How Psychology Works - The Facts Visually Explained

248 249HOW PSYCHOLOGY WORKS
Index

body awareness, mindful 129 guidelines to facilitating 187 collaborative therapy 123
body image, eating disorders 90–95 workplace 177, 186–187 collective unconscious 120
body language, and attraction 159, 160 Charcot, Jean-Martin 119 collectivism 19
bonding, with primary caregiver 65 Chavis, David M. 216 color, psychology of 190, 231
borderline PD 105 checking, continual 56, 57 commitment
bottom-up profiling 198 chemical imbalance 23
boundaries, setting clear 67 childbirth 38, 42 consumers 228
Bowen, Murray 139 childhood fluency disorder 96, 97 and love 158
Bowlby, John 154, 156 children in relationships 162, 163
brain ADHD 66–67 communication
adjustment disorder 64 and change 187
biotherapies 142–143 ASD 68–69 problems with 68, 71
consumer neuroscience 230–231 Asperger’s syndrome 69 in relationships 154, 164
in flow state 242–243 attachment 154, 156–157 communication disorders 96–97
functioning of 24–29 communications disorders 96–97 community psychologists 217, 218
information processing 20–21 development 17, 21 community psychology 13, 214–223
learning 168–169 DMDD 44 empowerment 218–219
and love 155, 159 high functioning autism 69 how community works 216–217
mapping 26–27 identity formation 148–149 safety in the community 222–223
survival reactions 62 learning 168–169 urban communities 220–221
teenage 22 neglected/abused 141 compartmentalization 118
brain stem 27 protection of 223 compulsions 56–57, 82, 84, 90, 107, 117, 125,
brain tumors 75 pyromania 85
brain waves 243 reactive attachment disorder 65 128
brainstorming 18 selective mutism 55 computer science 20–21
brand 163, 225, 232–233 separation anxiety disorder 54 computer/internet addiction 82
celebrity endorsements 234–235 see also families concentration 38, 52, 62, 63, 66, 67, 71, 76,
Brand Identity Prism 232 choice
breathing honest 153 77, 79
difficulties 48 paradox of 226–227 conditioning 16–17
mindful 129 “choking” 244, 245 confabulation 30
techniques 134, 135 chronic traumatic encephalopathy see CTE confessions, false 200
Broca’s area 25, 27 class, and identity 147 conflict, in relationships 154
bulimia nervosa 90, 92–93 classical conditioning 16, 124 confusion 42, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 98, 99, 148,
bullying 38, 90 classroom
business 167 disruption in 175 149
Byrne, Donn 161 educational theories 168 conscientiousness 151
bystander effect 222–223 structure 167 conscious mind 14–15
teacher effectiveness in 172
C claustrophobia 51 emotional response 32–33
cleft lip/palate 96 consensus 229
cancer 80, 112, 115 clinical interviews 37 consumer prediction 226
carbohydrates 45 clinical psychologists 113 consumer psychology 13, 224–235
cardiovascular system 115 Clore, Gerald 161
catalepsy 73 closed skills 239 and brand 163, 225, 232–233
cataplexy 99 CLT see Cognitive Learning Theory changing consumer behavior 228–229
catatonia 73 clumsiness 67 consumer neuroscience 230–231
catatonic schizophrenia 70 cognitive appraisal 227 power of celebrity 234–235
CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) 13, 125 cognitive and behavioral therapies 116, understanding consumer behavior 226–227
consumer relationships 163
in prisons 202, 203 122–129 contamination, fear of 56
third wave 126 methods used in 128 contempt 165
CCTV 223 cognitive behavioral therapy see CBT contextual therapy 141
celebrity endorsements 234–235 cognitive bias 21 control
cerebellum 27 cognitive defusion 126 eating disorders 90
cerebral cortex 24, 26, 31, 33 cognitive interview technique 196 impaired 81
cerebral hemispheres 24, 25, 26 Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT) 168–169 sense of being controlled 70
cerebral palsy 68, 96, 100 cognitive processing therapy see CPT coping mechanisms 128
change cognitive psychology 13, 20–21 copralalia 101
consumer behavior 228–229 cognitive therapy 122, 124, 125 cosmetic surgery 59
and empowerment 218, 219 cognitive training 17 counseling psychologists 113
counselor 112
couples therapy 154
courtrooms 194, 200–201
CPT (cognitive processing therapy) 127
crime, and community safety 222–223

INDEX

criminal activity 80 DID (dissociative identity disorder) 86–87 ego 14–15
criminal behavior 198–199, 202 dieting, excessive 59, 90–91, 92 states 121
criminal investigation 194, 196–199 differences, individual 22
criticism 165 directive leadership 185 elections 206–207
discrimination 210–213 electroconvulsive therapy see ECT
constructive 181 disgust 33, 73, 94, 108, 207 elimination disorders in children 108–109
cross-cultural psychology 215 disinhibited social engagement disorder 65 EMDR (eye movement desensitization and
crowding 221 disinhibition effect 223
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi 242 disorders, psychological 34–109 reprocessing) 136
CT scans 13, 26 emergencies 222, 223
CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) 78 diagnosing 36–37 emotion-focused therapy 134
cultural psychology 13, 214–215 disorganized schizophrenia 70 emotional freedom technique (EFT) 135
culture disorientation 42, 98, 99 emotional regulation 126
display, design and perception 190–191 emotionally focused therapy 134
and community 214, 215 dispositional theory 150 emotions 32–33
cycle 216–217 dispositionism 209
and identity 147 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder see and consumer behavior 226–227
customer profiling 227 flattened 71
customs 215 DMDD inability to control or express 76
cyberbullying 223 dissociative amnesia 89 and memory 30
cybercrime 195 dissociative behavior 63 and voting 207
cyclothymia 40 dissociative disorders 86–89 empathy
dissociative identity disorder see DID difficulty with 77, 104, 199
D distress tolerance 126 loss of 208
diversity 217 therapists 121, 131, 132
danger DMDD (disruptive mood dysregulation with victims 202, 203
anticipation of 52 employment see workplace
poor sense of 66 disorder) 44 empowerment 218–219
DNA 22, 23 empty chair technique 133
Darwin, Charles 22 dopamine 29, 40, 66, 70, 143, 159, 168, 243 endorphins 29, 243
dating 155, 160–161 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 27, 230 enhanced thinking skills see ETS
dating coaches 161 Down syndrome 68, 96, 108–109 environment
Davis, Keith 161 dreams 14, 98 and community 215, 220–221
DBT (dialectical behavior therapy) 126 disconnection from 88
death, inevitability of 133 analysis 118, 119, 120 environmental factors 22, 23, 38, 46, 48, 65,
decision-making 20, 52, 62, 73, 77, 183, 189 recurrent 63
drug abuse 22, 38, 62, 65, 75, 80–81, 115 70, 80, 82, 88, 142, 148, 150, 151, 154
political 205, 208–209 drug therapy 13, 142–143 environmental psychology 221
defense mechanisms 15, 86, 118, 153 dualism 24, 25 environmental stimuli 20, 169
defendants 194, 200, 201 Duck, Steve 164 equipment design 188, 190–191
defensiveness 165 dyadic developmental therapy 141 ergonomics 189
“deficit” needs 153 dyscalculia 174 Erikson, Erik 15, 148, 149, 150
dehumanization 202, 208, 211 dysgraphia 174 erotomanic delusions 74
delirium (acute confusional state) 79 dyslexia 174 error see human error
delusional disorder 74–75 dyspraxia 108, 174 esteem 152–153
delusions 40, 42, 70, 72, 74–75, 76, 79, 103, estrogen 159
E ethnic conflict 210
108 ethnocentrism 212
dementia 76–77, 78, 79 eating disorders 90–95 ETS (enhanced thinking skills) 202
eating, mindful 129 evil, disposition for 208–209
drugs for 142–143 echolalia 73, 101 evolutionary psychology 22
denial 15, 80, 118, 199 echopraxia 73 evolutionary theory 150
dependent PD 106, 107 ecosystems 215, 216 excoriation 60
depersonalization 88, 202 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) 13, 142, 143 exercise 39, 168
depression 18, 22, 38–39, 40–41, 42–43, 45 education
excessive 59, 82, 92
as symptom of disorders 48, 53, 58, 59, 63, cognitive psychology 21 psychology of 236–237
65, 66, 68, 73, 75, 76, 80, 83, 84, 90, 92, and identity 146 exercise addiction 82
94, 102, 105, 108–109 educational psychology 12, 166–175 existence, givens of 133
assessing problems 174–175 existential therapy 133
derealization 88 educational theories 168–171 expert witnesses 195, 201
Descartes, René 12, 24, 25 psychology of teaching 172–173 exposure therapy 128
desensitization, systematic 128 psychometric tests 246 extermination 211, 213
detachment 65 EFT see emotional freedom technique extrinsic motivation 240, 241
developmental psychology 13, 146–153 extroversion 151
diagnosis 36–37
dialectical behavior therapy see DBT

250 251HOW PSYCHOLOGY WORKS
Index

extroverts 120, 178 gender engineering displays 190–191
eye contact 55, 68, 71, 179, 181 discrimination 212 human error and prevention 192–193
eye movement desensitization and and identity 147 hierarchies 208, 212
high functioning autism (HFA) 69
reprocessing see EMDR gender dysphoria 108–109 hippocampus 26, 31, 32, 62
Eysenck, Hans 150 general medical practitioners 112 history of psychology 12–13
generalized anxiety disorder see GAD histrionic PD 105
F generational patterns 139 Hitler, Adolf 210
genetics 22, 23 HIV 75
facial expressions hoarding disorder 58
conscious and reflex 33 and personality 150 hobbies 146
frozen 55 and relationships 154, 159 holistic therapy 135
genocide 208, 210, 211, 212, 213 Holocaust 211, 212
fake news 207 Genovese, Kitty 223 homelessness 218, 219
families gestalt psychology 13, 18 hormones 16, 18, 23, 28, 159
gestalt therapy 133 hospitals 188, 192
conflicts 64 glutamate 28 House, Robert 184
dynamics 138, 139, 141 goals Hull’s Drive Theory 241
and identity 147 achievable 134 human error 189, 190, 192–193
imbalances 141 self-actualization 152–153 human factors and engineering see HFE
systemic therapies 138–141 setting 180–181, 236
family systems therapy 139 SMART 240 psychology
fantasy 133 workplace 177, 180–181 humanism 13, 18–19, 130
fatigue 42, 43, 45, 71, 99, 108, 197, 239, 240, Gottman, John 154, 164 humanistic theory 151
government 167 humanistic therapies 117, 130–137
244 GPs 112, 113 humanitarian work psychology movement
fear 33 grandiose delusions 74
feedback 181 Greeks, ancient 12 177
fetal alcohol syndrome 68 grimacing 73 Huntington’s disease 100
fight-or-flight response 32, 46, 63, 135, 244 groaning, sleep-related 98 hyperactive delirium 79
fires, pyromania 85 grooming 223 hyperactivity 66
Fisher, Helen 159 group dynamics 138, 139, 182, 184, 208 hypersomnolence 98–99
flashbacks 62, 63 group identity 146 hyperventilation 46
flow (state) 242 group therapies 117 hypnotherapy 136
fMRI 26, 230 Groupthink 183, 208 hypoactive delirium 79
fonts 230 growth, personal 130, 132 hypochondria 61
food, eating disorders 90–95 barriers to 153 hypomania 40, 44
forensic psychology 13, 194–203 guilt 38, 45, 60, 82, 84, 92, 94, 109, 127, 132, hypothalamus 26, 32, 62

courtrooms 200–201 133, 148 I
criminal investigation 196–199 lack of 104
prisons 202–203 id 14–15
forgetfulness 67, 86 H ideal self 18–19
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 164, 165 ideas, and culture 217
free association 118, 119 hackers 195 identity
free will 16, 18, 133 hair-pulling disorders 60
freedom, and responsibility 133 Hall, Edward T. 220 alteration 86–87
“freezing” 244, 245 hallucinations 42, 70, 72, 74, 78, 99 formation of 148–149
Freud, Sigmund 13, 14–15, 16, 23, 118, 119, Harlow, Harry 154 individual 146–147
harm, fear of causing 56, 58 personality 150–151
150, 156 Hatfield, Elaine 161 identity status theory 149
frontal lobe 26, 27, 33 head injuries 78, 200 illness anxiety disorder 61
fronto-temporal dementia 76 headaches 52, 54, 63, 78, 83, 143 immune system 80, 159
fugues, dissociative 89 health improvements, suggesting 187
fulfillment 152–153 impulse-control disorders 60, 82, 83, 84,
fundamental attribution error 204 physical and psychological 114–115
preoccupation with 52, 61, 108–109 85
G and therapy 112–113 impulsivity 64, 65, 66, 67
health psychologists 13, 112, 114–115 in-group/out-group mentality 210–211, 212
GABA 29 heart rate, increased 29, 32, 46, 47, 48, 63 inattentiveness 66, 67
GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) 52, 59 hemispheres, cerebral 24, 25, 26 incentive schemes 67
Gagne, Robert 168 HFA see high functioning autism incoherence 79
gambling disorder 83 HFE psychology 13, 188–193 incompetence 200
gastrointestinal system 115

INDEX

individual L neuromarketing 230
and community 216–217 masks 202
empowerment 218–219 language Maslow, Abraham 13, 18, 152, 153
development 17 massage 135
individualism 19 problems with 25, 68, 76 mastery goals 172
industrial psychology 12, 166, 177 meaninglessness 133
inferiority complex 15 language disorder 96, 97 media
infertility 90 language therapy 55
infographics 230 leadership and consumer behavior 226, 227, 230, 231,
information processing 20–21, 22 232, 233, 234
insanity 200 and change 187
insomnia 98–99 political 207 social media 147, 207
institutions, interactions with 217 qualities of great 184 and voting behavior 207
instructions, clear 67 transformational 185 medication 117, 142–143
interaction 216–217 in workplace 177, 183, 184–185 melatonin 45, 99
interdependence 215 learning 20 memes 231
interests, obsessive 69 difficulties 65, 97, 174–175 memory 20, 21, 30–31
intermittent explosive disorder 82 educational theory 166–169 buried memories 118
interpersonal effectiveness 126 goals 172 dissociative amnesia 89
interviews phases of 239 and engineering display 190, 191
plateau 238–239 fallibility 196
criminal investigations 196–197 pyramid 172 lapses 192
workplace 176, 179 strategies to improve 166–167 problems 71, 77, 78, 79, 86
intimacy, and love 158 legal system mental health
intimate space 220 cognitive psychology 21 and criminal behavior 199
intrinsic motivation 240 forensic psychology 194 and physical health 114–115
introverts 120, 178 lethargy 43, 71, 79, 80, 93 rating 115
intrusive thoughts 56, 57, 84 Levinson, Anne 163 mental model 190, 191
IQ 200, 246 Lewy bodies, dementia with 76 Mere Exposure Effect 158
irrational thoughts and behavior lie detectors 196 meridians 135
life experiences, and personality 150 mesolimbic brain area 230
122–123 lifestyle management 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 58 methodological behaviorism 16
irritability 44 limbic system 26, 32–33, 143 Milgram, Stanley 208
Islamic scholars 12 listening, active and reactive 164 military combat 62, 78
isolation 52, 53, 58, 92, 97, 137 Locke, Edwin 180 mindfulness 48, 126, 129
logic 20, 24, 128, 168, 247 mistakes 192–193
existential and attendant 133 loneliness 38, 137 mixed dementia 76
long-term memory 30, 31 moment, living in the 153
J love 155 money worries 38, 41, 52, 83
and dating 160–161 monoism 25
Janis, Irving 208 needs 152–153 mood
jealous delusions 75 romantic attachments 157 disorders 38–45
job analysis 178 science of 158–159 low 38, 42, 59, 94
judgment 20 lupus 75 neurotransmitters and 29
lust 159 swings 40–41, 42, 63, 72, 79
impaired 77, 78 mood stabilizers 41, 142–143
Jung, Carl 13, 15, 120, 178 M motivation
Jungian therapy 120 education 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175
juries 200, 201 machines, effective 190–191 lack of 71
McMillan, David W. 216 self-actualization 152–153
K malaria 75 sports 240–241
malingering 200 workplace 176, 180
kaizen 187 mania 40–41, 44, 72 motor cortex 27
Kapferer, Jean-Noel 232 mannerism 73 motor disorders 100–101
Kelly, James 215 Marcia, James 149 motor responses, bizarre 68
Kennedy, John F. 208 marginalization 211, 214, 218 motor skills 69, 76
Kerckhoff, Alan 161 marketing motor tics 100, 101
King, Martin Luther, Jr. 185 multiple personality disorder
kleptomania 84 customer profiling 227
Knapp, Mark 162–163 engagement 233 see DID
knowledge, acquisition of 168–169 golden rules of 228 multiple sclerosis 75
Kolb, David 168 Munchausen’s syndrome 108–109
Koro (genital retraction syndrome) 108–109 muscles, tics 100, 102

252 253HOW PSYCHOLOGY WORKS
Index

muscular dystrophy 68 OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) 48, performance anxiety 244–245
musculoskeletal system 115 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 100, 107, 124 performance appraisal 181
music, as therapy 137 performance goals 172
mutism offenders perinatal mental illness 42–43
assessment of 195 PERMA model 129
catatonia 73 in prisons 202–203 persecutory delusions 75
selective 55 profiling 198 person-centered therapy 18, 132
myelin 169 trials 200–201 personal prevention plans 203
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 178 personal space 220, 221
olfactory bulb 26 personality 150–151
N online communities 223
open skills 238 brand 232–233
N-REM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep 98 open-ended questions 131, 196 changes 40, 86
narcissistic PD 105 openness 151 development of 14–15
narcolepsy 98–99 operant conditioning 17, 125 disorders see PD
National Training Laboratories Institute orbital frontal cortex 27 and job suitability 178
organizational psychology 12, 166, 177 questionnaires 246, 247
172 organizational skills, poor 67 persuasion 228–229
nationalism 207, 210–213 organizations phishers 195
natural environment phobias 49 phobias 48–51
natural selection 22, 150 culture of 186 physical examination 37
nature versus nurture 22, 151 empowerment 218–219 physiological factors, criminal behavior 199
needs see also workplace physiological needs 152–153
out-group discrimination 210–212 Piaget, Jean 13, 166, 168–169
five basic 132 oxytocin 137, 159 pica 95
need hierarchy theories 152–153, 180 Pick’s disease 76
negative thoughts 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, 64, 115, P pleasure principle 15
police force 194, 196–199
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 133, 135, PACE (playful, accepting, curious, political identity 147
236 empathetic) 141 political psychology 13, 204–213
negativism 73 nationalism 210–213
neighbor, as “other” 211 palilalia 101 obedience and decision-making 208–209
Neo-Freudians 15 palpitations 52 voting behavior 206–207
nervous system 23, 115 panic attacks 46, 48, 50, 51, 54, 62, 63, 86 polygraphs 196
neural pathways 28, 30, 137 panic disorder 46–47 population density 220, 221
neurochemicals, performance-enhancing paranoia 42, 70 positive affirmations 134, 135
243 paranoid PD 102, 103 positive psychology 129
neurocognitive disorders 76–79 paranoid schizophrenia 70 post-concussion syndrome see CTE
neurodevelopmental disorders 56–71 paraphilic disorders 108–109 post-traumatic stress disorder see PTSD
neurons 28, 30, 168, 169 parasomnia 98–99 postpartum depression (PPD) (postnatal
neuropsychology 24 parents
neuroscience 24, 168–169 depression) 42–43
consumer 230–231 bonding 65 postpartum psychosis 42
neuroticism 151 and child development 17 posturing 73
neurotransmitters 28–29, 40, 143, 159 overprotective 54 potential, realizing 131, 152–153
neutral stimuli 16, 124 training and support 54 poverty 177
night terrors 98, 99 parietal lobe 26, 27 PPD see postpartum depression
night-eating disorder 95 Parkinson’s disease 22, 75, 76, 78, 109 practice
nightmares 62, 98 participative leadership 185
norepinephrine 29, 40, 66, 143, 243 party affiliations 206–207 and learning 168, 169, 170, 171, 172
norms 147, 214, 215 passion 158 and sports 238, 239
nuclear power 188, 192 path-goal theory 184–185 preconscious mind 14–15
nurses, psychiatric 112 Pavlov’s dogs 16 prefrontal cortex 62, 242
nutrient deficiency 95 PD (personality disorders) 80, 102–107 pregnancy 38, 42, 70
cluster A: odd/eccentric 102–103 anorexia and 90
O cluster B: dramatic/emotional/erratic nutrition in 96
pica 95
obedience 208 104–105 prejudice 212
object relations 121 cluster C: anxious/fearful 106–107 premature birth 66, 68
obsessive compulsive disorder see OCD peak experience 153 prices, consumers and 225, 228, 230
obsessive compulsive PD 106, 107 peer group 146 primary visual cortex 27
occipital lobe 26, 27 perception 18–19 prisons 151, 195, 202–203, 208
engineering displays 190–191 problem-solving 76, 125, 132, 168
impaired sensory and visual 69
perfectionism 52, 69, 107

INDEX

process loss 182 reality orientation therapy 79 rule-breaking 193
promotions 225, 228 reality therapy 132 rumination disorder 95
proportion 231 reasoning 20 Rusbult, Caryl 158–159, 161
Proshansky, Harold 220 reassurance, asking for 57
proxemics 220 REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy) S
psychiatrists 112
psychoanalysis 13, 14, 15, 116, 119, 130 127 SAD (seasonal affective disorder) 45
psychoanalytical theory 14–15 receptors 27, 32, 143 sadness 33, 38, 41, 64, 73, 94, 133
psychodynamic theory 150 reciprocity 229 safety 152–153, 188, 189, 192–193
psychodynamic therapies 39, 116, 118–121 recommendations, personal 224
psychoeducation 55, 113, 127 recruitment 176, 178–179 in the community 222–223
psychological behaviorism 17 rehabilitation 115 scapegoats 211
psychological tests 37, 179 scarcity 229
psychology/psychologists of offenders 195, 202–203 SCD see social communication disorder
reinforcement 17 schema theory 205
community 214–223 reinforcement theory 180 schizoaffective disorder 72
consumer 224–235 relational ethics 141 schizoid PD 102, 103
educational 166–175 relationships schizophrenia 22, 70–71, 72, 75, 80, 102, 142
forensic 194–203 schizotypal PD 102, 103
HFE 188–193 balancing 138 school 167
industrial/organizational 176–187 building/breakdown 155, 162–165
political 204–213 dating 160–161 problems at 64
relationship 154–165 issues 38, 41, 65, 78, 132 see also education
roles and types 112–113 psychology of attachment 156–157 Schrenck-Notzing, Albert von 195
and self-identity 146–153 psychology of 154–165 Search Engine Optimization (SEO) 228
sports 236–247 science of love 158–159 seasonal affective disorder see SAD
psychometric tests 13, 246–247 stages of 162–165 security, sense of 154, 156
psychomotor functioning 73 religion security cameras 222, 223
psychopathic behavior 199 and discrimination 212 selective mutism 55
psychopathy 104 and identity 146 self, differentiation of 139
psychosexual stages 14–15 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep 98, 99, self-acceptance 130–131, 132, 137
psychosurgery 143 self-actualization 19, 131, 132, 146, 152–153
psychotherapies 116–117 136 self-awareness 123, 130–131, 133, 134
psychotic disorders 58, 70–75, 85 repetitive behavior 60, 68, 97 private and public 147
psychotic symptoms 39, 70, 71, 72, 103, 199 representativeness heuristic 204 self-belief 132, 245
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 48, repression 15, 118, 119 self-confidence 245
reproductive system 115 self-consciousness 53, 244
62, 63, 127, 136, 222 resistance analysis 118, 119 self-disclosure 161, 164
public opinion 205 resources, shared 215 self-efficacy 172
public space 220, 222 respect 137, 152, 153, 165 self-efficacy theory 180
punishment 17 respiratory system 115 self-esteem 132, 137, 147
purging disorder 95 responsibility low 38, 42, 65, 94
purpose, sense of 153 self-fulfillment 130–131
pyromania 85 accepting 133 self-harm 38, 42
diffusion of 223 self-help 53
Q and freedom 133 self-help groups 50, 117
mutual 141 self-identity, psychology of 146–153
questionnaires 115 personal 203 self-image 18–19, 232
restless leg syndrome 98, 99 negative 59, 92
R restlessness 52, 66, 73, 79, 99 self-improvement 131
reviews, consumer 224 self psychology 121
Race, Phil 168 risky behavior 81 self-realization 18
racism 207, 210, 212 rituals 56, 57 self-talk 236, 245
radical behaviorism 17 tidying or ordering 68 self-worth 18–19
rational emotive behavior therapy see REBT road traffic 192, 193 Seligman, Martin 129
rationalization 118 accidents 63 sensations
reaction formation 118 Rogers, Carl 13, 18, 131 feeling 70, 74
reactive attachment disorder 65 role play 133 and memory 30
reactive listening 164 roles, and identity 147 senses 20
realistic group conflict theory 211 romantic attachments 157, 158–159 sensory cortex 27, 32
routines sensory skills 69
developing 236
setting predictable 67
Rubin Vase illusion 18

254 255HOW PSYCHOLOGY WORKS
Index

sentencing 201 social organization 188 supplementary motor cortex 27
sentimental items 58 social space 220, 221 support groups 46
separation anxiety disorder 54 social workers 112 supportive leadership 185
serotonin 29, 40, 45, 70, 143, 159, 243 solution-focused brief therapy 134 surprise 33
sex somatic delusions 74 survival reactions 62
somatic symptom disorder 61, 108–109 sustainability 177
addiction 82 somatic therapies 135 symmetry
healthy 203 sound
sexual attraction 159 consumer neuroscience 231
sexual dysfunction 108–109 psychology of 190 fear related to 56
sexual selection 150 sensitivity to 69 synaptic transmission 28
sexuality, Freud’s theories of 14–15 space 220 syphilis 75
shapes, geometric 231 speech systemic therapies 13, 117, 138–141
shopping difficulties 68, 77, 96–97 systems theory 138
shopping addiction 82 selective mutism 55
see also consumer psychology speech therapy 55, 96 T
short-term memory 30, 31 speech-sound disorder 96, 97
side effects, drugs 143 Sperry, Roger 25 Tai Chi 135
Simon, Théodore 246 sports Taijin Kyofusho 108–109
SIT (stress inoculation therapy) 128 CTE 78 tapping points 135
situation awareness 189 getting in the zone 242–243 teaching
situational phobias 49 improving skills 238–239
situationism 209 keeping motivated 240–241 education psychology 166–167
skills, improving sports 238–239 performance anxiety 244–245 psychology of 172–173
skin-picking disorders 60 psychology of 236–245 see also education
Skinner, B.F. 17 Spreng, Nathan 168 team building
skull, blows to 78 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake sport 237
sleep workplace 182–183
disorders 98–99 inhibitors) 46, 69, 74, 84, 142 team development 177, 182–183
disturbance 42, 54, 63, 64, 66, 68, 79 Staats, Arthur W. 17 team motivation 241
excess 45 “stage fright” 244 teamwork
insomnia 52, 54, 62 stalkers, celebrity 235 and flow 243
and learning 169 Stanford prison experiment 151, 202, 209 workplace 189
sleep aggression 98 status 146 technology, psychology and 188–193
sleep apnea 98 stealing 84 teenagers 22, 148–149
sleep paralysis 98, 99 stereotyping 210 temper tantrums 44
sleeping drugs 142–143 stereotypy 73 tempo-parietal junction 27
sleepwalking 98, 99 Sternberg, Robert 158 temporal lobe 26, 27
SMART goals 240 stimulants 142–143 tension
smell, sense of 159 stimulus-response 16 muscle 100, 244
social anxiety disorder 53, 59 stonewalling 165 release of negative 135
social circumstance, and criminal behavior strategic family therapy 140 Terman, Lewis 13, 246
streptococcal bacteria 101 terrorism 212, 213
199 stress 38, 41, 55, 189 testosterone 159
social communication disorder (SCD) 96, 97 thalamus 26, 30, 32
social cues 223 adjustment disorder 64 therapy
social division 211 affect on body 115 and health 112–113
social dominance theory 211 ASR 63 role of 116–117
social exclusions 212 dissociative disorders 88, 89 third wave CBT 126
social fears 52 performance anxiety 244 threat, perceived 56
social hierarchy 212 PTSD 62 thyroid, overactive 46
social identity 146 stress inoculation therapy see SIT tic disorders 66, 100–101
social identity theory 211 students, teaching methods 172–173 TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
social impairment 81 stupor 73
social interaction 220 stuttering 96, 97 142, 143
subconscious 14, 15, 118 top-down profiling 198
difficulties with 65, 68, 69, 77 subculture 146 Tourette’s syndrome 66, 101
social justice 218 substance use disorder 80–81, 102 traffic psychology 193
social learning 150 suicide training 188
Social Learning Theory 169 in prison 202 trait theory 150, 151
social loafing 241 suicidal thoughts 38, 73, 86 traits, human 188
social media 147, 207, 226, 227, 230, 231, sunlight levels 45 transactional analysis 121
superego 14–15
233

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

transcranial magnetic stimulation see TMS violence work samples 179, 247
trauma 46, 62, 78, 86, 88, 89, 127, 136 cycle of 199 workload 189
political 205, 210, 213 workplace, psychology in 176–187
and physiological problems 135
trauma- and stress-related disorders 62–65 visual responses identity 147
trials 200–201 consumers 230–231 leadership 184–185
trichotillomania 60 displays 190–191 managing talent 180–181
trolling 223 organizational culture and change
Tuckman, Bruce 182 visualization 129, 133, 134, 169, 236
Tulving, Endel 30 voices, hearing 70, 86 186 –187
twins 22, 23, 151 volume control, lack of 66 psychometric tests 246–247
vomiting 92, 95 recruitment 178–179
U voting behavior 205, 206–207 safety 188
team development 182–183
unconscious mind 14–15, 150 W World Health Organization 39
emotional response 32–33 worries 38, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 61, 90,
psychodynamic therapies 118–121 walking, mindful 129
war, nationalism and 210 99, 106
unemployment 38, 177 war zones 192
unethical behavior 208–209 Watson, John 13, 16 X
unresponsiveness 73 waxy flexibility 73
urban communities 220–221 weight xenophobia 212

V eating disorders 90–94 Y
gain 80 yoga 135
valence 227 well-being
values 147, 215 community 215, 217, 219 Z
vascular dementia 76 emotional 203
vasopressin 159 Wernicke’s area 25, 27 Zajonc, Robert 158
ventromedial prefrontal cortex 230 willpower, lack of 71 Zimbardo, Philip 202, 208, 209
verbal abuse 212 winter depression 45 Zimmerman, Marc 218
verbal tics 100, 101 withdrawal 71
victimology 203 witnesses
victims, empathy for 202, 203 of crime 222–223
video surveillance 223 in criminal investigations 194, 196, 197
videos 230 expert 195, 201
word association 120
work issues 38, 41

Acknowledgments

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Getty Images: Mike Kemp (br). 63 Images: Plume Creative (br). 221
Kathryn Hill, Natasha Khan, and Andy iStockphoto.com: PeopleImages (crb). 77 iStockphoto.com: LanceB (b). 243 Alamy
Szudek for editorial assistance; Alexandra Getty Images: danm (crb). 93 Alamy Stock Stock Photo: moodboard (br)
Beeden for proofreading; and Helen Peters Photo: dpa picture alliance (r). 103 Alamy
for indexing. Stock Photo: StockPhotosArt - Emotions Cover images: Front: 123RF.com:
(crb). 117 Alamy Stock Photo: BSIP SA (cra). anthonycz cla, Chi Chiu Tse ca/ (Bottle),
The publisher would like to thank the 121 iStockphoto.com: Antonio Carlos kotoffei cla/ (Capsules), Vadym
following for their kind permission to Bezerra (cra). 136 Alamy Stock Photo: Malyshevskyi cb/ (Brain), nad1992 cl,
reproduce their photographs: Phanie (cl). 143 iStockphoto.com: artisteer nikolae c, Supanut Piyakanont cra, cb, Igor
(tr). 154 iStockphoto.com: Ales-A (crb). 159 Serdiuk cla/ (Spider), Marina Zlochin bc;
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; iStockphoto.com: ANZAV (crb). 180 Alamy Dreamstime.com: Amornme ca, Furtaev bl,
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Stock Photo: Drepicter (ca). 189 Surachat Khongkhut crb, Dmitrii Starkov tr/
iStockphoto.com: Eraxion (cr). 193 (cloud), Vectortatu tr
33 Alamy Stock Photo: David Wall (bc). 39 iStockphoto.com: DKart (cra). 196 Alamy
Alamy Stock Photo: Anna Berkut (r). 48 Stock Photo: Allan Swart (cr). 202 All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Alamy Stock Photo: RooM the Agency (cra). iStockphoto.com: PattieS (ca). 217 Getty For further information see:
51 Alamy Stock Photo: Chris Putnam (b). 57 www.dkimages.com