G6,
vfg] ;f]8f, l3p
cflb /f;folgs km]gf]n, :6]g

kbfy{ l/d'e/ cflb

Concept map 17

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

192

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb eg{x' f;] \ M

;f]l8od ;fl] 8od Snf]/fO8 pv' vfg] ;f]8f lrgL

-s_ vfg] gg' sf] /f;folgs gfd xf] .

-v_ vfBkbfy{nfO{ k'mnfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-u_ kf| oM sf] /;af6 lrgL tof/ kfl/G5 .

-3_ ;fa'gdf ePsf] tìjn] kmfx] f/] ;kmf u5{ .

2. tn lbOPsf dWo]af6 ;xL ljsNk 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ vfg] ;f]8fsf] /f;folgs gfd s] xf] <

-c_ ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 -cf_ ;f]l8od sfafg{] ]6

-O_ ;fl] 8od afOsfaf{]g]6 -O{_ ;f]l8od ;Nkm]6

-v_ sg' kbfy{nfO{ /f;folgs ¿kn] ;j' |mfh] eg]/ lrlgG5 <

-c_ NofS6f]h -cf_ lrgL

-O_ k|'mS6f]h -O_{ Un'sf]h

-u_ nu' fdf cl8P/ /x]sf bfu x6fpg sg' /f;folgs kbfys{ f] k|of]u /fd|f] xG' 5 <

-c_ ;fa'g -cf_ k]mgf]n

-O_ l86/hG] 6 -O_{ :6g] l/de' /

-3_ kfp/f]6L, s]s, la:s'6 cflbdf vfg] ;f8] fsf] ko| fu] lsg ul/G5 <
-c_ ld7f] / :jflbnf] agfpg -cf_ km' nfP/ :kGhL agfpg
-O_ bV] bf /fd|f] / kf]l6nf] agfpg -O_{ cfsifs{ agfpg

-ª_ lbOPsf /;fogx¿dWo] ldNg] ;dx" sg' xf] <
-c_ l3p, t]n, ;fag' / lrgL -cf_ k]mgf]n, tn] , ;fag' / lrgL
-O_ l3p, t]n, g'g / lrgL O_{ l3p, t]n, gg' / :6]g l/d'e/

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 193

3. km/s n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ vfg] ;f]8f / vfg] g'g -v_ ;fag' / l86/h]G6

4. tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ vfBkbfy{sf ¿kdf k|ofu] ul/g] rf/cf]6f /;fogsf] gfd / ltgsf bO' { bO' c{ f]6f
ko| fu] tflnsf agfO{ egx{' f];\ .
-v_ ;/;kmfOdf s] s:tf /;fogsf] k|ofu] x'G5 < s'g} rf/cf6] f /;fogsf] gfd /
ltgsf] ko| f]u tflnsf agfO{ egx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ kfp/f]6L, s'lsh, ;]n/f]6L h:tf kl/sf/ agfpbF f lsg vfg] ;f]8fsf] k|ofu]
ul/G5 <
-3_ tkfOs{‘ f] 3/sf] efG5fdf ko| fu] xg' ] sg' } bO' {cf6] f /f;folgs kbfy{sf] gfd /
k|of]u n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ lrlsT;sx¿ sf/] fg] f tyf c¿ ljiff0fa' f6 aRgsf nflu ;do ;dodf ;fag' kfgLn]
xft wg' / :oflg6fOh/ ko| fu] ug{ ;e' mfa lbG5g,\ lsg xfn] f <
-r_ olb tkfO{‘sf] ljBfnosf] 6j\ fOn]6df w/] } bfu / g/fdf| ] uGw cfPsf] /x5] eg]
6j\ fOn]6 ;kmf ug]{ dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;kmf ug{ ;e' mfj lbg'x'G5, n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-5_ tkfOs{‘ f] ;fyLsf] sk8fdf 86k]gsf] d;L nfu]sf] /x]5 . pgsf] cfdfn] w]/}
k6s ;fag' kfgLn] w'Fbf klg bfu x6]g5 . pSt bfu x6fpg s] ug'{knf{ <
;fyLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;e' mfj lbg'xf;] \ .
-h_ lrqsf cfwf/df tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ .

-c_ oL /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿ s] s] sfdsf nflu k|of]u xG' 5g\ <
-cf_ oL j:t'x¿sf] cgfjZos ko| fu] n] dfgj :jf:Yodf s] k|efj k5{ <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

194