(e) Volumes from spot levels
This is a method by means of which the earthwork for pond bottom, borrow pits, etc. and similar
works with vertical sides may be calculated. Using this method, the area marked out on the
contour map should be divided up into squares or rectangles. Elevations are taken at each of
the corner points and by subtracting these from the corresponding formation levels, a series of
heights is obtained from which the mean height of a series of vertical truncated prisms of earth
can be found. The volume of each prism is given by the plan area multiplied by the mean height
of the prism. The prisms may, of course, be considered as either rectangles or triangles.
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JOB SHEET # 3-1
Title Field canvassing and preparing cost estimate for
Purpose constructing dike
Equipment, Tools and Materials
To enhance skills in field canvassing and preparing cost
estimate for constructing dike.
Pen, notebook, calculator, pond lay-out
Precautions None
Procedures:
1. Make a list of supplies and materials needed based on the pond lay-out you make in job
sheet #1-1.
2. Do a field canvassing of the cost of supplies and materials for dike construction
3. Prepare a cost estimate for dike construction based on the pond lay-out.
4. Make a report of your output and be ready for an oral interview and discussion with the
facilitator.
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SELF–CHECK #3-1
1. Discuss about Quantity Estimate or Quantity Survey
This is a complete estimate of the quantities of materials or items that may be required to
accomplish the project concerned. The quantity estimate is one of the most important ones in
order to arrive at an accurate cost estimate for the detailed plan.
2. Define Detailed Estimate
Based on the results of the quantity estimate, this includes the cost estimate of everything
required for satisfactory completion of work, and should be the best and most reliable estimate
that can be made.
3. What is Complete Estimate
This is an estimated cost of all items, i.e. cost of main contract or material, labour and
supervision, cost of land, engineering fees, miscellaneous, viz. removal costs of owner,
contingency percentage, etc., which are related to the work in addition to the detailed estimate.
4. What are the principal parts of Preparation of Detailed Estimates?
1. General abstract of cost
2. Abstract of cost
3. Analysis of rates
4. Schedule of rates or data for costing
5. Quantity estimates
5. What are the requirements of detailed drawings
(i) Location, boundary, contour and land maps
(ii) Layout plan
(iii) Setting out plan
(iv) Cross-and longitudinal sections of earthworks
(v) Structural detailed drawings
(vi) Hatchery building
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ANSWER KEY #3-1
1. Discuss about Quantity Estimate or Quantity Survey
This is a complete estimate of the quantities of materials or items that may be required to
accomplish the project concerned. The quantity estimate is one of the most important ones in
order to arrive at an accurate cost estimate for the detailed plan.
2. Define Detailed Estimate
Based on the results of the quantity estimate, this includes the cost estimate of everything
required for satisfactory completion of work, and should be the best and most reliable estimate
that can be made.
3. What is Complete Estimate
This is an estimated cost of all items, i.e. cost of main contract or material, labour and
supervision, cost of land, engineering fees, miscellaneous, viz. removal costs of owner,
contingency percentage, etc., which are related to the work in addition to the detailed estimate.
4. What are the principal parts of Preparation of Detailed Estimates?
6. General abstract of cost
7. Abstract of cost
8. Analysis of rates
9. Schedule of rates or data for costing
10. Quantity estimates
5. What are the requirements of detailed drawings
(i) Location, boundary, contour and land maps
(ii) Layout plan
(iii) Setting out plan
(iv) Cross-and longitudinal sections of earthworks
(v) Structural detailed drawings
(vi) Hatchery building
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
MODULE : Selecting Site for Pens and Cages
LEARNING OUTCOME #4 : Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Boundaries are determined
2. Site for embankments ,water control structures and accessories are identified and
marked
3. Size, number of compartment are properly identified
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
None none 1. record book
2. pens
3. markers
4. Lay-out plan
REFERENCES:
Kövári J. .. 1984 . Inland Aquaculture Engineering Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates and
Tender Documents. ADCP/REP/84/21. Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional Training
Coursein Inland Aquaculture Engineering,Budapest, 6 June-3 September, 1983 Aquaculture
Development And Coordination Programme United Nations Development Programme Food
And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
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Learning Outcome #4: Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read Information sheet # 4-1 on detailed 1. Information sheet # 4-1: “Detailed plan of
fish farm “
planning of fish farm
2. Perform job sheet # 4-1 2. Job sheet # 4-1: “Farm visits and
observations on farm plans and the use
3. Do Self-Check of plot markers to guide the lay-out”
4. Check your answer
3. Self-Check # 4-1
4. Answer Key # 4-1
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-1
DETAILED PLAN OF FISH FARM
Reviewing Outline Plan
After having approved the outline plan of the project, a review should be made of all data
available and, if this is insufficient, action should be taken to rectify the deficiency. Any
modifications of the proposed operating schedule and related water management and water
requirement calculations for both the fish ponds and the hatchery have to be completed prior to
commencing detailed planning.
Topographic survey
The topographic survey which has to be carried out at the site selected for a project should be
based on a convenient datum marked with a temporary bench mark (TBM) at the site. There
are several methods used for topographic surveys. Depending upon the nature and size of the
land required for the project, the following methods are the most commonly applied for
topographic surveying:
(i) Gridding(ii) Plane tabling
(iii) Cross-section method with traverse survey
(iv) Radiating lines method with traverse survey
(v) Tachiometry
Methods (i) and (ii) are ideal on relatively flat land, while methods (iii) and (iv) may also be used
but are best suited to hilly terrain or use in a narrow, long valley. Tachiometry can be used in
either case. The field work in tachiometry is rapid compared with the other methods and it is
widely used, therefore, for contouring of any types of areas. With reasonable precautions, the
results obtained can be of the same order of accuracy as, or better than, those obtainable by
other methods. The following topographic maps and plans are generally needed for a project:
(i) Index or location map
(ii) Boundary map
(iii) Contour map
(iv) Cross and longitudinal sections
(v) Land map
Requirements of maps for engineering designs
(i) Index or location map
This map, which gives general information about the location of the project, the existing roads,
railways, towns or other settlements, rivers, lakes, contours, etc., is the most commonly
prepared from one of the map sheets scaled at 1:50 000, which may be obtained from the
Survey Department Map Sales Depot, or the Survey Department. An example of a location map
prepared for the Chipata Fish Farm is shown in Figure 1.
(ii) Boundary map
During topographic surveying the boundary lines of the selected area for the project should be
fixed by stones or concrete blocks. The boundary lines are usually formed by a closed traverse.
The points of the traverse lines are called stations or bearing points (PBR). These may also
serve for control of levelling or contouring operations over the site, and for setting out the
facilities of the project. The boundary map, as shown in Figure 2, must indicate the lengths of
the traverse lines for the boundary of the project, locations of the PBRs, the coordinates of the
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reference meridian, the bearings of the lines, the actual area covered by the traverse lines, the
existing roads, buildings, rivers and other property boundaries. The list of the coordinates of the
PBRs, including the elevation as shown in Table 1, should be attached to the boundary map,
and the data should be recorded in the construction site logbook before starting any
construction works at the site. This is essential as, if the PBRs are destroyed by any machines
during the construction period, they can easily be re-established from the site logbook.
Table 1 List of Coordinates and Elevation of PBRs
PBR Coordinates (m) Elevation (m)
Partial E Partial N Easting Northing
6170 492 403.11 101 604.34 2.241
6173 - 194.26 - 68.54 492 334.57 101 410.08 5.544
6174 - 193.57 - 68.70 492 265.87 101 216.51 0.880
6175 - 181.20 + 68.59 492 084.67 101 285.10 0.906
6176 - 296.20 +111.18 491 788.47 101 395.28 1.158
(iii) Contour map
Contour maps used in design of the facilities of the project must show the contour lines and all
the establishments found at the proposed site such as roads, electric and telephonic lines,
rivers and drains or other channels, buildings, underground oil, gas or water supply pipelines,
borrow pits, boundary lines, including the location of the PBRs and the TBMs, the north
direction as well as the scale used for mapping. The contour map may also show the location of
soil sampling stations with numbering. The contour maps, depending on the size of area
proposed for the project, should be scaled in 1:1000 to 1:5000. The contour lines should be
plotted on the map at 10 cm intervals for flat land and 20 to 25 cm intervals for hilly or valley
terrain.
(iv) Cross and longitudinal sections
If a project is established in an area where there are fish ponds, drains and other channels, etc.,
their cross and longitudinal sections are often required for designing of the new fish ponds or
the renovation of the old ones, etc. In such a case, the cross-sections should have a scale of
1:100 and the longitudinal sections should be plotted to a scale of 1:100 vertical and 1:500 to
1:5000 horizontal.
(v) Land map
In order to procure the land needed for a project, the required area of the project should be
marked by the selected boundary lines on the land map. For procurement of land, the cadastral
data of the lands including their owner's names, the size and unit price, as well as total amount
in local currency of lands, should be prepared as shown in Table 2.
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Table 2 Land Cadastral Data
Item Land owner's name Land Land price
Number Area (ha) Required area (ha) Unit Total amount
(I. Rs) (I. Rs)
1 Shri M.B. Prasad 900 0.154 0.154 40 000 6 160
2 Shri A.K. Sing 989 0.125 0.125 40 000 5 000
3 Shri M.B. Beg 934 0.229 0.138 45 000 6 210
Total 17 370
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JOB SHEET # 4-1
Title Farm visits and observations on farm plans and the
use of plot markers to guide the lay-out
Purpose
Equipment, Tools and Materials To demonstrate skills in using plot markers in lay-out
Lay-out plan, markers, pencil
Precautions None
Procedures:
1. During your farm visit, observe how farm plans are done, particularly the use of plot
markers to guide the lay-out for existing fish farms.
2. Using the farm plan you make, use and highlight the plot markers of the lay-out.(see
attached plan)
3. Discuss this with co-learners and submit the output to your facilitators.
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SELF-CHECK # 4-1
Enumeration: Give what is being ask
A. What are the methods most commonly applied for topographic surverying
B. What are maps and plan which are needed for a project?
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ANSWER KEY # 4-1
Enumeration: Give what is being ask
A. What are the methods most commonly applied for topographic surverying
The following methods are the most commonly applied for topographic surveying:
(i) Gridding(ii) Plane tabling
(iii) Cross-section method with traverse survey
(iv) Radiating lines method with traverse survey
(v) Tachiometry
B. What are maps and plan which are needed for a project?
The following topographic maps and plans are generally needed for a project:
(i) Index or location map
(ii) Boundary map
(iii) Contour map
(iv) Cross and longitudinal sections
(v) Land map
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
MODULE : Selecting Site for Pens and Cages
LEARNING OUTCOME #5 : Determine other farm facilities and laid out
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Other farm facilities are identified and laid out
RESOURCES: Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments
1. Tracing paper
2. Ruler
3. pencil
REFERENCES:
1. Kepenyes, János. 1984 .Chapter 12 Planning of Fish Hatcheries Inland Aquaculture
Engineering Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates and Tender Documents.
ADCP/REP/84/21. Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional Training Coursein Inland
Aquaculture Engineering, Budapest, 6 June-3 September, 1983 Aquaculture Development
And Coordination Programme United Nations Development Programme Food And
Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
2. http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/aquaculture/general/site_selection_and_design_of_aquacult
ure_facilities
3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/T8389E/T8389E01.htm#ch1
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Learning Outcome #5: Determine other farm facilities and laid out
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Information sheet # 5-1: “Farm plan:
1. Read the following information:
Information sheet # 5-1: “Farm plan: identification of locations of farm
identification of locations of farm facilities
facilities
Information sheet # 5-2: “Design of
Information sheet # 5-2: “Design of fish fish farms”
farms”
2. Farm visits to observe actual practices of Job sheet # 5-1: “Hands-on
locating the different farm facilities preparation of a farm plan for an
actual site with focus on identifying
3. Do Self-Check the locations of different farm
4. Check your answer facilities”
Self-Check # 4-1
Answer Key # 4-1
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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-1
FARM PLAN: IDENTIFICATION OF LOCATIONS OF FARM FACILITIES
Designing and Planning the Layout
In designing and planning the layout of freshwater fishponds, give careful consideration to the
following:
Pond compartments. There are three compartments in a complete freshwater fishpond
system namely: nursery pond, brood pond and production or rearing pond. The nursery and
brood pons may comprise 10% of the total area, and 90% for the production pond.
The pond may be rectangular or irregular in shape. The size of the compartment is governed
by the topography of the land. This may vary from less than one to two hectares for good
management. Smaller pond units require greater construction and maintenance cost.
Water supply. Provide each
compartment with an individual
water supply system and drainage
outlet. Provide also a mechanical
emergency spillway for the flow of
excess water from ordinary rain and
to maintain desired water level in
the pond.
Drainage. Construct the pond to
facilitate easy drainage when
harvesting fish stock and proper
cleaning of the pond bottom.
Elevation. Construct the pond
one meter or more lower than the
source of water supply but slightly
higher than the drainage area to
obtain at least an average water
depth of one meter for maximum
production.
Wind direction. Wind plays a
role in fishpond design. Strong wind
generates wave action that
destroys the sides of the dikes. To
minimize this, position the longer
pond dimensions parallel to the
direction of the prevailing wind to
lessen the side length of the dike
exposed to wave action.
Protection from flood. If the fish pond site is prone to flooding, construct a diversion canal
along the perimeter dike to divert runoff water during heavy downpour. Construct a larger and
higher perimeter dike to prevent inflow of water.
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Designing dikes. Construct dikes with trapezoidal cross section with the top width, the side
slopes and the height proportionally designed according to the soil material used. The following
are guidelines in designing the dikes:
1. Height above water line. Extend the top of the dike sufficiently above the water line to
give a safe margin against overtopping during flood. Include margin for wave action
caused by exposure to winds. Perimeter dike should have, after shrinkage, a freeboard
height of 0.60 - 1.0 m above the maximum level observed in the locality. Freeboard for
secondary dikes is 50 cm.
The allowance for settlement and shrinkage depends on the characteristics of soil fill,
soil foundation, and on the method of construction. On the average, an allowance for
settlement and shrinkage is 25%. Provide a settlement allowance of not less than 40%
for soils high in organic matter while dikes compacted by construction equipment is 5%
less than the filled height.
2. Top width. The minimum top width or crown is 1 m for dikes less than 3 m high. The top
width of dikes used as access road is 4 m. Provide a 0.60 m wide berm or shoulder on
each side of a roadway dike to prevent rovelling.
3. Side Slope. The side slope or steepness of the dike is the ratio of the horizontal length to
the vertical rise. Fishpond dikes lower than 3 m should have a slope of 1:1. Dikes above
3 m should adopt a 2:1 slope. Refer to the table below for relationship among the top
width, bottom width and height of dikes.
Relationship among the top width, bottom width and
height of dikes with a given side slope
Height Top width Bottom, with in m. at given side slope
of crown 1:1 ratio 1.5:1 ratio 2:1 ratio
(m)
1.5 1 45 7
21 579
32 8 11 14
43 11 15 19
Connected facilities
Inside the hatchery besides the operational rooms the following compartments are needed:
4. store-room
5. laboratory
6. office social activities (dressing-room, shower, toilet).
Outside the hatchery the following facilities must be situated beside the above-mentioned
devices of water intake and water treatment (settling pond, filter-wall) units:
facilities for keeping the breeders (breeder ponds, wintering ponds);
technological devices of hatcheries ensure the keeping of larvae only till the beginning of
breathing or beginning of food intake.
An ideal shrimp farm is a complex establishment consisting of: (a) various size ponds for
nursery and grow-out, (b) water control structures including embankments, supply and drainage
canals and sluice gates, and (c) support facilities such as roads, bridges, living quarters,
workshops and warehouses, etc.
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Careful layout of the described facilities and appropriate structural design in relation to the
physical features of the area ensure smooth and effective operational management.
Size and shape of culture ponds
Rectangular or square pond are appropriate for shrimp culture. The longest axis of a pond
should be parallel to the prevailing wind direction. This facilitates water movement generated by
wind action thereby increasing dissolved oxygen in the water and minimizing water temperature
fluctuations in summer or warmer months.
The breadth of a pond depends largely on the purpose and the operational system employed.
The following are the various sizes recommended:
Nursery pond 500 to 1,000
Grow-out pond - intensive m2
0.25 to 1.0 ha
- semi- 0.5 to 2.0 ha
intensive 1.0 to 10 ha
- extensive
The rearing pond must have a minimum depth of 1.0 meter. Most traditional brackishwater
ponds for shrimp farming are relatively shallow. To satisfy depth requirement, a ditch is
constructed along the dike or a central canal between two opposite sides of the pond. The
average depth is 1.0 – 1.2 meters (Fig. 6) and depth of the platform is 30–60 cm.
Such pond design with peripheral ditches and central platform affords several benefits:
a. The ditch provide better living conditions during hot weather.
b. The shallow, centrally located platform serves as growing area for the natural food
organisms.
c. The ditch also serves as harvesting canal.
Pond bottom should be as even as possible; free from projecting rocks and tree stumps. The
bottom must have a gradual slope from the inlet gate towards the drainage gate. The suggested
ratio of the slope is 1:500.
Dikes
Dikes do not only serve as boundaries to indicate pond size and shape but also function to hold
water within the pond as well as protecting other farm facilities from flood. Diking materials must
preferably be tested for load bearing capabilities and compactibility. In some cases where the
quality of the soil is inferior for diking, other materials, viz: concrete or clay must be used as
core materials to be placed at the pond bottom (Fig. 7). Design and construction of
embankment must be based on sound engineering principles and economic feasibility. A typical
design of perimeter dikes facing the sea or a river is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 6. Layout of earthen pond with peripheral canal.
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Height of dike
Coastal soil used as diking material usually shrinks initially. As such, the height of perimeter
dike should have a free board of 0.6–0.7 meter above the desired water depth. Free board
allowance is determined from the occurence and frequency of flood levels over a period from 5–
15 years at the farm site.
To compute for the height of dike, the following formula could be used:
Where
H = height of designed dike
Hw = highest high water level from past record
G = ground level over mean sea level
FB = height of free board
% = percent shrinkage
To give a concrete example, let us assume that a proposed shrimp farm has a ground elevation
of 1.0 meter above mean sea level and normal high tide of 2 meters. Previous records indicate
that the highest tide occurring every 10 years is 2.8 meters. The rate of soil shrinkage after the
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embankment have been consolidated is 20% and the estimated free board allowed is 0.60
meter. Height of dike is then calculated from the formula:
H = 3 meters
Slope
The slope of perimeter dike is maintained at an average ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. Very often, external
slopes are made at a ratio of 2.5:1 to 3:1. Dikes with steep slopes are always subjected to
erosion and require higher maintenance cost (Fig. 9). Slope of a dike also highly depends on
soil quality. For good clay soil, the recommended slopes are:
1:2 when dike height is above 4.26 m and exposed to wave action;
1:1 when dike is less than 4.26 and the tidal range is greater than 2 meters;
2:1 when the tidal range is 1.0 m or less and the dike height is less than 1.0 meter.
The crown of the dike between ponds should be 1–5 meters. It would be advantageous if fast
growing grass species are planted on the dikes to control soil erosion.
Fig. 7. Cross section of dike
A. The dike constructed with entirely impervious material
B. The dike with trench or core
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Fig. 8. Sample design of perimeter dike
Fig 9. Typical slope of dike.
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Supply and drainage canal
Not all shrimp farms are located close to the coast or estuaries. For those that are located far
away from the water sources, it is necessary to construct supply and drainage canals.
Conceptually, a shrimp pond must possess separate canals for drainage and supply and for
avoiding probable contamination of the water supply. Both supply and drainage canals would
likewise serve as water level control in the pond and as temporary holding areas for shrimps. It
is important that the siting of the canal systems takes advantage of the natural waterways within
the proposed site.
Dimensions of supply and drainage canals are calculated by using the following equation:
Q = AV
Where:
Q = volume of water discharge
A = cross-sectional area of the canal
V = velocity of water flow
V value can be calculated by the following formula:
V = R⅔ × S½ × 1/n
where: depth of water flow
canal bed gradient
R= coefficient of roughness (0.02)
S=
n=
Example 1
Assume that R = 1.25 m
S = 1/5000
then V = [1.25]⅔ × [1/5000]½ × 1/0.02
V = 0.82 m/sec
Example 2
Assume that the pond is 50 ha with an average depth of 1.0 meter and that 10 hours is required
to drain the water completely; then
volume of water discharge/second
= 13.89 m3/sec
from the equation Q = AV
= 16.94 m2
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The width of the canal can then be calculated from the equation:
A = R (b + 2R)
Slope of the canal is 1:2, R = 1.25
Substituting
16.9 = 1.25 (b + 2 × 1.25)
= 11.02 m
Therefore, for a pond farm covering 50 hectares, width of the canal at the bedline should be
11.0 meters.
Water control gate (sluice type)
When designing a sluice gate, it is essential to consider tidal fluctuations and gravity in order to
ensure effective control of the inflow and outflow of water within a given period of time.
The water gates are classified according to function as main (primary) gate or secondary gate.
Main gates are strategically situated at the perimeter and are usually constructed of reinforced
concrete. These are the main structure controlling the quantity of water for distribution to the
shrimp farm.
Irrespective of the material to be used to construct the water gates (eg., wood, reinforced
concrete, ferrocement), the following requirements should be met (Fig. 10, 11):
a. a gate should have adequate capacity for the required amount of water to be taken in or
drained out;
b. a gate should be constructed in a position that water can be totally discharged;
c. a gate should have sufficient grooves for placement of filter screens, slabs and harvest
nets;
d. a gate should be firmly placed at the pond bottom and properly linked with the dikes to
prevent seepage and possible collapse.
A standard gate design consists of tide stern wing, side walls and bed structure. The side walls
are often designed in accordance with the slope of the earthen dike. Grooves for slabs are
usually set at the inner side of the gate (Fig. 12).
The size of the gate is based on the total water requirement of a pond. Water intake volume is
calculated using the equation:
Q = CA [2g(H - h)]½
where:
Q = rate of flow (m/sec)
C = cross section of the flux (calculated by multiplying the width of gate opening and
its depth)
A = coefficient of discharge (0.61)
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g = gravitational constant (9.8 m/sec2)
H = tidal level of the river or sea
w = water level in the canal or pond
Fig. 10. A typical wooden gate.
Fig. 11. A reinforced concrete gate
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Buildings and equipment
The following buildings, rooms and equipment are essential components of an aquaculture
facility and their design and location should be planned so that space, labour and equipment
are used efficiently and economically. These are:
• office
• toilet and washroom
• laboratory
• meal room
• general workroom with tanks for holding, sorting, quarantining and treating fish, with
vehicular access
• plant room with filters and airblowers
• store rooms for chemicals, feed, equipment
• garages for vehicles, boats, pumps, traps, nets, mowers
• workshop for repairing and making equipment
• handling and packaging room for preparing fish for packaging and dispatch
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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-2
DESIGN OF FISH FARMS
Types of pond
Two major factors have an influence on the design of pond fish farms: land topography and
sources of water available. Accordingly, ponds can be classified as follows:
Factor Types of pond
Topography Barrage pond
Contour pond
Sources of water Paddy pond
Rain fed pond
Tide fed pond
Diversion pond
Seepage pond
Ground-water pond
Barrage ponds are made by constructing a dam/dike across a gently sloping flat valley.
Contour ponds are constructed along the side of a valley; the bottom of the pond lies along the
contours of the land.
Paddy ponds are constructed on flat ground by building dikes on all four sides.
1 Based on material provided by Mr I. Tóth, Fish Culture Research Institute (HAKI), Szarvas,
Hungary
Rain fed ponds. There are some parts of the world where rainfall is heavy and frequent
throughout the year. Thus the water supply of the ponds can depend on the rainfall. In those
regions where there is a single rainy season, the rain water has to be stored for the dry season.
Tide fed ponds. On coastal areas with suitable ground elevation, the water supply and drainage
of a pond can be ensured by utilization of the natural energy of tidal motion.
Diversion ponds. This type of pond is supplied with water through a supplying canal which
diverts the water from a river or some other type of water body.
Seepage ponds. Seepage ponds can be constructed in the depressed areas of ground in the
delta of a river. These ponds are usually dug-out ponds without the possibility of gravity
drainage. This is a serious limitation of this type of pond.
Ground-water ponds. The ponds are supplied with ground water by pumping from wells.
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Major components of a pond fish farm
The land topography and the water source determine the basic physical characteristics of the
farm. There is a wide variety of farms within each category, according to the size of the farm,
the species of fish cultured, the management level, etc.
Nevertheless some facilities can be found in every pond fish farm. The farm is a complex of
three major types of facility: earthen ponds, water control structures, and supporting or auxiliary
facilities.
(a) Earthen ponds
A pond fish farm is a complex system comprising a number of ponds with different purposes.
Among those ponds used for cultivating or holding fish, three major categories exist: broodstock
ponds, nursery ponds and fattening ponds.
Broodstock ponds. The breeders provide the sexual products needed for the propagation of the
new generation of fish. The valuable broodstock has to be held in fairly small and deep ponds
close to the hatchery, where the conditions for holding and handling are good and where the
stock is protected against theft.
Nursery ponds. After hatching, the larvae are reared in tanks or in special facilities inside the
hatchery for a few days. When the larvae start to eat external food, they are transferred to
nursery ponds where they are nursed for about a month until the early fingerling stage is
reached. The nursing period is a very critical stage of life for the fish, which require very precise
and careful treatment. The nursery pond should meet the requirements of this careful nursing
by providing optimal living conditions.
Fattening ponds. The fingerlings are raised to marketable size in fattening ponds. Their surface
area is larger than the others, and the pond must meet the requirements of production work. In
certain circumstances the fingerlings are raised to marketable size in two phases in different
ponds. However, since there is not much difference between the basic characteristics of these
ponds, all of them are referred to as fattening ponds.
There are other types of pond in a fish farm which are closely related to the cultivation of fish.
However, these ponds constitute only a small part of the farm and therefore of the design.
These ponds are:
Spawning ponds are used for induced spawning of fish by simulating the natural environmental
conditions. In some cases transition ponds are used for stocking and starving the fingerlings
before they are transferred to the rearing ponds.
Storage ponds serve for temporary storage of fish before transfer to the market.
Wintering ponds. In some climates the fish have to be held in protected ponds during winter.
Harvesting ponds serve as harvesting basins.
There are also ponds in which fish are not cultivated or even held, but the operation of which
may be necessary under certain circumstances.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 75
Water storage ponds. In areas where the water supply to the farm is not continuous, water
storage ponds can be used to conserve water for periods of shortage.
Feed ponds. In some cases natural supplementary food is produced in separate ponds that are
called feed ponds.
Settling ponds. In areas where the water supply is heavily loaded with solid particles, it may be
necessary to provide a settling pond for water before it enters the farm.
(b) Water control facilities
Earthworks
Dikes (embankments, bundhs) are made of soil preferably from the same area. The dikes
separate the fish ponds from each other. They must be of adequate size and shape to hold the
water and prevent seepage under or through the dike.
Canals: There are two major types of canal in the fish pond system: supply canals for carrying
water to the fish ponds and drainage canals for draining the ponds. When necessary, small
drainage ditches are also constructed inside the pond to ensure complete drainage. In areas
where the farm is in danger of flooding by run-off water, a diversion canal is constructed to
protect the farm.
Water control structures
Two main types of water control structure are commonly used both for water inlet and drainage,
namely the sluice gate and the monk.
Sluice gates are usually preferred as a main control gate, or in situations where a large amount
of water or fish must be passed through quickly.
Monks are the most common water control structure in fish farms, because of their easy and
fairly cheap construction, effective and convenient operation.
In some barrage pond fish farms, run-off water may cause the ponds to overflow. This can be
avoided by constructing a spillway as a water control structure.
The water control structures may have other purposes than water control. The water inlet can
be used also for aeration, and outlet structures can be combined with a fish catching structure.
(c) Supporting or auxiliary facilities
Several supporting facilities are needed for the normal operation of the farm. There is no
general rule about what kind and what size of supporting facilities have to be taken into account
during the design of a farm, because this is determined by many factors, such as the size and
location of the farm and the intensity of fish production. The design of these facilities should be
based on the specific features and conditions.
The major supporting facilities consist of buildings and services:
Office, which is the headquarters of the farm management and administration.
Laboratory for routine water chemistry, hydrobiology and agrochemistry.
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Residences for key personnel, especially for those who must be available at the site
continuously.
Workers' amenities providing changing, shower, resting and sometimes canteen facilities for the
farm staff.
Stores for storing feed, fertilizer, chemicals, spare parts, tools and minor equipment.
Machinery centre with workshop and garage, for the maintenance and storage of the farm
machinery.
Access road (including the necessary culverts and bridges) with a hard surface should connect
the farm to the road system.
Drinking-water supply. The laboratory offices, residences and the workers' amenities must be
supplied with drinking water.
Electricity supply is convenient for the normal operation of a farm and essential above a certain
level of management.
Sewers. Septic tanks meet the requirement for sewage disposal on an average farm.
Fencing is recommended to protect the farm centre and the broodstock. It is advisable to
construct a fence all around the farm.
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JOB SHEET # 5-1
Title Hands-on preparation of a farm plan for an actual site
Purpose with focus on identifying the locations of different farm
Equipment, Tools and Materials facilities
Precautions To demonstrate learnings and skills on preparing farm
plan focusing on selecting locations for various farm
facilities.
Pencil, tracing paper, ruler
Observe workplace operating procedure, particularly
safety precautionary measures
Procedures:
1. During the farm visits, observe on the actual practices of locating the different farm facilities.
2. Take note of these facilities and their respective locations
3. Using your gained knowledge and skills, prepare a farm plan using an actual site and
focused on the selection of locations for farm facilities. Ensure proper labeling.
4. Discuss your output with co-learner, and request for their evaluation on your work. Submit all
your outputs to your facilitator.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 78
SELF-CHECK # 5-1
Fill in the blanks
1. Two major factors have an influence on the design of pond fish farms: ______________
and sources of water available.
2. _______________ are used for induced spawning of fish by simulating the natural
environmental conditions.
3. ____________ are usually preferred as a main control gate, or in situations where a large
amount of water or fish must be passed through quickly.
4. ________, which is the headquarters of the farm management and administration.
5. ____________ is convenient for the normal operation of a farm and essential above a
certain level of management.
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 79
ANSWER KEY
Fill in the blanks
1. Two major factors have an influence on the design of pond fish farms: land topography
and sources of water available.
2. Spawning ponds are used for induced spawning of fish by simulating the natural
environmental conditions.
3. Sluice gates are usually preferred as a main control gate, or in situations where a large
amount of water or fish must be passed through quickly.
4. Office, which is the headquarters of the farm management and administration.
5. Electricity supply is convenient for the normal operation of a farm and essential above a
certain level of management.
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PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
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EVIDENCE PLAN
Sector: AGRI-FISHERY
Unit of Competency: Construct Aquaculture Facilities
Module Title: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Ways in which evidences will be collected: Interview
Demonstration
(tick the column) with Questioning
Observation
The evidence must show that the candidate … with Questioning
Presentation of
1. Identify pond design and print specification as to area Final Product
of the land species to be cultured and systems Third Party
• Pond design specification Report
Portfolio
• Species to be cultured
X X
• Culture system to be used X X
2. Design strong dike to counter act forces of nature X X
X X
• Dike construction
X X
• Tide / Flood levels
3. Identify materials to be used based on production
target and capitalization
• Preparation of bill of materials
• Earthen pond materials
• Concrete pond materials
• Budgetary requirements
4. Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
• Determine boundaries
• Location of boundaries
• Pond design and lay-out
• Size, number of compartments are identified
• Site for embankments, water control structures
and accessories are identified
• Interpret Blue Prints
5. Determine other farm facilities and lay-out
• Identify and lay-outing of other Farm facilities
Note: *Critical aspects of competency
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 82
Prepared by: Date:
Date:
Instructor
Supervisor
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PERFORMANCE TEST
Learner’s Name: Date:
Competency:
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd
Directions: OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
CALL INSTRUCTOR. Ask Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
instructor to assess your 4 – Can perform this skill without supervision
performance in the following and with initiative and adaptability to
critical task and performance problem situations.
criteria below. 3 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily without
assistance or supervision.
You will be rate based on the 2 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily but
overall evaluation on the requires some assistance and/or
right side. supervision.
1 – Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily,
but requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision.
Instructor will initial the level achieved.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Yes No N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a “Yes”
or “N/A” response.
1. Identifies pond design pond specifications, species to be cultured and
the cultured system to be used as to be area of the land.
2. Designs dike structure properly
3. Determines highest high tide and flood levels
4. Identifies earthen pond materials
5. Identifies concrete pond materials
6. Computes budgetary requirement properly
7. Determines boundaries in the lay-out plan
8. Identifies and marks site for embankments ,water control structures and
accessories
9. Identifies size and number of compartment properly
10. Identifies and lay-out other farm facilities
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 84
DEMONSTRATION WITH QUESTIONING
Candidate’s name: Aquaculture NC II
Assessor’s Name:
Competency Assessment Title:
Qualification:
Date of Assessment:
Tome of Assessment:
Instructions for Demonstration:
Given the following material, tools and equipment, the candidate must be able to design a pond dike
and to prepare the cost estimate for the pond lay-out.
Drawing materials, calculator, topography of the area, calculator, pond lay-out and plan, canvass of
prices
OBSERVATION Tick (9) to show if evidence is
During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate: demonstrated
1. Consider the factors for the design of the dike. Yes No ACTUAL
2. Compute for the volume of earthwork needed for the 1.0 – 3.0 5.0
dike
3. Compute for the required cut for excavation
4. Came up with an acceptable design
5. Read and analysed the pond lay-out correctly
6. Came up with a good cost estimate of the project
7. Made assumptions based on the information
given/derived from the topographic map
8. Plot the different location of the different structures
and facilities
9. Made an acceptable pond lay-out based on his
assumptions
The candidate’s demonstration was:
Rating ______________
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 85
DEMONSTRATION (continued)
Questions Satisfactory Response
The candidate should answer the following questions: Yes No
1. What is a grow-out pond?
2. What is the function of the dikes?
3. Discuss about the abstract of cost
4. What are the connected facilities located inside the hatchery
besides the operational rooms?
The candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
Rating: _________
Feedback to candidate
The candidate’s overall performance was:
Rating: _________
Candidate’s signature: Date:
Date:
Assessor’s signature:
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 86
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Learning Outcome # 1: Identify pond design and print specification as to area of the
land species to be cultured and systems
Performance Criteria:
1. Pond design pond specifications, species to be cultured and the cultured
system to be used are identified as to be area of the land.
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 87
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Learning Outcome #2: Design strong dike to counter act forces of nature
Performance Criteria:
1. Dike structure are properly designed
2. Highest high tide and flood levels are determined
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 88
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Learning Outcome #3: Identify materials to be used based on production target and
capitalization
Performance Criteria:
1. Earthen pond materials are identified
2. Concrete pond materials are identified
3. Budgetary requirement are properly computed
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 89
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Learning Outcome #4: Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
Performance Criteria:
1. Boundaries are determined
2. Site for embankments ,water control structures and accessories are
identified and marked
3. Size, number of compartment are properly identified
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 90
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Pond
Learning Outcome #5: determine other farm facilities and laid out
Performance Criteria:
1. Other farm facilities are identified and laid out
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 91
Learner’s diary
DIARY NOTES
Record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further
details to your Assessor.
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Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 92
1. Aeration TECHNICAL TERMS
2. Aquaculture
adding oxygen to water by spraying or bubbling air through the water
3. Bio-filter
4. Biota fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing fish and
5. Fingerlings other fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine water areas. The
rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled
6. Fish conditions
7. Fish culture device used to restore the quality of water
8. Fish farming
biological waste
9. Fish
fingerlings a fish larger than a fry but not of marketable table-size. Fingerlings of
different fish spp. varies in sizes
10. Fish fry
is defined as a cold-blooded animal typically with scales and
11. Fish pen backbones and can breathe under water because of its special
respiratory organ, the gills.
12. Fish pond
breeding and cultivation of fish in bodies of water.
13. Fisheries
the business of producing, propagating, transporting, processing and
14. Freshwater selling cultured fish or shellfish raised in a private pond, raceway or
aquaculture tank.
15. Fry a stage in the life cycle of the fish measuring to about 6-13 cm
16. Intensive depending on the species.
culture a stage at which a fish has just been hatched usually with sizes from
17. Natural food 1-2.5 cm
18. Primary
an artificial enclosure constructed within a body of water for culturing
Productivity fish and fishery/aquatic resources made up of poles closely arranged
19. Stress in an enclosure with wooden materials, screen or nylon netting to
prevent escape of fish.
a land-based facility enclosed with earthen or stone material to
impound water for growing fish.
refers to all activities relating to the act or business of fishing,
culturing, preserving, processing, marketing, developing, conserving
and managing aquatic resources and the fishery areas, including the
privilege to fish or take aquatic resource thereof (RA 8550 – The
Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998).
fish propagation or culture using freshwater
newly hatched fish exhibiting the external characteristics of the adults
the rearing of aquaculture organism in extremely high densities with
great measure of control in the hands of the culturist
the food that a fish eats in nature
the rate at which tissue is elaborated by primary producers
any change that is not normal in the environment that creates
problems
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 93
REFERENCES
1. Cagauan, A. G. 2004. Steps in preparing ponds for freshwater and brackishwater fish or
shrimp grow-out operations. Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and
Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University. Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. (in
CD).
2. Kepenyes, János. 1984 .Chapter 12 Planning of Fish Hatcheries Inland Aquaculture
Engineering Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates and Tender Documents.
ADCP/REP/84/21. Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional Training Coursein Inland
Aquaculture Engineering, Budapest, 6 June-3 September, 1983 Aquaculture Development
And Coordination Programme United Nations Development Programme Food And
Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
3. Kövári J. .. 1984 . Inland Aquaculture Engineering Preparation of Plans and Cost Estimates
and Tender Documents. ADCP/REP/84/21. Lectures presented at the ADCP Inter-regional
Training Coursein Inland Aquaculture Engineering,Budapest, 6 June-3 September, 1983
Aquaculture Development And Coordination Programme United Nations Development
Programme Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
4. Kumar, Dilip, Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed S.B. Nandi And Andras Peteri.1993. Fish Seed
Rearing Manual. Institutional Strengthening In The Fisheries Sector. Ministry Of Fisheries &
Livestock, Department Of Fisheries, Government Of Bangladesh. United Nations
Development Programme.Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
5. Kungvankij, P., T.E Chua, B.J. Pudadera, Jr., G. Corre, E. Borlongan, L.B. Tiro, Jr , I.O.
Potestas, G. A. Taleon.,J. N. Paw , Alava 1986 .NACA Training Manual Series No. 2.
Shrimp Culture: Pond Design, Operation And Management.Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA).Regional
Lead Centre in the Philippines (RLCP).
6. http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/aquaculture/general/site_selection_and_design_of_aquacult
ure_facilities
7. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/T8389E/T8389E01.htm#ch1
Further Readings
1. Abella, Tereso A. – Cage Culture of Tilapia ( Freshwater Aquaculture Center, CLSU,
Munoz, Nueva Ecija 2004 )
2. Blanco Jr., Billy P. and Rodolfo C. Pinto – Raising Tilapia in Your Backyard ( Manila :
BFAR )
3. Cagauan, A. G. 2004. Steps in preparing ponds for freshwater and brackishwater fish or
shrimp grow-out operations. Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and
Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University. Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. (in
CD).
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 94
4. Cagauan, A. G. and Z. Bartolome. 2004. Fish Cages. Department of Aquaculture,
College of Fisheries and Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University,
Nueva Ecija. 6 pp.
5. Cage Culture of Tilapia ( Quezon City : BFAR undated )
6. Dicto, Roemo E. and Florida C. Arboleda – Milkfish Cage Culture in Marine Waters
(BFAR National Brackishwater AquacultureTechnology Research Center. Pagdilao,
Quezon)
7. Feasibility Study of One Hectare Extensive Tilapia Culture in Earthen Ponds ( Manila :
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources )
8. Feed Development Section. 1994. Feeds and Feeding of Milkfish, Nile Tilapia, Asian
Sea Bass and Tiger Shrimp. Aquaculture Extension Manual No. 21. Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines, 97
9. Freshwater Aquaculture Section BFAR – What You Should Know About the Culture of
Tilapia (Manila BFAR undated )
10. Huet, M. 1970. Fish Diseases. p. 364 – 383. In: Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and
Cultivation of Fish. Fishing News Books Ltd. 436 pp.
11. Bangus Technical Committee. 2004. Lab-lab and how to produce in milkfish ponds.
PCARRD Technical Bull. Series No. 8-A. PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 77
pp.
12. Stickney, P.R. – Principles of Aquaculture ( Washington : John Wiley and Sons 1974
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 95
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The following learning materials for the Aquaculture Course was prepared for the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority ( TESDA ) under the supervision of the primary
contractor, the State Alliance Enterprises, Inc.
The members of the writing theme from the University of the Philippines ( UP Diliman ) and the
Central Luzon State University ( CLSU ) were the following :
Team Leaders Dr. Tereso A. Abella
Members Executive Director
Fisheries and Aquaculture Center
Dr. Gavino C Trono Jr.
UP Marine Science Institute
Dr. Arsenia G. Cagauan
Fisheries and Environment
Prof. Rodora M. Bartolome Aquaculture
Ms. Janet O. Saturno
Agriculture
Engr. Zaldy Bartolome
Agricultural Engineering
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Pond May, 2005 April, 2006 96
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