HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for
Pond This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency " Construct Aquaculture Facilities_" contains knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for Aquaculture. It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate
level (NCII).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each
learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets and
Resources Sheets (Reference Materials for further reading to help you better understand the
required activities). Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of
each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module (or
get one from your facilitator/trainer) to write your answers for each self-check. If you have
questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner's
guide because you have:
• been working for some time
• already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or skills,
talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don't have to do the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it to
your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the unit/s of competency
they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the
currency of your skills, discuss this with your trainer.
At the end of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to record important dates, jobs
undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further details to your
trainer or assessor. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your trainer to complete
once you complete the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in Constructing
Aquaculture Facilities. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and
skills in this particular trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or
help from your instructor.
Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training of this unit.
Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections, which cover all the skills,
and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read
information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references are included to
supplement the materials provided in this module.
Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to
support you and show you the correct way to do things.
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Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are
completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make
sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improve
both your speed and memory and also your confidence.
Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress.
When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in this
module.
As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your
trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have
successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you
are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that you
have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered
assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency Achievement Record.
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SECTOR : AGRI-FIHSERY
QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
MODULE : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Prints for
Pond
INTRODUCTION:
This module covers identifying pond design, materials to be used, plotting markers and
determining numbers of farm facilities.
Proper pond design is a critical factor in optimizing production, making the best use of land and
water resources and minimizing production cost. This module will provide information on pond
design and specification based on the species of fish to be cultured and culture system to be
used.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you will be able to:
1. Identify and design and print specification as to area of the land species to be
cultured and systems
2. Design strong dike to counter act forces of nature
3. Identify materials to be used based on production target and capitalization
4. Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
5. Determine number of farm facilities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Pond design pond specifications, species to be cultured and the cultured system
to be used are identified as to be area of the land.
2. Dike structure are properly designed
3. Highest high tide and flood levels are determined
4. Earthen pond materials are identified
5. Concrete pond materials are identified
6. Budgetary requirement are properly computed
7. Boundaries are determined
8. Site for embankments ,water control structures and accessories are identified and
marked
9. Size, number of compartment are properly identified
10. Other farm facilities are identified and laid out
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
LEARNING OUTCOME #1 : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Prints for
Pond
: Identify pond design and print specification as to area
of the land species to be cultured and systems
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Pond design, pond specifications, species to be cultured and the cultured system to be
used are identified as to be area of the land.
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instrument Supplies and Materials
1. Model of different pond
None None
design
2. List of species for
cultivation
3. List of culture system
REFERENCES:
1. Kungvankij, P., T.E Chua, B.J. Pudadera, Jr., G. Corre, E. Borlongan, L.B. Tiro, Jr ,
I.O. Potestas, G. A. Taleon.,J. N. Paw , Alava 1986 .NACA Training Manual Series No.
2. Shrimp Culture: Pond Design, Operation And Management.Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia
(NACA).Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines (RLCP).
2. Kumar, Dilip, Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed S.B. Nandi And Andras Peteri.1993. Fish Seed
Rearing Manual. Institutional Strengthening In The Fisheries Sector. Ministry Of
Fisheries & Livestock, Department Of Fisheries, Government Of Bangladesh. United
Nations Development Programme.Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United
Nations.
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•
Learning Outcome #1: Identify pond design and print specification as to area of the
land, species to be cultured and systems
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the following information sheets;
• Information sheet #1-1:”Pond design Information sheet # 1-1: “ Pond
and construction” design and construction”
• Information sheet # 1-2:”Fish farm lay- Information sheet # 1-2: “ Fish farm
out design and construction” lay -out design and construction”
• Information sheet #1-3:”Suitable
species to be cultured”
2. Perform job sheet # 1-1 Job sheet #1-1: “Preparing pond lay-
out”
3. Do Self-Check #v 1-1 Self- Check # 1-1
4. Check your answer Answer Key # 1-1
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INFORMATION SHEET #1-1
POND DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Construction Activities, Equipment and Methods
1. Pre-construction activities
a. Programming and scheduling
The purpose of project programming is to have a clear flow on how the project will be
implemented, the starting and completion time for a given amount of work and labor
force.
The preparation of the development program/schedule requires careful evaluation and
realistic calculations that would result in an efficient and economical implementation of
job activities.
As an example, a proposed program of work for the development of a 4.28-hectare
freshwater fishpond is presented in Table 1. Based on the proposed program of work,
the schedule of construction activities should be prepared to determine the completion
date of the project. An example of a schedule of construction activities is presented in
Table
Table 1. Proposed program of work for the construction of a 4.28-hectare
freshwater fishpond project, 1984
Activities Physical Machinery Duration Support
target and labor facilities
requirement equipment
1. Construction of temporary 1 unit 4 man days 2 weeks Carpentry tools
shelter
2. Earthwork
• scraping/clearing 4.23 ha 1 dozer 1.5 weeks
• core trenching 2.115 m 1 backhoe 1 week
• construction of dikes and 4.28 ha 2 dozers 6.5 weeks
excavation of pond bottom
3. Construction and 12 units 20 man days 2 weeks Shovel masonry,
installation of gates / catch carpentry tools
basin
4. Construction and installation 2 units 6 man days 1 week -do-
of water intake structure
from reservoir
5. Excavation and concreting of 400 m 10 man days 3 weeks
water supply canal
6. Construction and installation 12 units 6 man days 1 week
of gates from supply canal to
ponds
7. Farmhouse construction 1 unit 4 man days 2 weeks
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Table 2. Schedule of fishpond development
Activities January February March
1 2 34 1 2 34
1 234
1. Area survey X
2. Preparation of feasibility study XX
3. Procurement of supplies and X
equipment
4. Mobilization X
5. Construction of temporary shelter X X X XX X X XX
6. Earthwork X XX
X X
7. Construction and installation of gates X
/ catch basin XX XX
8. Construction and installation of water XX
intake structure from reservoir
9. Excavation and concreting of
water supply canal
10.Construction and installation of
gates from supply canal to ponds
11.Farmhouse construction
12.Others
Procurement of supplies and other equipment
The main purpose of planning the materials to be purchase is to ensure continuity of supplies
for the construction work. To reduce the construction cost, the following may be of help.
1. Ordering and delivery of materials should be based on the detailed schedule of materials
2. The possibility of obtaining materials from local sources should be investigated
3. Materials delivered at the job site must be selected on the basic of their quality
4. Storage places for all materials must be carefully selected.
b. Construction equipment and manual labor capabilities
In order to avoid any delay, and to ensure the smooth progress of the work, all the
equipment required for the construction work should be ordered in time.
The different equipment with their corresponding capabilities as well as manual labor
involved are presented in Table 3 and 4.
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Table 3. Capabilities of construction equipment
Equipment Type of work capability
500 sq m/hr
1. Dozer (a) Clearing 200 sq m/hr
(b) Stripping 25 cu m/hr
2. Grader (c) Excavating 50 cu m/hr
3. Payloader (d) Quarrying 3 cu m/hr
4. Crane shovel (e) Pushing 300 sq m/hr
5.Sheepfoot roller (a) Sub-grading 50 cu m/hr
(b) Spreading 30 cu m/hr
6. 3-wheel roller (a) Loading 35 cu m/hr
7. Tractor-drawn (a) Loading
(a) Static rolling 45 cu m/hr
roller (1-d)
8. Tandem roller (12 passes) 15 cm lift 135 cu m/hr
(b) Vibratory rolling
9. 5-^ dump truck 24 cu m/hr
(4 passes) 15 cm lift
10. 2.5T dump (a) Static rolling 240 cu m/hr
truck
(6 passes 20 cm lift 24 cu m/hr
11. Buggies (a) Vibratory rolling
12. Wheelbarrow 72 cu m/hr
13. Water truck (6 passes) 20 cm lift 3.5 cu m/trip
14. Concrete (a) Static rolling 3.0 cu m/trip
3 batch/trip
vibrator (6 passes) 20 cm lift
15. 16-S concrete (b) Vibratory rolling 2 cu m/trip
(6 passes) 60 cm lift 2 cu m/trip
mixer (a) Hauling common borrow
16. Rock crusher (b) Hauling S.B.B.C. 6 cu ft/trip
(c) Hauling concrete batch 2.5 cu ft/trip
Class “A” 1,000 sq m/trip
(a) Hauling common 40 cu m/hr
(b) Hauling S.B.B.C. Class
12 cu yd/hr
“A”
(c) Hauling concrete batch 30 cu m/hr
Class “A”
(a) Hauling concrete mix
(a) Hauling aggregates
(a) Watering
(a) Vibrating concrete mix
(a) Mixing concrete
(a) Crushing MSG
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Table 4. Capabilities of Manual Labor
Unit Type of Work Capability
1. one man
(a) Excavating loam 0.76 cu m/hr
or sand 0.61 cu m/hr
0.38 cu m/hr
(b) Excavating clay 1.22 cu m/hr
or heavy soil 2.09 sq m/hr
4.78 cu m/hr
(c) Excavating rock 9.46 cu m/hr
(d) Backfilling
(e) Spreading, 20 sq m/hr
tamping and grading 40 sq m/hr
(f) Planning escombro fill
(g) Placing binders
(h) Clearing undergrowth
and trees 20” ǿ
(i) Clearing undergrowth
and small bushes
2. one mason and (a) Laying CHB and adobe 22 pc/hr
one helper
(b) Cement finish 30 sq m/hr
3. one carpenter and (a) Erecting forms 20 sq ft/hr
44 sq ft/hr
one helper (b) Removing forms
4. one mechanic and (a) Operational 5 equipment
one helper maintenance and repair
of engineering 16 pipes
5. one team (men) equipment 10 pipes
6 pipes
(a) Laying of 24” ǿ RCP
(b) Laying of 36” ǿ RCP
(c) Laying of 48” ǿ RCP
6. one man (a) Screening aggregates 10 cu m/day
Source: Bureau of Public Highways (May 1974)
c. Mobilization
As soon as the pre-construction activities are completed, mobilization follows prior to
the actual construction of the project. Laborers are recruited, the equipment are
brought to the site, banks and warehouses are constructed, etc.
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2. Construction activities
a. Site clearing
The first step that must be taken after the erection of banks and warehouses, is the
clearing and stripping of the site. This work should be done while the necessary
temporary facilities are being erected. Trees and other debris should be removed from
the job site. All the materials must be taken outside the site with the exception of the
top soil used for covering the dikes which should be moved to all area marked by the
Engineer.
b. Staking
After clearing the area to be developed, staking follows. Staking is done based on the
specifications of the fishpond design.
c. Core trenching
Core trenching is done to put clay soil in the dike and compacting it completely to
minimize seepage. However, if the dike is already high in clay and compacted
thoroughly, core trenching may not be necessary.
d. Building and installation of drainage structures
A drain can be anything that empties the water from the pond and carries it away to
another area. It can be simple or complex as long as it works. It has a little effect on
the fish growth. Nonetheless, it is very essential because the pond must be drained
when the fish have to be harvested.
The drainage structure must be the first thing to be constructed especially the pipes
that go through or under the dikes.
Figure 1. A drainage system using bamboo
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Figure 2. A Canfield outlet
Figure 3. “Rivalde” valve drain
Figure 4. A drain pipe with a sleeve
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Other types of drains such as monks can be use. See Fig 5.
Figure 5. Monk type of drainage structure with catch basin
e. Diking and excavation of pond bottom
Start building the dike by packing soil along the center line of the dikes. If the soil
is clayey, the job will be easier. If it is not clayey, clay must be brought into the
pond. (Figure 6).
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Figure 6. The clay core of a dike
It is very important that the soil be stamped into place when constructing the dike. No
more than 10 centimeters of soil should be place in the dike before it is stamp.
While the excavation is being done, make sure that the pond bottom will retain a gentle
slope towards the drain. The extent of excavation should be based on the plan.
f. Planting vegetation in the dikes
The topsoil which was scrapped from the bottom during clearing should be used to cover
the dikes as well as the pond bottom. After the construction, the dikes should be planted
with grass.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 1-2
FISH FARM LAY-OUT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Components and Layout Plan of Pond System
Fish farms layouts that are properly designed should consider economy, functionality and
aesthetics within a prescribed production management scheme, the layout should be
economical. The basic principle is to minimize the number of gates, and the size and length of
the dikes and canals. But this should not sacrifice the biological requirements for suitable
environment of the cultured species.
Ponds should be planned in such a way that the length of the pond is positioned parallel to the
prevailing wind direction. As such, the length of dike exposed to wave action is lessened, thus
cost of repairs is also less. The position also takes advantage of the wind energy in affecting
good water aeration through mixing and circulation.
1. Components of a fish farm
In general, the fish farm is composed of the pond system and support facilities. The pond
system usually consists of various compartments such as reservoirs, grow-out ponds
and hatchery ponds. Also, part of the system are the water control structures or gates,
pipes or culverts and water supply or drainage canals. Each of these units should be
properly located and fitted in the system in order to have ease in water management and
manipulation of cultured stocks.
On the other hand, support facilities consists of farm buildings, farm roads, storage shed,
and other support facilities that help improved the activities in the farm. Efficient
organization of support facilities in relation to the pond system is of paramount
significance in the overall developmental planning and operation of the farm.
2. Types of pond compartments
a. Reservoir
A reservoir can either be a dam type or an excavated type of pond. A dam type of
reservoir is used primarily for storage of surface run-off for fish and livestock
production, preparation, fire protection or any combination of these. The size and
depth of the pond depends on the topography and water storage requirement.
As an excavated type of pond, the reservoir serves a dual purpose, for storage of
water and as neutralization pond in case pesticide contamination especially when the
sources of water is a canal or a river. Also, it can served as a treatment pond in a
system where recycling of water is being done.
The size of the reservoir depends on the pond water requirement in conjunction with
the planned water management procedures. For any management practice, the size
of reservoir should be estimated at about 10-12 percent of the total water surface.
The depth of the reservoir determines its capacity. An average water depth of 2 to 3
meters will be sufficient for the operation. Increasing the depth will not be detrimental
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but the additional cost for the depth of excavation should be considered. The water
level of the reservoir should have a minimum head of one-half meter for the invert
elevation of the water intake structure to effect an efficient flow of water to the ponds
during the time of filling and refilling.
b. Grow-out Ponds
It is the largest compartment in the pond system occupying about 10 percent of the
total farm area.
The size of a pond varies, depending on the topography, availability of water and the
volume of market demand for fish. In sloping areas, ponds maybe smaller and
narrower. If the quantity of water is limited, ponds should be small so that the desired
water depth could be maintained during the culture period. The depth of the grow-out
pond depends on the species to be reared. A depth of .80 cm to 1.0 m is suitable for
the culture of tilapia. Pond bottom should be sloping toward the catch basin to
facilitate harvesting.
c. Hatchery ponds
The area for the hatchery ponds may comprise 5-10 percent of the total water surface
area of the pond system. The area of the hatchery can be estimated on the
fingerlings requirement of the farm
For good management, the hatchery pond should be rectangular in shape. It size
varies from 200–800 m2. The width varies from 10–20 meters.
The water depth of a hatchery is shallower than the grow-out ponds. It varies from
0.40 – 0.60 m deep.
3. Layout of pond system
The simplest form of pond layout is that of a single compartment. Through the years of
experience in pond fish production, the pond operators have evolved and developed the
arrangement and relative proportion of the various pond compartment that would fit into
the system together with the appropriate production management scheme.
a) Suitability of layout of culture species
Pond layout may be grouped into conventional ( Figure 1 ); radiating ( Figure 2 ) ;
modular ( Figure 3 ); and multiple stocks / harvest pond system ( Figure 4 ).
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Figure 1. A conventional pond system with catching pond (CP), nursery pond (NP),
transition pond (TP), feed pond (FP) and rearing pond (RP) (After Alcantara,
1982)
Figure 2. Radiating type layout showing transition pond (TP) and Rearing pond (RP)
(After Denila, 1976)
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Figure 3. A modular pond system in the Philippines showing rearing pond stages (RPS)
with ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 and 1 : 3 : 9 (After Alcantara, 1982)
Figure 4. Layout of a farm by multiple stock/harvest system showing fish holding canal
(FHC) as added feature (After Alcantara, 1982)
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The difference between the conventional and radiating type of layout is the presence of
much longer canal and secondary dikes in the conventional. The short supply canal of
the radiating layout is desirable from the view point of economy in dike construction.
For most of the layout, the space occupied by the partition and canal dikes is
approximately 10 percent.
4. Pond Structures
These are the compartments of the support facilities which should be considered in the
planning and designing processes in order to have an efficient pond system and
functional arrangement of the establishment.
a. Water supply system
Each pond compartment should have its own water supply to make it independent of
the others. There are two schemes of installing the water inlet and outlet (drains): 1)
both maybe situated at one end of the pond; or 2) each is installed separately at the
opposite ends of the pond.
In the first set-up, the water inlet is near the harvesting basin. This makes chasing the
fish simple while harvesting because the source of water is near. Delay in removing
fish from the pond is considered hence, there are less chances of stress. In refilling
the pond, the deeper end is immediately covered with water, the depth of which
increases gradually with minimal turbidity.
In the second set-up, the main advantages of this is in effecting a flow-through
system in the pond.
1) Open canal
An open canal is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.This type is
common in all type of ponds because of its low construction cost. It is easy to
build. It can be earthen or concrete.
The design and determination of the capacity of the water supply canal and inlet
of fishpond can be done using the continuity equation:
where: Q = AV
Q = rate of flow or discharge in cfs or cms
A = cross-sectional area of canal in ft2 or m2
V = velocity, tps or mps
b. Drainage systems
Drainage is the removal of pond water usually during harvesting. In the design of a
drainage canal, the principle involved is as the drainage canal increases in length, the
size of the canal also increases to meet more inflows produced by additional drainage
areas covered.
Drainage system can be an open canal or underground pipes.
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c. Water Control structures
These are support facilities which regulate and maintain the level of water in the pond.
1. Drainage structure – that the pond could be drained completely when
necessary is the basic requirement of a well-managed fishpond project.
a) Concrete gates
The most common water structure is the monk (Fig 5). This is a structure
constructed from either cement or concrete hallow blocks at the foot of the
embankment slope of the pond and attached to a drainage pile line. The
monk is sometimes integrated with the catch basin to facilitate collection
and harvesting of fish during draining.
Figure 5. Monk type of drainage structure with catch basin
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As a guide in determining the size of drain pipes to be installed, the following may be used
(Swingle, 1973)
Size of drain pipes (inches) Condition
4
Can drain a 0.4-hectare pond with an average depth
6 of 1.0 m in 2-5 days, or drain a 1.0 hectare pond in 6
12 days
Can drain the same pond in 1.25 days or a 1.0
hectare pond in 3 days
Can drain the same pond in 6 hours, or a 1.0 hectare
pond in 1 day
b) Wooden gates
These are the most commonly used drainage structure when owner cannot
afford the more expensive concrete structure. See Fig 6.
Figure 6. Wooden gate
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2. Water intake structure
This resembles the monk type and drainage structure (Fig 7 & 8).
Figure 7. Concrete gate for open canal
Figure 8. Concrete gate for underground water supply pipe with a gate valve at
pond inlet
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INFORMATION SHEET #1-3
SUITABLE SPECIES TO BE CULTURED
Species Selection
The shrimp species cultured in Asian countries belong to two genera (Penaeus and
Metapenaeus) of the family Penaeidae. Among the dozen species cultured, Penaeus monodon,
P. japonicus, P. merguiensis, P. indicus, P. orientalis and Metapenaeus ensis are the more
important ones.
Penaeus japonicus and P. orientalis
The aquafarming techniques of P. japonicus have been well established in Japan and Taiwan.
The spawners are readily obtained in large numbers from the wild. The shrimp is hardy and can
withstand handling. The survival rate of adult shrimp for long distance transportation is high.
However, the species cannot tolerate low salinity and high temperature. P. japonicus prefers
sandy bottom in grow-out ponds and grow fasts in high protein (about 60%) diet feed. The other
temperate species, P. orientalis which is being cultured commercially in China and Korea, has a
single pronounced spawning season in spring. Since both are temperate species, the period of
hatchery operation is limited to the warmer seasons only.
Penaeus monodon
Known as tiger or jumbo shrimp, P. monodon is the most common species in Southeast Asian
countries. It is one of the fastest growing species among the various shrimps tested for culture.
In pond conditions, shrimp fry of about 1 g in weight grow to a size of 75–100 g in five months at
a stocking density of 5,000 per hectare. Some were able to grow them to 25 g in 16 weeks in
tanks stocked at 15/m2 ; others grew them to 42 g in 210 days in earthen pond and to 35 g in
three months in tanks stocked at 15/m2 . The tiger shrimp is a euryhaline species and grows
well in salinities ranging from 15 to 30 ppt. It is hardy and not readily stressed by handling.
Presently, the major supply of fry is still from the wild but the supply is sparse. Although several
hatcheries have been established notably in the Philippines. Taiwan and Thailand, fry
production is not consistent due to the full dependence on spawners caught from the wild. Until
broodstock in captive condition can be made to mature and spawn, hatchery production of this
species still has to depend on wild supply of spawners.
Penaeus indicus and P. merguiensis
The biological characteristics of both species are generally the same. Many fish farmers are not
able to distinguish the two species from each other. There are behavioral differences which help
easy distinction. P. indicus prefers sandy bottom and is difficult to harvest by draining the pond
while P. merguiensis is found most frequently in ponds with muddy bottoms moving out of the
pond readily when water is drained. Gravid females of these species are easily obtained in
large quantities from the wild. They can also mature in captivity. The larvae are more easily
raised than those of P. monodon. However, the larvae are less hardy than other species, the
juveniles and adults cannot withstand rough handling. Large quantities of fry can be obtained
from natural spawning grounds. The growth rate in pond is relatively fast, reaching 12–15 g
within the first three months of culture.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 22
Metapenaeus ensis
The species is very tolerant to low salinity (5–30 ppt) and high temperature (25–45°C). Fry are
abundant in natural spawning ground and their survival rate in the ponds is usually high. This
shrimp usually does not grow to a large size and has a low market price compared to other
species. They are largely produced from trapping ponds or as secondary species of shrimp
farms.
Selection of fish species
INDIGENOUS SPECIES
CATLA (Catla catla)
RUI (Labeo rohita)
MRIGAL (Cirrhinar mrigala)
EXOTIC SPECIES
SILVER CARP (H. molitrix)
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 23
GRASS CARP (C. idellus)
MIRROR CARP (C. carpio, V. specularis)
COMMON CARP (C. carpio, V. communis)
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JOB SHEET #1-1
Title : Preparing pond lay-out
Purpose : To demonstrate skills preparing pond lay-out
Equipment, Tools and Materials : Pen, paper, tracing paper, ruler, calculator
Precautions : Be specific with your labels and measurements
Procedures:
1. After gaining knowledge and background on pond lay-out designs from the information
sheets above including the experience/observations during the field visit, choose and
decide on the suitable design of pond for the area. This will also base on the species to
be cultured.
2. Prepare and draw a lay-out plan for the pond you want to construct. Be specific with your
label and measurements.
3. Submit your lay-out and be ready to discuss this with your facilitator.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 25
SELF- CHECK #1–1
A. SEQUENCING: The following are steps in construction activities of pond. Arrange
them in order
________ Staking
________ Core trenching
________ Planting vegetation in the dikes
________ Diking and excavation of pond bottom
________ Building and installation of drainage structures
________ Site clearing
B. Identify the following fish species:
_________________
________________________
_____________________
_______________________
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 26
ANSWER KEY # 1-1
A. SEQUENCING: The following are steps in construction activities of pond. Arrange
them in order
2 Staking
3 Core trenching
6 Planting vegetation in the dikes
5 Diking and excavation of pond bottom
4 Building and installation of drainage structures
1 Site clearing
B. Identify the following fish species:
CATLA (Catla catla)
COMMON CARP (C. carpio, V. communis)
GRASS CARP (C. idellus) MRIGAL (Cirrhinar mrigala)
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
MODULE : Selecting Site for Pens and Cages
LEARNING OUTCOME #2 : Design strong dike to counteract forces of nature
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Dike structure are properly designed
2. Highest high tide and flood levels are determined
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
1. Drawing materials
2. Calculators
3. Record note books
4. Pen
5. Tide indicators
REFERENCES:
Cagauan, A. G. 2004. Steps in preparing ponds for freshwater and brackishwater fish or
shrimp grow-out operations. Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Freshwater
Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University. Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. (in CD).
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 28
Learning Outcome #2 : Design strong dike to counteract forces of nature
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read Information Sheet # 2-1: ” Pond dike • Information Sheet # 2-1: ” Pond dike
design and construction” design and construction”
2. Farm visit and observations on the • Visits to fish farms to observe functional
functional designs of operational pond dikes designs of existing dike constructions
3. Do Self-Check # 2-1 • Self - Check # 2-1
4. Check your answer • Answer Key # 2-1
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 29
INFORMATION SHEET #2-1
POND DIKE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
The function of the dikes is to retain water for use in the fish farming operation as well as to
protect the farm pond, fish crops and/or other farm facilities from destruction by floods and tidal
inundations. Design of these embankments must be based on sound engineering principles and
economic feasibility.
The dams and dikes are manually constructed of the soil material available at the site. The
dimension and cross sectional shape of the dikes are governed by the purpose they come
intended to serve and the material available for one function. It should be constructed so they
can withstand the pressure that the water is exerting; watery soils or soils with high organic
content that might decomposed in this are rarely used. The soil should have low water
permeability, those with a relatively high clay content should be used while sandy or rocky soils
should be avoided.
a. Primary dikes
This is the largest in size and maybe used as road dike. The height and size of the
perimeter dike are based on the highest flood level at a determined recurrence interval.
b. Secondary / Tertiary dikes
Usually, secondary dikes are smaller inner dikes which are constructed, based on a
required depth of the pond water. A tertiary dike is the smallest of the dikes and is
common in brackishwater pond but not in freshwater ponds.
c. Features of dikes
1) Top width or crown
Top width of the dikes may vary from 1.0 m to 4.0 meters. One meter or more may be used
for low as secondary dikes, and up to 4 meters wide for primary dikes which may be used as
roadways.
2) Bottom width or base
The bottom width can be calculated based on the top width, height of dikes and side slope
required.
b = T + 2 (zd)
where: b = width of base
T = width of crown
d = height of dike
z = side slope
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3) Side slope
This is the steepness of the side of the dike. It is expressed as the ratio of the horizontal
width to the vertical rise.
For clayey soil, the recommended side slope ranges from 2:1 to 1:1. Table 1 summarizes
the relationship of the various feature of dikes. This is illustrated further in Fig 1.
Table 1. Relationship among the top width, bottom width, and height of a dike with a
given side slope
Bottom width at given
Height Top width or side slope (m)
(m) crown (m)
1.5 2 5 6.5 8
2 2 6 8 10
3 2 8 11 14
Figure 1. Side slope of a dike at 1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 ratio
4) Freeboard
This is the allowance between the normal water level in the pond and the settled height of
the dike. It should be about 20-30 centimeters.
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5) Allowance for settlement
Since the actual construction of the dike cannot be compacted 100 percent, an allowance of
should be added to the planned height. Given below are the recommended allowance for
shrinkage and settlement.
Condition Allowance for
shrinkage and
settlement (%)
1. Poor material and poor methods and 15 – 20
practices in construction
2. Soil exceptionally high in organic 40 or more
matters
3. Compacted by construction 5 - 10
equipment
Determination of Height
The total height of the main or perimeter dike can be computed as:
Mf + F
Hp = ----------------------
1 - (%S)
100
where:
Hp = height of perimeter dike
Mf = maximum flood level
F = allowance for freeboard
%S = percent shrinkage and settlement
Cross-sectional area and volume of dikes
The cross-sectional area is estimated by adding the width of crown and base, divide the sum by
two and multiplied by the height. The height should be the estimated height for main,
secondary and tertiary dike which include allowance for settlement. The volume of soil required
to construct the dike is computed by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the length of dike.
(b + T)
A = ------------- (h)
2
V = AL
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where:
A = cross-sectional area of dikes, m
b = base of dike, m
T = top of dike, m
h = height of dike, m
L = length of dike
V = volume of soil required, m3
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 33
JOB SHEET # 2-1
Title Designing a pond dike
Purpose To learn and enhance skills on designing a pond dike
Equipment, Tools and Materials Pen, tracing paper, ruler, calculator, tide indicator
Precautions Observe workplace operating procedures during the
visit.
Procedures:
1. During the visit make observations on the existing functional designs of operational pond
dikes If possible schedule your visit during the dike constructions. Determine the highest
tide and flood in the farm area.
2. Take the important notes and details during the observations. An interview with the
knowledgeable individual on the pond dike design can also be done to clarify some
important details.
3. To demonstrate your learning, design a pond dike, using the materials listed above.
Ensure the design is properly labeled and measurement (scales) are presented also.
See attached plan as example.
4. Discuss the design with your co-learner and ask his/her comments.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 34
SELF-CHECK#2-1
1. What are the different type of dikes?
2. What are the features of dikes?
3. What are the factors to consider in the design of the dike?
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 35
ANSWER KEY # 2-1
1. Different types of dike
• Primary dikes
This is the largest in size and maybe used as road dike. The height and size of the
perimeter dike are based on the highest flood level at a determined recurrence interval.
• Secondary / Tertiary dikes
Usually, secondary dikes are smaller inner dikes which are constructed, based on a
required depth of the pond water. A tertiary dike is the smallest of the dikes and is
common in brackishwater pond but not in freshwater ponds.
2. Features of dikes
• Top width or crown
Top width of the dikes may vary from 1.0 m to 4.0 meters. One meter or more may be used
for low as secondary dikes, and up to 4 meters wide for primary dikes which may be used as
roadways.
• Bottom width or base
The bottom width can be calculated based on the top width, height of dikes and side slope
required.
• Side slope
This is the steepness of the side of the dike. It is expressed as the ratio of the horizontal
width to the vertical rise.
• Freeboard
This is the allowance between the normal water level in the pond and the settled height of
the dike. It should be about 20-30 centimeters.
• Allowance for settlement
Since the actual construction of the dike cannot be compacted 100 percent, an allowance of
should be added to the planned height. Given below are the recommended allowance for
shrinkage and settlement.
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3. Fators to consider in the design of the dike:
• Determination of Height
The total height of the main or perimeter dike can be computed as:
Mf + F
Hp = ----------------------
1 - (%S)
100
where:
Hp = height of perimeter dike
Mf = maximum flood level
F = allowance for freeboard
%S = percent shrinkage and settlement
• Cross-sectional area and volume of dikes
The cross-sectional area is estimated by adding the width of crown and base, divide the sum
by two and multiplied by the height. The height should be the estimated height for main,
secondary and tertiary dike which include allowance for settlement. The volume of soil
required to construct the dike is computed by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the
length of dike.
(b + T)
A = ------------- (h)
2
V = AL
where:
A = cross-sectional area of dikes, m
b = base of dike, m
T = top of dike, m
h = height of dike, m
L = length of dike
V = volume of soil required, m3
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 37
QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
MODULE : Selecting Site for Pens and Cages
LEARNING OUTCOME #3 : Identify materials to be used based on production
target and capitatlization
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Earthen pond materials are identified
2. Concrete pond materials are identified
3. Budgetary requirement are properly computed
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
REFERENCES: 1. Record note book
2. Pen
3. List of materials
4. Copy of financial
statement
5. Calculator
Kövári J. .. 1984 . Inland Aquaculture Engineering Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates and
Tender Documents. ADCP/REP/84/21. Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional Training
Coursein Inland Aquaculture Engineering,Budapest, 6 June-3 September, 1983 Aquaculture
Development And Coordination Programme United Nations Development Programme Food
And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
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Learning Outcome #3: Identify materials to be used based on production target and
capitatlization
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read on the following topics:
Information sheet # 3-1: “Estimation for Information sheet # 3-1: “Estimation
pond lay-out and construction” for pond lay-out and construction”
Information sheet # 3-2: “Making Information sheet # 3-2: “Making
estimates” estimates”
2. Do a field canvassing of the cost of Job sheet # 3-1: “Field canvassing
supplies and materials for dike and preparing cost estimate for
construction constructing dike”
3. Do Self-Check Self-Check # 3-1
4. Check your answer Answer Key # 3-1
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 39
INFORMATION SHEET # 3-1
ESTIMATION FOR POND LAY-OUT AND CONSTRUCTION
Preparation of detailed drawings
To prepare drawings based on detailed investigations and designs, the following should be
noted:
- to ensure the most economic solutions and to avoid any delay in construction as a result of
shortage of materials, the structures and any buildings should be generally designed with
available local materials (Tang, 1979);
- to ensure durability of structures and buildings, etc., the best quality materials and
workmanship must be used;
- to maintain a high quality of construction, standard local construction techniques should be
taken into account when the facilities are designed, and in particular when the measurements of
earth works are determined.
Requirements of detailed drawings
(i) Location, boundary, contour and land maps
(ii) Layout plan
This plan, depending on the size of the project area, must be scaled in 1:1000 to 1:5000. The
layout plan must show the contour lines if those are not provided on a separate contour map
and all the establishments found at the site such as the existing roads, electric and telephonic
lines, rivers and drains or other channels, buildings, underground pipelines, boundary lines,
including the location of the PBRs and the TBMs with their elevations, the North line and the
scale used for planning. In addition, the layout plan must show the designed establishments
such as fish ponds with their measurements and area as well as the FSL in the ponds, the
location of the feeder and drainage channels, all the structures with their mark and number, the
hatchery and other buildings needed, the pumping station or other water sources, i.e. wells,
etc., the approach road, etc. The characteristic data of the structures such as their mark, size
and floor level must be given in a table on the layout plan as shown in Figure 3.
A separate layout plan must usually be prepared for the buildings showing their locations
including the internal roads, the measurements and the floor levels of the buildings, etc., their
connections to the designed ponds, the North line as well as other facilities, i.e. electric and
water supply pipelines, etc. This plan is generally scaled in 1:500 to 1:1000.
(iii) Setting out plan
In order to ensure the accurate marking-out of all the earthworks of the fish farm, a setting out
plan must be prepared. The reference line including the TBMs, all the measurements of the fish
ponds and drains, as well as feeder canals, including the location and numbering of the cross
sections required to peg out the centre lines of the dikes and the channels must be illustrated
on this plan as shown in Figure 4. The elevations of the TBMs and other data needed for setting
out the facilities should also be given in this plan. The TBMs should be established in such
positions that they cannot be destroyed by the machines during the construction period. The
scale of this plan is the same, or less, than that used for the layout plan.
(iv) Cross-and longitudinal sections of earthworks
(a) Cross-sections
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Cross-sections of dikes, feeder and drainage channels, inner channels and harvesting pits in
the ponds should be given in the detailed plans scaled in 1:100. Two types of cross-sections
should be noted as follows:
1) Typical cross-sections can be prepared for a smaller project located on flat land. In this case
the cross-sections must show all the measurements including their slopes, etc., except their
actual height.
2) Cross-sections prepared for a medium or larger project should be generally shown for every
50 m of their longitudinal sections including all the dimensions required for their marking out, as
well as their actual height. In this case, the section number of cross-sections should be
indicated on the drawing. Using these cross-sections, the earthwork calculations for the bill of
quantities can be easily done.
In addition to the above, the necessary elevations for both the top of the dikes, the FSL in the
ponds and the pond or drain bottoms must be indicated in all the cross-sections. A mark,
number or section number must be given to each cross-section. The existing ground level
including the instructions referring to the topsoil removal from the basement of the dikes, should
be noted on the plan. It is very important that the axis of the dikes and drains, as well as their
distances, be illustrated on the drawing.
Figure 3. Layout plan
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 41
Figure 4. Setting out plan
From time to time when the soil used for construction of dikes has a higher seepage coefficient
than required for an impervious dike, a clay core should be designed into the dikes. In this case,
the measurements of the proposed clay core including the specifications needed for the core
materials must be shown in the cross-sections.
In the larger ponds, wave protection has to be provided. Therefore, a typical cross-section of
the proposed wave protection in the ponds should be prepared in a scale of 1:50. All the
materials, both in quantity and quality, with their specifications should be given in this cross-
section.
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(b) Longitudinal sections
In general the longitudinal sections are to be plotted in the scale of 1:100 in vertical and 1:500
to 1:5000 in horizontal. They should contain as shown in Figure 5, the length, bottom level in
the ponds or in the drains, the location and mark of the structures and dikes, the ground level,
the designed crest level of the dikes, as well as the FSL in the ponds. Longitudinal sections will
have to be prepared in the following cases:
1) In a barrage pond system for the valley section occupied by:
- fish ponds
- each dam of the fish ponds
- the diversion channel
2) In a larger contour pond system for the water supply channel, i.e. irrigation channel to the fish
farm:
- the main and secondary feeder channels to the fish ponds
- the main and secondary drains
- the inner drains in the ponds
- the dikes
The longitudinal sections including the cross-sections concerned can be used for the quantity
calculations of the different earthworks.
(v) Structural detailed drawings
Based on the result of the hydraulical computations and the structural calculations, the detailed
drawings of all the hydraulic structures including also the feeder channels as well as the
pumping station if needed, must be prepared in the following detail:
1) Layout plan of the structure scaled at 1:50 to 1:200 must show the plan, the required sections
and views as well as other details of the structure with all measurements and elevations
required for formwork, its connection to the dike and the drain, etc., as well as the quality of the
different materials designed for the structure as shown in Figure 6.
2) Reinforcement details of the structure as shown in Figure 7 scaled in 1:25 to 1:50 should
show all the bars including their spacing and mark in detail sections needed for its construction.
3) Reinforcement plan should give the quality, mark, shape in cm, diameter in mm, number, unit
length and total length as well as total weight of bars required for construction of the structure
as shown in Figure 8.
The additional detailed plans of the screen, the stoplogs or the installation plans of the pumps
for the pumping station, must be prepared in a similar format and detail.
(vi) Hatchery building
Based on the production technology and other calculations, the detailed plans of the hatchery,
depending on its output capacity must be prepared in the following detail:
1) Layout plan of the hatchery scaled at 1:50 should show facilities for egg incubation and fry of
fingerling holding tanks of spawners, the necessary space for handling and treatment of
spawners, storage facilities for feed, equipment as well as laboratory room in which the required
chemical and other materials may be stored (Bardach, 1972; New, 1982).
2) Plumbing plan should include all the pipelines of both water and air supply to the incubation
and rearing facilities showing the materials and size of each pipe including fittings as well as the
designed drainage facilities.
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3) Installation plans of the incubation and rearing facilities should be separately provided in
detail with a scale of 1:10 to 1:50.
4) Reinforcement details of the different tanks and the building as well as other detailed plans
needed for construction of the hatchery must be provided in a scale of 1:10 to 1:50.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 3-2
MAKING ESTIMATES
Preparation of Detailed Estimates
Before approving a project, the cost of work required must be thoroughly investigated. It is
necessary to prepare the cost estimate, for the intended work from the plans and specifications.
Thus, an estimate for construction work can be defined as the process of calculating the
quantities and costs of the various items needed in connection with the work (Chakraborti,
1922).
Quantity Estimate or Quantity Survey
This is a complete estimate of the quantities of materials or items that may be required to
accomplish the project concerned. The quantity estimate is one of the most important ones in
order to arrive at an accurate cost estimate for the detailed plan.
Detailed Estimate
Based on the results of the quantity estimate, this includes the cost estimate of everything
required for satisfactory completion of work, and should be the best and most reliable estimate
that can be made.
Complete Estimate
This is an estimated cost of all items, i.e. cost of main contract or material, labour and
supervision, cost of land, engineering fees, miscellaneous, viz. removal costs of owner,
contingency percentage, etc., which are related to the work in addition to the detailed estimate.
Preparation of Detailed Estimates
Based on the methods used for the preparation of detailed estimates in different countries, in
general the principal parts of the detailed estimates consist of the following:
General abstract of cost
This includes the name of the project, the date of preparation and the cost of different main sub-
headings, including engineering cost of civil works, cost of equipment and land, etc. as well as
contingencies. The detailed cost of each sub-heading is not shown in the general abstract of
cost.
Abstract of cost
The estimated cost of each and every individual item of work is calculated by multiplying the
quantity by the specified rate in tabular form known as "Abstract form' as shown below, then
adding all together to get the actual estimated cost of work. A percentage (1.5 to 2.5 percent) of
the above estimate is usually added for a work charge along with an amount (usually 0.5
percent) for tools and plant, to calculate the grand total of the estimated cost.
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S1. No. Description of item Unit Quantity Rate Amount
Total:
1 ½ % for work charge
½ % for tools and plant
GRAND TOTAL:
In order to ensure that the detailed estimates can be easily surveyed, sub-headings are usually
required. In this case, each sub-heading of the estimate is grouped for similar items of work. For
an aquaculture project, the sub-headings should be as follows:
(a) Site clearing and preparation
(b) Earthwork - this includes excavation, filling, dressing, dewatering, etc.
(c) Concrete work - this includes plain and reinforced concrete works, prefabricated
concrete works, formwork for concrete structures, etc.
(d) Brickwork - this includes brickwork in foundation and plinth, brickwork in
superstructures, etc.
(e) Stonework - this includes stone work for bed or wave protection and in structures, etc.
(f) Woodwork
(g) Steelwork
(h) Roofing
(i) Water supply and sanitary works
(j) Miscellaneous
(k) Finishing
The abstract of cost should contain the different sub-headings shown separately and added
together to show the cost to complete the project.
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Analysis of rates
In order to provide a correct and reasonable rate per unit for a particular item, a detailed
surveyed called an "Analysis of rate" should be conducted on costs of materials, labour and
equipment as required for the unit following its specification. The rate per unit of an item
consists of the following:
(a) Quantity of materials and their cost
The quantities of various materials required per unit rate for an item are determined by the
specifications. The cost of materials should be the cost on site. To calculate this, an analysis of
rates of materials should be calculated separately. This includes the market cost of the
materials, including loading and unloading costs, 10 percent profit, and transportation costs.
(b) Labour cost
This includes the number of labourers, skilled and unskilled, and their respective wages
multiplied by the hours required to complete per unit.
(c) Cost of equipment, tools or plant
Wherever possible, the cost of equipment should be allocated to a specific item of rate, i.e. the
cost of operating a concrete mixer should be spread over those items for which it is used. For
certain tools and plant it is difficult to allocate their use to an individual item of rate, and it is
therefore suggested that this expenditure be included in overheads, i.e. establishment charges.
(d) Overhead or establishment charges
These include such items as office rent and depreciation of equipment, salaries of office staff,
postage, lighting, travel, telephone charges, plans and specifications, etc. They are usually 2
/2% of the net cost of a unit of rate, and may increase to 5 percent.
(e) Profit
In general, a profit of 10 percent is calculated for ordinary contracts after allocating all charges
for equipment, establishment, etc. For small jobs 15 percent profit and for large jobs 8 percent
profit should be considered as common figures.
For such items of work for which it is difficult to prepare an analysis of rate, a lump sum (L.S.)
rate should be provided in the estimate.
Schedule of rates or data for costing
To facilitate the preparation of estimates and to enable them to be prepared in a uniform
manner, a schedule of rates or data for costing each kind of work commonly executed is
provided by different departments in each country. These usually include general conditions,
general specifications, items of different works, data for transportation, materials and labour,
method of rate analysis, plant rate analysis and basic unit rate analysis.
Quantity estimates
As mentioned previously, quantity estimates of items of various works should be prepared to
provide an accurate cost estimate for the implementation of a project. Quantity estimates should
be prepared separately for both the structures and the earthworks.
(i) Quantity estimates for structures and buildings
Measurement of all structures and buildings should be taken as per the standard specification,
or as per the schedule of rate, or as per current practice.
(ii) Quantity estimates of earthworks
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 47
The quantity estimates of earthworks, using the plans of cross and longitudinal sections, as well
as contour plans if needed, should be prepared. Measurements for earthwork shall be
calculated from the relevant drawings.
Calculating formulas
(1) Sectional area having no transverse slope for diking or cutting with same side slopes
A = B×d +s×d2, m2
where
B = crest width of dike, m
d = height of diking or depth of cutting, m
s = ratio of side slope as horizontal: vertical
(2) Sectional area having no transverse slope for diking or cutting with different side slopes
m2
where
b = base width of dike, m
(3) Irregular sectional area
Simpson's rule: divide the sectional area into an even number (n) of parallel strips by means of
(n + 1) ordinates, spaced equal distances, d
(first ordinate + last ordinate + 2 S, odd ordinates + 4 S even ordinates)
(4) Volumes of earthwork
(a) Mid section formula
In this formula, the mean depth or height should be calculated first by averaging the depths of
two consecutive sections. From the mean depth the area of mid section should be calculated
and volume of earthwork computed by multiplying the area of mid section by the distance
between the two original sections. To estimate the quantity of earthwork for a dike or a channel
whose level sections are taken at a distance, D, which may be varied depending on the ground
level in the longitudinal section of the dike or the channel, a tabular form can be used as shown
below:
Station Height or depth at Mean height or Sectional Distance Quantity
between
station (m) depth (m) area(m2)
stations (m) Dike Cutting
(m3) (m3)
12 3 4 5 67
(b) Trapezoidal or end areas formula
This method is based on the assumption that the mid area of a pyramid is half the average area
of the ends and the end sections are in parallel planes. If A1 and A2 are areas of the ends the
volume of the prismoid is given by
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 48
Quantity of earthwork may be calculated by trapezoidal formula in a tabular form as shown
below
Station Height or depth Sectional Mean Distance between Quantity
at station area sectional area stations
(m) (m2) (m2) (m) Dike Cutting
(m3) (m3)
12 34 5 67
(c) Prismoidal formula
If the volume of earth between two successive cross-sections is considered a prismoid, then a
more precise formula, the prismoidal formula, may be used. It is generally considered that end
sections are in parallel planes.
(first area + last area + 4 S even areas + 2 S odd areas), m3
There are a number of alternative ways in which the prismoidal formula may be used. For
instance, it can be used to calculate the volume of excavation in a smaller nursery pond
applying the prismoidal formula for a single strip
, m3
where
D = depth of excavation, m
A1 = top area of excavation, m2
A2 = bottom area of excavation, m2
Am = mid area of excavation, m2
(d) Volumes from contour lines
This method may be conveniently used where accurate contours are available. The contour
interval will determine the distance D in the trapezoidal or prismoidal formula, and for accuracy
this should be as small as possible, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 m. The areas enclosed by individual
contour lines are best taken off the map by means of a planimeter. In computing the volumes,
the areas enclosed by two successive contour lines are used in the trapezoidal formula,
whence:
where
V = volume of earth between contour lines A1 and A2
D = vertical interval
This method can also be used to calculate the volume of water contained in a reservoir,
corresponding to a given height. This is done by calculating the total volume contained below
successive contours and then plotting volume against height to give a curve from which the
volume at intermediate levels may be read.
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 49
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