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14. SLABS WITH SEMI-SELF-SUPPORTING REINFORCED CONCRETE LATTICE JOISTS.
CONNECTIONS TO CONCRETE BEAMS

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15.SLABS WITH SEMI-SELF-SUPPORTING REINFORCED CONCRETE LATTICE JOISTS.
CONNECTIONS TO SOFFIT BEAMS

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16. SLABS WITH SEMI-SELF-SUPPORTING PRESTRESSED JOISTS.
CONNECTIONS TO BRICK WALL

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17.SLABS WITH SEMI-SELF-SUPPORTING PRESTRESSED JOISTS.
CONNECTIONS TO CONCRETE BEAMS

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18.SLABS WITH SEMI-SELF-SUPPORTING PRESTRESSED JOISTS.
CONNECTIONS TO SOFFIT BEAMS

Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3
A manual for best practice

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19. One and two way slabs Span and internal support.

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A manual for best practice

Nominal cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater)
Generally curtailment of the main longitudinal reinforcement should relate to the bending

moment diagram.

20.One and two way slabs External restrained supports.
Nominal cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater)

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A manual for best practice

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21.One and two way slabs External unrestrained supports.
Nominal cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater)

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A manual for best practice

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22. Cantilever slabs.

Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3
23.Flat slabs - Span and internal support A manual for best practice

P11 : pitch of column strip top bars 1 KUFA UNIVERSITY /FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
P12 : pitch of column strip bottom bars 1
p1 : pitch of middle strip top bars
p2 : pitch of middle strip bottom bars

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RECOMMENDATIONS
1- Bars of the longer span are placed in the outer layer unless otherwise specified
2- Where the fire rating is R90 and above, the area of the distribution bars should be at
least 20% of the total design top reinforcement required.

24. Flat slabs Shear reinforcement.
Nominal cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater)

European Code Practice EC2 2

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A manual for best practice

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25.Flat slabs Column drops.

This detail is not suitable when the bottom steel in the column drop is used in design In
such circumstances the reinforcement details should be specified by the designer Nominal
cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater).

RECOMMENDATION

The main bottom bars are carried through the column drop. Nominal reinforcement is
provided in the bottom of the drop. 12 dia. bars at 300 pitch

European Code Practice EC2 2

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26.Ribbed and coffered slabs. Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3 Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3
Nominal cover specified by designer (At least 20 or bar size whichever is greater)

A manual for best practice

A manual for best practice

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CHAPTER FOUR
RETAINING WALL , SHEAR WALL, AND CORE BY EC2 AND ACI CODE

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1.Retaining Walls By EC2 European Code Practice EC2 2

Scope
The information given relates specifically to retaining walls with two layers of
reinforcement. The requirements for water retaining structures given in Chapter 9 may also
be relevant (e.g. basement walls). The specification of joints and water-bars for water
resistant structures is not covered by this manual. Reference should also be made to EN
1992-34, BS 800732 and CIRIA Report 139, Water-resisting basements11 . Reinforced and
plain concrete walls are considered separately in 6.5 of this manual. Diaphragm walls are
not considered in this manual.

Design and detailing notes
Concrete grade
Concrete grades lower than 28/35 MPa (cylinder strength/cube strength) are not normally
used.

Nominal cover to all reinforcement (EC2, Clause 4.4) Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3
Cover is measured to the outer layer of reinforcement. A manual for best practice
• Internal face
(20mm or bar size) + Δcdev, whichever is greater.
(Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity, XC1).This may be modified by particular
internal environment.
• External face
35mm + Δcdev (Corrosion induced by carbonation, XC3)
• Earth face 45mm + Δcdev

Minimum area of reinforcement
(EC2, Clause 9.6.2, pr EN 1992-3) Simple earth retaining walls Retaining walls which
provide means for the water to drain, e.g. weep holes, and for which minor seeping
problems do not create problems.
• Vertical reinforcement

0.002 Ac (half in each face). Minimum bar size 12mm
• Horizontal reinforcement

the greater of 25% of vertical reinforcement or 0.001Ac (in each face)

Maximum area of vertical reinforcement (EC2, Clause 9.6.2)
• Maximum percentage of gross cross section: 4%.

Bar spacing (EC2, Clause 9.6.3 and EC2, Part 3 Clause 7.3.3)
• Minimum spacing

75mm (bars 40mm size and greater:100mm)
• Pairs of bars 100mm

When considering the minimum spacing of bars of 32mm size or greater, allowance must

be made for lapping of bars.
• Maximum spacing 200mm

Anchorage and lapping of bars (EC2, Clauses 5.2.2, 5.2.3 and 5.2.4)
For high yield steel, 500 Grade gives typical anchorage and lap lengths for ‘good’ bond

conditions.

Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size

or 200mm, whichever is greater.

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Detailing information

Design information for detailing should include:
• Layout and section drawings, which include plan dimensions, depths and levels.
• Dimensions and positions of kickers (standard kicker height below ground 150mm, above

ground 75mm).
• Concrete grade and aggregate size (standard 30/37MPa and 20mm).
• Cover to reinforcement:
– standard:

50mm to earth face of walls

40mm to external exposed faces of walls

75mm to bottom and side cover to base

25mm to internal faces.

Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete 3
A manual for best practice
A] External cantilever wall.

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B] Basement retaining wall.

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European Code Practice EC2

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C] Vertical construction joints.

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European Code Practice EC2

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D] WALLS, SHEAR WALLS AND CORES.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS

European Code Practice EC2 2

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E] WALLS, SHEAR WALLS AND CORES.
Construction joint

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F] WALLS, SHEAR WALLS AND CORES.
CORNERS, JOINTS AND EDGES

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J] WALLS, SHEAR WALLS AND CORES.
DETAIL OF OPENINGS

European Code Practice EC2 2
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CHAPTER FIVE
FOUNDATION

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Scope by EC2

The information given relates to:
• rectangular pad footings and multi-column bases
• piled foundations
• rafts
• ground beams and slabs.
The specification of joints and water bars for water resistant structures is not covered by
this manual.

Nominal cover to all reinforcement (EC2, Clause 4.4.1.3)
• Large foundations, pile caps, pad and wall footings: 75mm
• Bottom cover for piled foundations: 100mm
The extra cover recognizes that piles project into the cap and the reinforcement mat is laid
on them.
• Earth face: 45mm + Δcdev
• External exposed face: 35mm + Δcdev (other than earth faces)
• Internal face: (25mm or bar size) + Δcdev, whichever is the larger. This refers to the top of
ground slabs, inside trenches, etc.

Minimum area of reinforcement (EC2, Clause 9.2.1.1)
• Tension reinforcement:
As,min = 0.26 bt d fctm /fyk H 0.0013 bt d
where bt is the mean width of the tension zone
d is the effective depth
fctm is determined from Table 3.2 of EC2
fyk is the characteristic yield strength
• For concrete Grade 28/35 and fyk = 500 MPa
As,min = 0.0014 bt d
This also applies for nominal reinforcement.
• Bar diameters less than 16mm should not be used except for lacers.

Bar spacing (EC2, Clause 9.8)
• Minimum spacing

75mm (bars 40mm sizes and greater: 100mm)
• Pairs of bars: 100mm

When considering the minimum spacing of bars of 32mm size or greater, allowance must

be made for lapping of bars.
• Maximum spacing: 200mm

• Minimum spacing: 100mm European Code Practice EC2 2
• Maximum spacing
When Ast is 0.5% or less – 300mm
Between 0.5% and 1.0% – 225mm
1.0% Ast or greater – 175mm

Anchorage and lapping of bars (EC2, Clauses 5.2.2, 5.2.3 and 5.2.4)
For 500 Grade steel . Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than
15 times the bar size or 200mm, whichever is greater. Starter bars for columns should have
a minimum horizontal leg of 450mm to ensure that the compression forces can be

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transmitted to the foundation, unless it can be shown that the column is lightly loaded and
that the design compressive stress in the bars is less than 50% of its maximum capacity.
1.PAD OR ISOLATED FOOTING

Isolated footing is used to support an individual point load such as that due to a
structural column. They may be circular, square or rectangular. They usually consist of a
block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or hunched if they are required
to spread the load from a heavy column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad
foundations can also be used.

A] Isolated footing without tie beam

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European Code Practice EC2

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B] WALL FOOTING SUPPORTING A BRICK WALL

European Code Practice EC2 2

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C] Isolated footing with tie beam

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D] WALL FOOTING SUPPORTING
A REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL

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European Code Practice EC2 2

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E] SPREAD FOOTING WITH COLUMN CONNECTION

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F] SPREAD FOOTING WITH VARIABLE DEPTH

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European Code Practice EC2 2

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G] CIRCULAR FOOTING (CIRCULAR REINFORCEMENT)

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H] SPREAD FOOTING AND EXPANSION JOINT

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I ] STRAP FOOTING

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J] MULTI-COLUMN BASE OR COMBIENED FOOTING

Combined footings usually support two columns, or three columns not in a row. Combined
footings are used when two columns are so when two columns are so close that single
footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near column is located at or
near a property line.

1.COMBIENED FOOTING 1

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European Code Practice EC2 2

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2.COMBIENED FOOTING 2

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3.STRAP FOOTING AT CORNER1

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4.STRAP FOOTING AT CORNER2

This type of strap footing laying in edge of building and having large axial loads from
column which cause more support to be stable. The support is strap beam connected the
footing to another one

European Code Practice EC2 2

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5.COMBINED FOOTING (VARIATION 1)

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European Code Practice EC2 2

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6.COMBINED FOOTING (VARIATION 2)

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7. TIE BEAM BETWEEN FOOTINGS

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