BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING
MATERIALS
METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION

This booklet is a compilation of building SENSING SPACES
materials
and methods of construction of The Yard,
Sentul.

INDEX

LAYOUT PLAN 1-4
HISTORY OF SENTUL 5-6
NEW CONSTRUCTION 8-26
27
AXONOMETRIC 28-29
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE 30
31-38
BUILDING DEFECTS 39-46
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 47
48
BUILDING MATERIALS 49-54
STAIRCASE 55-57
58-59
VENTILATION 60
PLUMBING 61-62
LIGHTING 63-64
M&E 65

SANITARY FITTINGS
FIRE FIGHTING
EXIT ROUTE

SWOC & CONCLUSION

GROUND FLOOR LAYOUT
PLAN

Mezzanine
II for eating

area or
events

Eating area
II

Food
kiosks

Mezzanine
I

Eating area
near the
entrance

1

Mezzanine
II for eating

area or
events

Interior
landscaping

near food
kiosks

Wide
walkway
with green
landscaping

Arch
opening to
the eating

area

Entrance
view at Tiffin
at The Yard

2

MEZZANINE FLOOR LAYOUT
PLAN

3

4

HISTORY OF SENTUL

Throughout history, Sentul has Kuala Lumpur's population increased greater
experienced a major changes in its culture then under the railway initiative of British office
and facade. It has come to a rough Frank Swettenham. The British then endorsed
breakdown of 3 important timeline, the founding of the Federated Malay States
namely: Railway.
The Sentul suburb was founded in the late
THE RAILWAY TOWN 1800s when the first Malayan Railway line
opened between Taiping and Port Weld, and
THE DOWNFALL OF SENTUL ; gradually expanded to connect the north and
THE UPRISING OF south of Malaya.
GANGSTERISM Most of the early residents in Sentul were
Indians working in the train depot and central
TCB & YTL'S INTERVENTION workshop built by the British, dating back to
1896.
1874-1900s - The Development of Kuala Lumpur
1950-1960s - The Aftermath of WW2
THE RAILWAY TOWN
THE DOWNFALL OF SENTUL ; THE UPRISING
The British Government made Klang OF GANGSTERISM
the Administrative Capital of the state
of Selangor in 1874. The end of Japanese occupation soon led to the
During this time, the Chinese who re-governance of British.
came to Malaya worked in the tin The diminishing economic and social
mines and the economy was dependence on the railway line in the 1960s
flourishing in Kuala Lumpur. saw the decline of the once-prosperous railway
town.
Over 60% of the yard and workshop area, which
covered an area of some 5.7 hectares, was
destroyed in early 1945.

1905 1942 1960

Sentul Works Sentul Bombed The Legendary
Botak Chin
THE RAILWAY TOWN
DOWNFALL OF SE

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960

1874 1950
5 The development
Aftermath
of Kuala Lumpur of WW2

1960-1970s- The Legendary Botak Chin

The rapid expansion of Kuala Lumpur at that era signifies
that most sub-urban areas are neglected and became a
place with large squatter population, high-crime rates and
gangsterism, and abandoned projects.

Botak Chin was one of the most notorious and dangerous
gangsters during the 1960s and 1970s.

1983-Privatization of KTMB

TCB & YTL'S INTERVENTION

Launched in 1995 by TCB, the city's largest urban
development was set to turn Sentul from a poor suburb to
a vibrant and modern one.

2000-Present 2021

Intervention of YTL Land Tiffin At The Yard
opened to the public

NTUL TCB & YTL'S INTEREVENTION

1980 2000 2020

1983 6

Privatization of
KTMB

INSIDE THE YARD

7

COMPARISON OF OLD
VS NEW STRUCTURES

Before

Entrance of a derelict workshop
showing an absence of door.

After

Entrance of The Yard at present day
with black grills, and the ventilation
above with louvres.

8

Before Flooring have different level to make way for the railway track, and the walls look significantly plastered.

After

Current walls are exposed bricks. Flooring follows the elevated
platform in the past and is cemented.

9

Before

Construction of mezzanine
indicates new structures and
space being added to the
building.

New brick construction built as
food, drinks or bar kiosks. The
kiosks did not interfere with the
older building elements.

10

After

Mezzanine areas are now often
used as private event areas, and
structured below dining spaces or
kiosks.

Present day, the new brick
structures are indicated in painted
white bricks and has coloured steel
structures added to create
vibrancy.

11

Before

After the bombing of WW2, Central Railway Works lost 60% of its original structures.

From 1990s to late 2000s, KTM still utilise Sentul Depot to house decommissioned trains.
12

By 2018, YTL Group starts operating on building restoration towards the whole Sentul Depot.
13

After

A fresh brand new look of Sentul Depot have created a lively space for the modern days.
14

Before

The roof before its new construction. After New roof is made with polycarbonate sheet.
15

Before

One of the entrances to The Yard, since restricted entry, is covered in zinc panels.
16

Before

One of the entrances accessing through Workshop 1, with relatively new grills and signage.
17

Before

A view showing the window structure and framing when The Yard was still an abandoned building.
18

After

Restoration of window framing and addition of ventilation cover as new constructs.
19

Before

Workshop 1 when it is still in operation.
20

After

At night, entering the Yard can be accessed through this workshop which serves as a side entrance.
21

Before

Workshop 2 duriong abandonment.

Workshop 2 in construction.
22

After

Workshop 2 reserved as private/public event seemingly has lost its train railway track.

The window framing undergoes restoration of implying new steel, while the brickwalls are
maintained accordingly..
23

Before Sentul as the last city bombed by USAAF Air Raid in February 19th. 1945.

Aerial view of Central Railway Works bombed by USAAF Air Raid.
24

Aerial view of Sentul Depot during its abandoned years.
25

Current view of The Yard, Sentul Depot which is currently owned by YTL Group.
26

AXONOMETRIC
OF THE YARD

An axonometric view showing the overall facade (present) of The Yard,
Sentul Depot measuring over 22,766 sq ft.

27

ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE

British Colonial Architecture Style

The overall exterior architecture of the building is influenced
by a mixture of the British Colonial Era. Having been colonised
by the british, they heavily influence the architecture in most
old buildings. The British Colonial architecture is a mixture of
Gothic, Imperial, Christian, English Renaissance and Victorian
being the essentials. Notable characteristics derived by the era
on this building are pitched roofs, arches with keystone,
voussoirs and minimal ornamentation.

GAUGED ARCH

1870's revival of the Dutch style of the 17th century
due to the influence of ‘The arts and Crafts
Movement' and in turn revival of the use of gauged
brickwork became prolific. The arch is semicircular
shaped which is oftenly used for its structural
efficiency. The placement of bricks is constructed to
obtain the arch curve with more thickness at the
extrados than the intrados.

The Forge Offices and Exhibition Space,
London , United Kingdom

28

Industrial Revolution Architecture Style

The overall interior architecture of the building is influenced
by the Industrial Revolution Era. The Industrial Revolution,
began in England about 1760 to sometime between 1820
and 1840.
Steel has tremendous strength to weight to design
increasingly bigger, lighter and more open spaces. The
industrial elements that can be seen in The Yard are steel
columns and beams structure, large open floor plans, high
ceilings, raw materials and distressed and worn finishes
from years heavy use..

Column detail (Refer pg. 31)

29

BUILDING
DEFECTS

Bricks

Black mildew
Appears on shady and damp areas

Bricks

Lime leeching
Caused by excess water flows reacting to

cementitious materials.

Damaged steel Steel
where one part of the steel
column are only left with the Corrosion of steel
Rust or fractured steel caused by
base. corrosion on the joints or areas of

Steel poor drainage and pollution

30

CONSTRUCTION
METHOD ON
COLUMN

Column I : Steel columns with
brick cladding

The majority of the inside of The Yard, steel columns were built
with brick masonry column construction method in which it has a
high durability for column construction. It is built by placing bricks
in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that
withstand exerted loads. The brick used for this column
construction is engineering bricks.

tie wires

m.s. bars

flange column
base plate
holding down bolt gusset plate

31 Column II : Steel columns
( two I-beam sections )

Steel columns are used as the main
structure throughout the entire The
Yard building. They have a high
load-carrying capacity and provide
longitudinal reinforcement and are
often used in high-rise building
constructions.

COLUMN
MATERIAL

Column I : Steel
columns with brick
cladding

Brick column with plaster and white
paint finishes.
Brick columns or brick pillars are
simply a detached brick masonry
supports.

Column II : Steel columns
( two I-beam sections )

The steel column is a product of
Appleby-Frodingham England which
is known to create ironworks for
railways in England since mid 19th
century.

In their primary years, the common
output is basic pig iron that is relatively
not suitable for foundry work.

32

BEAM

OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST
BEAM

The Yard uses open web steel joist due
to the high load-bearing structure and
longer span. Open web steel joists and
beams have lighter mass.

B-TYPE JOIST BEAM

W-TYPE JOIST BEAM

33

CONSTRUCTION
METHOD ON
BEAM`

BEAM

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads
applied laterally to the beam's axis Its mode of deflection is
primarily by bending.
Steel girders are a type of steel beam mainly horizontal
supports of a structure that support the smaller beams. Steel
girders have an excellent load-bearing capacity thus they
can handle heavy loads and can withstand external forces
due to their flexibility.

34

The arch components

The arch are constructed by a curved steel
35 angle that support the bricks.

BUILDING
ELEMENTS

DOOR FRAME & LEAF

Steel folding door in black
colour matte finish

TYPES OF WINDOWS :

Casement window
Top hung window
Fixed window

WINDOW GLASS :

Clear glass finish

WINDOW FRAME :

Aluminium window frame in black
colour matte finish

36

WINDOW
CONSTRUCTION

Gauged brick arch is a masonry arch that has bricks or stones gauged in such a
manner that the joints radiate from a common center. It is a semicircular arch
consisting of three rowlock courses of brick.

Detail I Detail II Detail III

37 Old brick wall ventilation Arched brick opening Glass window casement
that are now covered wall with aluminium frame

with glass panel.

WALL
RENOVATION
PREDICTION

The plaster from the original building is stripped off to expose the old bricks.
38

WALL

This is considered to be the strongest bond.
Hence it is commonly used bond for the walls
of all thicknesses. To break continuity of
vertical joints a brick is cut lengthwise into two
halves and used in the beginning and end of a
wall after first header.

Old English bone brick New English bone brick

Bricks were used to
cover up opening

Exposed brick wall with white paint Semi-gloss paint finish for
finshes for kiosks. certain parts of the toilet.

50mm x 50mm black glazed
mosaic tiles for toilets.

39

CONSTRUCTION
METHODS OF WALL

Concrete Section Z-Z English Bone
Slab Section X-X Brick
Earth
Concrete fill
Concrete fill English Bone
Brick
Earth
40

INSIDE THE YARD

41

41

INSIDE THE YARD

42

42

FLOORING
MATERIAL

Cement Render

The Yard

Concrete slab

Entrance

Gypsum Board

Mezzanine Floor

600mm x 600mm grey
ceramics non slip tiles

Toilet
43

CONSTRUCTION slab
METHODS OF concrete slab
FLOORING
vapour barrier
CONCRETE SLAB FLOOR base
sub-base
New concrete slab flooring is
constructed to level out the areas in the subgrade
original building.

MEZZANINE FLOOR

A structural steel mezzanine is constructed to serve
as an additional event space that has more privacy.

Tubular steel
railing

Concrete Tiles

Steel C Profile

Angle steel

Hybrid stainless-
carbon steel
beam
H steel column

44

ROOF CONSTRUCTION & M

2 Saw-Tooth Frame

Due to its shape, the saw-tooth roof blocks the light and heat of direct sun exposure and
provides uniform, natural light over the area.

2 Saw-Tooth Roof Material

Standing Seam Fiberglass Mild steel L- 3
window shaped/ angle bar 3
Metal Roof Panel, for the frame.
2
which uses 2

mechanical lock.

3 Couple Roof Structure

This form of pitched roof is a pair of rafters acting
like two arms pinned at the top and hence it is
called couple roof.

3 Couple Roof Material

Standing Seam Metal Thermal H-beam steel
Roof Panel, which uses Polycarbonate
mechanical lock.
panel
45

1 Fink Truss construction, including descriptions
1 of the components.

1 Fink Truss Frame

Fink Truss is a commonly used truss whether
residential or other architectures. At The Yard,
this frame can be seen at the entrance area. It
has 2 types of frame.

Type 1 - The trusses are connected only by
bolts.

Type 2 - The trusses are connected by bolts and
supported by gusset plates.

1 Fink Truss Roof Material

Thermal Polycarbonate The frame of the roof uses
panel are used for the roof mild steel L-shaped/ angle
paneling. bar.

46

STAIRCASE

Material

Powder Coated
with Black Painted

"U" Shape Staircase The primary purpose of these staircase is
to provide a simple and easy means of
moving between levels. Besides, a well-
made staircase that can last for
generations without being replaced, and,
depending on the original design, it also
can be updated, painted or renovated to
keep up with the current fashion.

Main Staircase

Store Room Staircase Emergency Staircase

Fire Escape Staircase

The Fire escape staircase as is the special type of emergency
exist which plays an important role to safely exit from the
building during an emergency or any fire hazard.



47

VENTILATION

Supplementary Mist Fan

AC Casette Unit About 16 wall-mounted mist fan units
are installed the right walls of the event
About 20 units ac cassette units to area with an estimation of 2590mm
equally disperse cool air to the from floor of the building. Water/mist
dedicated area to reach required intermittently diffused in the air cools
temperature. the air when it evaporates.

Wall-Mounted Fan

About 18 wall-mounted fan units are positioned on each
column and is estimated to be 2590mm from floor. The fans
allows circulation of cool air from the ac and natural air in the
area to helps to ease the strain of the ac’s function.

Air Vents

The air vents are located either at the top and bottom or at the bottom only. As for the
entrance and exit, the air vents are located at the top, They are covered with acrylic glass to
prevent the air conditioning from escaping from the building and only acts as an aesthetic
value for the place.

48