G-6 Science and Technology

pTkfbs (Producer)

k[YjLsf] ;txdf ljleGg k|sf/sf xl/of af]6la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ . logLx¿n] cfˆgf] vfgf
cfkmF} pTkfbg ub{5g\ . To;n} ] ;a} xl/of jg:kltnfO{ pTkfbs elgG5 . wfg, uxF', ds,}
sfb] f,] tf/] L, kmfk/ cflb pTkfbs x'g\ . To;} u/L cfFk, s]/f, ;'Gtnf, :ofp, gf:kftL cflb
klg la?jf g} ePsf xFb' f oL jg:klt klg pTkfbs x'g\ . oL xl/of jg:kltn] ;o" s{ f]
k|sfzsf] pkl:yltdf jftfj/0fdf ePsf] xfjf / kfgLaf6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] vfgf agfpF5g\ .
To;n} ] lognfO{ :jkfl] ift hLj klg elgG5 .

cfkF s6x/ s]/f ufn] e8] f u'nfkm ;fu
lrq g= 4.6

pkef]Stf (Consumer)

xfdLn] af]6la?jf / ltgaf6 k|fKt cGg, kmnkmn" vfP/ afFRg] ePsfn] xfdL pkef]Stf xf}F .
To;} u/L ufOe{ ;F} L, afv|f, e]8f cflb klg pkef]Stf g} xg' \ . cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] vfgf kf| Kt
ug{ c¿ hLjdf e/ kg]{ hLjnfO{ pkefS] tf elgG5 . ;a} hgfj/x¿ pkef]Stf x'G5g\ .
pkef]Stfx¿ klg zfsfxf/L, df;+ fxf/L / ;jx{ f/L xG' 5g\ . pkef]StfnfO{ tLg efudf juLs{ /0f
ug{ ;lsG5, hg' lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

kf| ylds pkefS] tf (Primary consumer)

hg' hgfj/x¿n] pTkfbsnfO{ vfP/ afFRb5g\ ltgnfO{ kf| ylds pkefS] tf elgG5 . logLx¿
zfsfxf/L x'G5g\ . ufOe{ };F L, e8] fafv|f, d[u, h/fof] cflbn] af]6la?jf vfP/ afRF 5g\ / cfˆgf]
jl[ 4 ljsf; ub5{ g\ . oL ;a} zfsfxf/L hgfj/x¿ k|fylds pkefS] tf xg' \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 95

ufO{ e+;} L e8] f ] afv|f] xl/0f

lrq g= 4.7

låtLo pkef]Stf (Secondary consumer)

af]6la?jf vfg] ls/fkm6\ofªu\ f| kf| ylds pkefS] tf xg' \ eg] ls/f, km6o\ fªu\ |f vfg] Eofut' f
låtLo pkefS] tf x'g\ . kf| ylds pkef]Stf vfP/ afFRg] :ofn, Ajf;F f] cflb låtLo pkef]Stf
xg' \ . logLx¿dWo] sg' } df;+ fxf/L t sg' } ;j{xf/L xG' 5g\ .

:ofn ss' /' Eofu'tf
lrq g= 4.8

t[tLo pkefS] tf (Tertiory consumer)

cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu låtLo pkef]Stfdf e/ kg]{ lrt'jf, af3, clhªu\ /, lrn cflb hgfj/
x¿nfO{ t[tLo pkef]Stf elgG5 . logLx¿ df+;fxf/L xG' 5g\ . lu4n] d/s] f hLjsf] df;'
vfG5 . lrn c¿ r/fr?' ª\uL tyf ;fgf hgfj/x¿nfO{ vfP/ afFR5 . af3 d[u, h/fof],
aFb]n cflb vfP/ afFRb5 . o;/L lnPsf] vfgfaf6 pgLx¿n] cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] zlSt kf| Kt
ub5{ g\ . o;}af6 pgLx¿sf] z/L/sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf; x'G5 .

af3 lrtj' f lrn ;k{
lrq g= 4.9
96
sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

ljR5]bs (Decomposer)

d/s] f hgfj/ tyf jg:kltsf] z/L/ sx' fP/, ;8fP/, unfP/ df6fdf ld;fpg ;xofu]
ug{] hLjx¿nfO{ ljR5b] s elgG5 . o;cGtut{ ;I" dhLjx¿ AofS6l] /of, kmGhfO{ cflb kb5{ g\ .
ljR5b] sn] cfˆgf] OGhfOd ko| fu] u/L j:tn' fO{ unfp5F g\ . sx] L cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu ko| fu]
ub5{ g\ . w/] h} ;f] efu df6fdf ldNb5g\ . df6fdf ldn/] ags] f] vlgh j:tn' fO{ jg:kltn] vfgf
agfpg ko| fu] ub5{ g\ . o;/L pTkfbs, pkefS] tf / ljR5b] ssf] Pp6f ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf]
xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk 4.4
tkfO‘s{ f] a;f]af; :yn glhs} kf]v/L, tfn, vt] , rp/ jf aurF} f ed| 0f u/L To;
7fpFdf kfOg] pTkfbs, pkef]Stf / ljR5b] s s] s] 5g\ < cjnfs] g u/L l6kf]6 tof/
kfg{'xf];\ .

4.4 la?jf, hgfj/ / ;I" dhLjlarsf] cGt/;DaGw (Interrelationship among

plants, animals and microorganisms)

xl/of la?jfx¿ :jkfi] fs x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm} F agfp5F g\ . To;}n] la?jfx¿nfO{
pTkfbs elgG5 . hgfj/x¿n] la?jfaf6 vfgf k|fKt u5{g\ . hgfj/x¿ pkef]Stf xg' \ .
ufO,{ afvf| , e]8f, v/fof], du[ , h/fof] cflb zfsfxf/L hgfj/x¿ k|yd pkef]Stf xg' \ . s's'/,
la/fnf,] :ofn, Eofu'tf cflb hgfj/n] ky| d pkefS] tfaf6 vfgf k|fKt u5{g\ . logLx¿nfO{
låtLo pkefS] tf elgG5 . af3, lrt'jf, l;+x, lrn, lu4, clhªu\ / cflb hgfj/x¿n] ky| d
/ låtLo pkef]Stfaf6 vfgf kf| Kt u5g{ \ . oL hgfj/x¿nfO{ t[tLo pkefS] tf elgG5 .
logLx¿ df+;fxf/L xG' 5g\ . AofS6]l/ofnufotsf ;I" d hLjx¿n] d/]sf af]6la?jf tyf
hGtn' fO{ ;8fpg] tyf s'xfpg] u5{g\ . logLx¿nfO{ ljR5]bs elgG5 . hLjx¿ sx' /] df6fdf
ldn]sf h}ljs tìjx¿ la?jf xl' s{g / a9\g ko| fu] xG' 5g\ . hgfj/ / la?jfx¿lar sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8 / clS;hg UofF; lg/Gt/ ;f6km]/ x'g] ub{5 . ;"Id hLjx¿n] klg ;f; kmb] f{
clS;hg lng] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ . o;/L jftfj/0fdf pTkfbs, pkefS] tf /
ljR5b] sx¿lar ulx/f] cGt/;DaGw lg/Gt/ sfod /x]sf] x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 97

ljm| ofsnfk 4.5
3/ jf ljBfnoglhssf] rp/, aur}F f, v]taf/L jf jghªu\ nsf] cWoog ed| 0f u/L
ToxfF kfOg] pTkfbs, pkefS] tf / ljR5]bssf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ . logLx¿lar /xs] f]
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ rf6å{ f/f b]vfpgx' f;] \ .

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf k|sf/ (Types of ecosystem)

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL :yfgcg;' f/ km/s km/s k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . To;n} ] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{
hnLo / :ynLo u/L d'Vo b'O{ efudf aflF 8G5 .
-s_ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Aquatic ecosystem)

kfgLdf x'g] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL elgG5 . hnLo
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL klg kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿sf] cj:yfcg;' f/ km/s km/s lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ .
-v_ :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Terrestrial ecosystem)
hldgdf xg' ] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLnfO{ :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL elgG5 . hldgsf]
;tx klg ;a} 7fpFdf Ps} ks| f/sf] 5}g . hldgdf ePsf ljljw cj:yfn] ubf{ o;sf]
;txdf leGgtf kfOG5 . d?e"ld, rp/, hªu\ n cflb :yfgsf] cj:yfcg';f/ ToxfF
kfOg] ch}ljs tyf hl} js tìjx¿df klg km/skgf kfOG5 . x/s] :yfgdf hl} js /
chl} js tìjx¿sf] cGt/;DaGw sfod /xs] f] xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 3f;F ] d}bfg /
jgsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

jg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Forest ecosystem)

jgdf x'g] h}ljs tyf chl} js tìjx¿larsf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 ag]sf] k0| ffnLnfO{ jg
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL elgG5 . jg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf x'g] h}ljs tyf chl} js tìjx¿
lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

chl} js tìj¿ (Abiotic factors)

xfjf, kfgL, df6f], r66\ fg, vlgh kbfy{, ks| fz, tfk, cf]l;nfk] gf cflb chl} js tìjx¿
xg' \ . hldgsf] le/fnf]kg, cf]l;nf]kg / agfj6n] klg kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;/ k¥' ofpF5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

98

hl} js tìjx¿ (Biotic factors)

jgdf kfOg] jg:klt tyf hgfj/x¿ ToxfFsf hl} js tìjx¿ x'g\ . ToxfF kfOg] 3fF;kft, emf8L
/ 7'nf ?vx¿ ;a} pTkfbs xg' \ . logn] jfod' 08naf6 sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 ;f;] ]/ vfgf
agfpF5g\ / clS;hg UofF; kmfN5g\ . oL jg:kltn] Psflt/ pkef]StfnfO{ vfgf k|bfg ub5{ g\
eg] csf{l] t/ jfo'd08ndf ;Gt'ng NofpF5g\ . o;} u/L af]6la?jf vfP/ afFRg] zfsfxf/L
hLjx¿ klg jgdf kfOG5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ ky| d pkefS] tf elgG5 . ls/fkm6\ofªuf| bl] v
d[u, h/fof,] v/fof,] xfQL, u}8F f cflb ky| d pkefS] tf xg' \ . k|yd pkef]StfnfO{ vfP/ afFRg]
:ofn, Ajf;F f] cflbnfO{ låtLo pkef]Stf elgG5 . ky| d / låtLo pkefS] tf b'j}nfO{ vfP/
afFRg] lrtj' f, af3 cflb hgfj/nfO{ t[tLo pkefS] tf elgG5 . o;/L jgdf pTkfbs, k|yd
pkefS] tf, låtLo pkef]Stf / tt[ Lo pkefS] tflar ;Gtn' g sfod eO/x]sf] xG' 5 . oL ;a}
hLjx¿ d/k] l5 logsf] z/L/ s'xfP/ df6fdf ldnfpg] hLj klg ToxfF kfOG5g,\ h;nfO{
ljR5b] s elgG5 . AofS6]l/of, kmGhfO{ cflb ljR5]bs x'g\ . o;/L sl' xP/ ag]sf] kbfy{
df6fdf ldn]kl5 To;nfO{ af]6la?jfn] kg' M ;f;] ]/ lnG5g\ / cfkm\gf] vfgf agfp5F g\ . o;/L
jgdf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;Gt'lnt eO/xs] f] x'G5 .

lrq g= 4.10

kY[ jLdf hLjx¿sf] ;Gtn' gsf nflu kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLsf] 7n' f] dxìj 5 . o;af6 ljleGg
jg:klt tyf hLjhGtn' fO{ afFRg] cfwf/ kb} f xG' 5 . dflg;nfO{ rflxg] clS;hg, h8La6' L
cflb klg o;a} f6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f ;Gtn' gdf klg o;sf] w]/} dxìj /x]s]f 5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 99

;f/fz+

kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL (Ecosystem)

chl} js tìj tìj hl} js tìj

xfjf kfgL df6f] vlgh pmhf{ pTkfbs pkef]Stf ljR5]bs

kf| ylds låtLo tt[ Lo

hnLo :ynLo
k|sf/

kf]v/Ldf xg' ] ;db' d| f xg' ] gbLdf x'g] 3fF;] db} fg d?el" d jghªu\ n

Concept map 7

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

100

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpFdf ;xL zAb egx'{ f];\ M

;o" { låtLo pkef]Stf ljR5b] s t[tLo pTkfbs

-s_ vfgfsf nflu c¿df e/ kg{] hLjnfO{ elgG5 .

-v_ d/]sf hLjnfO{ ;8fpg], s'xfpg] hLjnfO{ elgG5 .

-u_ ks| fzsf] k|d'v ;|ft] xf] .

-3_ ls/fkm6\ofªuf| vfP/ afRF g] Eofut' f pkefS] tf xg' \ .

2. hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M k|yd pkef]Stf
np] låtLo pkef]Stf
af3 tt[ Lo pkefS] tf
Eofut' f

ufO{ pTkfbs
ljR5]bs

3. tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ chl} js tìj egs] f] s] xf], pbf/x0f;lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ s:tf hLjx¿nfO{ pTkfbs elgG5, pbf/x0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ AofS6l] /ofn] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;Gt'ngdf s;/L ;xofu] ub5{ , n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ jg/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf hl} js / ch}ljs cjojx¿sf af/d] f JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ Pp6f jgdf /x]sf ;a} h/fofx] ¿ l;sf/Ln] df/]5g\ . ca pSt jgsf]
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf s:tf] c;/ knf,{ JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .

4. km/s n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL
-v_ pTkfbs / pkefS] tf
-u_ hl} js / chl} js cjojx¿

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 101

PsfO 5 hLjg k|ljm| of

(Life Process)

kT| os] ;hLjx¿n] cfk"m hLljt /xgsf nflu z/L/leq ljleGg kl| j|mof ;~rfng ul//xs] f
xG' 5g\ . Zjf;k|Zjf;, kf]if0f, lgisf;g h:tf kl| j|mofx¿ hGt' tyf jg:klt bj' }sf nflu
cfjZos kb5{ g\ . ;hLjx¿sf] z/L/df xg' ] ljleGg kl| jm| ofx¿nfO{ hLjg kl| jm| of (life
processes) elgG5 . ;/n / sd ljsl;t hLjdf oL k|lj|mofx¿ klg ;/n k|sf/sf g}
xG' 5g\ . ljsl;t hLjdf eg] oL k|ljm| ofx¿ klg hl6n ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ .

5.1 kfi] f0f k|ljm| of (Modes of nutrition)

lrq x]/L 5nkmn u/f}‘ M

k/j] f Rofp plgpF
kZ| gx¿ lrq g= 5.1

-c_ vfg]s'/f kf| Kt ug]{ cfwf/df dflysf lrqdf s] s] km/s b]Vg' xG' 5 <

-cf_ tkfOn‘{ ] xl/ts0f ePsf sg' s'g la?jfx¿ b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <

-O_ xl/ts0f ePsfafx]s cGo s'g la?jfx¿ bV] g' ePsf] 5 <

-O_{ s] ;a} la?jfx¿n] cfkmg\ f] vfgf cfkm}F agfpg ;S5g\ xfn] f, lsg <

-p_ s] hgfj/n] klg cfkm\gf] vfgf cfkm} agfpg ;S5g\ xf]nf, lsg <

hLjnfO{ hLjg ;~rfng ug{ zlStsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . zlStsf nflu hLjnfO{ vfgf
cfjZos kb5{ . vfgf g} hLjsf] zlStsf] ;f| ]t xf] . xl/of jg:kltn] cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm}F tof/

ub5{ g\ . sltko hGt'n] jg:kltaf6 vfgf k|fKt ub5{ g\ eg] sx] Ln] cGo hGtn' fO{ df//]
vfG5g\ . o; ks| f/ ;a} hLjn] s'g} g s'g} ;f| ]taf6 cfˆgf] vfBj:t' kf| Kt ub{5g\ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

102

vfgf kf| Kt ug{] cfwf/df hLjnfO{ dV' o b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ :jkf]lift (Autotrophic)
-v_ k/kf]lift (Heterotrophic)

:jkf]lift hLj (Autotrophic organism)

wfg ds } d]jf
lrq g= 5.2

:jkf]liftcGtu{ t xl/of jg:klt tyf s]xL JofS6l] /of, h:t} M cyanobacteria kb5{ g\ .
logLx¿n] hldgaf6 lnPsf] kfgL, nj0f tyf jfod' 08naf6 lnPsf] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
h:tf lghLj{ kbfya{ f6 xl/ts/0f ePsf] sfi] fdf vfgf agfO{ ;a} efudf k'¥ofp5F g\ . o;af6
k|fKt zlStn] cfˆgf hLjg klj|mof ;~rfng / jl[ 4 ub5{ g\ . ;"o{sf] ks| fzaf6 zlSt lnO{
vfgf agfpg] xl/of jg:klt g} vfBj:t' cfkl" t{sf dxìjk0" f{ dfWod xg' .

ljm| ofsnfk 5.1
ljBfno tyf cfkmg\ f] 3/ jl/kl/ kfOg] la?jfx¿ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . tL dWo] cfkm\gf]
vfgf cfkm‘} agfpg ;Sg] -:jkfl] ift_ la?jfx¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .

k/kfl] ift hLj (Heterotrophic organism)

cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm}F agfpg g;Sg] / vfgfsf nflu cGo hLjdf e/kg{] hLjnfO{ k/kfl] ift
hLj elgG5 . logLx¿ jg:klt / cGo hGt'df e/ kb{5g\ . sg' n} ] d/s] f hLjaf6 vfgf
k|fKt ub5{ g\ t sg' }n] ;hLjaf6 l;w} r;' /] lnG5g . s'g} c? hLjnfO{ df//] vfG5g\ . o;/L
k/kf]lift hLjnfO{ klg vfgf kf| Kt ug]{ cfwf/df ljleGg efudf af8F \g ;lsG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 103

1. d[tfk] hLjL (Saprophytic)
2. k/hLjL (Parasites)
3. k|f0fL;bz[ (Holozoic)

d[tf]khLjL (Saprophytic)

Rofp 9';L
lrq g= 5.3

9ns] f] ?vsf] afj] |mfdf Rofp pd|]sf] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 < Rofp, 9';Lx¿ d/s] f hLjaf6 vfgf
;f];]/ cfˆgf] vfgf k|fKt ub5{ g\ . o:tf hLjnfO{ dt[ kfh] LjL elgG5 . To;n} ] Rofp v]tL
ug{n] ] k/fndf Rofp pdf//] To;sf] v]tL ub5{ g\ . w/] } af;L bxL, ;8]uns] f kmnkmn" df

9;' L knfPsf] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 < Rofp, 9';L h:tf jg:kltdf xl/ts/0f gePsfn] cfkm}F
vfgf agfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;/L d[t hLjsf] z/L/af6 cfˆgf] vfgf kf| Kt ug{] Rofp, 9';L, s]xL
JofS6]l/of cflb dt[ fk] hLjL x'g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 5.2

OG6/g6] sf] k|ofu] u/]/ jf cfkm"eGbf hfGg] JolStx¿;Fu ;fw] vf]h u/]/ dfly plNnlvt

hLjx¿ afxs] dt[ fk] hLjLdf kg]{ cGo hLjx¿sf] ;r" L ltgLx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ kf]if0f k|ljm| ofdf
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

k/hLjL (Parasites)

p8'; h'sf hd' |f
lrq g= 5.4 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
104
sIff ^

-c_ lrqdf bv] fOPsf hLjx¿n] vfgf s;/L k|fKt u5{g\ xf]nf <
-cf_ dflysf hLjx¿ afxs] o:tf cGo k/hLjLx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
sx] L hLjx¿ cGo hLjsf] z/L/df /x]/ cfˆgf] hLjgofkg ub5{ g\ . hd' |f, plkofF, p8;' ,
h'sf h:tf hLjn] cGo hgfj/sf] /ut r';/] cfˆgf] hLjgofkg ub5{ g\ . KnfHdfl] 8od, rg' f{
(pinworm), hs' f (ascaris) cflb hLjx¿ ;hLjsf] z/L/leq /xL vfgf kf| Kt ug]{ ePsfn]
logLx¿nfO{ leqL k/hLjL (endoparasites) elgG5 . hd' f| , p8';, plkofF h'sfx¿ ;hLjnfO{
aflx/af6 r;' ]/ vfg] ePsfn] lognfO{ afx\o k/hLjL (ectoparasites) elgG5 .

k|f0fL;b[z (Holozoic)

injestion

digestion

absorption

egestion

lrq g= 5.5

k|f0fL;bz[ hLjx¿n] cGo hLjaf6 vfgf kf| Kt ug{] (Ingestion), To;nfO{ krfpg]
(digestion), z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] tìj ;f:] g] (absorption), z/L/n] ;f];]sf tìjnfO{
k|of]u ug{] (Assimilation) / z/L/df gkr]sf tyf cgfjZos j:t' kmfNg] (egestion)
ub{5g\ . vfgf kf| Kt ug]{ kl| jm| of hLjx¿df leGgf leGg} x'g ;S5g . w]/}h;f] hLjx¿
k|f0fL;b[Zf xG' 5g\, h:t} M dflg;, ss' '/, ufO{, cldaf cflb .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 105

lj|mofsnfk 5.3

OG6/g6] jf ;fw] vfh] u/L dt[ fk] hLjL, k/hLjL / kf| 0fL;bZ[ f hLjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L
ltgLx¿n] vfgf kf| Kt ug]{ k|ljm| of;dt] n]vL sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g M la?jfn] vfgf sxfaF f6 / s;/L kf| Kt ub{5g\ xf]nf <

5.2 ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f k|ljm| of (Photosynthesis)

xl/of la?jfx¿n] cfkm\gf] vfgf cfkFm} agfpg ;S5g\ . xl/of la?jfx¿n] xfjfdf ePsf]
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 / df6fdf /xs] f] kfgLaf6 ;o" s{ f] k|sfzsf] pkl:yltdf xl/ts0fsf]
;xfotfn] kftdf vfgf agfpF5g\ . o;/L la?jfn] vfgf agfpg] k|lj|mofnfO{ ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f
k|ljm| of (photosynthesis) elgG5 .

of] kl| j|mof xl/of] kftdf x'G5 . o; kl| jm| ofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ zlSt xl/of] kftdf ePsf]

xl/ts0f (chlorophyll) n] ;"o{sf] ks| fzaf6 lnG5 . o; kl| jm| ofdf Uns' f]h (glucose)

/ clS;hg aG5 .

sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 ± kfgL ks| fz Un'sf]h ± clS;hg
xl/ts0f

sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 ;"os{ f] ks| fz
clS;hg x/of] kft
kfgL

lrq g= 5.7 k|sfz ;+Zni] f0f ljm| of
ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0fsf nflu la?jfn] h/fåf/f hldgsf] kfgL / kftdf /xs] f l5b| (stomata)
åf/f xfjfdf /xs] f] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 lnG5 . la?jfn] agfPsf] Un'sfh] (glucose)
:6fr{df abN5 / sf]ifdf hDdf ub5{ . o; kl| j|mofdf ags] f] clS;hg la?jfn] xfjfdf kmfN5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

106

ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f kl| jm| ofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tìjx¿ (Factors needed

for photosynthesis)

1. xl/ts0f (Chlorophyll)
xl/of la?jfdf Snf/] f]lkmn cyf{t\ xl/ts0f xG' 5 . xl/ts0f ePsf la?jfdf dfq
ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f k|lj|mof xG' 5 . la?jfsf kftdf ePsf] xl/ts0fn] ks| fz ;+Zni] f0fsf
nflu ;f}o{ ks| fz ;f;] /] lnG5 .

2. sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 (Carbon dioxide)
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 ks| fz ;+Zn]if0f k|lj|mofdf cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ xf] . la?jfn]
kftdf /xs] f dl;gf l5b| (stomata) åf/f jfo'd08ndf /xs] f] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8
lnG5g\ .

3. kfgL (water)
kfgL csf]{ dxìjk"0f{ sRrf kbfy{ xf] . la?jfn] h/fåf/f hldgsf] kfgL ;f:] b5 / 8fF7
xF'b} kftdf k'¥ofpF5 .

4. k|sfz (light)
la?jfsf kftdf /x]sf xl/ts0fn] ;fo} { ks| fznfO{ zfi] f0f ub5{ / vfgf agfpg
pkofu] ub5{ . xl/of la?jfn] vfgf agfpbF f ;f}o{ ks| fznfO{ /f;folgs zlStdf
kl/jtg{ ub5{ g\ .

xl/of la?jfsf kftdf /x]sf :6fr{sf] k/LIf0f

ljm| ofsnfk 5.4
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ M xl/ofk] ft, lrD6f (forceps), tftf] kfgL /fVg] efF8f], 90 k|ltzt
Oyfgfn] , cfof]l8g, l/sfkL, kfgL, l:k|6 NofDk, 8k« /, las/x¿ cflb .

ljlw
Pp6f la?jfsf] kft l6Kgx' f];\ / kfrF ldg]6;Dd pdfn]sf] kfgLdf 8'afpg'xf];\ . o;f]
ubf{ kft g/d xG' 5 . To;kl5 sx] L ;do kftnfO{ dgtftf] cNsf]xn -90 kl| tzt
Oyfgfn] _ df 8'afP/ /fVgx' f];\ . To;kl5 To; kftnfO{ aflx/ lems/] ;kmf kfgLn] /fd/| L
kvfNgx' f];\ . Pp6f l/sfkLdf cfofl] 8gsf] 3f]n /fvL To;nfO{ 8'afpg'xf];\ . of] sfnf] lgnf]

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 107

/ªdf kl/0ft ePsf] b]lvg] 5 . :6frs{ f] pkl:yltn] ubf{ g} cfofl] 8g /fVbf kftsf] /ª
ablnPsf] xf] .

lrq g= 5.8 :6fr{ k/LIf0f

dfgj kfrg k0| ffnL (Human digestive system)

xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf kfrg eO{ xfdLn] zlSt k|fKt ub{5fF} . ToxL zlStaf6 xfdLn] hLjgdf
ljleGg sfo{ ub5{ f}F . ca xfdL dfgj z/L/df vfgf s;/L kfrg xG' 5 < s'g s'g cªu\ n]
kfrg k|0ffnLdf efu lnG5g,\ cflbsf af/]df cWoog u/f}F .
xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf l;w} zlStdf ablng ;Sbg} . o;sf nflu ljleGg cªu\ x¿n] ldn/]
sfo{ ub5{ g\ . vfgfnfO{ krfpg dbt ug{] cªu\ x¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ kfrg k0| ffnL elgG5 . dfgj
kfrg k0| ffnLnfO{ dV' o kfrg gnL / kfrg uG| yLx¿ u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

d'v (mouth) ¥ofn uG| yL

(salivary gland)

vfgf gnL (oesophagus)

sn]hf] (liver) cfdf;o (stomach)
lkQ yn} L (gall bladder)
7n' f] cfGbf| (large
Kofª\lj|mofh (pancreas)
intestine)
dnåf/ (anus)
lrq g= 5.9 kfrg k|0ffnL ;fgf] cfGbf| (small

intestine)

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

108

-s_ kfrg gnL (Alimentary canal)

kfrg gnL d'vaf6 ;'? eO{ dnåf/df cGTo xG' 5 . of] gnL sxLF km/flsnf] / sxLF
;fF3'/f] x'G5 . kfrg gnLdf /xs] f cªu\ x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ .

-c_ d'v -cf_ vfgfgnL -O_ cfdfzo

-O_{ ;fgf] cfGbf| -p_ 7n' f] cfGb|f -pm_ dnåf/

-v_ kfrg u|GyLx¿ (Digestive glands)

vfgfnfO{ kfrg ug{ ljleGg /;fogx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL /;fogx¿nfO{
OGhfOd elgG5 . oL OGhfOd pTkfbg ug]{ cªu\ x¿nfO{ kfrg u|GyL elgG5 . kfrg
uG| yLdf pTkflbt OGhfOdn] vfB kbfy{nfO{ krfP/ ;/n / zfi] f0f ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 .

kfrg lj|mof (Digestive process)

dv' df vfgf rkfpbF f ¥ofnu|GyLaf6 ¥ofn cfp5F . ¥ofndf ePsf] Pldnh] (amylase)
OGhfOdn] :6frn{ fO{ Un'sf]hdf ablnlbG5 . To;kl5 vfgf vfgfgnL xFb' } cfdfzodf kU' 5 .
cfdfzodf vfgs] '/f ku' ]kl5 To;sf leQfsf u|GyLnfO{ pQ]lht agfp5F . ToxfF Uofl:6s«
uG| yLaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8«f]Snfl] /s cDnn] vfgfnfO{ cDnLo agfp5F .

o;n] vfgf;uF cfPsf sltko ls6f0fx' ¿nfO{ dfl/lbG5 / vfgfnfO{ ;8\g lbFbg} . kl] K;g
OGhfOdn] kf| l] 6gnfO{ krfpg dbt ub5{ . o;kl5 vfgf ;fgf] cfGb|fdf hfG5 . ;fgf] cfGb|fsf]
klxnf] efu 88' ]gddf lkQy}nLaf6 cfPsf] lkQ/; ldl;G5 . o;n] lrNnf] kbfy{ krfpg
dbt ub5{ . Kofª\ljm| ofhaf6 cfpg] Koflª\ljm| ofl6s /; klg 88' ]gddf g} ldl;G5 . o;df
ePsf OGhfOdx¿ l6«lK;g (trypsin) n] k|fl] 6gnfO{, Pldnh] (amylase) n] :6fr{nfO{ /
nfOkh] (lipase) n] lrNnf] kbfy{nfO{ krfpg dbt ub{5 . 8'8g] daf6 vfgf ;fgf] cfGb|fdf
kU' 5 . ;fgf] cfGbf| df lg:sg] cfGb/]| ;n] klg vfgf krfpg dbt ub5{ .

z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kbfyx{ ¿ ;fgf] cfGbf| sf leQfdf /x]sf lenfOx{ ¿ (villi) åf/f ;fl] ;G5g\
/ /utdf ldNg k'U5g\ . o;kl5 afFsL /x]sf] kbfy{ 7n' f] cfGbf| df kU' 5 . 7n' f] cfGb|fdf
kfgLsf] w/] }h;f] dfqf ;f]l;G5 . cGTodf afFsL /xs] f] kbfy{ dnåf/af6 aflx/ kmflnG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 109

ljleGg kfrg uG| yL / ltgaf6 pTkflbt OGhfOdx¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

jm| =;= :yfg tflnsf g= 5.2 kfrg /;
kfrg u|GyL

!= d'v ¥ofnu|GyL ¥ofn

@= cfdfzo Uofl:6s« u|GyL Uofl:6s« /;

#= 5ftL snh] f] lkQ/;

$= cfdfzosf] tn Kofªl\ jm| ofh Kofª\ljm| ofl6s /;

%= ;fgf] cfGb|f cfGbu]| G| yL cfGb|] /;

o;/L kfrg lj|mofaf6 vfgfnfO{ krfP/ Uns' f]h, k|m' S6fh] , Pldgf] Pl;8, ˆof6L Pl;8 h:tf
kbfy{ aGb5g\ . oL kbfyx{ ¿ ;fgf] cfGbf| af6 /ut xFb' } z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ sf]ifdf k'U5g\ .
sfi] fdf Uns' f]h clS;hg;uF /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof eO{ zlStdf kl/0ft x'G5 . vfgfdf ePsf]
sfaf{]xfO8«6] n] zlSt lbG5 . af];f] / tn] n] zlSt / tfk lbG5 . k|f]l6gn] sf]if / tGts' f] jl[ 4
/ ddt{ ug{ ;xofu] ub{5 .

lj|mofsnfk 5.5

sg' kf}li6s tìjn] xfd|f] z/L/df s] sfo{ ub{5g,\ tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{x' f;] \ M

tflnsf g= 5.3

j|m=;= kf}li6s tìj sfo{

1. sfafx]{ fO8]«8
2. lrNnf kbfy{
3. kf| l] 6g
4. vlgh kbfy{
5. le6fldg

lj|mofsnfk 5.6
1. dfgj kfrg k|0ffnLsf] lel8of] cjnf]sg u/L To;sf cfwf/df dfgj kfrg k|0ffnLdf

efu lng] cªu\ x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .
2. dfgj kfrg k0| ffnLsf] ljleGg efu b]lvg] u/L rf6{ tof/ ugx{' f];\ .
3. sfnf] lrD6fOnf] df6f] d5' /] dfgj kfrg k|0ffnLsf] gd'gf (model) tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

df6f] pknAw gePdf lk7f] d'5/] klg To;sf] gdg' f agfpg ;lsG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

110

;f/fz+

hLjg kl| j|mof s] xf] < hLjx¿df x'g]
h}ljs kl| j|mof
(Life process)

pbfx/0f

la?jfdf vfgf agfpg] kl| jm| of dfgj kfrg k|0ffnL

ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f kl| jm| of ;f}o{ ks| fz kfrg u|GyL
kfgL sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 xl/ts0f kfrg gnL

– d'v – sn]hf]
– vfgfgnL – cfdfzo
– cfdf;o – cfGb|] u|GyL
– 8\o8' ]gd – Kofªl\ j|mofh
– ;fgf] cfGbf|
Concept map 8 – 7n' f] cfGbf|
– dnåf/

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb eg{x' f;] \ M
zlSt k|sfz ;Z+ n]if0f kfrg k0| ffnL xl/ts0f kfrg u|GyL

-s_ la?jfn] vfgf agfpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ elgG5 .

-v_ la?jfsf] kftdf pkl:yltn] ubf{ kft xl/of] b]lvG5 .

-u_ vfgfnfO{ krfpg dbt ug{] cªu\ x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ elgG5 .

-3_ vfgfdf ePsf] sfafx{] fO86] n] xfdLnfO{ lbG5 .

2. lbOPsf pQ/x¿dWo] ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f lj|mofdf s'g UofF; lg:sG5 <

-c_ sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 -cf_ clS;hg

-O_ gfO6«f]hg -O{_ xfO8f« ]hg

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 111

-v_ kfrg /;df xg' ] /;fognfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ xdfg{] -cf_ OGhfOd

-O_ le6fldg -O_{ sfaf{]xfO86]«

-u_ la?jfn] vfgf agfpg] ljm| ofnfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ Zjf;k|Zjf; -cf_ kfrg

-O_ ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f -O{_ pT;h{g

-3_ la?jfnfO{ vfgf agfpg s'g UofF; cfjZos kb5{ <

-c_ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 -cf_ clS;hg

-O_ gfO6«fh] g -O{_ lglijm| o Uof;F

3. tnsf] kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hLjg kl| jm| ofsf] kl/efiff n]Vgx' f];\ .

-v_ ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f lj|mofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kbfy{x¿ s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf;] \ .

-u_ :6fr{ k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5, a'bF fut ¿kdf nV] g'xf;] \ .

-3_ s] la?jfn] /ftLdf k|sfz ;Z+ n]if0f ljm| of ug{ ;S5 < sf/0f;lxt cfkm\ gf] ts{

k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

-ª_ kfrg k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf,] :ki6 kfg'x{ f];\ .

-r_ kfrg k|0ffnLdf kfrg /;sf] e"ldsf j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .

-5_ dfgj kfrg k|0ffnLsf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ ljleGg efusf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .

4. tn lbOPsf cª\u÷efux¿sf] gfd / sfd nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ -v_ -u_

zAbfy{
k|sfz ;Z+ ni] f0f kl| j|mof M la?jfn] vfgf agfpg] kl| jm| of
:6fr{ M la?jfn] agfPsf] vfgf
:6fd] f6f M la?jfsf kftdf /x]sf dl;gf l5b|
xfOl8«nf M kfgLdf pdg| ] la?jf

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

112

PsfO 6 an / rfn

(Force and Motion)

xfdL bl} gs ¿kdf ljleGg sfo{ ub{5fF} . lxF8\g,' bu'g,'{ vN] g,' vt] vGg,' ef/L afS] g' cflb
ljleGg sfdx¿ xg' \ . sg' } klg sfd ug{ ansf] cfjZostf kb5{ .

6.1 rfn / o;sf ks| f/ (Motion and its types)

lj|mofsnfk 6.1 lrq g= 6.1

Pp6f 6a] 'ndf lstfa /fVgx' f];\ . ca o;nfO{
la:tf/} wsN] g'xf;] \ / cjnfs] g ug{x' f];\ .
lstfan] cfˆgf] :yfg kl/jt{g u¥of] <
6a] n' n] cfˆgf] :yfg kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 ls
5g} <
sf]7fdf ePsf 8:] s, aG] r, s;' L{ cflbn]
cfˆgf] :yfg kl/jt{g cfkmF} ug{ ;S5g\ <

oxfF 6]a'ndfly lstfa l3;fbf{ lstfan] :yfg kl/jt{g ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . To; avt lstfasf]
cj:yf rfn cj:yf xf] . alu/xs] f] kfgL, pl8/xs] f r/f, ul' 8/xs] f uf8L, lxl8/x]sf dflg;,
ul' 8/xs] f ;fOsn cflb rfn cj:yf xg' \ . dflg; lxFl8/xFbf klg :yfg kl/jtg{ eO/xs] f]
x'G5 . xfdL 3/af6 ljBfno lx8F ]/ hfFbf rfn cj:yfdf x'G5fF} . cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf] j:ts' f]
t'ngfdf :yfg kl/jtg{ ul//xs] f] j:t'sf] cj:yfnfO{ rfn cj:yf elgG5 .

sf]7fdf /xs] f 6]a'n, s';L,{ a]Gr, 8:] sn] :yfg kl/jtg{ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lj>fddf xG' 5g\ .
3/, k'n, lahn' Lsf] vDaf cflb l:y/ cj:yfsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . jl/kl/ /xs] f cGo j:t'sf]
bfhF fd] f :yfg kl/jt{g gu/L /x]sf] j:t'nfO{ lj>fd cj:yf elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 6.2

l:y/ cj:yfsf] j:t' / rfn cj:yfsf] j:t'df s] leGgtf x'G5 < ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf ePsf l:y/ / rfn cj:yfsf j:t'sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 113

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
ul' 8/xs] f] uf8Ldf a;s] f dflg; lj>fd cj:yfdf x'G5g\, ls rfn cj:yfdf xG' 5g,\ lsg <
ljm| ofsnfk 6.3
rp/df Pp6f Knfl:6ssf] af/] f /fVg'xf;] \ . ca Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ To;dfly a:g
nufpg'xf;] \ . la:tf/} bO' { hgf ldn/] af/] fnfO{ tfGgx' f;] \ . af/] f;Fu} ToxfF a;s] f] ljBfyL{
rfndf xG' 5 ls lj>fd cj:yfdf xG' 5, 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ nV] g'xf;] \ .

rfnsf] ks| f/ (Types of motion)

;a} j:t'sf] rfn Pp6} k|sf/sf] xFb' g} . j:ts' f] rfnnfO{ l;wf/]vLo rfn / jjm| /]vLo rfn
u/L dV' o b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ l;wf/]vLo rfn (Linear motion)
lj|mofsnfk 6.4
Pp6f 9'ªu\ fsf] 6j' |mf wfufn] ] afwF ]/ cUnf] :yfgaf6 5fl] 8lbg'xf];\ .
9'ª\uf s;/L tn v:b5, cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

lrq g= 6.2

lrq g= 6.3
Pp6f l;wf /v] fdf x'g] rfnnfO{ l;wf/]vLo rfn elgG5 . l;wf af6f]df u'l8/x]sf] uf8L,
;dtn rp/df esG' 8f] xfGbf ul' 8/x]sf] cj:yf, aGbs' af6 uf]nL lg:sbF f xg' ] rfn l;wf/v] Lo
rfnsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

114

-v_ jj|m/]vLo rfn (Curvilinear motion)
lj|mofsnfk 6.5

rp/df uP/ ToxfF lxl8/xs] f sldnf / ls/fx¿sf] rfn cjnfs] g ug'x{ f];\ . To;} u/L
ljleGg hgfj/x¿ lxFl8/xs] f,] k'tnL, ls/fkm6o\ fªu\ f| pl8/xs] f] cjnf]sg ugx{' f];\ .
logLx¿sf] rfn s:tf] 5, 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

lrq g= 6.4

Pp6f l;wf /v] fdf geO{ lbzf abln/x/] xg' ] rfnnfO{ jjm| /v] Lo rfn elgG5, h:t} M 3'dfp/f]
af6fdf u'l8/x]sf] uf8L, 3'ld/xs] f] 38Lsf] ;'Os{ f] rfn jj|m/]vLo rfnsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
xfjf axFbf slxns] fxLF wn' f,] kftsf 6'jm| f, sfuh cflb p8fp5F . logLx¿ p8b\ f Pp6}
lglZrt lbzf x'Fb}g . oL j:t'x¿ lbzf kl/jt{g ub{} pl8/xs] f xG' 5g\ . o:tf] rfnnfO{
jjm| /]vLo rfn elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 6.6
Pp6f sfuhsf] 6j' |mf / Pp6f 9'ª\ufsf] 6j' m| fnfO{ Ps};fy cUnf] 7fpFaf6 v;fNg'xf];\ /
cjnfs] g ugx'{ f];\ . 9'ªu\ f s;/L v:of] < sfuh s;/L v:of] < oL b'jd} f Pp6} k|sf/sf]
rfn 5 < cjnf]sg u/L lgisif{ n]Vg'xf];\ .

6.2 an (Force)

xfdLn] lbgx'F ljleGg sfo{ ub5{ fF} . sg' } klg sfo{ ug{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ ansf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . jf:tjdf an eg]sf] s] xf] <

ljm| ofsnfk 6.7
Pp6f 6a] 'ndfly lstfa /flvPsf] emfn] f /fVg'xf;] \ . ca emfn] fnfO{ la:tf/} ws]Ngx' f;] \ .
emf]nf Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpFdf ;b{5 . kml] / emfn] fnfO{ la:tf/} tfGgx' f;] \ . emf]nfn] km]l/
7fpF kmb] 5{ cyft{ \ ;b{} hfG5 . emfn] f grnfO{ /fVbf lj>fd cj:yfdf x'G5 eg] To;nfO{
tfGbf jf ws]Nbf rfn cj:yfdf x'G5 . tfGg' jf 3r]6\g' an xf] .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 115

j:t'nfO{ tfGbf jf 3r]6\bf j:ts' f] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g

cfpF5 . o;/L j:ts' f] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ jf ug{

vf]Hg] afx\o tìjnfO{ an elgG5 . lxF8g\ , bf8} g, ef/L

af]Sg, km6' an vN] g, ;fOsn sb' fpg, 9fs] f vfN] g, lrq g= 6.5

x/s] sfddf ansf] ko| f]u xG' 5 . anlagf s'g} klg

sfo{ xFb' }g . l:y/ j:tn' fO{ rfndf Nofpg / rfnsf] j:tn' fO{ l:y/df Nofpg ansf] ko| fu]

ug{k' b{5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 6.8

1. Pp6f 6]an' df sx] L lstfax¿ ePsf] emf]nf /fVg'xf];\ . ca Pp6f l:k|ª AofnG] ;
lnP/ emf]nfsf] lkmQfdf c8o\ fP/ cfkm"lt/ tfGgx' f];\ . l:kª| AofnG] ;df ePsf]
;"rsn] slt bv] fPsf] 5, gf]6 ug{x' f];\ .

2. Pp6f sdfgL t/fh' (Spring Balance) nfO{ emG' 8o\ fpg'xf];\ . pSt sdfgL
t/fhd' f Pp6f ;fgf] 9ª' \uf wfufn] afwF /] t/fh'sf] l:kª| sf] 6'Kkfdf em' G8\ofpg'xf;] \ /
To;n] slt b]vfPsf] 5, gf6] ug'x{ f;] \ . o;k|sf/ ansf] gfk yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

ansf] PsfO Go6' g xf] . j:ts' f] tfn} klg Ps ks| f/sf] an g} xf] .
k[YjLn] s'g} j:t'nfO{ cfk"mlt/ tfGg] an g} To; j:t'sf] tfn} xf] .
k[YjLsf] ;txdf Ps lsnf]uf| d lk08 ePsf] j:ts' f] tf}n sl/a
9.8 Go'6g x'G5 .

lrq g= 6.6
sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

116

ansf] c;/x¿ (Effects of force)

ljm| ofsnfk 6.9

1. Pp6f es'G8f] lnP/ rp/df hfgx' f;] \ / hldgdf /fv]/ hf]8n] xfg/] u8' fpg'xf;] \ .
o;/L u'l8/x]sf] es'G8f] ;fyLnfO{ /f]Sg eGgx' f];\ . oxfF ansf] s:tf] c;/ kfpge' of] <

2. Pp6f ;fgf] esG' 8f] lnP/ rp/df hfg'xf;] \ . ca es'G8f] ;fyL ePlt/ u'8fpg'xf;] \
/ ;fyLnfO{ sf7sf] n67\ Ln] jf Aof6n] /fS] g eGg'xf;] \ . es'G8f] stflt/ uof] <

3. lkª v]Nbf ;'?df la:tf/} xlNnG5 t/ hlt an nufpFb} uof] Tolt g} l56f] l56f]
xlNnG5, lsg xf]nf < lkª v]n]/ cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ .

4. xfjf el/Psf] an] 'gnfO{ lyRbf To;sf] cfsf/df s] xG' 5, cjnf]sg ug'x{ f;] \ .

5. ul' 8/x]sf] ;fOsn jf uf8Ldf a]s| nufpbF f s] x'G5, cjnfs] g u/L dflysf] lgisif{
tnsf] tflnsfdf egx'{ f;] \ M
tflnsf g= 6.1

j|m=;= ansf] pkofu] ansf] c;/

1. es'G8f] xfGbf l:y/ cj:yfsf] j:t' rfndf hfG5 .

2. u'l8/x]sf] esG' 8f] /fS] bf rfn cj:yfsf] j:t' l:y/df hfG5 .

3. esG' 8fnfO{ leQfdf 7fS] sfpFbf ====================================

4. v]ln/xs] f] lkªdf yk an nufpFbf ====================================

5. xfjf el/Psf] a]ng' lyRbf ====================================

6. u'l8/x]sf] ;fOsn jf uf8Ldf a|s] nufpFbf ====================================

ann] j:td' f ljleGg c;/ ub{5 . tLdWo] sx] L c;/x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ ann] l:y/ j:td' f rfn pTkGg ub{5 .

s'g} l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:tn' fO{ an k|of]u ubf{ rfn pTkGg xg' ;S5 . hldgdf
/flvPsf] esG' 8f]nfO{ uf]8fn] lxsfp{ Fbf esG' 8f] rfndf hfG5 . kfO8ndf v'6\6fn] lyRbf
;fOsn u'85\ . 7]nfuf8fdf ;fdfg /fvL ws]Nbf 7n] fuf8f rfndf cfp5F . lkªdf an
nufpbF f lkª rfndf cfp5F .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 117

lrq g= 6.7

-v_ ann] rfndf /x]sf j:t'nfO{ l:y/ cj:yfdf NofpF5 .
u'l8/x]sf] esG' 8f]nfO{ /fS] g an k|ofu] ugk{' b5{ . u'l8/x]sf] ;fOsn, uf8L cflbdf as]|
nufpbF f l:y/ cj:yfdf cfpF5 . k'm6an vN] bf ufn] lsk/n] esG' 8f] /f]Sg an nufpgk' b{5 .
o;/L ann] rfndf /x]sf] j:t'nfO{ l:y/ cj:yfdf Nofp5F .

lrq g= 6.8 lrq g= 6.9

-u_ ann] j:ts' f] ultsf] dfqfdf 36a9 u5{ .
l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t'df an ko| fu] ubf{ rfndf cfpF5 . To;df
nufpg] an a9fpbF } hFfbf To;sf] ult a9b\ } hfG5 . lkª v]Nbf hlt an
a9fpbF } uof] Tolt g} l56f] l56f] dlRrG5 . ;fOsn rnfpFbf hlt l56f]
kfO8n 3d' fof] Tolt g} l56f] ;fOsn u'8\5 .

-3_ ann] j:t'sf] lbzf kl/jt{g ub5{ . lrq g= 6.10

u'l8/x]sf] esG' 8f] PSsfl; 7fl] sbF f To;sf] lbzf kl/jtg{
x'G5 . ljm| s6] v]nf8Ln] Aof6n] annfO{ xfGbf To;sf] lbzf
kl/jtg{ xG' 5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

118

-ª_ ann] j:t'sf] cfsf/ kl/jtg{ ub{5 . lrq g= 6.11
xfjf el/Psf] an] g' nfO{ lyRbf To;sf] cfsf/ kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . /f6] L
agfpg d5' s] f] lk7fn] fO{ an nufP/ ljleGg cfsf/df kl/jtg{
ug{ ;lsG5 . sfuh jf Knfl:6ssf] a66\ fnfO{ bO' { xftn] lyRbf
To;sf] klg cfsf/ kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . o;/L ann] j:ts' f] cfsf/
kl/jtg{ ub5{ .

-r_ ann] j:t'sf] ;fOh kl/jt{g ub{5 .

Pp6f an] g' nfO{ km'Sbf To;sf] ;fOh kl/jt{g x'G5 . sfuhnfO{ 8Nnf]
agfpFbf, emfn] fdf nu' f vfFb\bf To;sf] ;fOh kl/jt{g xG' 5 . ann]
j:t'sf] ;fOh kl/jt{g ub5{ .

o;/L ann] j:t'sf] rfnsf] cj:yf / lbzf kl/jtg{ ugs{' f ;fy} cfsf/ lrq g= 6.12
/ ;fOhdf klg kl/jt{g NofpF5 .

ansf] :yfgfGt/0f (Transformation of force)

lj|mofsnfk 6.10

aGr/fn] bfp/f lr/s] f], sfb] fnfn] v]t vg]sf] cjnf]sg ug'x{ f];\ . oL cf}hf/df an nufpg]
/ sfd xg' ] :yfg sxfF sxfF xG' 5g\, 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

lrq g= 6.13
xfdLn] sg' } sfo{ ubf{ an nufpg'kb{5 . sf7 sf6\bf xFl;of, v's'/L jf aGr/f]sf] la8F df
an nufOG5 t/ sf6g\ ] sfd wf/n] u/s] f] xG' 5 . oxfF la8F df nufPsf] ansf] :yfgfGt/0fsf]
sf/0fn] g} wf/n] sf6s] f] xf] . To;u} /L s6' f] jf sf]bfnfn] vt] vGbf klg o;/L g} ansf]
:yfgfGt/0f x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 119

xfdLn] u'l8/x]sf] ;fOsn, df6] /;fOsn, uf8L /f]Sg a|]s nufpg'kb{5 . xft jf v6' \6fsf
;xfotfn] a|]s lyRbf ;f] an rSsfdf k'Ub5 / a|]sn] rSsfnfO{ a;] /L lyr/] l:y/ cj:yfdf
Nofp5F . df]6/;fOsn, uf8L, xjfOh{ xfh cflbdf klg a]|såf/f an nfu]/ rSsf /f]lsG5 .
o;/L a|]ssf dfWodaf6 an Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f kU' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 6.11
Pp6f ufn] fsf/ kfOksf] Ps 6j' m| f lngx' f;] \ . ca ;f] kfOkleq ;lhn} l5g{] sx] L nfdf] n67\ L
lnP/ 3;' fgx{' f;] \ . ;f] n67\ Lsf] bO' { 5p] lt/ Ps Ps ;fyLnfO{ ;dfTg nufO{ hldg;uF
;dfgfGt/ xg' ] u/L l;wf /fVgx' f;] \ . ca Pp6f wfufsf] 6K' kfdf O6F f jf 9ª' u\ fsf] 6j' m| f gv:g]
u/L afWgx' f;] \ . lrqdf bv] fP h:t} u/L kfOksf] dfly wfuf] /fv/] la:tf/} csf{] 5p] af6
tfGgx' f;] \ / 9ª' u\ f la:tf/} dfly p7fpgx' f;] \ . oxfF tkfOn‘{ ] wfufsf] Ps 5p] df an nufpbF f
9ª' u\ f s;/L dfly cfof,] cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ . ulx/f] Ogf/af6 l3gLs{ f] ko| fu] u//] kfgL
tfgs] f] bV] ge' Psf] 5 < o;/L ansf] :yfgfGt/0f ub{} w/] } uxf| ‘} j:t' dfly p7fpg ;lsG5 .

lrq g= 6.14
ljm| ofsnfk 6.12
bO' {cf]6f l;l/Gh lngx' f];\ . bj' } l;l/Ghsf] l;of] x6fpg'xf;] \ . ca b'j} l;l/Ghdf cfwf hlt
kfgL eg{x' f;] \ . l;l/Ghsf] l;of] x6fPsf] efunfO{ 6Dd ldNg] u/L Pp6f /a/sf] gnL jf
kfOkn] hf8] \gx' f];\ . ca Pp6f l;l/GhnfO{ ws]Nbf csf]{ l;l/Ghsf] lk:6g k5fl8 ;/]sf]
cjnfs] g ug{x' f;] \ . ;f] lk:6g s;/L k5fl8 ;¥of] xfn] f, 5nkmn u/L lzIfsnfO{ lgisif{
;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

oxfF kfgLn] el/Psf b'O{ lk:6gdWo] Ps5p] df an nufpFbf ;f] an /a/sf] kfOksf] kfgL
x'Fb} csf]{ 5]p;Dd :yfgfGt/0f xG' 5 . o;/L annfO{ Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf k¥' ofpg]
sfon{ fO{ ansf] :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

120

lrq g= 6.15

xfdLn] b}lgs hLjgdf w/] } sfod{ f o;/L g} ansf] :yfgfGt/0f ub5{ fF} . v]t vGg] s6' f,]
sfb] fnf] rfbF ] jf sf7 sf6g\ ] xlF ;of, vs' /' L, aGr/f,] km];f] ;an} ] o;/L g} annfO{ :yfgfGt/0f
ub5{ g\ . o;/L annfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ xfdLn] ljleGg ;fwgsf] pkofu] ub5{ f}F .

6.3 ;/n oGq (Simple machine)

xfdL bl} gs hLjgdf ljleGg sfdx¿ ub{5fF} . tL sfd ;lhnf];Fu ug{sf nflu ljleGg
pks/0fx¿ pkof]udf NofpF5fF} . o:tf pks/0fn] sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] / l56f] agfpF5\ . o;/L
sfdnfO{ ;3fp k¥' ofpg] pks/0fx¿ g} ;/n oGq x'g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 6.13

tkfO{n+‘ ] 3/df t/sf/L sf6\g, sk8f sf6g\ , vt] vGg, hf]Tg, sf7 sf6\g, ljleGg ;fduL|
ko| f]u u/]sf] b]Vge' Psf] 5 < sg' s'g sfos{ f nflu sg' s'g ;fwg k|ofu] ul/G5 < tnsf]
h:t} tflnsf agfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ M

j|m=;= pks/0fsf] gfd sfo{
1. sr}F L sk8f, sfuh sf6g\
2. sf]bfnf,] xnf] hldg vGg, hf]Tg
3. rSs', rn' ];L =============================
…. ======================== ==============================
…. ======================== ===============================

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 121

lrq g= 6.16
ufp3‘ /df 3fF;, bfp/f sf6g\ xlF ;of, vk' f{ ko| f]u ul/G5 . ?v sf6g\ jf bfp/f lrg{ aGr/f]
ko| f]u ul/G5 . v]t vGg s'6f], sf]bfnf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;/L g} 3/df r'n;] L, rSs,' lrD6f,
;/ft}F f], ;fan] , rvf{ cflb Hofanx¿ ljleGg sfdsf nflu ko| f]u ul/G5g\ . Ogf/af6 kfgL
lemSg l3gLs{ f] ko| fu] ul/G5 . 6«sx¿df t;] f]{ kmNofs /fv/] ux|fF} ;fdfgx¿ 6«sdf r9fOG5 .
k]rs;sf dbtn] k]r s:g jf vfN] g ;lsG5 . o;/L ljleGg sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg
ljleGg pks/0fx¿ Jojxf/df NofOG5 .
oL pks/0fx¿sf] agfj6 x]bf{ ;/n b]lvG5 t/ logLx¿sf] ko| f]un] s'g} klg sfd l56f]
5l/tf] / sd ann] k/" f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;/n agfj6 ePsf pks/0fx¿ g} ;/n oGq xg' \ .
sg' } klg sfdnfO{ ;lhnf,] l56f] / ;l' jwfhgs 9ªu\ n] ug{] ;/n agfj6 ePsf pks/0fx¿nfO{
;/n oGq (simple machine) elgG5 .
;/n oGq eGgfn] Pp6} dfq pks/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 . l8h]n, sf]Onf cflbsf] ko| fu] xbF' g} . t/
hl6n oGq (complex machine) df w]/c} f6] f ;;fgf ;/noGqx¿ ldnfP/ agfOPsf]
x'G5 . hl6n oGqsf k|To]s kf6k{ h' fx{ ¿ ;/n oGq x'g\ . To;n} ] hl6n oGqdf w]/c} f6] f
;/noGqx¿n] ;o+ 'St ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf x'G5g\ .

;/noGqsf] pkofl] utf

bl} gs hLjgdf ljleGg sfo{ ug{ ;/n oGqsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;n] sfo{ ug{ w/] } dbt ub5{ .
o;nfO{ ;/n oGqsf] pkofl] utf elgG5 . o;sf dV' o pkofl] utf lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ yf]/} an nufP/ w]/} nf8] p7fpg ;lsG5 .
-v_ yf]/} ;dodf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ ;l' jwfoS' t tj/n] an nufpg ;lsG5 .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
tkfO{n‘ ] 7n' f] 9ª' \uf kN6fpg' k/d] f s] ko| fu] ugx{' 'G5 <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

122

s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ ansf] ko| f]u ug{k' b{5 . t/ slxn]sfxLF xfdLn] w/] } ansf lj?4df sfo{
ug{k' g{] xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 1000 kg hlt lk08 ePsf] 9ª' u\ f kN6fpgk' g]{ eof] . xfdL
PSn}n] Tof] 9ª' \uf kN6fpg ;Sbg} fF} . sg' } ;/n oGqsf] ko| f]u u/]df pSt 9ª' u\ f ;lhn}
kN6fpg ;lsG5 . Pp6f nfdf] kmnfdsf] 8G8L jf alnof] sf7nfO{ 9ª' u\ fdl' g 3';f//] To;sf]
tn csf]{ ;fgf] 9ª' \uf /fv/] To; nfdf] 8G8Lsf] csf]{ 5]pdf an nufO{ tnlt/ bafpbF f
9ª' u\ f kN6G5 . o;/L yf]/} ann] w]/} ansf lj?4 sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . 8G8L tn bafpFbf
9'ªu\ f dflylt/ ;b5{ . oxfF ko| fu] ul/Psf] 8G8L jf sf7n] sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg] / ansf]
lbzf kl/jtg{ ug{ ;xof]u ub5{ .

lrq g= 6.17
sfuh, sk8f sf6g\ sFr} Lsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . df6f] afn'jf kmfNg ;fan] sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
ulx/f] Ogf/af6 kfgL lemSg l3gLs{ f] ko| f]u ul/G5 .
lj|mofsnfk 6.14
lrqdf lbOPsf ;/n oGqx¿ klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd / pkofl] utf tflnsfdf egx{' f;] \ .

j|m=;= lrq g= 6.18 pkofl] utf
-s_ ;/n oGqsf] gfd
-v_ 123

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^

ljm| ofsnfk 6.15

Pp6f aflN6gdf sx] L ;fduL| /fVgx' f;] \ . aflN6gsf] ;dfTg] 7fpdF f 8f/] L afwF /] sx] L dfly
p7fpgx' f;] \ . ca Pp6f l3gLs{ f] ko| fu] u/L ;f] 8f/] LnfO{ l3gLd{ f 3d' fP/ tnaf6 tfg/]
aflN6g dfly p7fpgx' f;] \ . l3gLs{ f] ko| fu] ubf{ / gubf{ s] km/s kfpge' of,] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;f/f+ z
rfnsf] ks| f/

l;wf/v] Lo rfn jjm| /]vLo rfn
l;wf /]vfdf x'g] rfn l;wf /v] fdf gxg' ] rfn

sdfgL gfKg] pks/0f an PsfO Go6' g
t/fh' ansf] :yfgfGt/0f s] xf] < c;/

Ps 7fpdF f nfu]sf] ansf] j:ts' f] cj:yf – rfn pTkGg u/fpg]
c;/ csf{] 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg] kl/jt{g ug{] jf – rfndf /x]sf] j:t'nfO{ l:y/ cj:yfdf Nofpg]
– ansf] lbzf kl/jtg{ ug]{
ug{ vfH] g] ri] 6f – j:ts' f] cfsf/ kl/jt{g ug]{

Concept map 9 – j:t'sf] ;fOh kl/jtg{ ug{]

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpdF f ldNbf] zAb eg'{xf;] \ M ;lhnf] ;/n oGq
an rfn l;wf/v] Lo Go"6g

-s_ jl/kl/sf j:ts' f] t'ngfdf :yfg kl/jtg{ ug{] j:t'sf] cj:yfnfO{
cj:yf elgG5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

124

-v_ j:t'sf] cj:yf kl/jt{g ug]{ sf/s tìjnfO{ elgG5 .

-u_ ansf] P;\= cfO={ PsfO xf] .

-3_ l:y/ j:t'nfO{ rfndf Nofpg ko| f]u ugk{' b5{ .

-ª_ aGbs' sf] ufn] L lg:sbF f xg' ] rfn rfn xf] .

-r_ ;/n oGqn] sfdnfO{ / l56f] agfp‘5g\ .

2. km/s nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ l;wf/]vLo rfn / jj|m/v] Lo rfn

-v_ rfn / lj>fd

3. tnsf] kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ rfn / lj>fd ;fk]lIft s/' f x'g,\ s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt nV] g'xf];\ .

-v_ ansf] kl/efiff n]Vgx' f];\ .

-u_ ansf] c;/nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf nV] gx' f];\ .

-3_ ansf] :yfgfGt/0f egs] f] s] xf], pbfx/0f;lxt nV] g'xf;] \ .

-ª_ tkfO{n+‘ ] bv] ]sf j:ts' f] rfnx¿dWo] s'g s'g l;wf/v] Lo / s'g s'g jj|m/]vLo
rfn xg' \, pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .

-r_ ann] j:ts' f] cj:yf kl/jt{g ub5{ egL s;/L kl' i6 ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt
nV] gx' f];\ .

-5_ s'g s'g cf}h/n] ansf] :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f];\ .

-h_ sdfgL t/fhs' f] ko| fu] u/L an s;/L gfKg ;lsG5 < lrq;lxt JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .

-em_ tkfO{‘n] 3/df s'rf] nufpbF f ansf] :yfgfGt/0f s;/L x'G5, n]Vgx' f];\ .

-`_ ;/n oGq egs] f] s] xf], n]Vgx' f;] \ .

-6_ ;/n oGqsf dV' o pkofl] utfx¿ a'b‘ fut ¿kdf nV] g'xf;] \ .

-7_ w]/} ulx/f] Ogf/af6 kfgL lemSg l3gLs{ f] k|of]u ul/gs' f sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
o;n] sfddf s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp5‘ , nV] g'xf];\ .

4. lgDglnlvt ;/noGqx¿sf] ;kmf lrq agfpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ sf]bfnf ] -v_ sFr} L -u_ l3gL { -3_ vs' /' L

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 125

PsfO 7 b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt

(Energy in Daily Life)

xfdL b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg ljm| ofsnfk u5f,{‘} h:t} M n]V5fF}, k95\ f}F, vN] 5fF,} sb' 5\ fF} cflb . s]
nfdf] ;do;Dd vfgf gvfO{sg xfdL oL ;a} sfd ug{ ;S5fF} < cjZo klg ;Sb}gfF} . o:t}
df]6/, xjfO{hxfh, 6o\ fS6/ cflbdf l8h]n, k]6«fn] jf cGo OGwg gxfnLsg rnfpg ;lsG5
t < cjZo klg ;lsbF g} . ljB'tl\ agf sDKo6' /, df]afOn, /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg, 6l] nkmf]g cflb
;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 t, kSs} ;lsFb}g .

xfdL vfgfaf6 zlSt k|fKt u5f+F{} . l8h]n, k6] f« ]n jf cGo OGwgaf6 uf8L, df6] /, xjfOh{ xfh
cflbn] zlSt k|fKt u5{g\ eg] ljB'tLo pks/0fn] ljBt' a\ f6 zlSt k|fKt u5{g\ . zlStn] g}
sfo{ ug]{ an k|bfg u5{ . To;}n] s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf (capacity) nfO{ zlSt
(energy) elgG5 . zlStnfO{ h'n (J) PsfOdf gflkG5 .

7.1 zlStsf ¿kx¿ (Forms of energy)

xfd|f] j/k/ ljleGg ks| f/sf sfo{ eO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . tL sfo{ ug{ ljleGg ¿kx¿sf zlStsf]
cfjZostf kb5{ . oflGqs zlSt, tfk zlSt, Wjlg zlSt, rD' asLo zlSt, k|sfz zlSt,
ljB't\ zlSt, /f;folgs zlSt, kf/df0fljs zlSt cflb zlStsf ljleGg ¿k 5g\ .

oflGqs zlSt (Mechanical energy)

sg' } j:t' rfndf x'G5g\ eg] sg' } l:y/ cj:yfdf xG' 5g\ . j:t'sf] rfn jf l:ylt kl/jt{gsf
sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] zlStnfO{ oflGqs zlSt elgG5 . oflGqs zlStnfO{ l:ylt zlSt / ult
zlSt u/L bO' { efudf af8F g\ ;lsG5 M

-s_ l:ylt zlSt (Potential energy)

ljm| ofsnfk 7.1 lrq g= 7.1
Pp6f un' ]nL / d6o\ fªu\ |f lng'xf;] \ . sf]xL gePsf] v'nf
7fpFdf un' ]nL tGsfP/ d6o\ fªu\ |f 5f8] \gx' f];\ . ca tnsf
k|Zgdf ljrf/ ugx{' f;] \ / lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f];\ M
1. d6\ofª\u|fnfO{ k/;Dd k¥' ofpg sg' zlStsf] ko| f]u eof] <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

126

2. Tof] zlSt sxfFaf6 cfof] <
3. s] km' 6an v]nf8Lsf] v6' \6fn] an lxsfp{ bF f klg To:t} zlStsf] ko| f]u x'G5 <
4. s] s'g} l:kª| nfO{ v'DRofpbF f, tGsfpFbf, aªo\ fpbF f jf a]bf{ klg o;} k|sf/sf] zlStsf]

k|ofu] x'G5 <
5. s] cUnf] :yfgdf hDdf ul/Psf] kfgL, 9'ª\uf, O6F fdf klg oxL zlSt x'G5 <

xfd|f] xftsf] df+;k]zLdf zlSt x'G5 . pSt zlSt un' n] LnfO{ tGsfpFbf un' n] Lsf] /a/df
uP/ ;l~rt x'G5 . o;/L tlGsPsf] /a/df hDdf ePsf] zlStn] d6o\ fªu\ f| nfO{ k/;Dd
k'¥ofpF5 . oxL tlGsPsf] /a/df hDdf ePsf] zlStnfO{ l:ylt zlSt (potential energy)
elgG5 . To:t} u/L km' 6an vn] f8Lsf] v6' 6\ fsf] df+;kz] Ldf ePsf] zlSt v'66\ f p7fpFbf
l:ylt zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f xG' 5 . oxL l:ylt zlStn] lxsfp{ Fbf an k/;Dd hfG5 . sg' }
j:td' f To;sf] :yfg jf l:ylt kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fn] ;l~rt ePsf] zlStnfO{ l:ylt zlSt
(potential energy) elgG5 .

lrq g= 7.2
tlGsPsf] /a/df zlSt ;l~rt eP h:t} l:ylt zlSt ljleGg j:t'df ;l~rt xG' 5 . cUnf]
:yfgdf hDdf u//] /flvPsf] kfgL, 9'ª\uf, OF6f cflbdf :yfgsf sf/0fn] l:ylt zlSt ;l~rt
x'G5 . s'g} l:k|ªnfO{ v'DRofpFbf, tGsfpbF f, aª\UofpFbf jf ab] f{ To;sf] l:yltdf kl/jt{g
x'G5 / l:ylt zlSt ;l~rt xG' 5 . bd lbOPsf] 38L, afwF df hDdf ul/Psf] kfgL cflbdf
klg l:ylt zlSt x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk 7.2
tkfO‘+s{ f] 3/, l5ds] , ljBfno jf j/k/ l:ylt zlSt ePsf cj:yf s] s] e]6\g'xG' 5 < ;"rL
agfO{ ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ ult zlSt (Kinetic energy)

la:tf/} ˆofFs]sf] an ;dfpg ;lhnf] xG' 5 eg] tLj| ultdf ˆofsF ]sf] an ;dfpg sl7g
x'G5 . o;} ks| f/n] ultdf /x]sf] 6l] g; an ;dfpg ;lhnf] xG' 5 eg] lj|ms]6 an ;dfpg

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 127

sl7g x'G5 . o;af6 xfdL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;S5f}F ls rfndf ePsf x/s] lk08df zlSt
xG' 5 . pSt zlStnfO{ xfdL ult zlSt eG5f}F . j:t'df x'g] rfnn] ubf{ pTkGg zlStnfO{ ult
zlSt (kinetic energy) elgG5 . ul' 8/x]sf] an, pl8/xs] f] r/f,] alu/xs] f] kfgL, alx/x]sf]
xfjf / ul' 8/x]sf] df]6/df x'g] zlSt ult zlStsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .
lj|mofsnfk 7.3
tkfOs{+‘ f] 3/, l5d]s, ljBfno jf j/k/ ult zlSt ePsf cj:yf s] s] e]6g\ x' G' 5,
;r" L agfO{ sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

ult zlStnfO{ ke| fj kfg]{ sf/sx¿ (Factors affecting kinetic energy)

lj|mofsnfk 7.4
Pp6f lj|ms]6 an / Pp6f 6l] g; an lnP/ ;fyL;lxt rp/df hfgx' f;] \ . kfn}kfnf] u/L
Ps hgfn] ljm| s]6 annfO{ la:tf/} km\ofSF gx' f];\ / csf{] hgfn] ;dfTgx' f;] \ . kml] / pSt
ljm| s]6 annfO{ tLj| ultdf ˆofSF gx' f];\ / ;dfTg'xf;] \ . 6]lg; annfO{ klg ˆofFSg'xf];\ /
;dfTgx' f];\ . oL ljm| ofsnfk;uF ;DalGwt tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf;] \ .
1. la:tf/} ˆofFss] f] / hf8] n] ˆofsF ]sf] ljm| s6] an ;dfpFbf s] km/s kfpg'eof] <
2. Pp6} ultdf ˆofFs]sf] ljm| s6] an / 6l] g; an ;dfpFbf s] km/s kfpge' of] <

lrq g= 7.3

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
1. la:tf/} u'8fPsf] / hf]8n] u8' fPsf] ;fOsndWo] s'grflxF leQfdf 7fl] SsbF f rfnsnfO{

a9L c;/ knf{ <
2. Pp6} ultdf u'8]sf] ;fOsn / df]6/;fOsndWo] s'grflxF leQfdf 7f]lSsbF f a9L

c;/ knf{ <
3. cf/gdf kmnfd lk6b\ f 7n' f] / ;g' sf u/uxgf agfpbF f ;fgf] 3gsf] ko| f]u ul/G5,

lsg xfn] f <

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

128

ult zlSt j:t'sf] lk08 / ultdf lge{/ ub{5 . w/] } lk08 ePsf j:t'df w]/} ult zlSt
x'G5 eg] yf/] } lk08 ePsf j:td' f yf/] } ult zlSt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6} ultdf
ˆofFs]sf] 6]lg; andf eGbf ljm| s6] andf ult zlSt w]/} xG' 5, ;dfg ultdf u'8s] f ;fOsn
/ df6] /;fOsndWo] df6] /;fOsnsf] ult zlSt w]/} x'G5 . o;} k|sf/n] la:tf/} ˆofFs]sf]
ljm| s6] andf eGbf tLj| ultdf ˆofFs]sf] lj|ms]6 andf ult zlSt w/] } x'G5, la:tf/} u'8]sf]
uf8L 7fl] SsP/ eGbf tLj| ultdf u'8]sf] uf8L 7fl] SsP/ x'g] b'36{ gf w]/} Ifltk0" f{ x'G5 .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zgx¿
1. la:tf/} u8' s] f] uf8L / tLj| ultdf u8' s] f] uf8L 7fl] SsbF f sg' a9L Iflt xG' 5, lsg <
2. ;fgf] 3geGbf 7'nf] 3gn] ;lhn} 9'ª\uf k'm6fpg ;S5, lsg <

zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0f (Transformation of energy)

lj|mofsnfk 7.5
3/sf] 5tdf /fvs] f] 6o\ fªs\ Lsf] kfgLdf s'g zlSt xG' 5 xf]nf < afy?ddf wf/f] vf]Nbf
cfpg] pSt 6\ofªs\ Lsf] kfgLdf s'g zlSt xG' 5 < 6]an' df /fv]sf] rDrfdf s'g zlSt
x'G5 < olb pSt rDrf v:of] eg] s'g zlSt xG' 5 < o:t} ks| f/sf pbfx/0fsf] ;r" L tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ / ult zlSt tyf l:ylt zlSt 5'6o\ fpg'xf;] \ .

3/sf] 5tdf /fvs] f] 6\ofª\sLsf] kfgL, afwF jf 8\ofddf /fvs] f] kfgL, tfn jf kf]v/Ldf hDdf
ePsf] kfgL cflbdf l:ylt zlSt xG' 5 . olb pSt kfgL aUof] eg] l:ylt zlSt ult zlStdf
¿kfGt/0f xG' 5 . o;/L zlSt Ps ¿kaf6 csf]{ ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 t/ ljgfz xbF' }g .
ctM zlSt gt pTkGg xG' 5 gt ljgfz xG' 5 . o;nfO{ zlSt ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt (law of
conservation of energy) elgG5 .

bl} gs hLjgdf xfdLnfO{ ljleGg ¿kdf zlStsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . slxn] l:ylt zlSt
rflxG5 eg] slxn] ult zlSt rflxG5 . slxn] ks| fz zlSt rflxG5 eg] slxn] ljBt' \
zlSt . slxn] rD' asLo zlSt rflxG5 eg] slxn] Wjlg zlSt . To;}n] xfdL;Fu pknAw
ePsf] zlStnfO{ pks/0fsf ;xfotfn] ¿kfGt/0f u/L rflxPsf] ¿kdf abNg] ub5{ fF} .
o;nfO{ zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0f elgG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 129

pbfx/0fsf nflu ;f]nf/ Kofgn] (Solar Pannel) n] ;fo} { zlStnfO{ ljBt' \ zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f

ub{5 . lrdn] ljBt' \ zlStnfO{ ks| fz zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ub{5 . lx6/n] ljBt' \ zlStnfO{

tfk zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ub{5 . 6r{nfO6n] ljBt' \ zlStnfO{ k|sfz zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f

ub{5 . zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ˆnfr] f6d{ f k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M

8o\ fdsf] kfgL → 8o\ fdaf6 emf/s] f] kfgL → kfgLn] 6jf{Og rnfpbF f → aQL afNbf

-l:ylt zlSt_ -ult zlSt_ -ljBt' \ zlSt_ -k|sfz zlSt_

lj|mofsnfk 7.6
tkfO+{s‘ f] 3/, l5ds] jf ljBfnodf kfOg] zlSt ¿kfGt/0f ug{] pks/0fsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L
sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ . s'g pks/0fn] s'g zlSt ¿kfGt/0f ub{5, 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

;f/f+z

h'n

sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] s] xf] < P;\= cfO{=+ PsfO x/]s ks| f/sf]
Ifdtf zlSt lsg rflxG5 < sfo{ ug{

¿kx¿

oflGqs zlSt, tfk zlSt, Wjlg zlSt, r'DasLo zlSt, ks| fz zlSt, ljB't\ zlSt,

/f;folgs zlSt, kf/df0fljs zlSt cflb

oflGqs zlStsf] k|sf/

rfnn] ubf{ kl/efiff ult zlSt l:ylt zlSt kl/efiff :yfg jf l:ylt
pTkGg x'g] zlSt
kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn]
pbfx/0f pbfx/0f ;l~rt ePsf] zlSt

u'l8/x]sf] an, pl8/xs] f] r/f], alu/x]sf] tlGsPsf] /a/, tGsfOPsf] un' n] L,

kfgL, alx/xs] f] xfjf, u'l8/xs] f] df6] / v'DRofOPsf] jf tGsfOPsf] jf

cflbdf ;l~rt zlSt aªU\ ofOPsf] l:k|ªdf ;l~rt zlSt

Concept map 10

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

130

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb egx{' f;] \ M jg l:ylt zlSt
ult zlSt oflGqs zlSt zlSt

-s_ sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ elgG5 .

-v_ rfn jf l:ylt kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] zlStnfO{ elgG5 .

-u_ afFwdf hDdf ePsf] kfgLdf zlSt x'G5 .

-3_ u8' ]sf] uf8Ldf zlSt xG' 5 .

2. tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ult zlSt xg' ] cj:yf s'g xf] <

-c_ tGss] f] l:kª| -cf_ hd]sf] kfgL

-O_ km6' an xfGg prflnPsf] uf8] f -O{_ pl8/xs] f] r/f]

-v_ tn lbOPsf dWo] sg' df l:ylt zlSt xG' 5 <

-c_ pl8/x]sf] hxfh -cf_ aus] f] kfgL

-O_ vD' r]sf] l:kª| -O{_ u'l8/xs] f] uf8L

-u_ zlStsf] SI PsfO sg' xf] <

-c_ jf6 -cf_ hn' -O_ Go6' g -O{_ ;]lN;o;

-3_ zlStsf ;DaGwdf lbOPsfdWo] sg' s'g ljsNk ;xL 5 <

-c_ zlSt ljgfz xb'F g} .
-cf_ zlSt lgdf0{ f xF'bg} .
-O_ zlSt ¿kfGt/0f xF'b}g .
-O_{ zlSt ljsf; xFb' g} .

(i) …cÚ dfq l7s
(ii) …cÚ / …cfÚ b'j} l7s
(iii) …cÚ, …cfÚ / …OÚ{ l7s
(iv) ;a} l7s

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 131

3. tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ zlSt eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] P;=\ cfO={ (SI) PsfO nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ oflGqs zlStsf] kl/efiff n]vL o;sf k|sf/ pNNf]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ ult zlSt / l:ylt zlStsf] kl/efiff lbO{ b'O{ b'O{ pbfx/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ ult zlSt s'g sg' sf/sdf lge{/ /xG5 < ;q" ;lxt nV] g'xf;] \ .
-ª_ ult zlSt / l:ylt zlStlar b'O{ km/s nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ zlSt ¿kfGt/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0f gxg' ] eP xfdLnfO{ s] s:tf
sl7gfO cfOky{] xf]nfg\ <
-5_ xfdLn] vfg] vfgf klg ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] ¿k xf] . o; egfOnfO{
ts;{ lxt k:| 6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-h_ xfdLn] vfgf gvfP klg sx] L ;do;Dd sfd ug{ ;S5f}F t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd
sfd ug{ ;Stg} fF} . oL b'j} 36gfnfO{ zlSt;Fu hf8] /] JofVof ug{x' f];\ .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

132

7.2 tfk (Heat)

udL{ df;} ddf xfdL tftf] cg'ej u5f‘+{} eg] hf8f] df};ddf lr;f] cge' j u5f{‘}+ . a/km 5bF' f
lr;f] xG' 5 eg] ttfPsf] kfgL 5'bF f tftf] x'G5 . lr;f] jf tftf] cg'ej ugf{sf] d'Vo sf/0f
s] xf]nf, ljrf/ ugx{' f;] \ t Û

lr;f] jf tftf] cge' j ugfs{ f] d'Vo sf/0f tfk xf] . tfk Ps ks| f/sf] zlSt xf] . o;n]
xfdLnfO{ tftf]kgsf] cg'ej u/fp5F . o;sf] P;\= cfO{= PsfO hn' xf] . of] tftf] j:t'af6
lr;f] j:td' f ;5{ . 5fnfeGbf tftf] j:t' 5Fb' f tftf] j:ta' f6 xfdf| ] 5fnfdf tfk ;5{ /
xfdLnfO{ tftf] cge' j x'G5 . o:t} 5fnfeGbf lr;f] j:t' 5'bF f 5fnfaf6 tfk lr;f] j:t'df
;5{ / xfdLnfO{ lr;f] cge' j xG' 5 . o; kf7df xfdL ljleGg j:ts' f] tfk zf]if0f ug{]
Ifdtfsf af/]df rrf{ ug{] 5fF} .

cfYyf©©© cfR5'©©©

lrq g= 7.4

tfk zfi] f0f (Heat absorption)

ljm| ofsnfk 7.7

1. s]xLa/] 3fddf jf lx6/ cufl8 a:gx' f;] \, tkfO‘+n{ fO{ s:tf] cg'ej eof] <
2. 3fddf /fvs] f] efF8f] lsg tfT5 < 3fddf ;s' fPsf] l;/s lsg Gofgf] x'G5 <

ljm| ofsnfk 7.7 af6 xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'G5 ls 3fddf jf lx6/ cufl8 a:bf cyjf 3fddf
;'sfPsf] sk8f nufpFbf xfdLnfO{ tftf] cg'ej xG' 5 . 3fddf /fvs] f ef8F f 5Fb' f tftf] x'G5 .
oL ;a} x'gs' f] dV' o sf/0f xfd|f] z/L/n] tfk zlSt zfi] f0f ug{' xf] . tfk tftf] j:ta' f6 lr;f]
j:td' f ;5{ . To;sf/0f oL j:t' xfd|f] z/L/eGbf tftf] ePsfn] tfk xfd|f] z/L/df ;/]sf]

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 133

xf] . j:t'n] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf tftf j:ta' f6 tfk zlSt ux| 0f ug{] kl| j|mofnfO{ tfk zfi] f0f
(heat absorbtion) elgG5 . ;a} j:t'sf] tfk zfi] f0f Ifdtf Pp6} xFb' g} . o:tf] Ifdtf
ljleGg sf/sdf lge{/ u5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk 7.8
lunf; …sÚ df tftf] kfgL / lunf; …vÚ df lr;f] kfgL lng'xf];\ . Pp6f ydf{l] d6/sf] ko| f]u
u/L ltgLx¿sf] tfkjm| d gfk]/ l6kf]6 ugx'{ f;] \ . b'j} lunf;sf] kfgLnfO{ t];|f] lunf; …uÚ
/fv]/ ld;fpg'xf;] \ / ca ld>0f kfgLsf] tfkjm| d gfKg'xf];\ . tnsf kZ| gx¿df 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \ M
1. ld;fPsf] kfgL klxnfsf] tftf] kfgLeGbf lr;f] 5 ls tftf] <
2. ld;fPsf] kfgL klxnfsf] lr;f] kfgLeGbf lr;f] 5 ls tftf] <
3. sg' lunf;sf] kfgLn] tfk 5f8] o\ f] xfn] f / sg' lunf;sf] kfgLn] tfk lnof] xfn] f <
4. tfk lbg] / tfk lng] kl| j|mof slxn;] Dd /xG5, xf]nf <

tfk zfi] f0f Ifdtf lge{/ ug]{ sf/sx¿ (Factors affecting absorbtion

of heat)

j:ts' f] tfk zfi] f0f Ifdtf dV' o ¿kdf j:ts' f] ;txsf] Ifq] kmn / o;sf] /ªdf lge/{ u5{ .
1. j:ts' f] ;txsf] Ifq] kmn (surface area of the object)

lj|mofsnfk 7.9 lrq g= 7.5
Pp6f yfn / Pp6f lunf;df a/fa/L kfgL /fVg'xf];\ . pSt yfn /
lunf;nfO{ sx] La/] 3fddf /fv]/ cjnf]sg ug{x' f;] \ .
1. s]xL a]/kl5 bj' } kfgLnfO{ ydf{l] d6/sf] ;xfotfn] sg' tftf] 5,

kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. Pp6f kfgL w/] } tftf] / csf]{ kfgL sd tftf] xg' s' f] sf/0f kQf

nufpgx' f];\ .

lgisif{ M Yffndf /fv]sf] kfgLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn w]/} ePsfn] lunf;df /fvs] f] kfgLeGbf
tftf] x'G5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

134

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
lj|mofsnfk 7.9 sf] cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgdfly ljrf/ ug'x{ f];\ M
1. lr;f jf wf]Psf nu' f ;'sfpg lsg lkmF hfP/ /flvG5 <
2. la:s'g ;s' fpbF f lsg lkFmhfOPsf] xf]nf <
3. ;f]nf/ lx6/sf] ;tx lsg 7'nf] agfPsf] xf]nf <
4. kfgL ttfpg] jf eft ksfpg] efF8fsf] tNnf] efu lsg rf8} f agfPsf] xf]nf <
5. cfuf] jf lx6/ tfKbf xft d7' L gkf/L lsg cfF}nf lkmF hfOPsf] xf]nf <

lgisifM{ j:t'sf] tfkzf]if0f ug{] Ifdtf p;sf] ;txsf] Ifq] kmn a9\bf a95\ / 36\bf 36\5 .

2. j:ts' f] /ª (Colour of the object)

lj|mofsnfk 7.10
Pp6f sfnf] /ªsf] / csf]{ pq} ;fOhsf] ;t] f] /ªsf] sk8f lngx' f];\ . bj' n} fO{ cnu cnu
b'O{cf]6f ydf]{ld6/df a/] ]/ ;dfg ;dosf nflu 3fddf /fVg'xf;] \ . s]xL ;dokl5 s'g /ªsf]
sk8fdf /fvs] f] ydfl{] d6/df tfkj|md w]/} 5, cjnfs] g ugx{' f];\ .

glthf M sfnf] /ªsf] sk8fdf a]l/Psf] ydfl{] d6/df tfkj|md w]/} x'G5 .

ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
lj|mofsnfk 7.10 sf cfwf/df tnsf kZ| gdfly ljrf/ ug'{xf;] \ M
;f]nf/ lx6/sf] ;txdf lsg sfnf] /ª kft] s] f] xf]nf < o:t} 3fddf a:bf z/L/sf] cGo
efueGbf skfn lsg a9L tfT5 <

sfnf] /ªsf j:td' f tfkzfi] f0f Ifdtf w/] } x'G5 eg] ;]tf] /ªsf j:td' f tfkzfi] f0f Ifdtf sd
x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] udL{ x'g] 7fpFdf k|foM ;]tf] /ªsf sk8f nufOG5 eg] hf8f] xg' ] 7fpdF f
sfnf] jf uf9f /ªsf sk8f nufpg' pkoS' t xG' 5 . o:t} ks| f/n] ;"oa{ f6 cfpg] ks| fznfO{
w]/} zfi] f0f u/f;] \ eg/] ;fn] f/ lx6/sf] ;txdf sfnf] /ª kfl] tPsf] x'G5 . vfgf ksfpFbf
l56f] kfsf];\ / OGwgsf] klg art xf];\ eg]/ kf| oM vfgf ksfpg] ef8F fsf] aflx/L lkFw sfnf]
agfOPsf] x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 135

lj|mofsnfk 7.11
b}lgs hLjgdf pkof]u ePsf pbfx/0f ;ª\sng u/L sfnf] j:tn' ] w]/} tfk zf]if0f u5{ /
;]tf] j:t'n] sd tfk zfi] f0f u5{ eGg] tYosf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ . pSt ;r" LnfO{ sIffdf
k|:tt' u/L 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

;f/fz+

h"n (J)

Ps k|sf/sf] zlSt xf] s] xf] < SI PsfO
h;n] xfdLnfO{ tftf]kgsf] tfk stf k;| f/0f x'G5 < tftf] j:t'af6
cg'ej u/fpF5 .
tfkzfi] f0f lr;f] j:td' f

j:t'n] zf]if0f ug{] tfk lr;f] j:t'n] cfˆgf] Concept map 11
s]df e/ k5{ < jl/kl/ ePsf tftf
j:ta' f6 tfk zlSt
j:ts' f] ;txsf] ux| 0f ug{] k|lj|mof

If]qkmn / j:ts' f] /ª

cEof;

1. vfnL 7fpdF f tn lbOPsf ldNg] zAb egx'{ f;] \ M w]/}
sd zlSt h'n guGo

-s_ tfksf] P;=\ cfO={ PsfO xf] .

-v_ tfk Ps ks| f/sf] xf] .

-u_ w/] } If]qkmndf tfkzf]if0f x'G5 .

-3_ ;t] f] /ªsf j:t'n] tfkzf]if0f u5{ .

2. l7s jf al] 7s 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ 5fnfeGbf tftf] j:t' 5Fb' f tftf] j:t'af6 xfd|f] 5fnfdf tfk ;5{ .

-v_ 5fnfeGbf lr;f] j:t' 5F'bf lr;f] j:t'af6 5fnfdf tfk ;5{ .

-u_ If]qkmn a9fpbF f tfkzf]if0f Ifdtf a9\5 .

-3_ sfnf] /ªsf j:td' f tfkzfi] f0f Ifdtf sd x'G5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

136

3. tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5fGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ tn lbOPsfdWo] tfk ;g]{ l7s tl/sf sg' xf] <

-c_ lr;fa] f6 tftf]df -cf_ tftfa] f6 lr;fd] f

-O_ a9L lr;fa] f6 sd lr;fd] f -O_{ a9L tftf]af6 sd tftf]df

-v_ tfksf] zf]if0f Ifdtf sg' /ªdf ;aeGbf w/] } x'G5 <

-c_ /ftf] /ªdf -cf_ ;t] f] /ªdf

-O_ sfnf] /ªdf -O_{ xl/of] /ªdf

-u_ rsf]{ 3fddf sfnf] /ªsf] sk8f nufpbF f w/] } kfN] gs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

-c_ tfk k|zf/0f l56f] xg' fn ] -cf_ tfksf] zfi] f0f w]/} xg' fn]

-O_ tfk zfi] f0f sd x'gfn] -O_{ tfksf] k/fjtg{ w]/} xg' fn]

-3_ lr;f jf wfP] sf nu' f lsg lkFmhfP/ /flvG5 <

-c_ kfgL tsfp{ g -cf_ tfksf] zf]if0f w]/} u//] ;'sfpg

-O_ ;kmf eof] ls ePg x]g{ -O_{ ;an} fO{ bv] fpg

4. sf/0f n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ hf8f] df};ddf cf9] \g] / cf]5\ofpg] sk8f 3fddf lkmhF fP/ ;'sfOG5 .
-v_ udLd{ f sfnf] /ªsf sk8f nufpge' Gbf ;t] f] /ªsf sk8f nufpg' cf/fdbfoL xG' 5 .

5. tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ bl} gs hLjgdf tfksf] dxìj pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ tfk zf]if0f egs] f] s] xf] < of] s'g sg' s/' fdf lge/{ ub{5 <
-u_ tfk zfi] f0f Ifdtf / j:ts' f] /ªlar s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < tkfO{‘n] bv] ] hfgs] f]

pbfx/0f klg n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ j:t'sf] ;txsf] Ifq] kmn a9b\ f tfk zf]if0f Ifdtf klg a95\ eGg] tYosf]

b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt Pp6f pbfx/0fsf] JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ udL{ df};ddf s:tf /ªsf n'uf nufpbF f zLtn xfn] f / hf8f] df};ddf

s:tf /ªsf nu' f nufP/ 3fddf a:bf Gofgf] xf]nf <

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw sIff ^ 137

7.3 k|sfz (Light)

ljBfno hfbF f af6fdf xfdL 3/, uf8L, ?v, hgfj/ cflb b]V5f}F . ljleGg /ª ePsf kmn"
klg b]V5f}F . s] sf/0fn] ubf{ oL j:t' bV] g ;Dej ePsf] xf]nf, 5nkmn u/f}F .

lbgdf xfd|f] jl/kl/ ePsf ;a} j:t' ;"oa{ f6 cfPsf] ks| fzsf sf/0fn] ubf{ bl] vPsf
xg' \ . To;} u/L /ftdf xfdf| ] jl/kl/ ePsf ;a} j:t' aQLaf6 cfPsf] k|sfzsf sf/0fn]
b]lvPsf xg' \ . ha pHofnf] j:ts' f] k|sfz sg' } j:t'df 7fl] SsP/ xfdf| ] cfFvflt/ cfpF5,
tadfq pSt j:t' b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f xfd|f] j/k/sf j:t' b]Vg k|sfz rflxG5 .
k|sfz zlStsf] Ps ¿k xf], h;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] j/k/ ePsf j:t' bV] g dbt u5{ .

ks| fzsf] k|;f/0f (Transmission of light)

s] ks| fz Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf
;/]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < ;o" {af6
kY[ jL;Dd k|sfz s;/L cfOkU' 5
xfn] f < 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ .

ks| fz Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf

;/]/ hfG5 . ;o" a{ f6 ;b}{ cfPsf]

k|sfz kY[ jL;Dd cfOk'U5 . k|sfz lrq g= 7.6
Ps ;s] ]G8df nueu tLg nfv

lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f;Dd ;g{ ;S5 . o;/L k|sfzsf ;|f]taf6 ks| fz Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{]

7fpdF f ;g{] k|lj|mofnfO{ k|sfzsf] k|;f/0f elgG5 .

ks| fzsf] l;wf/v] Lo k|;f/0f (Rectilinear propagation of light)

laxfgsf] ;dodf em\Øfnsf] dl;gf] Kjfnaf6 sf7] fdf l5g]{ 3fdnfO{ lgofn]/ x]g{x' f;] \ . pSt
k|sfz;Fu} xfjfdf ePsf w'nfsf s0fx¿ bl] vG5g\ . s] o;/L cfpg] k|sfz l;wf eP/
cfPsf] xG' 5 < To:t} /ftsf] ;dodf 6r{nfO6 cfsfzlt/ kmsf{P/ la:tf/} 3'dfpge' Psf]
5 < oL bj' } pbfx/0faf6 ks| fz l;wf af6fdf dfq k|;f/0f xG' 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 xG' 5 .

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

138

lrq g= 7.7
lj|mofsnfk 7.12
Pp6f nueu cfwf ld6/ nfdf] sfnf] Knfl:6ssf] kfOksf] 6'jm| f lng'xf];\ . 6]an' df Pp6f
dg} aQL afn]/ /fVg'xf];\ . ca lrqdf bv] fPh:t} u/L kfOksf] csf]{ 5p] af6 dg} aQLnfO{
x]g'x{ f];\ . s] dg} aQL bl] vG5 <
ca To; kfOknfO{ aªU\ ofpgx' f;] \ . km] l/ klxn] h:t} dg} aQLnfO{ xg] x{' f;] \ . s] clxn] dg} aQL
bl] vG5 < of] cj:yfdf dg} aQL bl] vbF g} . o;af6 :ki6 xG' 5 ls afªu\ f] kfOkaf6 ks| fz k;| f/0f
xbF' g} . ctM ks| fz ;wF} l;wf af6fdf dfq k;| f/0f xG' 5 .

lrq g= 7.7

ljm| ofsnfk 7.13
sf8a{ f8] { kk] /sf a/fa/ ;fOhsf tLgcf6] f 6j' m| f lngx' f;] \ . ;as} f lardf Pp6f ;fgf] Kjfn
agfpgx' f;] \ . logLx¿nfO{ lrqdf bv] fPh:t} u/L 6a] n' df 7f8f] kf/L pEofpgx' f;] \ .

lrq g= 7.8

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 139

oL ;a} sf8{af]8s{ f] Kjfn l;wf xg' ] u/L a/fa/ prfOdf k/]sf] xg' k' b{5 . Psflt/sf] 5]pdf
Kjfn l;wf x'g] u/L aln/xs] f] dg} aQL /fVg'xf];\ . csf{] 5]plt/sf] Kjfnaf6 aln/xs] f]
d}gaQL x]g'x{ f;] \ . s] d}gaQL bl] vof] < s'g} Ps sf8a{ f]8{nfO{ yf]/} bfofF jf afofF ;f//] k'gM
xg] 'x{ f;] \ . s] d}g aQL b]lvof] <

1. s'g cj:yfdf dg} aQL bl] vof] / sg' cj:yfdf dg} aQL b]lvPg <
2. o;f] x'gs' f] sf/0f s] xf]nf, 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

b}lgs hLjgdf bv] ]sf k|sfzsf ;f| ]tx¿af6 lgl:sPsf] k|sfzdf of] lgod s;/L nfu'
x'G5 <

slxns] fxLF xfdLnfO{ ks| fzsf ;f| ]tx¿af6 lgl:sPsf] ks| fz afª\uf] /v] fdf uPh:tf] ed|
x'G5, h:t} M aNaaf6 lgl:sPsf] k|sfz, 6rn{ fO6af6 lgl:sPsf] ks| fz cflb . k|sfz
afªu\ f] /v] fdf k|;f/0f x'Fb}g . of] ;|f]taf6 h'g lbzfdf lg:sG5 ;fx] L lbzfdf l;wf k|zf/0f
x'G5 .

k|sfzsf] ls/0f (Ray of light)

xfdLn] /ftsf] ;dodf 6rn{ fO6 afn]/ lx8F \bf 6f9f;Dd k|sfz uPsf] bv] ]sf 5fF} < To;}
u/L /ftdf uf8Ln] aQL afn/] u'8b\ f 6f9f;Dd ks| fz uPsf] bv] ]sf 5fF}, xfn] f . o;/L uPsf]
k|sfznfO{ ls/0f k~' h (beam of light) elgG5 . ls/0fk'~hsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] c+znfO{
ls/0f (ray) elgG5 . o;nfO{ l;wf /v] fn] hgfOG5 . jf:tjdf ks| fz l;wf hfg] ePsfn]
o;nfO{ l;wf/]vfn] hgfOg] u/]sf] xf] . k|sfz hg' lbzfdf uO/x]sf] 5, To;tkm{ jf0f lrx\g
/flvG5 .

ls/0f ls/0f k~' h ls/0f k~' h
lrq g= 7.9 sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw
140

lkgxfn] Sofd/] f (Pinhole camera)

ljm| ofsnfk 7.14
sfnf] / afSnf] sfuhsf] Pp6f s]xL ;fgf] / csf]{ sx] L 7n' f] 9ª' \uf| agfpg'xf;] \ . 9'ª\u|f
agfpFbf ;fgf] 9ª' u\ f| 7n' f] 9ª' u\ f| df ;lhn} l5g{] xg' 'k5{ . ;fgf] 9'ª\uf| sf] Psflt/ 6«]l;ª k]k/
6f;F ]/ aGb ug{x' f];\ . 7'nf] 9ª' u\ f| sf] Psflt/ sfnf] sfuh 6f;F ]/ aGb ug{x' f];\ . pSt sfnf]
sfuhsf lardf lkgn] Pp6f ;fgf] Kjfn agfpgx' f;] \ . 6]«l;ª kk] / 6fF;s] f] 5]plt/af6
;fgf] 9ª' \u|fnfO{ 7n' f] 9ª' u\ |fdf l5/fpgx' f];\ . o;/L lkgxfn] Sofd/] f tof/ xG' 5 .

ca 7n' f] 9'ª\u|fsf] sfnf] sfuhdf agfPsf] KjfnnfO{ ?v, dflg;, 3/ cflblt/ kmsf{P/
;fgf] 9ª' u\ f| sf] v'nf 5p] lt/af6 x]gx'{ f;] \ . tL j:t'sf] pN6f] cfs[lt 6«]l;ª k]k/df bl] vG5 .
oxfF 6«]l;ª kk] /n] kbf{sf] sfd ub5{ .
olb ;fgf] 9'ªu\ f| nfO{ cfkml" t/ sx] L tfgd] f cfsl[ tsf] prfO a95\ / leq ws]n]df prfO
365\ . of] cfs[lt k|sfz l;wf /v] fdf hfg] ePsfn] ag]sf] xf] .

cfs[lt aGgsf nflu k|sfz sxfaF f6 cfof] xfn] f <

lkgxfn] Sofd/] fsf sfo{ljlw

cfsl[ t

lkgxf]n

d}gaQL

lrq g= 7.10 lkgxfn] Sofd/] f

j:t'sf 6K' kfaf6 uPsf] k|sfzsf] ls/0f Sofd/] fsf] lkgxf]naf6 k|j]z ubf{ l;wf hfg]
ePsfn] kbfs{ f] tNnf] efudf kb5{ . j:t'sf] tNnf] efuaf6 cfPsf] k|sfz lkgxfn] af6 l;wf

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 141

hfFbf kbfs{ f] dflyNnf] efudf kb{5 . j:t'sf] cGo efuaf6 cfpg] k|sfz klg lkgxf]naf6
l;wf k|j]z u/L kbfd{ f kb5{ . o;/L kbf{df j:t'sf] cfs[lt aGb5 . o; ko| f]uaf6 ks| fz
;w}F l;wf /v] f eP/ k|;f/0f xG' 5 eGg] s/' f k|dfl0ft xG' 5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
sf6{'gsf] aS; jf afSnf] k]k/sf] ko| fu] u/L lkgxfn] Sofd/] f agfpg'xf];\ . pSt Sofd]/fnfO{
sIffdf kb| z{g ugx{' f];\ .

5fof (Shadow)

3fd nfus] f] ;dodf rp/df plebF f 3fd nfus] f] csfl]{ t/ hldgdf xfdf| ] 5fof bl] vG5 . 3/,
hgfj/, ?v cflbn] klg ks| fz 5l] sPdf To;sf ljk/Lt efudf To;sf] 5fof b]lvG5 .

5fof lsg / s;/L aG5 xfn] f, ljrf/ ugx{' f];\ M

ljm| ofsnfk 7.15
leQfsf cufl8 6]a'ndf Pp6f ;fgf] es'G8f] /fVgx' f];\ . ca Pp6f 6r{nfO6 afn]/ To;sf]
ks| fz ;fgf] esG' 8fdf kfgx{' f;] \ . To;sf] 5fof leQfdf b]lvg] 5 . 6rn{ fO6sf] ks| fz
es'G8fn] 5]ss] f] xg' fn] h'g efudf ks| fz ku' ]g To; efudf 5fof b]lvG5 .

jf:tjdf j:t' kf/bz{s, cwk{ f/bzs{ / ckf/bzs{ x'G5g\ . kf/bz{s j:t'af6 k|sfz ;lhn}
l5g{] ePsfn] o;af6 5fof aGb}g . ckf/bzs{ j:ta' f6 ks| fz gl5g{] ePsfn] To;sf] 5fof
aGb5 . To;n} ] s'g} klg ckf/bz{s j:tn' fO{ k|sfzsf] ;f| t] sf cufl8 /fv]df k5fl8lt/
To;sf] 5fof aGb5 .

5fofsf k|sf/

5fof bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g,\ tL xg' \ M ;3g 5fof (umbra) / lj/n 5fof (penumbra)
olb ks| fz k0" f{ ¿kdf 5l] sPdf ;3g 5fof aGb5 eg] cfl+ zs ¿kdf 5]lsPdf la/n 5fof
aGb5 .

5fofsf] ;fOh j:t' / ks| fzsf] ;|ft] sf] b/' Ldf e/ kb5{ . k|sfz 5]Sg] j:t' / 5fof aGg] kbf{
jf leQfsf] b/' Ldf klg e/ kb{5 . olb j:t'nfO{ kbf{ jf leQfaf6 ks| fzsf] ;f| t] lt/ nu]df

sIff ^ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

142

5fofsf] ;fOh a9\5 . k|sfzsf] ;|ft] nfO{ ks| fz 5]Sg] j:tl' t/ n}hfbF f klg 5fofsf] ;fOh
a9\5 . o;/L g} k|sfz 5S] g] j:tn' fO{ kbf{lt/ jf leQflt/ nh} fFbf 5fofsf] ;fOh 365\ .
k|sfzsf] ;|ft] nfO{ 6f9f nud] f klg 5fof ;fgf] xG' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 7.16
ljBfnosf] k|ofu] zfnf jf Pp6f s]f7fdf ;a} emo\ fn 9fs] f aGbu/L cFWof/f] agfpg'xf];\ .
6a] 'ndf Pp6f d}gaQL jf aQL afNg'xf;] \ . ca lrqdf bv] fPh:t} tkfOs{‘ f] xftsf cfF}nf,
xTs]nfaf6 ss' '/sf] 6fpsf], pl8/x]sf] r/f cflbsf] cfsl[ t emNsg] 5fof agfpgx' f];\ .

lrq g= 7.11

lj|mofsnfk 7.17
ljBfno nfu]sf] lbg laxfgsf] kf| yg{ fcufl8 3fddf pleP/ cfˆgf] 5fofsf] nDafO / lbzf
x]g{'xf;] \ . ca tkfO+‘{ plePsf] 7fpF / 5fofsf] nDafOnfO{ lrxg\ nufpgx' f;] \ . lbpF;fs] f]
vfhfsf] ;dodf ;fx] L :yfgdf pleP/ cfˆgf] 5fofsf] nDafO / lbzf cjnfs] g ug'x{ f;] \ .
a]n'sf 56' 6\ L ePkl5 kg' M ;f]xL :yfgdf pleP/ cfˆgf] 5fofsf] nDafO / lbzf x]gx'{ f;] \ .
tkfO{+s‘ f] 5fofsf] nDafO / lbzfdf s] cGt/ kfpge' of] < csf{] lbg sIffdf 5nkmn
ugx' f;] \ .

lrq g= 7.12

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw sIff ^ 143

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg
1. s] cWF of/fd] f plebF f 5fof aG5 <
2. ks| fz l;wf /]vfdf hfgs' f] ;6\6f afªu\ fl] 6ªu\ f] hfg] eP 5fof aGg] lyof] ls lyPg

xfn] f, lsg <
;g8fon (Sundial)

lj|mofsnfk 7.18
labfsf] lbg Pp6f sf7sf] c8\ofpg ldNg] 20 ;=] ld=nfdf] 6j' m| f lng'xf];\ . laxfg 3fd
nfuk] l5 pSt 6j' m| fnfO{ cfFugdf sf8a{ f]8{ la5o\ fP/ To;dfly 5fof aGg] u/L v8f
ugx{' f];\ . o;/L b]lvg] 5fofsf] 6K' kfdf kT| o]s 306fdf sndn] lrx\g nufpg'xf;] \ . pSt
5fofsf] nDafO klg gfk/] tn lbOP h:t} tflnsf agfO{ eg'x{ f];\ M
;do 8 ah] 9 ah] 10 ah] 11 ah] 12 ah] 1 ah] 2 ah] 3 ah] 4 ah] 5 ah]
nDafO ======== ======= ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== =======
-c_ ;do;uF } 5fofsf] nDafO, lbzf / :yfgdf s:tf] kl/jt{g e]l6of], atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ s] 5fofsf] nDafO / :yfg x]/]/ ;do cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 < sIffdf lzIfssf]

;xof]udf 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .
s] tkfOn+‘{ fO{ yfxf 5, w]/} jif{ klxn] 38Lsf] cfljisf/ gePsf a]nf lbgsf] ;do s;/L yfxf
kfOGYof] < s'g pks/0fsf ;xfotfaf6 xfdf| kv' fn{ ] ;do yfxf kfpFy] <
ljleGg k|sf/sf 38Lsf] cfljisf/ xg' 'eGbf klxn] ;dosf] hfgsf/L yfxf kfpg ko| f]u ul/g]
;fwf/0f pks/0fsf] gfd ;g8fon xf] . o;af6 aGg] 5fofsf] nDafO / 5fofsf] lbzfaf6
;do kQf nufOGYof] .

lrq g= 7.13 ;g8fon
sIff ^ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw

144